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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_telephone_transmitter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Carbon telephone transmitter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_telephone_transmitter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Electric light </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_power_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_power_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Electric power distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_power_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_currents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_currents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 War of currents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_currents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Orange_and_Fort_Myers_(1886–1931)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Orange_and_Fort_Myers_(1886–1931)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 West Orange and Fort Myers (1886–1931) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Orange_and_Fort_Myers_(1886–1931)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_inventions_and_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_inventions_and_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Other inventions and projects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_inventions_and_projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other inventions and projects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_inventions_and_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fluoroscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluoroscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Fluoroscopy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluoroscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tasimeter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tasimeter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Tasimeter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tasimeter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telegraph_improvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telegraph_improvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Telegraph improvements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telegraph_improvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motion_pictures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion_pictures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Motion pictures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion_pictures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rechargeable_battery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rechargeable_battery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Rechargeable battery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rechargeable_battery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Chemicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spirit_Phone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirit_Phone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Spirit Phone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirit_Phone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Final years </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Final years subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Marriages and children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_religion_and_metaphysics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_religion_and_metaphysics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 On religion and metaphysics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_religion_and_metaphysics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 On politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Awards </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commemorations_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorations_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Commemorations and popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorations_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_who_worked_for_Edison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_who_worked_for_Edison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 People who worked for Edison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_who_worked_for_Edison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Thomas Edison</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 184 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-184" aria-hidden="true" > 184 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%A4%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%B6%E1%8A%95" title="ቶማስ ኤዲሶን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቶማስ ኤዲሶን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थॉमस ऐल्वा ऐडिसन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="थॉमस ऐल्वा ऐडिसन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس إديسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس إديسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8" title="থমাছ আলভা এডিচন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="থমাছ আলভা এডিচন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थोमस ऐल्वा एडीसन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="थोमस ऐल्वा एडीसन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Alva_Edison" title="Tomas Alva Edison – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس ادیسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توماس ادیسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="টমাস এডিসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টমাস এডিসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Эдисон Томас Алва – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эдисон Томас Алва" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Томас Эдысан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Томас Эдысан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Томас Эдысан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Томас Эдысан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Томас Едисън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Томас Едисън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Эдисон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Томас Эдисон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Эдисон Томас Алва – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эдисон Томас Алва" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%86" title="طوماس إيديصون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طوماس إيديصون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थोमस एल्वा एडिसन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="थोमस एल्वा एडिसन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Τόμας Έντισον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόμας Έντισον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس ادیسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس ادیسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E8%BF%AA%E7%94%9F" title="愛迪生 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="愛迪生" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%89%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A8" title="થૉમસ ઍડિસન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="થૉમસ ઍડિસન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eddison" title="Thomas Eddison – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thomas Eddison" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EC%97%90%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A8" title="토머스 에디슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 에디슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Թոմաս Էդիսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոմաս Էդիսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थॉमस ऐल्वा एडीसन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थॉमस ऐल्वा एडीसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="תומאס אלווה אדיסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס אלווה אדיסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಥಾಮಸ್ ಆಲ್ವ ಎಡಿಸನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಥಾಮಸ್ ಆಲ್ವ ಎಡಿಸನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Эдисон, Томас Альфа – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Эдисон, Томас Альфа" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%90_%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტომას ალვა ედისონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტომას ალვა ედისონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8E%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%8E%D9%86" title="تھامَس ایلوا ایڈیسَن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تھامَس ایلوا ایڈیسَن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Алва Эдисон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Томас Алва Эдисон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Эдисон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Томас Эдисон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomass_Edisons" title="Tomass Edisons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tomass Edisons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थोमस एल्वा एडिसन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="थोमस एल्वा एडिसन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Алва Едисон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Томас Алва Едисон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BD%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="തോമസ് ആൽ‌വ എഡിസൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തോമസ് ആൽ‌വ എഡിസൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थॉमस अल्वा एडिसन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थॉमस अल्वा एडिसन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%90_%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტომას ალვა ედისონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტომას ალვა ედისონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس إديسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس إديسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ادیسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ادیسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Альва Эдисон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Томас Альва Эдисон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="သောမတ် အက်ဒီဆင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သောမတ် အက်ဒီဆင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थोमस एल्वा एडिसन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="थोमस एल्वा एडिसन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थोमस एडिसन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="थोमस एडिसन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="トーマス・エジソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーマス・エジソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Эдисон, Томас Алва – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эдисон, Томас Алва" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A5%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8" title="ଥୋମାସ ଆଲଭା ଏଡ଼ିସନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଥୋମାସ ଆଲଭା ଏଡ଼ିସନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਥਾਮਸ ਐਡੀਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥਾਮਸ ਐਡੀਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86" title="تھامس ایلوا ایڈیسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھامس ایلوا ایڈیسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DA%89%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس اډیسون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توماس اډیسون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Едісон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Томас Едісон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Эдисон, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эдисон, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Эдисон – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Томас Эдисон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-mas.ay-ti-sen" title="Tang-mas.ay-ti-sen – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Tang-mas.ay-ti-sen" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="थामस् एडिसन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="थामस् एडिसन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱛᱷᱚᱢᱟᱥ ᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱷᱚᱢᱟᱥ ᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="තෝමස් අල්වා එඩිසන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තෝමස් අල්වා එඩිසන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ٿامس ايڊيسن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٿامس ايڊيسن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Edison" title="Tomas Edison – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86" title="تۆماس ئێدیسۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆماس ئێدیسۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Алва Едисон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томас Алва Едисон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="தாமசு ஆல்வா எடிசன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாமசு ஆல்வா எடிசன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Эдисон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Томас Эдисон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="థామస్ అల్వా ఎడిసన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="థామస్ అల్వా ఎడిసన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ทอมัส เอดิสัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทอมัส เอดิสัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Edison" title="Tomas Edison – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Алва Едісон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Алва Едісон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86" title="تھامس ایلوا ایڈیسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تھامس ایلوا ایڈیسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A6%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس ئېدىسون – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="توماس ئېدىسون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Tomas_Alva" title="Edison Tomas Alva – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Edison Tomas Alva" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edisoni_Thomas" title="Edisoni Thomas – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Edisoni Thomas" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E8%BF%AA%E7%94%9F" title="愛迪生 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="愛迪生" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" 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navigation-not-searchable">"Edison" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Edison_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Edison (disambiguation)">Edison (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Thomas Edison</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Edison2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Thomas_Edison2.jpg/220px-Thomas_Edison2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Thomas_Edison2.jpg/330px-Thomas_Edison2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Thomas_Edison2.jpg/440px-Thomas_Edison2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="3696" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Edison <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1922</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Thomas Alva Edison</div> (1847-02-11)February 11, 1847 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Milan,_Ohio" title="Milan, Ohio">Milan, Ohio</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 18, 1931(1931-10-18) (aged 84) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey">West Orange, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison_National_Historical_Park" title="Thomas Edison National Historical Park">Thomas Edison National Historical Park</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">Self-educated; some coursework at <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union" title="Cooper Union">Cooper Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Inventor</li><li>businessman</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1877–1930</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Edison_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Edison effect">Edison effect</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Edison_light_bulb" title="Edison light bulb">Edison light bulb</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Edison_screw" title="Edison screw">Edison screw</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Edison%27s_Phonograph_Doll" title="Edison's Phonograph Doll">Edison's Phonograph Doll</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Electric_pen" title="Electric pen">Electric pen</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Edisonian_approach" title="Edisonian approach">Edisonian approach</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Edison%E2%80%93Lalande_cell" title="Edison–Lalande cell">Edison–Lalande cell</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_telegraphy" title="Acoustic telegraphy">Acoustic telegraphy</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_microphone" title="Carbon microphone">Carbon microphone</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Etheric_force" title="Etheric force">Etheric force</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">Fluoroscopy</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Electric power distribution</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy#Electrostatic_and_electromagnetic_induction" title="Wireless telegraphy">Grasshopper telegraphy</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kinetoscope" title="Kinetoscope">Kinetoscope</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93iron_battery" title="Nickel–iron battery">Nickel–iron battery</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Phonomotor" title="Phonomotor">Phonomotor</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Quadruplex_telegraph" title="Quadruplex telegraph">Quadruplex telegraph</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tasimeter" title="Tasimeter">Tasimeter</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Founder of <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Mary Stilwell</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1871; <abbr title="died">died</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1884)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mina_Miller_Edison" title="Mina Miller Edison">Mina Miller</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1886)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Edison" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeleine Edison">Madeleine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edison" title="Charles Edison">Charles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Miller_Edison" title="Theodore Miller Edison">Theodore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Miller_(philanthropist)" title="Lewis Miller (philanthropist)">Lewis Miller</a> (father-in-law)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a> (1887)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Medal" title="John Scott Medal">John Scott Medal</a> (1889)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Longstreth_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Longstreth Medal">Edward Longstreth Medal</a> (1899)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal" title="John Fritz Medal">John Fritz Medal</a> (1908)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> (1915)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Navy Distinguished Service Medal">Navy Distinguished Service Medal</a> (1920)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> (1928)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Edison_Mary_had_lamb.ogg" title="File:Thomas Edison Mary had lamb.ogg">Thomas Edison’s Voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Thomas_Edison_Mary_had_lamb.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Thomas_Edison_Mary_had_lamb.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Thomas_Edison_Mary_had_lamb.ogg/Thomas_Edison_Mary_had_lamb.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThomas_Edison_Mary_had_lamb.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Edison reciting <a href="/wiki/Mary_Had_a_Little_Lamb" title="Mary Had a Little Lamb">Mary Had a Little Lamb</a> Recorded 1929</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Alva_Edison_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Thomas_Alva_Edison_Signature.svg/150px-Thomas_Alva_Edison_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Thomas_Alva_Edison_Signature.svg/225px-Thomas_Alva_Edison_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Thomas_Alva_Edison_Signature.svg/300px-Thomas_Alva_Edison_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="71" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sproule1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SoNJ1-3">[3]</a> He developed many devices in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric power generation">electric power generation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">mass communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recording</a>, and motion pictures.<a href="#cite_note-coned1-4">[4]</a> These inventions, which include the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture camera">motion picture camera</a>, and early versions of the electric <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">light bulb</a>, have had a widespread impact on the modern <a href="/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society">industrialized world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wizard-5">[5]</a> He was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of organized science and teamwork to the process of invention, working with many researchers and employees. He established the first industrial <a href="/wiki/Research_laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Research laboratory">research laboratory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh-6">[6]</a> Edison was raised in the <a href="/wiki/American_Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American Midwest">American Midwest</a>. Early in his career he worked as a <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph operator">telegraph operator</a>, which inspired some of his earliest inventions.<a href="#cite_note-coned1-4">[4]</a> In 1876, he established his first laboratory facility in <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_New_Jersey" title="Menlo Park, New Jersey">Menlo Park, New Jersey</a>, where many of his early inventions were developed. He later established a <a href="/wiki/Botanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanical">botanical</a> laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida" title="Fort Myers, Florida">Fort Myers, Florida</a>, in collaboration with businessmen <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvey_S._Firestone" title="Harvey S. Firestone">Harvey S. Firestone</a>, and a laboratory in <a href="/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey">West Orange, New Jersey</a>, that featured the world's first <a href="/wiki/Film_studio" title="Film studio">film studio</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Edison%27s_Black_Maria" title="Edison's Black Maria">Black Maria</a>. With 1,093 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Edison_patents" title="List of Edison patents">US patents in his name</a>, as well as patents in other countries, Edison is regarded as the most <a href="/wiki/Prolific_inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolific inventor">prolific inventor</a> in American history.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Edison married twice and fathered six children. He died in 1931 due to complications from <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Thomas_Edison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Young_Thomas_Edison.jpg/220px-Young_Thomas_Edison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Young_Thomas_Edison.jpg/330px-Young_Thomas_Edison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Young_Thomas_Edison.jpg/440px-Young_Thomas_Edison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>Edison in 1861</figcaption></figure> Thomas Edison was born in 1847 in <a href="/wiki/Milan,_Ohio" title="Milan, Ohio">Milan, Ohio</a>, but grew up in <a href="/wiki/Port_Huron,_Michigan" title="Port Huron, Michigan">Port Huron, Michigan</a>, after the family moved there in 1854.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> He was the seventh and last child of Samuel Ogden Edison Jr. (1804–1896, born in <a href="/wiki/Marshalltown,_Nova_Scotia" title="Marshalltown, Nova Scotia">Marshalltown, Nova Scotia</a>) and Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810–1871, born in <a href="/wiki/Chenango_County,_New_York" title="Chenango County, New York">Chenango County, New York</a>).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> His patrilineal family line was <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch</a> by way of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>;<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> the surname had originally been "Edeson".<a href="#cite_note-Baldwin-12">[12]</a> His great-grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">loyalist</a> John Edeson, fled New Jersey for Nova Scotia in 1784. The family moved to Middlesex County, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>, around 1811, and his grandfather, Capt. Samuel Edison Sr. served with the <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_Militia_(Upper_Canada)" title="Middlesex Militia (Upper Canada)">1st Middlesex Militia</a> during the War of 1812. His father, Samuel Edison Jr. moved to <a href="/wiki/Vienna,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna, Ontario">Vienna, Ontario</a>, and fled to Ohio after his involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_1837" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellion of 1837">Rebellion of 1837</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Edison was taught reading, writing, and arithmetic by his mother, a former school teacher. He attended school for only a few months. However, one biographer described him as a very curious child who learned most things by reading on his own.<a href="#cite_note-npsedisonbio-14">[14]</a> As a child, he became fascinated with technology and spent hours working on experiments at home.<a href="#cite_note-biography.com-15">[15]</a> Edison developed hearing problems at the age of 12. The cause of his <a href="/wiki/Deafness" title="Deafness">deafness</a> has been attributed to a bout of <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a> during childhood and recurring untreated <a href="/wiki/Otitis_media" title="Otitis media">middle-ear infections</a>. He subsequently concocted elaborate fictitious stories about the cause of his deafness.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> He was completely deaf in one ear and barely hearing in the other. It is alleged<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> that Edison would listen to a music player or piano by clamping his teeth into the wood to absorb the sound waves into his skull. As he got older, Edison believed his hearing loss allowed him to avoid distraction and concentrate more easily on his work. Modern-day historians and medical professionals have suggested he may have had <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-biography.com-15">[15]</a> It is known that early in his career he enrolled in a chemistry course at <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union" title="Cooper Union">The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art</a> to support his work on a new <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraphy</a> system with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Batchelor" title="Charles Batchelor">Charles Batchelor</a>. This appears to have been his only enrollment in courses at an institution of higher learning.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas_A._Edison:_A_Streak_of_Luck-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-faculty.cooper.edu-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2></div> Thomas Edison began his career as a <a href="/wiki/News_butcher" class="mw-redirect" title="News butcher">news butcher</a>, selling newspapers, candy, and vegetables on trains running from Port Huron to Detroit. He turned a $50-a-week profit by age 13, most of which went to buying equipment for electrical and chemical experiments.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> At age 15, in 1862, he saved 3-year-old Jimmie MacKenzie from being struck by a runaway train.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Jimmie's father, <a href="/wiki/Station_master" title="Station master">station agent</a> J. U. MacKenzie of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Clemens,_Michigan" title="Mount Clemens, Michigan">Mount Clemens, Michigan</a>, was so grateful that he trained Edison as a telegraph operator. Edison's first telegraphy job away from Port Huron was at Stratford Junction, Ontario, on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway" title="Grand Trunk Railway">Grand Trunk Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> He also studied <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_inorganic_analysis" title="Qualitative inorganic analysis">qualitative analysis</a> and conducted chemical experiments until he left the job rather than be fired after being held responsible for a near collision of two trains.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cite_CAB|Edison,_Thomas_Alva-25">[25]</a> Edison obtained the exclusive right to sell newspapers on the road, and, with the aid of four assistants, he set in type and printed the Grand Trunk Herald, which he sold with his other papers.<a href="#cite_note-Cite_CAB|Edison,_Thomas_Alva-25">[25]</a> This began Edison's long streak of entrepreneurial ventures, as he discovered his talents as a businessman. Ultimately, his entrepreneurship was central to the formation of some 14 companies, including <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, formerly one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">publicly traded companies</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 1866, at the age of 19, Edison moved to <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>, where, as an employee of <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a>, he worked the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> bureau <a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">news wire</a>. Edison requested the night shift, which allowed him plenty of time to spend at his two favorite pastimes—reading and experimenting. Eventually, the latter preoccupation cost him his job. One night in 1867, he was working with a <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">lead–acid battery</a> when he spilt <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> onto the floor. It ran between the floorboards and onto his boss's desk below. The next morning Edison was fired.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> His first patent was for the electric vote recorder, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US90646">U.S. patent 90,646</a>, which was granted on June 1, 1869.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Finding little demand for the machine, Edison moved to New York City shortly thereafter. One of his mentors during those early years was a fellow telegrapher and inventor named <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Leonard_Pope" title="Franklin Leonard Pope">Franklin Leonard Pope</a>, who allowed the impoverished youth to live and work in the basement of his <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth, New Jersey</a>, home, while Edison worked for <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Laws" title="Samuel Laws">Samuel Laws</a> at the Gold Indicator Company. Pope and Edison founded their own company in October 1869, working as electrical engineers and inventors. Edison began developing a <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplex</a> telegraphic system, which could send two messages simultaneously, in 1874.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Menlo_Park_laboratory_(1876–1886)">Menlo Park laboratory (1876–1886)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_and_development_facility">Research and development facility</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menlo_Park_Laboratory.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Menlo_Park_Laboratory.JPG/220px-Menlo_Park_Laboratory.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Menlo_Park_Laboratory.JPG/330px-Menlo_Park_Laboratory.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Menlo_Park_Laboratory.JPG/440px-Menlo_Park_Laboratory.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="1819" /></a><figcaption>Edison's Menlo Park Laboratory, reconstructed at Greenfield Village in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Ford Museum">Henry Ford Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan" title="Dearborn, Michigan">Dearborn, Michigan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edison%27s_Menlo_Park_Lab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Edison%27s_Menlo_Park_Lab.jpg/220px-Edison%27s_Menlo_Park_Lab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Edison%27s_Menlo_Park_Lab.jpg/330px-Edison%27s_Menlo_Park_Lab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Edison%27s_Menlo_Park_Lab.jpg/440px-Edison%27s_Menlo_Park_Lab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3645" data-file-height="2406" /></a><figcaption>Edison's Menlo Park Lab in 1880</figcaption></figure> Edison's major innovation was the establishment of an industrial research lab in 1876. It was built in <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_New_Jersey" title="Menlo Park, New Jersey">Menlo Park</a>, a part of Raritan Township (now named <a href="/wiki/Edison,_New_Jersey" title="Edison, New Jersey">Edison Township</a> in his honor) in <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Middlesex County, New Jersey">Middlesex County, New Jersey</a>, with the funds from the sale of Edison's <a href="/wiki/Quadruplex_telegraph" title="Quadruplex telegraph">quadruplex telegraph</a>. After his demonstration of the telegraph, Edison was not sure that his original plan to sell it for $4,000 to $5,000 was right, so he asked Western Union to make a bid. He was surprised to hear them offer $10,000 ($269,294 in 2023), which he gratefully accepted.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The quadruplex telegraph was Edison's first big financial success, and Menlo Park became the first institution set up with the specific purpose of producing constant technological innovation and improvement. Edison was legally credited with most of the inventions produced there, though many employees carried out research and development under his direction. His staff was generally told to carry out his directions in conducting research, and he drove them hard to produce results. <a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Hammer" title="William Joseph Hammer">William Joseph Hammer</a>, a consulting <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical engineer">electrical engineer</a>, started working for Edison and began his duties as a laboratory assistant in December 1879. He assisted in experiments on the telephone, phonograph, electric railway, <a href="/wiki/Edison_Ore-Milling_Company" title="Edison Ore-Milling Company">iron ore separator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">electric lighting</a>, and other developing inventions. However, Hammer worked primarily on the incandescent electric lamp and was put in charge of tests and records on that device. In 1880, he was appointed chief engineer of the Edison Lamp Works. In his first year, the plant under general manager <a href="/wiki/Francis_Robbins_Upton" title="Francis Robbins Upton">Francis Robbins Upton</a> turned out 50,000 lamps. According to Edison, Hammer was "a pioneer of incandescent electric lighting".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Sprague" title="Frank J. Sprague">Frank J. Sprague</a>, a competent mathematician and former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">naval officer</a>, was recruited by <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward H. Johnson">Edward H. Johnson</a> and joined the Edison organization in 1883. One of Sprague's contributions to the Edison Laboratory at Menlo Park was to expand Edison's mathematical methods. Despite the common belief that Edison did not use mathematics, analysis of his notebooks reveal that he was an astute user of mathematical analysis conducted by his assistants such as Francis Robbins Upton, for example, determining the critical parameters of his electric lighting system including lamp resistance by an analysis of <a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm's law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joule%27s_first_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Joule's first law">Joule's law</a> and economics.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Nearly all of Edison's patents were utility patents, which were protected for 17 years and included inventions or processes that are electrical, mechanical, or chemical in nature. About a dozen were <a href="/wiki/Design_patent" title="Design patent">design patents</a>, which protect an ornamental design for up to 14 years. As in most patents, the inventions he described were improvements over <a href="/wiki/Prior_art" title="Prior art">prior art</a>. The phonograph patent, in contrast, was unprecedented in describing the first device to record and reproduce sounds.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In just over a decade, Edison's Menlo Park laboratory had expanded to occupy two city blocks. Edison said he wanted the lab to have "a stock of almost every conceivable material".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> A newspaper article printed in 1887 reveals the seriousness of his claim, stating the lab contained "eight thousand kinds of chemicals, every kind of screw made, every size of needle, every kind of cord or wire, hair of humans, horses, hogs, cows, rabbits, goats, minx, camels ... silk in every texture, cocoons, various kinds of hoofs, shark's teeth, deer horns, tortoise shell ... cork, resin, varnish and oil, ostrich feathers, a peacock's tail, jet, amber, rubber, all ores ..." and the list goes on.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Over his desk Edison displayed a placard with <a href="/wiki/Sir_Joshua_Reynolds" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Joshua Reynolds">Sir Joshua Reynolds</a>' famous quotation: "There is no expedient to which a man will not resort to avoid the real labor of thinking."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> This slogan was reputedly posted at several other locations throughout the facility. In Menlo Park, Edison had created the first industrial laboratory concerned with creating knowledge and then controlling its application.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Edison's name is registered on 1,093 patents.<a href="#cite_note-time1979-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonograph">Phonograph</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg/220px-Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg/330px-Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg/440px-Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="3327" /></a><figcaption>Edison with the second model of his phonograph in <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a>'s studio in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in April 1878</figcaption></figure> Edison began his career as an inventor in <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>, with the automatic repeater and his other improved telegraphic devices, but the invention that first gained him wider notice was the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> This accomplishment was so unexpected by the public at large as to appear almost magical. Edison became known as "The Wizard of Menlo Park".<a href="#cite_note-Wizard-5">[5]</a> His first phonograph recorded on <a href="/wiki/Tin#Applications" title="Tin">tinfoil</a> around a grooved cylinder. Despite its limited <a href="/wiki/Sound_quality" title="Sound quality">sound quality</a> and that the recordings could be played only a few times, the phonograph made Edison a celebrity. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a>, president of the National Academy of Sciences and one of the most renowned electrical scientists in the US, described Edison as "the most ingenious inventor in this country... or in any other".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In April 1878, Edison traveled to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> to demonstrate the phonograph before the National Academy of Sciences, Congressmen, Senators and <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">President Hayes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> described Edison as a "<a href="/wiki/Genius" title="Genius">genius</a>" and his presentation as "a scene... that will live in history".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Although Edison obtained a patent for the phonograph in 1878,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> he did little to develop it until <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Bell" title="Chichester Bell">Chichester Bell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Tainter</a> produced a phonograph-like device in the 1880s that used wax-coated cardboard cylinders.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_telephone_transmitter">Carbon telephone transmitter</h3></div> In 1876, Edison began work to improve the <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a> for telephones (at that time called a "transmitter") by developing a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_microphone" title="Carbon microphone">carbon microphone</a>, which consists of two metal plates separated by granules of carbon that would change resistance with the pressure of sound waves. A steady direct current is passed between the plates through the granules and the varying resistance results in a modulation of the current, creating a varying electric current that reproduces the varying pressure of the sound wave. Up to that point, microphones, such as the ones developed by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>, worked by generating a weak current. The <a href="/wiki/Carbon_microphone" title="Carbon microphone">carbon microphone</a> works by modulating a direct current and, subsequently, using a transformer to transfer the signal so generated to the telephone line. Edison was one of many inventors working on the problem of creating a usable microphone for telephony by having it modulate an electric current passed through it.<a href="#cite_note-Adrian_Hope_1102,_page_378-45">[45]</a> His work was concurrent with <a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a>'s loose-contact carbon transmitter (who lost a later patent case against Edison over the carbon transmitter's invention<a href="#cite_note-IEEE-46">[46]</a>) and <a href="/wiki/David_Edward_Hughes" title="David Edward Hughes">David Edward Hughes</a>’ study and published paper on the physics of loose-contact carbon transmitters (work that Hughes did not bother to patent).<a href="#cite_note-Adrian_Hope_1102,_page_378-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Edison used the carbon microphone concept in 1877 to create an improved telephone for <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IEEE-46">[46]</a> In 1886, Edison found a way to improve a <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone</a> microphone, one that used loose-contact ground carbon, with his discovery that it worked far better if the carbon was <a href="/wiki/Roasted" class="mw-redirect" title="Roasted">roasted</a>. This type was put in use in 1890<a href="#cite_note-IEEE-46">[46]</a> and was used in all telephones along with the Bell receiver until the 1980s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_light">Electric light</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Incandescent light bulb</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edison_bulb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Edison_bulb.jpg/220px-Edison_bulb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Edison_bulb.jpg/330px-Edison_bulb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Edison_bulb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Edison's first successful model of light bulb, used in public demonstration at Menlo Park, December 1879</figcaption></figure> In 1878, Edison began working on a system of electrical illumination, something he hoped could compete with gas and oil-based lighting.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> He began by tackling the problem of creating a long-lasting incandescent lamp, something that would be needed for indoor use. However, Thomas Edison did not invent the light bulb.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 1840, British scientist Warren de la Rue developed an efficient light bulb using a coiled platinum filament but the high cost of platinum kept the bulb from becoming a commercial success.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Many other inventors had also devised incandescent lamps, including <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a>'s demonstration of a glowing wire in 1800 and inventions by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Woodward_(inventor)" title="Henry Woodward (inventor)">Henry Woodward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Evans" title="Mathew Evans">Mathew Evans</a>. Others who developed early and commercially impractical incandescent electric lamps included <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Bowman_Lindsay" title="James Bowman Lindsay">James Bowman Lindsay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_G._Farmer" title="Moses G. Farmer">Moses G. Farmer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_E._Sawyer" title="William E. Sawyer">William E. Sawyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan">Joseph Swan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_G%C3%B6bel" title="Heinrich Göbel">Heinrich Göbel</a>. These early bulbs all had flaws such as an extremely short life and requiring a high <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> to operate which made them difficult to apply on a large scale commercially.<a href="#cite_note-Israel-52">[52]</a>: 217–218  In his first attempts to solve these problems, Edison tried using a filament made of cardboard, carbonized with compressed lampblack. This burnt out too quickly to provide lasting light. He then experimented with different grasses and canes such as hemp, and palmetto, before settling on bamboo as the best filament.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Edison continued trying to improve this design and on November 4, 1879, filed for U.S. patent 223,898 (granted on January 27, 1880) for an electric lamp using "a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected to platina contact wires".<a href="#cite_note-Patent898-54">[54]</a> The patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including "cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways".<a href="#cite_note-Patent898-54">[54]</a> It was not until several months after the patent was granted that Edison and his team discovered that a <a href="/wiki/Carbonize" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonize">carbonized</a> <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> filament could last over 1,200 hours.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Attempts to prevent blackening of the bulb due to <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">emission of charged carbon from the hot filament</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-56">[56]</a> culminated in <a href="/wiki/Edison_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Edison effect">Edison effect</a> bulbs, which redirected and controlled the mysterious unidirectional current.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Edison's 1883 patent for <a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">voltage-regulating</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> is notably the first US patent for an <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> device due to its use of an Edison effect bulb as an <a href="/wiki/Active_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Active component">active component</a>. Subsequent scientists studied, applied, and eventually evolved the bulbs into <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>, a core component of early <a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">analog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">digital electronics</a> of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-:2-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_bulb_Edison_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Light_bulb_Edison_2.jpg/220px-Light_bulb_Edison_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Light_bulb_Edison_2.jpg/330px-Light_bulb_Edison_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Light_bulb_Edison_2.jpg/440px-Light_bulb_Edison_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Patent #223898: Electric-Lamp, issued January 27, 1880</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SS_Columbia_Undated_Photograph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SS_Columbia_Undated_Photograph.png/220px-SS_Columbia_Undated_Photograph.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SS_Columbia_Undated_Photograph.png/330px-SS_Columbia_Undated_Photograph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SS_Columbia_Undated_Photograph.png/440px-SS_Columbia_Undated_Photograph.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Railroad_and_Navigation_Company" title="Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company">Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company</a>'s new steamship, the <a href="/wiki/SS_Columbia_(1880)" title="SS Columbia (1880)">Columbia</a>, was the first commercial application for Edison's incandescent light bulb in 1880.</figcaption></figure> In 1878, Edison formed the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Electric_Light_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Edison Electric Light Company">Edison Electric Light Company</a> in New York City with several financiers, including <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan">J. P. Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Trask" title="Spencer Trask">Spencer Trask</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and the members of the <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_family" title="Vanderbilt family">Vanderbilt family</a>. Edison made the first public demonstration of his incandescent light bulb on December 31, 1879, in Menlo Park. It was during this time that he said: "We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Villard" title="Henry Villard">Henry Villard</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Railroad_and_Navigation_Company" title="Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company">Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company</a>, attended Edison's 1879 demonstration. Villard was impressed and requested Edison install his electric lighting system aboard Villard's company's new steamer, the <a href="/wiki/SS_Columbia_(1880)" title="SS Columbia (1880)">Columbia</a>. Although hesitant at first, Edison agreed to Villard's request. Most of the work was completed in May 1880, and the Columbia went to New York City, where Edison and his personnel installed Columbia's new lighting system. The Columbia was Edison's first commercial application for his incandescent light bulb. The Edison equipment was removed from Columbia in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dalton-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Revolution-64">[64]</a> In 1880, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Latimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Latimer">Lewis Latimer</a>, a draftsman and an expert witness in patent litigation, began working for the United States Electric Lighting Company run by Edison's rival <a href="/wiki/Hiram_S._Maxim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiram S. Maxim">Hiram S. Maxim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> While working for Maxim, Latimer invented a process for making carbon filaments for light bulbs and helped install broad-scale lighting systems for New York City, Philadelphia, Montreal, and London. Latimer holds the patent for the electric lamp issued in 1881, and a second patent for the "process of manufacturing carbons" (the filament used in incandescent light bulbs), issued in 1882. On October 8, 1883, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">US patent office</a> ruled that Edison's patent was based on the work of <a href="/wiki/William_E._Sawyer" title="William E. Sawyer">William E. Sawyer</a> and was, therefore, invalid. Litigation continued for nearly six years. In 1885, Latimer switched camps and started working with Edison.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> On October 6, 1889, a judge ruled that Edison's electric light improvement claim for "a filament of carbon of high resistance" was valid.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> To avoid a possible court battle with yet another competitor, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan">Joseph Swan</a>, who held an 1880 British patent on a similar incandescent electric lamp,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> he and Swan formed a joint company called <a href="/wiki/Ediswan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ediswan">Ediswan</a> to manufacture and market the invention in Britain. The incandescent light bulb patented by Edison also began to gain widespread popularity in Europe as well. <a href="/wiki/Mahen_Theatre" title="Mahen Theatre">Mahen Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a> (in what is now the Czech Republic), opened in 1882, and was the first public building in the world to use Edison's electric lamps. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Jehl" title="Francis Jehl">Francis Jehl</a>, Edison's assistant in the invention of the lamp, supervised the installation.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In September 2010, a sculpture of three giant light bulbs was erected in Brno, in front of the theater.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The first Edison light bulbs in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> were installed at the weaving hall of the <a href="/wiki/Finlayson_(company)" title="Finlayson (company)">Finlayson</a>'s textile factory in <a href="/wiki/Tampere,_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tampere, Finland">Tampere, Finland</a> in March 1882.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In 1901, Edison attended the <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Exposition" title="Pan-American Exposition">Pan-American Exposition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>. His company, the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Manufacturing_Company" title="Edison Manufacturing Company">Edison Manufacturing Company</a>, was given the task of installing the electric lights on the various buildings and structures that were built for the exposition. At night Edison made a panorama photograph of the illuminated buildings.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_power_distribution">Electric power distribution</h3></div> After devising a commercially viable electric light bulb on October 21, 1879, Edison developed an electric "<a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">utility</a>" to compete with the existing gas light utilities.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> On December 17, 1880, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Illuminating_Company" title="Edison Illuminating Company">Edison Illuminating Company</a>, and during the 1880s, he patented a system for <a href="/wiki/Electricity_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity distribution">electricity distribution</a>. The company established the first investor-owned electric utility. On September 4, 1882, in <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Pearl Street (Manhattan)">Pearl Street</a>, New York City, his 600 kW <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">cogeneration</a> steam-powered generating station, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Street_Station" title="Pearl Street Station">Pearl Street Station</a>'s, electrical power distribution system was switched on, providing 110 volts <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> (DC), initially to 59 customers in lower <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> quickly growing to 508 customers with 10,164 lamps. The power station was decommissioned in 1895. Eight months earlier in January 1882, to demonstrate feasibility, Edison had switched on the 93 kW <a href="/wiki/Holborn_Viaduct_power_station" title="Holborn Viaduct power station">first steam-generating power station</a> at <a href="/wiki/Holborn_Viaduct" title="Holborn Viaduct">Holborn Viaduct</a> in London. This was a smaller 110 V DC supply system, eventually supplying 3,000 street lights and a number of nearby private dwellings, but was shut down in September 1886 as uneconomic, since he was unable to extend the premises. On January 19, 1883, the first standardized incandescent electric lighting system employing <a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">overhead wires</a> began service in <a href="/wiki/Roselle,_New_Jersey" title="Roselle, New Jersey">Roselle, New Jersey</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_currents">War of currents</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PyramidParthenon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/PyramidParthenon.jpg/220px-PyramidParthenon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/PyramidParthenon.jpg/330px-PyramidParthenon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/PyramidParthenon.jpg/440px-PyramidParthenon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Extravagant displays of electric lights quickly became a feature of public events, as in this picture from the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Centennial_and_International_Exposition" title="Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition">Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition</a> in 1897.</figcaption></figure> As Edison expanded his <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> (DC) power delivery system, he received stiff competition from companies installing <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC) systems. From the early 1880s, AC <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc lighting</a> systems for streets and large spaces had been an expanding business in the US. With the development of <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a> in Europe and by <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric (1886)">Westinghouse Electric</a> in the US in 1885–1886, it became possible to transmit AC long distances over thinner and cheaper wires, and "step down" (reduce) the voltage at the destination for distribution to users. This allowed AC to be used in street lighting and in lighting for small business and domestic customers, the market Edison's patented low voltage DC incandescent lamp system was designed to supply.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Edison's DC empire suffered from one of its chief drawbacks: it was suitable only for the high density of customers found in large cities. Edison's DC plants could not deliver electricity to customers more than one mile from the plant, and left a patchwork of unsupplied customers between plants. Small cities and rural areas could not afford an Edison style system, leaving a large part of the market without electrical service.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> AC companies expanded into this gap.<a href="#cite_note-Coltman-77">[77]</a> Edison expressed views that AC was unworkable and the high voltages used were dangerous. As <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a> installed his first AC systems in 1886, Thomas Edison struck out personally against his chief rival stating, "Just as certain as death, Westinghouse will kill a customer within six months after he puts in a system of any size. He has got a new thing and it will require a great deal of experimenting to get it working practically."<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Many reasons have been suggested for Edison's anti-AC stance. One notion is that the inventor could not grasp the more abstract theories behind AC and was trying to avoid developing a system he did not understand. Edison also appeared to have been worried about the high voltage from misinstalled AC systems killing customers and hurting the sales of electric power systems in general.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The primary reason was that Edison Electric based their design on low voltage DC, and switching a standard after they had installed over 100 systems was, in Edison's mind, out of the question. By the end of 1887, Edison Electric was losing market share to Westinghouse, who had built 68 AC-based power stations to Edison's 121 DC-based stations. To make matters worse for Edison, the <a href="/wiki/Thomson-Houston_Electric_Company" title="Thomson-Houston Electric Company">Thomson-Houston Electric Company</a> of Lynn, Massachusetts (another AC-based competitor) built 22 power stations.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Parallel to expanding competition between Edison and the AC companies was rising public furor over a series of deaths in the spring of 1888 caused by pole mounted high voltage alternating current lines. This turned into a media frenzy against high voltage alternating current and the seemingly greedy and callous lighting companies that used it.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Edison took advantage of the public perception of AC as dangerous, and joined with self-styled New York anti-AC crusader <a href="/wiki/Harold_P._Brown" title="Harold P. Brown">Harold P. Brown</a> in a propaganda campaign, aiding Brown in the public electrocution of animals with AC, and supported legislation to control and severely limit AC installations and voltages (to the point of making it an ineffective power delivery system) in what was now being referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">war of the currents</a>".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The development of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">electric chair</a> was used in an attempt to portray AC as having a greater lethal potential than DC and <a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">smear</a> Westinghouse, via Edison colluding with Brown and Westinghouse's chief AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, to ensure the first electric chair was powered by a Westinghouse AC generator.<a href="#cite_note-ReynoldsBernstein-84">[84]</a> Edison was becoming marginalized in his own company having lost majority control in the 1889 merger that formed Edison General Electric.<a href="#cite_note-Sloat1979,316-85">[85]</a> In 1890 he told president <a href="/wiki/Henry_Villard" title="Henry Villard">Henry Villard</a> he thought it was time to retire from the lighting business and moved on to an iron ore refining project that preoccupied his time.<a href="#cite_note-EdisonToEnron-86">[86]</a> Edison's dogmatic anti-AC values were no longer controlling the company. By 1889 Edison's Electric's own subsidiaries were lobbying to add AC power transmission to their systems and in October 1890 <a href="/wiki/Edison_Machine_Works" title="Edison Machine Works">Edison Machine Works</a> began developing AC-based equipment. Cut-throat competition and patent battles were bleeding off cash in the competing companies and the idea of a merger was being put forward in financial circles.<a href="#cite_note-EdisonToEnron-86">[86]</a> The War of Currents ended in 1892 when the financier <a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="J.P. Morgan">J.P. Morgan</a> engineered a merger of Edison General Electric with its main alternating current based rival, The Thomson-Houston Company, that put the board of Thomson-Houston in charge of the new company called <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>. General Electric now controlled three-quarters of the US electrical business and would compete with Westinghouse for the AC market.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Edison served as a figurehead on the company's <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> for a few years before selling his shares.<a href="#cite_note-:1-89">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Edison_cabinet_card_by_Victor_Daireaux,_c1880s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Thomas_Edison_cabinet_card_by_Victor_Daireaux%2C_c1880s.JPG/220px-Thomas_Edison_cabinet_card_by_Victor_Daireaux%2C_c1880s.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Thomas_Edison_cabinet_card_by_Victor_Daireaux%2C_c1880s.JPG/330px-Thomas_Edison_cabinet_card_by_Victor_Daireaux%2C_c1880s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Thomas_Edison_cabinet_card_by_Victor_Daireaux%2C_c1880s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Edison in 1889</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="West_Orange_and_Fort_Myers_(1886–1931)">West Orange and Fort Myers (1886–1931)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edison_battery_exhibit,_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Edison_battery_exhibit%2C_1915.jpg/220px-Edison_battery_exhibit%2C_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Edison_battery_exhibit%2C_1915.jpg/330px-Edison_battery_exhibit%2C_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Edison_battery_exhibit%2C_1915.jpg/440px-Edison_battery_exhibit%2C_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Thomas A. Edison Industries Exhibit, Primary Battery section, in 1915</figcaption></figure> Edison moved from Menlo Park after the death of his first wife, Mary, in 1884, and purchased a home known as "<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison_National_Historical_Park" title="Thomas Edison National Historical Park">Glenmont</a>" in 1886 as a wedding gift for his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Mina_Miller_Edison" title="Mina Miller Edison">Mina</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Park" title="Llewellyn Park">Llewellyn Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey">West Orange, New Jersey</a>. In 1885, Thomas Edison bought 13 acres of property in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida" title="Fort Myers, Florida">Fort Myers</a>, Florida, for roughly $2,750 (equivalent to $93,256 in 2023) and built what was later called <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Lodge_(Thomas_Edison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminole Lodge (Thomas Edison)">Seminole Lodge</a> as a winter retreat.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The main house and guest house are representative of <a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne style architecture</a>. The building materials were pre-cut in New England by the Kennebec Framing Company and the Stephen Nye Lumber Company of Fairfield Maine. The materials were then shipped down by boat and were constructed at a cost of $12,000 each, which included the cost of interior furnishings.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Edison and Mina spent many winters at their home in Fort Myers, and Edison tried to find a domestic source of natural rubber.<a href="#cite_note-Reisert-92">[92]</a> Due to the security concerns around <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Edison suggested forming a science and industry committee to provide advice and research to the US military, and he headed the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Consulting_Board" title="Naval Consulting Board">Naval Consulting Board</a> in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-board-93">[93]</a> Edison became concerned with America's reliance on foreign supply of rubber and was determined to find a native supply of rubber. Edison's work on rubber took place largely at his research laboratory in Fort Myers, which has been designated as a National Historic Chemical Landmark.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The laboratory was built after Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, and Harvey S. Firestone pulled together $75,000 to form the Edison Botanical Research Corporation. Initially, only Ford and Firestone were to contribute funds to the project, while Edison did all the research. Edison, however, wished to contribute $25,000 as well. Edison did the majority of the research and planting, sending results and sample rubber residues to his West Orange Lab. Edison employed a two-part <a href="/wiki/Acid-base_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-base extraction">Acid-base extraction</a>, to derive latex from the plant material after it was dried and crushed to a powder.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> After testing 17,000 plant samples, he eventually found an adequate source in the Goldenrod plant. Edison decided on <a href="/wiki/Solidago_leavenworthii" title="Solidago leavenworthii">Solidago leavenworthii</a>, also known as Leavenworth's Goldenrod. The plant, which normally grows roughly 3–4 feet tall with a 5% latex yield, was adapted by Edison through cross-breeding to produce plants twice the size and with a latex yield of 12%.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> During the 1911 New York Electrical show, Edison told representatives of the copper industry it was a shame he did not have a "chunk of it". The representatives decided to give a cubic foot of solid copper weighing 486 pounds with their gratitude inscribed on it in appreciation for his part in the "continuous stimulation in the copper industry".<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_inventions_and_projects">Other inventions and projects</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluoroscopy">Fluoroscopy</h3></div> Edison is credited with designing and producing the first commercially available <a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">fluoroscope</a>, a machine that uses <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a> to take <a href="/wiki/Radiographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiographs">radiographs</a>. Until Edison discovered that <a href="/wiki/Scheelite" title="Scheelite">calcium tungstate</a> fluoroscopy screens produced brighter images than the barium <a href="/wiki/Platinocyanide" title="Platinocyanide">platinocyanide</a> screens originally used by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a>, the technology was capable of producing only very faint images. The fundamental design of Edison's fluoroscope is still in use today, although Edison abandoned the project after nearly losing his own eyesight and seriously injuring his assistant, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Madison_Dally" title="Clarence Madison Dally">Clarence Dally</a>. Dally made himself an enthusiastic human guinea pig for the fluoroscopy project and was exposed to a poisonous dose of radiation; he later died (at the age of 39) of injuries related to the exposure, including mediastinal cancer.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 1903, a shaken Edison said: "Don't talk to me about X-rays, I am afraid of them."<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Nonetheless, his work was important in the development of a technology still used today.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tasimeter">Tasimeter</h3></div> Edison invented a highly sensitive device, that he named the <a href="/wiki/Tasimeter" title="Tasimeter">tasimeter</a>, which measured <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared radiation</a>. His impetus for its creation was the desire to measure the heat from the <a href="/wiki/Solar_corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar corona">solar corona</a> during the total <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_July_29,_1878" title="Solar eclipse of July 29, 1878">Solar eclipse of July 29, 1878</a>. The device was not patented since Edison could find no practical mass-market application for it.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telegraph_improvements">Telegraph improvements</h3></div> The key to Edison's initial reputation and success was his work in the field of telegraphy. With knowledge gained from years of working as a telegraph operator, he learned the basics of electricity. This, together with his studies in chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union" title="Cooper Union">Cooper Union</a>, allowed him to make his early fortune with the <a href="/wiki/Ticker_tape" title="Ticker tape">stock ticker</a>, the first electricity-based broadcast system.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas_A._Edison:_A_Streak_of_Luck-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-faculty.cooper.edu-19">[19]</a> His innovations also included the development of the quadruplex, the first system which could simultaneously transmit four messages through a single wire.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion_pictures">Motion pictures</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm/220px--Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Leonard-Cushing_fight_(1894).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Leonard-Cushing_fight_(1894).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm/Leonard-Cushing_fight_%281894%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Leonard%E2%80%93Cushing_Fight" title="Leonard–Cushing Fight">Leonard–Cushing Fight</a> in June 1894; each of the six one-minute rounds recorded by the Kinetoscope was made available to exhibitors for $22.50.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Customers who watched the final round saw Leonard score a knockdown.</figcaption></figure> Edison was granted a patent for a motion picture camera, labeled the "Kinetograph". He did the electromechanical design while his employee <a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_Dickson" title="William Kennedy Dickson">William Kennedy Dickson</a>, a photographer, worked on the photographic and optical development. Much of the credit for the invention belongs to Dickson.<a href="#cite_note-Israel-52">[52]</a> In 1891, Thomas Edison built a <a href="/wiki/Kinetoscope" title="Kinetoscope">Kinetoscope</a> or peep-hole viewer. This device was installed in penny arcades, where people could watch short, simple films. The kinetograph and kinetoscope were both first publicly exhibited May 20, 1891.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In April 1896, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Armat" title="Thomas Armat">Thomas Armat</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vitascope" title="Vitascope">Vitascope</a>, manufactured by the Edison factory and marketed in Edison's name, was used to project motion pictures in public screenings in New York City. Later, he exhibited motion pictures with voice soundtrack on cylinder recordings, mechanically synchronized with the film. Officially the kinetoscope entered Europe when wealthy American businessman <a href="/wiki/Irving_T._Bush" title="Irving T. Bush">Irving T. Bush</a> (1869–1948) bought a dozen machines from the Continental Commerce Company of Frank Z. Maguire and Joseph D. Baucus. Bush placed from October 17, 1894, the first kinetoscopes in London. At the same time, the French company Kinétoscope Edison Michel et Alexis Werner bought these machines for the market in France. In the last three months of 1894, the Continental Commerce Company sold hundreds of kinetoscopes in Europe (i.e. the Netherlands and Italy). In Germany and in <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, the kinetoscope was introduced by the Deutsche-österreichische-Edison-Kinetoscop Gesellschaft, founded by the Ludwig Stollwerck<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> of the Schokoladen-Süsswarenfabrik Stollwerck & Co of Cologne. The first kinetoscopes arrived in Belgium at the <a href="/wiki/Fairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairs">Fairs</a> in early 1895. The Edison's Kinétoscope Français, a Belgian company, was founded in Brussels on January 15, 1895, with the rights to sell the kinetoscopes in Monaco, France and the French colonies. The main investors in this company were Belgian industrialists. On May 14, 1895, the Edison's Kinétoscope Belge was founded in Brussels. Businessman Ladislas-Victor Lewitzki, living in London but active in Belgium and France, took the initiative in starting this business. He had contacts with <a href="/wiki/Leon_Gaumont" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Gaumont">Leon Gaumont</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Mutoscope_and_Biograph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Mutoscope and Biograph">American Mutoscope and Biograph</a> Co. In 1898, he also became a shareholder of the Biograph and Mutoscope Company for France.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edison_Studios" title="Edison Studios">Edison's film studio</a> made nearly 1,200 films. The majority of the productions were short films showing everything from acrobats to parades to fire calls including titles such as <a href="/wiki/Fred_Ott%27s_Sneeze" title="Fred Ott's Sneeze">Fred Ott's Sneeze</a> (1894), <a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_(1896_film)" title="The Kiss (1896 film)">The Kiss</a> (1896), <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_(1903_film)" title="The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)">The Great Train Robbery</a> (1903), <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland_(1910_film)" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1910 film)">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a> (1910), and the first <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1910_film)" title="Frankenstein (1910 film)">Frankenstein</a> film in 1910. In 1903, when the owners of <a href="/wiki/Luna_Park_(Coney_Island,_1903)" title="Luna Park (Coney Island, 1903)">Luna Park, Coney Island</a> announced they would execute <a href="/wiki/Topsy_(elephant)" title="Topsy (elephant)">Topsy the elephant</a> by strangulation, poisoning, and electrocution (with the electrocution part ultimately killing the elephant), Edison Manufacturing sent a crew to film it, releasing it that same year with the title <a href="/wiki/Electrocuting_an_Elephant" title="Electrocuting an Elephant">Electrocuting an Elephant</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm/240px-seek%3D1-A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="240" height="180" data-durationhint="1425" data-mwtitle="A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption> A Day with Thomas Edison (1922)</figcaption></figure> As the film business expanded, competing exhibitors routinely copied and exhibited each other's films.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> To better protect the copyrights on his films, Edison deposited prints of them on long strips of <a href="/wiki/Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">photographic paper</a> with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._copyright_office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. copyright office">U.S. copyright office</a>. Many of these paper prints survived longer and in better condition than the actual films of that era.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In 1908, Edison started the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Patents_Company" title="Motion Picture Patents Company">Motion Picture Patents Company</a>, which was a conglomerate of nine major film studios (commonly known as the Edison Trust). Thomas Edison was the first honorary fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Acoustical_Society_of_America" title="Acoustical Society of America">Acoustical Society of America</a>, which was founded in 1929. Edison said his favorite movie was <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a>. He thought that <a href="/wiki/Talkies" class="mw-redirect" title="Talkies">talkies</a> had "spoiled everything" for him. "There isn't any good acting on the screen. They concentrate on the voice now and have forgotten how to act. I can sense it more than you because I am deaf."<a href="#cite_note-condensed1042-111">[111]</a> His favorite stars were <a href="/wiki/Mary_Pickford" title="Mary Pickford">Mary Pickford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clara_Bow" title="Clara Bow">Clara Bow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3></div> Starting in the late 1870s, Edison became interested and involved with mining. High-grade iron ore was scarce on the east coast of the United States and Edison tried to mine low-grade ore. Edison developed a process using rollers and crushers that could pulverize rocks up to 10 tons. The dust was then sent between three giant magnets that would pull the iron ore from the dust. Despite the failure of his mining company, the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Ore-Milling_Company" title="Edison Ore-Milling Company">Edison Ore Milling Company</a>, Edison used some of the materials and equipment to produce cement.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In 1901, Edison visited an industrial exhibition in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury</a> area in Ontario, Canada, and thought nickel and cobalt deposits there could be used in his production of electrical equipment. He returned as a mining prospector and is credited with the original discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Falconbridge,_Greater_Sudbury,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Falconbridge, Greater Sudbury, Ontario">Falconbridge</a> ore body. His attempts to mine the ore body were not successful, and he abandoned his mining claim in 1903.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> A street in Falconbridge, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Building_(Falconbridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edison Building (Falconbridge)">Edison Building</a>, which served as the head office of <a href="/wiki/Falconbridge_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Falconbridge Ltd.">Falconbridge Mines</a>, are named for him. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rechargeable_battery">Rechargeable battery</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93iron_battery#History" title="Nickel–iron battery">Nickel–iron battery § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edison_Storage_Battery_Company_1903.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Edison_Storage_Battery_Company_1903.JPG/220px-Edison_Storage_Battery_Company_1903.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Edison_Storage_Battery_Company_1903.JPG/330px-Edison_Storage_Battery_Company_1903.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Edison_Storage_Battery_Company_1903.JPG/440px-Edison_Storage_Battery_Company_1903.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3101" data-file-height="2242" /></a><figcaption>Share of the Edison Storage Battery Company, issued October 19, 1903</figcaption></figure> In the late 1890s, Edison worked on developing a lighter, more efficient <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">rechargeable battery</a> (at that time called an "accumulator"). He looked on them as something customers could use to power their phonographs but saw other uses for an improved battery, including <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric automobiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The then available <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">lead acid rechargeable batteries</a> were not very efficient and that market was already tied up by other companies so Edison pursued using <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkaline</a> instead of acid. He had his lab work on many types of materials (going through some 10,000 combinations), eventually settling on a nickel-iron combination. Besides his experimenting Edison also probably had access to the 1899 patents for a <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93iron_battery" title="Nickel–iron battery">nickel–iron battery</a> by the Swedish inventor <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Jungner" title="Waldemar Jungner">Waldemar Jungner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Seth_Fletcher_2011,_pages_14-16-116">[116]</a> Edison obtained a US and European patent for his nickel–iron battery in 1901 and founded the Edison Storage Battery Company, and by 1904 it had 450 people working there. The first rechargeable batteries they produced were for electric cars, but there were many defects, with customers complaining about the product. When the capital of the company was exhausted, Edison paid for the company with his private money. Edison did not demonstrate a mature product until 1910: a very efficient and durable nickel-iron-battery with lye as the electrolyte. The nickel–iron battery was never very successful; by the time it was ready, electric cars were disappearing, and lead acid batteries had become the standard for turning over gas-powered car <a href="/wiki/Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">starter motors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Seth_Fletcher_2011,_pages_14-16-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemicals">Chemicals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Phenol_Plot" title="Great Phenol Plot">Great Phenol Plot</a></div> At the start of World War I, the American chemical industry was primitive: most chemicals were imported from Europe. The outbreak of war in August 1914 resulted in a shortage of imported chemicals. One of particular importance to Edison was <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a>, which was used to make <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> records—presumably as <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_resins" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolic resins">phenolic resins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bakelite" title="Bakelite">Bakelite</a> type.<a href="#cite_note-auto-117">[117]</a> At the time, phenol came from coal as a by-product of <a href="/wiki/Coke_oven" class="mw-redirect" title="Coke oven">coke oven</a> gases or <a href="/wiki/Manufactured_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufactured gas">manufactured gas</a> for <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas lighting</a>. Phenol could be nitrated to <a href="/wiki/Picric_acid" title="Picric acid">picric acid</a> and converted to <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_picrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium picrate">ammonium picrate</a>, a shock resistant <a href="/wiki/High_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="High explosive">high explosive</a> suitable for use in artillery shells.<a href="#cite_note-auto-117">[117]</a> Most phenol had been imported from Britain, but with war, Parliament blocked exports and diverted most to production of ammonium picrate. Britain also blockaded supplies from Germany.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Edison responded by undertaking production of phenol at his Silver Lake facility using processes developed by his chemists.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> He built two plants with a capacity of six tons of phenol per day. Production began the first week of September, one month after hostilities began in Europe. He built two plants to produce raw material <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> at <a href="/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Johnstown, Pennsylvania">Johnstown, Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bessemer,_Alabama" title="Bessemer, Alabama">Bessemer, Alabama</a>, replacing supplies previously from Germany. Edison manufactured <a href="/wiki/Aniline_dyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniline dyes">aniline dyes</a>, which previously had been supplied by the German dye trust. Other wartime products include <a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">xylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/P-phenylenediamine" class="mw-redirect" title="P-phenylenediamine">p-phenylenediamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">shellac</a>, and pyrax. Wartime shortages made these ventures profitable. In 1915, his production capacity was fully committed by midyear.<a href="#cite_note-auto-117">[117]</a> Phenol was a critical material because two derivatives were in high growth phases. Bakelite, the original <a href="/wiki/Thermoset" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermoset">thermoset</a> plastic, had been invented in 1909. <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a>, too was a phenol derivative. Invented in 1899, it had become a blockbuster drug. <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a> had acquired a plant to manufacture in the US in <a href="/wiki/Rensselaer,_New_York" title="Rensselaer, New York">Rensselaer, New York</a>, but struggled to find phenol to keep their plant running during the war. Edison was able to oblige.<a href="#cite_note-auto-117">[117]</a> Bayer relied on Chemische Fabrik von Heyden, in <a href="/wiki/Piscataway,_New_Jersey" title="Piscataway, New Jersey">Piscataway, New Jersey</a>, to convert phenol to salicylic acid, which they converted to aspirin. It is said that German companies bought up supplies of phenol to block production of ammonium picrate. Edison preferred not to sell phenol for military uses. He sold his surplus to Bayer, who had it converted to <a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">salicylic acid</a> by Heyden, some of which was exported.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirit_Phone">Spirit Phone</h3></div> In 1920, Edison spoke to <a href="/wiki/American_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="American Magazine">American Magazine</a>, saying that he had been working on a device for some time to see if it was possible to communicate with the dead.<a href="#cite_note-Atlas-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-forbes-121">[121]</a> Edison said the device would work on scientific principles, not by occult means.<a href="#cite_note-Atlas-120">[120]</a> The press had a field day over Edison's remarks.<a href="#cite_note-forbes-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-120">[120]</a> The actual nature of this invention remained a mystery, as there were no details revealed to the public. In 2015, Philippe Baudouin, a French journalist, found a copy of Edison's diary in a thrift store with a chapter not found in the previously published editions. The new chapter details Edison's theories of the afterlife and the scientific basis by which communication with the dead might be achieved.<a href="#cite_note-Atlas-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years">Final years</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Edison_Firestone1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ford_Edison_Firestone1.jpg/220px-Ford_Edison_Firestone1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ford_Edison_Firestone1.jpg/330px-Ford_Edison_Firestone1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ford_Edison_Firestone1.jpg/440px-Ford_Edison_Firestone1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, Edison, and <a href="/wiki/Harvey_S._Firestone" title="Harvey S. Firestone">Harvey S. Firestone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida" title="Fort Myers, Florida">Fort Myers, Florida</a> on February 11, 1929</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, the automobile magnate, later lived a few hundred feet away from Edison at his winter retreat in Fort Myers. Ford once worked as an engineer for the <a href="/wiki/DTE_Electric_Company" title="DTE Electric Company">Edison Illuminating Company of Detroit</a> and met Edison at a convention of affiliated Edison Illuminating companies in Brooklyn, NY in 1896. Edison was impressed with Ford's internal combustion engine automobile and encouraged its developments. They were friends until Edison's death. Edison and Ford undertook annual motor camping trips from 1914 to 1924. <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Firestone" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Firestone">Harvey Firestone</a> and naturalist <a href="/wiki/John_Burroughs" title="John Burroughs">John Burroughs</a> also participated. In 1928, Edison joined the Fort Myers <a href="/wiki/Civitan_International" title="Civitan International">Civitan Club</a>. He believed strongly in the organization, writing that "The Civitan Club is doing things—big things—for the community, state, and nation, and I certainly consider it an honor to be numbered in its ranks."<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> He was an active member in the club until his death, sometimes bringing Henry Ford to the club's meetings. Edison was active in business right up to the end. Just months before his death, the <a href="/wiki/Delaware,_Lackawanna_and_Western_Railroad" title="Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad">Lackawanna Railroad</a> inaugurated suburban electric train service from <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken</a> to <a href="/wiki/Montclair,_New_Jersey" title="Montclair, New Jersey">Montclair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dover,_New_Jersey" title="Dover, New Jersey">Dover</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_New_Jersey" title="Gladstone, New Jersey">Gladstone, New Jersey</a>. Electrical transmission for this service was by means of an overhead catenary system using direct current, which Edison had championed. Despite his frail condition, Edison was at the throttle of the first electric MU (Multiple-Unit) train to depart Lackawanna Terminal in Hoboken in September 1930, driving the train the first mile through Hoboken yard on its way to <a href="/wiki/South_Orange,_NJ" class="mw-redirect" title="South Orange, NJ">South Orange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holland_2001-123">[123]</a> This fleet of cars would serve commuters in <a href="/wiki/North_Jersey" title="North Jersey">North Jersey</a> for the next 54 years until their retirement in 1984. A plaque commemorating Edison's inaugural ride can be seen today in the waiting room of Lackawanna Terminal in Hoboken, which is presently operated by <a href="/wiki/NJ_Transit" title="NJ Transit">NJ Transit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holland_2001-123">[123]</a> Edison was said to have been influenced by a popular <a href="/wiki/Food_faddism" class="mw-redirect" title="Food faddism">fad diet</a> in his last few years; "the only liquid he consumed was a pint of milk every three hours".<a href="#cite_note-Israel-52">[52]</a> He is reported to have believed this diet would restore his health. However, this tale is doubtful. In 1930, the year before Edison died, Mina said in an interview about him, "Correct eating is one of his greatest hobbies."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> She also said that during one of his periodic "great scientific adventures", Edison would be up at 7:00, have breakfast at 8:00, and be rarely home for lunch or dinner, implying that he continued to have all three.<a href="#cite_note-condensed1042-111">[111]</a> Edison became the owner of his Milan, Ohio, birthplace in 1906. On his last visit, in 1923, he was reportedly shocked to find his old home still lit by lamps and candles.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> Edison died of complications of diabetes on October 18, 1931, in his home, "Glenmont" in <a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Park" title="Llewellyn Park">Llewellyn Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey">West Orange, New Jersey</a>, which he had purchased in 1886 as a wedding gift for Mina. Rev. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Herben" title="Stephen J. Herben">Stephen J. Herben</a> officiated at the funeral;<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Edison is buried behind the home.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Edison's last breath is reportedly contained in a test tube at <a href="/wiki/The_Henry_Ford" title="The Henry Ford">The Henry Ford</a> museum near Detroit. Ford reportedly convinced <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edison" title="Charles Edison">Charles Edison</a> to seal a test tube of air in the inventor's room shortly after his death, as a memento.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> A plaster <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death mask</a> and casts of Edison's hands were also made.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Mina died in 1947. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_children">Marriages and children</h2></div> On December 25, 1871, at the age of 24, Edison married 16-year-old Mary Stilwell (1855–1884), whom he had met two months earlier; she was an employee at one of his shops. They had three children: <ul><li>Marion Estelle Edison (1873–1965), nicknamed "Dot"<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li>Thomas Alva Edison Jr. (1876–1935), nicknamed "Dash"<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li> <li>William Leslie Edison (1878–1937) Inventor, graduate of the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, 1900.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></li></ul> Mary Edison died at age 29 on August 9, 1884, of unknown causes: possibly from a <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">brain tumor</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Morphine_overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphine overdose">morphine overdose</a>. Doctors frequently prescribed morphine to women in those years to treat a variety of causes, and researchers believe that her symptoms could have been from morphine poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-Rutgers-135">[135]</a> Edison generally preferred spending time in the laboratory to being with his family.<a href="#cite_note-time1979-39">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mina_Edison_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mina_Edison_1906.jpg/220px-Mina_Edison_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mina_Edison_1906.jpg/330px-Mina_Edison_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Mina_Edison_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Mina Miller Edison in 1906</figcaption></figure> On February 24, 1886, at the age of 39, Edison married the 20-year-old Mina Miller (1865–1947) in <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> She was the daughter of the inventor <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Miller_(philanthropist)" title="Lewis Miller (philanthropist)">Lewis Miller</a>, co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Chautauqua_Institution" title="Chautauqua Institution">Chautauqua Institution</a>, and a benefactor of <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> charities. They also had three children together: <ul><li>Madeleine Edison (1888–1979), who married <a href="/wiki/John_Eyre_Sloane" title="John Eyre Sloane">John Eyre Sloane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edison" title="Charles Edison">Charles Edison</a> (1890–1969), <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey" title="Governor of New Jersey">Governor of New Jersey</a> (1941–1944), who took over his father's company and experimental laboratories upon his father's death.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Miller_Edison" title="Theodore Miller Edison">Theodore Miller Edison</a> (1898–1992), (MIT Physics 1923), credited with more than 80 patents.</li></ul> Mina outlived Thomas Edison, dying on August 24, 1947.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Wanting to be an inventor, but not having much of an aptitude for it, Thomas Edison's son, Thomas Alva Edison Jr., became a problem for his father and his father's business. Starting in the 1890s, Thomas Jr. became involved in <a href="/wiki/Snake_oil" title="Snake oil">snake oil</a> products and shady and fraudulent enterprises producing products being sold to the public as "The Latest Edison Discovery". The situation became so bad that Thomas Sr. had to take his son to court to stop the practices, finally agreeing to pay Thomas Jr. an allowance of $35 (equivalent to $1,187 in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-142">[142]</a> per week, in exchange for not using the Edison name; the son began using aliases, such as Burton Willard. Thomas Jr., experiencing alcoholism, depression and ill health, worked at several menial jobs, but by 1931 (towards the end of his life) he would obtain a role in the Edison company, thanks to the intervention of his half-brother Charles.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_religion_and_metaphysics">On religion and metaphysics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19101002_%22No_Immortality_of_the_Soul%22_Says_Thomas_A._Edison_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/19101002_%22No_Immortality_of_the_Soul%22_Says_Thomas_A._Edison_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg/330px-19101002_%22No_Immortality_of_the_Soul%22_Says_Thomas_A._Edison_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="468" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/19101002_%22No_Immortality_of_the_Soul%22_Says_Thomas_A._Edison_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg/495px-19101002_%22No_Immortality_of_the_Soul%22_Says_Thomas_A._Edison_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/19101002_%22No_Immortality_of_the_Soul%22_Says_Thomas_A._Edison_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg/660px-19101002_%22No_Immortality_of_the_Soul%22_Says_Thomas_A._Edison_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4542" /></a><figcaption> This 1910 New York Times Magazine feature states that "Nature, the supreme power, (Edison) recognizes and respects, but does not worship. Nature is not merciful and loving, but wholly merciless, indifferent." Edison is quoted as saying "I am not an individual—I am an aggregate of cells, as, for instance, New York City is an aggregate of individuals. Will New York City go to heaven?"</figcaption></figure> Historian Paul Israel has characterized Edison as a "<a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">freethinker</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Israel-52">[52]</a> Edison was heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Israel-52">[52]</a> Edison defended Paine's "scientific <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deism</a>", saying, "He has been called an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>, but atheist he was not. Paine believed in a supreme intelligence, as representing the idea which other men often express by the name of deity."<a href="#cite_note-Israel-52">[52]</a> In 1878, Edison joined the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> in New Jersey,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> but according to its founder, <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>, he was not a very active member.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In an October 2, 1910, interview in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Magazine">New York Times Magazine</a>, Edison stated: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> Nature is what we know. We do not know the gods of religions. And nature is not kind, or merciful, or loving. If God made me—the fabled God of the three qualities of which I spoke: mercy, kindness, love—He also made the fish I catch and eat. And where do His mercy, kindness, and love for that fish come in? No; nature made us—nature did it all—not the gods of the religions.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> </blockquote> Edison was labeled an atheist for those remarks, and although he did not allow himself to be drawn into the controversy publicly, he clarified himself in a private letter: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">You have misunderstood the whole article, because you jumped to the conclusion that it denies the existence of God. There is no such denial, what you call God I call Nature, the Supreme intelligence that rules matter. All the article states is that it is doubtful in my opinion if our intelligence or soul or whatever one may call it lives hereafter as an entity or disperses back again from whence it came, scattered amongst the cells of which we are made.<a href="#cite_note-Israel-52">[52]</a></blockquote> He also stated, "I do not believe in the God of the theologians; but that there is a Supreme Intelligence I do not doubt."<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In 1920, Edison set off a media sensation when he told <a href="/wiki/B._C._Forbes" title="B. C. Forbes">B. C. Forbes</a> of <a href="/wiki/American_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="American Magazine">American Magazine</a> that he was working on a "spirit phone" to allow communication with the dead, a story which other newspapers and magazines repeated.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Edison later disclaimed the idea, telling the New York Times in 1926 that "I really had nothing to tell him, but I hated to disappoint him so I thought up this story about communicating with spirits, but it was all a joke."<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_politics">On politics</h3></div> Edison was a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women's suffrage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-151">[151]</a> He said in 1915, "Every woman in this country is going to have the vote."<a href="#cite_note-:0-151">[151]</a> Edison notably signed onto a statement supporting women's suffrage which was published to counter <a href="/wiki/Anti-suffragism" title="Anti-suffragism">anti-suffragist</a> literature spread by Senator <a href="/wiki/James_Edgar_Martine" class="mw-redirect" title="James Edgar Martine">James Edgar Martine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> was key to Edison's political and moral views, and when asked to serve as a naval consultant for <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, he specified he would work only on defensive weapons and later noted, "I am proud of the fact that I never invented weapons to kill." Edison's philosophy of nonviolence extended to animals as well, about which he stated: "Nonviolence leads to the highest ethics, which is the goal of all evolution. Until we stop harming all other living beings, we are still savages."<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> He was a vegetarian but not a <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">vegan</a> in actual practice, at least near the end of his life.<a href="#cite_note-Israel-52">[52]</a> Following a tour of Europe in 1911, Edison spoke negatively about "the belligerent <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> that he had sensed in every country he visited".<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Edison was an advocate for monetary reform in the United States. He was ardently opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> and debt-based money. Famously, he was quoted in the New York Times as stating: "Gold is a relic of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, and interest is an invention of Satan."<a href="#cite_note-query.nytimes.com-156">[156]</a> In the same article, he expounded upon the absurdity of a monetary system in which the taxpayer of the United States, in need of a loan, can be compelled to pay in return perhaps double the principal, or even greater sums, due to interest. Edison argued that, if the government can produce debt-based money, it could equally as well produce money that was a credit to the taxpayer.<a href="#cite_note-query.nytimes.com-156">[156]</a> In May 1922, he published a proposal, entitled "A Proposed Amendment to the Federal Reserve Banking System".<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In it, he detailed an explanation of a commodity-backed currency, in which the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> would issue interest-free currency to farmers, based on the value of commodities they produced. During a publicity tour that he took with friend and fellow inventor, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, he spoke publicly about his desire for monetary reform. For insight, he corresponded with prominent academic and banking professionals. In the end, however, Edison's proposals failed to find support and were abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Archibald_Anderson_-_Thomas_Alva_Edison_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Abraham_Archibald_Anderson_-_Thomas_Alva_Edison_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Abraham_Archibald_Anderson_-_Thomas_Alva_Edison_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Abraham_Archibald_Anderson_-_Thomas_Alva_Edison_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Abraham_Archibald_Anderson_-_Thomas_Alva_Edison_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Abraham_Archibald_Anderson_-_Thomas_Alva_Edison_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Abraham_Archibald_Anderson_-_Thomas_Alva_Edison_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5778" data-file-height="4761" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Edison by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Archibald_Anderson" title="Abraham Archibald Anderson">Abraham Archibald Anderson</a> (1890), <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">National Portrait Gallery</a></figcaption></figure>The following is an incomplete list of awards given to Edison during his lifetime and posthumously: <ul><li>In 1878, Edison was awarded an honorary PhD from <a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third French Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Jules Grévy</a>, on the recommendation of his <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Barth%C3%A9lemy-Saint-Hilaire" title="Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire">Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire</a>, and with the presentations of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Posts,_Telegraphs,_and_Telephones_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones (France)">Minister of Posts and Telegraphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Adolphe_Cochery" title="Louis Adolphe Cochery">Louis Cochery</a>, designated Edison with the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur#The_Order_and_other_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">distinction</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Officer of the Legion of Honour</a> (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a>) by decree on November 10, 1881;<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Edison was also named a Chevalier in the Legion in 1879, and a Commander in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-BIO-162">[162]</a></li> <li>In 1887, Edison won the <a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a>. In 1890, he was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>.</li> <li>In 1927, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Council" title="Philadelphia City Council">Philadelphia City Council</a> named Edison the recipient of the <a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Medal" title="John Scott Medal">John Scott Medal</a> in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-BIO-162">[162]</a></li> <li>In 1899, Edison was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Longstreth_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Longstreth Medal">Edward Longstreth Medal</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Franklin Institute">The Franklin Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LongstrethMedal_Laureates-164">[164]</a></li> <li>He was named an Honorable Consulting Engineer at the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">Louisiana Purchase Exposition</a> <a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">World's fair</a> in 1904.<a href="#cite_note-BIO-162">[162]</a></li> <li>In 1908, Edison received the American Association of Engineering Societies <a href="/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal" title="John Fritz Medal">John Fritz Medal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BIO-162">[162]</a></li> <li>In 1915, Edison was awarded <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Franklin Institute">The Franklin Institute</a> for discoveries contributing to the foundation of industries and the well-being of the human race.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li>In 1920, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> department awarded him the <a href="/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Navy Distinguished Service Medal">Navy Distinguished Service Medal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BIO-162">[162]</a></li> <li>In 1923, the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Electrical Engineers">American Institute of Electrical Engineers</a> created the Edison Medal and he was its first recipient.<a href="#cite_note-BIO-162">[162]</a></li> <li>In 1927, he was granted membership in the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BIO-162">[162]</a></li> <li>On May 29, 1928, Edison received the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BIO-162">[162]</a></li> <li>In 1983, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, pursuant to Senate Joint Resolution 140 (Public Law 97–198), designated February 11, Edison's birthday, as National <a href="/wiki/Inventor%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor's Day">Inventor's Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> magazine (USA), in a special double issue in 1997, placed Edison first in the list of the "100 Most Important People in the Last 1000 Years", noting that the <a href="/wiki/Light_bulb" class="mw-redirect" title="Light bulb">light bulb</a> he promoted "lit up the world". In the 2005 television series <a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_American" title="The Greatest American">The Greatest American</a>, he was voted by viewers as the fifteenth greatest.</li> <li>In 2008, Edison was inducted in the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Hall_of_Fame" title="New Jersey Hall of Fame">New Jersey Hall of Fame</a>.</li> <li>In 2010, Edison was honored with a <a href="/wiki/Technical_Grammy_Award" title="Technical Grammy Award">Technical Grammy Award</a>.</li> <li>In 2011, Edison was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur_Walk_of_Fame" title="Entrepreneur Walk of Fame">Entrepreneur Walk of Fame</a> and named a <a href="/wiki/Great_Floridian" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Floridian">Great Floridian</a> by the governor and cabinet of Florida.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemorations_and_popular_culture">Commemorations and popular culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison_in_popular_culture" title="Thomas Edison in popular culture">Thomas Edison in popular culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Thomas_Edison" title="List of things named after Thomas Edison">List of things named after Thomas Edison</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Edison_issues_of_1929_%26_1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Thomas_Edison_issues_of_1929_%26_1949.jpg/260px-Thomas_Edison_issues_of_1929_%26_1949.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Thomas_Edison_issues_of_1929_%26_1949.jpg/390px-Thomas_Edison_issues_of_1929_%26_1949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Thomas_Edison_issues_of_1929_%26_1949.jpg/520px-Thomas_Edison_issues_of_1929_%26_1949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="1191" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Edison issues of 1929 and 1947</figcaption></figure> Thomas Edison has been honored twice with two different U.S. postage stamps. The first was released in 1929 at Menlo Park, NJ, two years before his death; a <a href="/wiki/File:Two_Cent_Reds_of_1926-1930.jpg" title="File:Two Cent Reds of 1926-1930.jpg">2-cent red</a>, on the 50th anniversary of his invention of the incandescent light, and again in 1947, 3-cent violet, on the 100th anniversary of his birth, <a href="/wiki/First_day_of_issue" title="First day of issue">first released</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan,_Ohio" title="Milan, Ohio">Milan, Ohio</a>, his place of birth.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Edison has also appeared in popular culture as a character in novels, films, television shows, comics and video games. His prolific inventing helped make him an icon, and he has made appearances in popular culture during his lifetime down to the present day. Edison is also portrayed in popular culture as an adversary of <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People_who_worked_for_Edison">People who worked for Edison</h2></div> The following is a list of people who worked for Thomas Edison in his laboratories at Menlo Park or West Orange or at the subsidiary electrical businesses that he supervised. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Goodrich_Acheson" title="Edward Goodrich Acheson">Edward Goodrich Acheson</a> – chemist, worked at Menlo Park 1880–1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Symes_Andrews" title="William Symes Andrews">William Symes Andrews</a> – started at the Menlo Park machine shop 1879</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Batchelor" title="Charles Batchelor">Charles Batchelor</a> – "chief experimental assistant"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I._Beggs" title="John I. Beggs">John I. Beggs</a> – manager of <a href="/wiki/Edison_Illuminating_Company" title="Edison Illuminating Company">Edison Illuminating Company</a> in New York, 1886</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_Dickson" title="William Kennedy Dickson">William Kennedy Dickson</a> – joined Menlo Park in 1883, worked on the motion picture camera</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_B._Entz" title="Justus B. Entz">Justus B. Entz</a> – joined <a href="/wiki/Edison_Machine_Works" title="Edison Machine Works">Edison Machine Works</a> in 1887</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a> – worked at the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Machine_Works" title="Edison Machine Works">Edison Machine Works</a> in 1886</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> – engineer <a href="/wiki/Edison_Illuminating_Company" title="Edison Illuminating Company">Edison Illuminating Company</a> Detroit, Michigan, 1891–1899</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Hammer" title="William Joseph Hammer">William Joseph Hammer</a> – started as laboratory assistant Menlo Park in 1879</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_Reese_Hutchison" title="Miller Reese Hutchison">Miller Reese Hutchison</a> – inventor of hearing aid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hibberd_Johnson" title="Edward Hibberd Johnson">Edward Hibberd Johnson</a> – started in 1909, chief engineer at West Orange laboratory 1912–1918</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Insull" title="Samuel Insull">Samuel Insull</a> – started in 1881, rose to become VP of General Electric (1892) then President of Chicago Edison</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunihiko_Iwadare" title="Kunihiko Iwadare">Kunihiko Iwadare</a> – joined <a href="/wiki/Edison_Machine_Works" title="Edison Machine Works">Edison Machine Works</a> in 1887</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Jehl" title="Francis Jehl">Francis Jehl</a> – laboratory assistant Menlo Park 1879–1882</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Kennelly" title="Arthur E. Kennelly">Arthur E. Kennelly</a> – engineer, experimentalist at West Orange laboratory 1887–1894</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kruesi" title="John Kruesi">John Kruesi</a> – started 1872, was head machinist, at Newark, Menlo Park, <a href="/wiki/Edison_Machine_Works" title="Edison Machine Works">Edison Machine Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Howard_Latimer" title="Lewis Howard Latimer">Lewis Howard Latimer</a> – hired 1884 as a draftsman, continued working for General Electric</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Lieb" title="John W. Lieb">John W. Lieb</a> – worked at the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Machine_Works" title="Edison Machine Works">Edison Machine Works</a> in 1881</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Commerford_Martin" title="Thomas Commerford Martin">Thomas Commerford Martin</a> – electrical engineer, worked at Menlo Park 1877–1879</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Morrison" title="George F. Morrison">George F. Morrison</a> – started at Edison Lamp Works 1882</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Stanton Porter">Edwin Stanton Porter</a> – joined the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Manufacturing_Company" title="Edison Manufacturing Company">Edison Manufacturing Company</a> 1899</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Sprague" title="Frank J. Sprague">Frank J. Sprague</a> – joined Menlo Park 1883, became known as the "Father of Electric Traction".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> – electrical engineer and inventor, worked at the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Machine_Works" title="Edison Machine Works">Edison Machine Works</a> in 1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Robbins_Upton" title="Francis Robbins Upton">Francis Robbins Upton</a> – mathematician/physicist, joined Menlo Park 1878</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_Wangemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Theo Wangemann">Theo Wangemann</a> – personal assistant to Edison</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Pioneers" title="Edison Pioneers">Edison Pioneers</a> – a group formed in 1918 by employees and other associates of Thomas Edison</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison_Birthplace" title="Thomas Alva Edison Birthplace">Thomas Alva Edison Birthplace</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved May 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Edison+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fedis%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fedison-biography.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-biography.com-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biography.com_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-biography.com_15-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/news/thomas-edison-train-accident-young-boy-saved-telegraph">The Near-Death Experience That Set Thomas Edison on the Road to Fame</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200721092420/https://www.biography.com/news/thomas-edison-train-accident-young-boy-saved-telegraph">Archived</a> July 21, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Barbara Maranzani, March 5, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/the-medical-mystery-that-helped-make-thomas-edison-an-inventor">The medical mystery that helped make Thomas Edison an inventor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200720192038/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/the-medical-mystery-that-helped-make-thomas-edison-an-inventor">Archived</a> July 20, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, PBS, October 22, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/11/edmund-morris-edison/598357/">"Thomas Edison's Greatest Invention"</a>. atlantic.com. 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ISBN 978-0-52153-312-6 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReynoldsBernstein-84"><a href="#cite_ref-ReynoldsBernstein_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsBernstein1989" class="citation magazine cs1">Reynolds, Terry S.; Bernstein, Theodore (March 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simson.net/ref/1989/Edison_and_The_Chairt.pdf">"Edison and "The Chair""</a> (PDF). Technology and Society. Vol. 8, no. 1. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Society&rft.atitle=Edison+and+%22The+Chair%22&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1989-03&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Terry+S.&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+Theodore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimson.net%2Fref%2F1989%2FEdison_and_The_Chairt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sloat1979,316-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Sloat1979,316_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloat1979" class="citation book cs1">Sloat, Warren (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1929americabefor00sloa/page/316">1929: America Before the Crash</a>. New York: Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1929americabefor00sloa/page/316">316</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02611-800-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02611-800-2"><bdi>978-0-02611-800-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1929%3A+America+Before+the+Crash&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-02611-800-2&rft.aulast=Sloat&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1929americabefor00sloa%2Fpage%2F316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EdisonToEnron-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EdisonToEnron_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EdisonToEnron_86-1">b</a> Bradley, Robert L. Jr., Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies, New York: John Wiley & Sons (2011), pp. 28–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Essig, Mark (2009)Edison and the Electric Chair: A Story of Light and Death, Bloomsbury Publishing US, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Bradley Jr., Robert L. (2011), Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-89"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrytaMann2021" class="citation book cs1">Gryta, Thomas; Mann, Ted (2021). Lights out: pride, delusion, and the fall of General Electric. Boston New York: Mariner Books, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-358-25041-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-358-25041-8"><bdi>978-0-358-25041-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lights+out%3A+pride%2C+delusion%2C+and+the+fall+of+General+Electric&rft.place=Boston+New+York&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Mariner+Books%2C+Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-358-25041-8&rft.aulast=Gryta&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Mann%2C+Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Cosden, M. (2015). Edison and Ford in Florida. Arcadia Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467114646" title="Special:BookSources/9781467114646">9781467114646</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edisonfordwinterestates.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/media-kit.pdf">"Edison and Ford Winter Estates. Media kit. Retrieved on 10/9/2019"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009210125/https://www.edisonfordwinterestates.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/media-kit.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edison+and+Ford+Winter+Estates.+Media+kit.+Retrieved+on+10%2F9%2F2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edisonfordwinterestates.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2Fmedia-kit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reisert-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Reisert_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReisert2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Reisert, Sarah (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/home-away-from-home">"Home Away from Home"</a>. Distillations. Vol. 2, no. 2. pp. 46–47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323031209/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/home-away-from-home">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distillations&rft.atitle=Home+Away+from+Home&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=46-47&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Reisert&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Fhome-away-from-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-board-93"><a href="#cite_ref-board_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrl.navy.mil/about-nrl/history/edison/">"Thomas Edison's Vision"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219011350/http://www.nrl.navy.mil/about-nrl/history/edison/">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013. <q>Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels seized the opportunity created by Edison's public comments to enlist Edison's support. He agreed to serve as the head of a new body of civilian experts – the Naval Consulting Board – to advise the Navy on science and technology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Edison%27s+Vision&rft.pub=United+States+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrl.navy.mil%2Fabout-nrl%2Fhistory%2Fedison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203203552/http://www.edisonfordwinterestates.org/about/what-youll-see/edison-s-botanic-research-laboratory/">"Edison Botanic Research Laboratory – Edison & Ford Winter Estates – (239) 334-7419"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edisonfordwinterestates.org/about/what-youll-see/edison-s-botanic-research-laboratory/">the original</a> on February 3, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edison+Botanic+Research+Laboratory+%E2%80%93+Edison+%26+Ford+Winter+Estates+%E2%80%93+%28239%29+334-7419&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edisonfordwinterestates.org%2Fabout%2Fwhat-youll-see%2Fedison-s-botanic-research-laboratory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://communities.acs.org/community/science/sustainability/green-chemistry-nexus-blog/blog/2014/05/21/thomas-edison-s-botanical-laboratory-to-be-recognized-as-a-national-historic-chemical-landmark-in-fort-myers">"Green Chemistry: The Nexus Blog: Thomas Edison'... | ACS Network"</a>. communities.acs.org. May 21, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818001041/https://communities.acs.org/community/science/sustainability/green-chemistry-nexus-blog/blog/2014/05/21/thomas-edison-s-botanical-laboratory-to-be-recognized-as-a-national-historic-chemical-landmark-in-fort-myers">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=communities.acs.org&rft.atitle=Green+Chemistry%3A+The+Nexus+Blog%3A+Thomas+Edison%27...+%7C+ACS+Network&rft.date=2014-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommunities.acs.org%2Fcommunity%2Fscience%2Fsustainability%2Fgreen-chemistry-nexus-blog%2Fblog%2F2014%2F05%2F21%2Fthomas-edison-s-botanical-laboratory-to-be-recognized-as-a-national-historic-chemical-landmark-in-fort-myers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Growing American Rubber by Mark Finlay. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeCain2009" class="citation book cs1">LeCain, Timothy J. (June 22, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSYtLMVydvIC&q=chunk&pg=PA62">Mass Destruction: The Men and Giant Mines That Wired America and Scarred the Planet</a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813548562" title="Special:BookSources/9780813548562"><bdi>9780813548562</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103065628/https://books.google.com/books?id=tSYtLMVydvIC&q=chunk&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+Destruction%3A+The+Men+and+Giant+Mines+That+Wired+America+and+Scarred+the+Planet&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2009-06-22&rft.isbn=9780813548562&rft.aulast=LeCain&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtSYtLMVydvIC%26q%3Dchunk%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington1911" class="citation book cs1">Worthington, George (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eIcfAQAAMAAJ&q=thomas+edison+%22chunk+of+it%22&pg=PA841">Electrical Review</a>. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813211227/https://books.google.com/books?id=eIcfAQAAMAAJ&q=thomas+edison+%22chunk+of+it%22&pg=PA841">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electrical+Review&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeIcfAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dthomas%2Bedison%2B%2522chunk%2Bof%2Bit%2522%26pg%3DPA841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyer2013" class="citation book cs1">Tyer, Brad (March 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xkA1hVh1fcC&q=inscribed&pg=PT41">Opportunity, Montana: Big Copper, Bad Water, and the Burial of an American Landscape</a>. Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807003305" title="Special:BookSources/9780807003305"><bdi>9780807003305</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511120546/https://books.google.com/books?id=3xkA1hVh1fcC&q=inscribed&pg=PT41">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opportunity%2C+Montana%3A+Big+Copper%2C+Bad+Water%2C+and+the+Burial+of+an+American+Landscape&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft.isbn=9780807003305&rft.aulast=Tyer&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3xkA1hVh1fcC%26q%3Dinscribed%26pg%3DPT41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiopaedia.org/articles/thomas-edison">"Thomas Edison"</a>. Radiopaedia. June 30, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190923145728/https://radiopaedia.org/articles/thomas-edison">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2020. <q>He spent hours blowing glass tubes, which were laced with calcium tungstate, for an early model fluoroscope.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Edison&rft.pub=Radiopaedia&rft.date=2017-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradiopaedia.org%2Farticles%2Fthomas-edison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Duke University Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library: "Edison fears the hidden perils of the x-rays". New York World, August 3, 1903, Durham, NC. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiopaedia.org/articles/thomas-edison">"Thomas Edison"</a>. Radiopaedia. June 30, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190923145728/https://radiopaedia.org/articles/thomas-edison">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2020. <q>Radiology Legacy, invention of fluoroscopy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Edison&rft.pub=Radiopaedia&rft.date=2017-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradiopaedia.org%2Farticles%2Fthomas-edison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaron2017" class="citation book cs1">Baron, David (June 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kNpDDQAAQBAJ&q=american+eclipse+Tasimeter+not+patented&pg=PT218">American Eclipse: A Nation's Epic Race to Catch the Shadow of the Moon and Win the Glory of the World</a>. Liveright. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1631490163" title="Special:BookSources/978-1631490163"><bdi>978-1631490163</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126160307/https://books.google.com/books?id=kNpDDQAAQBAJ&q=american+eclipse+Tasimeter+not+patented&pg=PT218">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Eclipse%3A+A+Nation%27s+Epic+Race+to+Catch+the+Shadow+of+the+Moon+and+Win+the+Glory+of+the+World&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Liveright&rft.date=2017-06-06&rft.isbn=978-1631490163&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkNpDDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Damerican%2Beclipse%2BTasimeter%2Bnot%2Bpatented%26pg%3DPT218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson" class="citation web cs1">Josephson, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Edison">"Thomas Edison: American Inventor"</a>. Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213021318/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Edison">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Thomas+Edison%3A+American+Inventor&rft.aulast=Josephson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FThomas-Edison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/papr:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(edmp+4026))+@field(COLLID+edison))">Leonard–Cushing fight</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130904202914/http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem%2Fpapr%3A%40filreq%28%40field%28NUMBER+%40band%28edmp+4026%29%29+%40field%28COLLID+edison%29%29">Archived</a> September 4, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Part of the Library of Congress/Inventing Entertainment educational website. Retrieved December 14, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmvhist.html">"History of Edison Motion Pictures"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101208125727/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmvhist.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2010. Retrieved October 14, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Edison+Motion+Pictures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fammem%2Fedhtml%2Fedmvhist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorian-cinema.net/stollwerck.htm">"Martin Loiperdinger. Film & Schokolade. Stollwercks Geschäfte mit lebenden Bildern. KINtop Schriften Stroemfeld Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, Basel 1999 ISBN 3878777604 (Book and Videocassette)"</a>. Victorian-cinema.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202000041/http://victorian-cinema.net/stollwerck.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Loiperdinger.+Film+%26+Schokolade.+Stollwercks+Gesch%C3%A4fte+mit+lebenden+Bildern.+KINtop+Schriften+Stroemfeld+Verlag%2C+Frankfurt+am+Main%2C+Basel+1999+ISBN+3878777604+%28Book+and+Videocassette%29&rft.pub=Victorian-cinema.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorian-cinema.net%2Fstollwerck.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Guido Convents, Van Kinetoscoop tot Cafe-Cine de Eerste Jaren van de Film in Belgie, 1894–1908, pp. 33–69. Universitaire Pers Leuven. Leuven: 2000. Guido Convents, "Edison's Kinetscope in Belgium, or, Scientists, Admirers, Businessmen, Industrialists and Crooks", pp. 249–258. in C. Dupré la Tour, A. Gaudreault, R. Pearson (eds), Cinema at the Turn of the Century. Québec, 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorian-cinema.net/lubin.htm">Siegmund Lubin (1851–1923)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070826125737/http://victorian-cinema.net/lubin.htm">Archived</a> August 26, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. Retrieved August 20, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmvhist1.html#EE">"History of Edison Motion Pictures: Early Edison Motion Picture Production (1892–1895)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070825110254/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmvhist1.html#EE">Archived</a> August 25, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Memory.loc.gov, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Retrieved August 20, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-condensed1042-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-condensed1042_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-condensed1042_111-1">b</a> Reader's Digest, March 1930, pp. 1042–1044, "Living With a Genius", condensed from The American Magazine, February 1930. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> "Edison Wears Silk Nightshirt, Hates Talkies, Writes Wife", Capital Times, October 30, 1930 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edison.rutgers.edu/list.htm#Cement">"Edison's Companies – The Edison Papers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131008140933/http://edison.rutgers.edu/list.htm#Cement">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edison%27s+Companies+%E2%80%93+The+Edison+Papers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedison.rutgers.edu%2Flist.htm%23Cement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100910012726/http://www.sudburymuseums.ca/index.cfm?app=w_vmuseum&lang=en&currID=2031&parID=2029">"Thomas Edison"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury_Heritage_Museums" title="Greater Sudbury Heritage Museums">Greater Sudbury Heritage Museums</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudburymuseums.ca/index.cfm?app=w_vmuseum&lang=en&currID=2031&parID=2029">the original</a> on September 10, 2010. Retrieved December 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greater+Sudbury+Heritage+Museums&rft.atitle=Thomas+Edison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudburymuseums.ca%2Findex.cfm%3Fapp%3Dw_vmuseum%26lang%3Den%26currID%3D2031%26parID%3D2029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> David John Cole, Eve Browning, Eve Browning Cole, Fred E. H. Schroeder, Encyclopedia of Modern Everyday Inventions, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, pages 45–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-Seth_Fletcher_2011,_pages_14-16-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seth_Fletcher_2011,_pages_14-16_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seth_Fletcher_2011,_pages_14-16_116-1">b</a> Seth Fletcher, Bottled Lightning: Superbatteries, Electric Cars, and the New Lithium Economy, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, May 10, 2011, pages 14–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_117-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_117-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_117-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannPlummer1991" class="citation book cs1">Mann CC, Plummer ML (1991). The Aspirin Wars: Money, Medicine, and 100 Years of Rampant Competition. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 38–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-57894-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-57894-1"><bdi>978-0-394-57894-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aspirin+Wars%3A+Money%2C+Medicine%2C+and+100+Years+of+Rampant+Competition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=38-41&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-394-57894-1&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rft.au=Plummer%2C+Mark+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Conot, Robert (1979), A Streak of Luck: The Life & Legend of Thomas Alva Edison, Seaview Books, NY, pp. 413–414 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilsson2019" class="citation web cs1">Nilsson, Jeff (March 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2019/03/aspirin-the-first-wonder-drug/">"Aspirin: The First Wonder Drug"</a>. The Saturday Evening Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Saturday+Evening+Post&rft.atitle=Aspirin%3A+The+First+Wonder+Drug&rft.date=2019-03-06&rft.aulast=Nilsson&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saturdayeveningpost.com%2F2019%2F03%2Faspirin-the-first-wonder-drug%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlas-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_120-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_120-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarrelli2016" class="citation web cs1">Zarrelli, Natalie (October 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/dial-a-ghost-on-thomas-edisons-least-successful-invention-the-spirit-phone">"Dial-a-Ghost on Thomas Edison's Least Successful Invention: the Spirit Phone"</a>. Atlas Obscura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211210033849/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/dial-a-ghost-on-thomas-edisons-least-successful-invention-the-spirit-phone">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=Dial-a-Ghost+on+Thomas+Edison%27s+Least+Successful+Invention%3A+the+Spirit+Phone&rft.date=2016-10-18&rft.aulast=Zarrelli&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fdial-a-ghost-on-thomas-edisons-least-successful-invention-the-spirit-phone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-forbes-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forbes_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forbes_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTablang2019" class="citation web cs1">Tablang, Kristin (October 25, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristintablang/2019/10/25/thomas-edison-bc-forbes-mystery-spirit-phone/">"Thomas Edison, B.C. Forbes And The Mystery Of The Spirit Phone"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211210033848/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristintablang/2019/10/25/thomas-edison-bc-forbes-mystery-spirit-phone/?sh=7c9d3da729ad">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Thomas+Edison%2C+B.C.+Forbes+And+The+Mystery+Of+The+Spirit+Phone&rft.date=2019-10-25&rft.aulast=Tablang&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fkristintablang%2F2019%2F10%2F25%2Fthomas-edison-bc-forbes-mystery-spirit-phone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmbrester1992" class="citation book cs1">Armbrester, Margaret E. (1992). The Civitan Story. Birmingham, AL: Ebsco Media. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civitan+Story&rft.place=Birmingham%2C+AL&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Ebsco+Media&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Armbrester&rft.aufirst=Margaret+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holland_2001-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holland_2001_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland_2001_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2001" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Kevin J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8010875M/Classic_American_Railroad_Terminals">Classic American Railroad Terminals</a>. Osceola, WI: MBI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760308325" title="Special:BookSources/9780760308325"><bdi>9780760308325</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45908903">45908903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classic+American+Railroad+Terminals&rft.place=Osceola%2C+WI&rft.pub=MBI&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45908903&rft.isbn=9780760308325&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Kevin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8010875M%2FClassic_American_Railroad_Terminals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69982485/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle/">Edison at Home</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511122856/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69982485/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle/">Archived</a> May 11, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 24, 1930. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tomedison.org/tom/hislife/">"His Life"</a>. The Thomas Edison Birthplace Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804233436/http://tomedison.org/tom/hislife/">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Thomas+Edison+Birthplace+Museum&rft.atitle=His+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftomedison.org%2Ftom%2Fhislife%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18254003">"Rev. S. Herben Dead at 75"</a>. Plainfield Courier-News. Plainfield, New Jersey. February 23, 1937. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316115838/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18254003/rev-s-herben-dead-at-75/">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2018 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plainfield+Courier-News&rft.atitle=Rev.+S.+Herben+Dead+at+75&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1937-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F18254003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Thomas Edison Dies in Coma at 84; Family With Him as the End Comes; Inventor Succumbs at 3:24 am. After Fight for Life Since He Was Stricken on August 1. World-Wide Tribute Is Paid to Him as a Benefactor of Mankind". The New York Times. October 18, 1931. <q><a href="/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey">West Orange, New Jersey</a>, Sunday, October 18, 1931. Thomas Alva Edison died at 3:24 o'clock this morning at his home, Glenmont, in the Llewellyn Park section of this city. The great inventor, the fruits of whose genius so magically transformed the everyday world, was 84 years and 8 months old.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thomas+Edison+Dies+in+Coma+at+84%3B+Family+With+Him+as+the+End+Comes%3B+Inventor+Succumbs+at+3%3A24+am.+After+Fight+for+Life+Since+He+Was+Stricken+on+August+1.+World-Wide+Tribute+Is+Paid+to+Him+as+a+Benefactor+of+Mankind&rft.date=1931-10-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenoit2003" class="citation book cs1">Benoit, Tod (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781579126780/page/560/mode/2up">Where are they buried? How did they die?</a>. Black Dog & Leventhal. p. 560. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57912-678-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57912-678-0"><bdi>978-1-57912-678-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+are+they+buried%3F+How+did+they+die%3F&rft.pages=560&rft.pub=Black+Dog+%26+Leventhal&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57912-678-0&rft.aulast=Benoit&rft.aufirst=Tod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781579126780%2Fpage%2F560%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_128a.html">"Is Thomas Edison's last breath preserved in a test tube in the Henry Ford Museum?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180626/http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_128a.html">Archived</a> September 30, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Straight_Dope" title="The Straight Dope">The Straight Dope</a>, September 11, 1987. Retrieved August 20, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Neil Baldwin, Edison: Inventing the Century, University of Chicago Press – 2001, 408 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Baldwin 1995, p.60 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Baldwin 1995, p.67 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Older Son To Sue To Void Edison Will; William, Second Child of the Counsel". The New York Times. October 31, 1931. <q>The will of Thomas A. Edison, filed in Newark last Thursday, which leaves the bulk of the inventor's $12 million estate to the sons of his second wife, was attacked as unfair yesterday by William L. Edison, second son of the first wife, who announced at the same time that he would sue to break it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Older+Son+To+Sue+To+Void+Edison+Will%3B+William%2C+Second+Child+of+the+Counsel&rft.date=1931-10-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edbio.html">"The Life of Thomas Edison"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110120001520/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edbio.html">Archived</a> January 20, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, American Memory, Library of Congress. Retrieved March 3, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rutgers-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Rutgers_135-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.rutgers.edu/medrel/research/rh-2011/thomas-edison2019s-f-20111115">"Thomas Edison's First Wife May Have Died of a Morphine Overdose"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111119015854/http://news.rutgers.edu/medrel/research/rh-2011/thomas-edison2019s-f-20111115/">Archived</a> November 19, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Rutgers Today. Retrieved November 18, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Thomas_Edison%27s_Children">"Thomas Edison's Children"</a>. IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. December 16, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016113637/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Thomas_Edison%27s_Children">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network&rft.atitle=Thomas+Edison%27s+Children&rft.date=2010-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FThomas_Edison%2527s_Children&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Madeleine Edison a Bride. Inventor's Daughter Married to J. E. Sloan by Mgr. Brann". The New York Times. June 18, 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Madeleine+Edison+a+Bride.+Inventor%27s+Daughter+Married+to+J.+E.+Sloan+by+Mgr.+Brann&rft.date=1914-06-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Mrs. John Eyre Sloane Has a Son at the Harbor Sanitarium Here". The New York Times. January 10, 1931.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mrs.+John+Eyre+Sloane+Has+a+Son+at+the+Harbor+Sanitarium+Here&rft.date=1931-01-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Charles Edison, 78, Ex-Governor of Jersey and U.S. Aide, Is Dead". The New York Times. August 1969.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Charles+Edison%2C+78%2C+Ex-Governor+of+Jersey+and+U.S.+Aide%2C+Is+Dead&rft.date=1969-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Edison's Widow Very III". The New York Times. August 21, 1947.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Edison%27s+Widow+Very+III&rft.date=1947-08-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Rites for Mrs. Edison". The New York Times. August 26, 1947.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rites+for+Mrs.+Edison&rft.date=1947-08-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-142"><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_142-0">^</a> 1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. Retrieved February 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené_Rondeau1997" class="citation web cs1">René Rondeau (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edisontinfoil.com/taejr/edisonjr.htm">"LOST IN HISTORY: Thomas A. Edison, Junior"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104021506/http://www.edisontinfoil.com/taejr/edisonjr.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LOST+IN+HISTORY%3A+Thomas+A.+Edison%2C+Junior&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+Rondeau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedisontinfoil.com%2Ftaejr%2Fedisonjr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/index.htm">"Thomas Alva Edison Jr"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970420085402/https://www.nps.gov/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 1997. Retrieved December 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Alva+Edison+Jr&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tsmembers.org/">"Theosophical Society Members 1875–1942 – Historical membership list of the Theosophical Society (Adyar) 1875–1942"</a>. tsmembers.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092813/https://tsmembers.org/">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tsmembers.org&rft.atitle=Theosophical+Society+Members+1875%E2%80%931942+%E2%80%93+Historical+membership+list+of+the+Theosophical+Society+%28Adyar%29+1875%E2%80%931942&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftsmembers.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlavatsky1980" class="citation book cs1">Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna (1980). Collected Writings, Vol. XII. Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House. p. 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Writings%2C+Vol.+XII&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+IL&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Theosophical+Publishing+House&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Blavatsky&rft.aufirst=Helena+Petrovna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">""No Immortality of the Soul" says Thomas A. Edison. In Fact, He Doesn't Believe There Is a Soul—Human Beings Only an Aggregate of Cells and the Brain Only a Wonderful Machine, Says Wizard of Electricity". The New York Times. October 2, 1910. <q>Thomas A. Edison in the following interview for the first time speaks to the public on the vital subjects of the human soul and immortality. It will be bound to be a most fascinating, an amazing statement, from one of the most notable and interesting men of the age ... Nature is what we know. We do not know the gods of religions. And nature is not kind, or merciful, or loving. If God made me—the fabled God of the three qualities of which I spoke: mercy, kindness, love—He also made the fish I catch and eat. And where do His mercy, kindness, and love for that fish come in? No; nature made us—nature did it all—not the gods of the religions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%22No+Immortality+of+the+Soul%22+says+Thomas+A.+Edison.+In+Fact%2C+He+Doesn%27t+Believe+There+Is+a+Soul%E2%80%94Human+Beings+Only+an+Aggregate+of+Cells+and+the+Brain+Only+a+Wonderful+Machine%2C+Says+Wizard+of+Electricity&rft.date=1910-10-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75ldAAAAMAAJ&q=%22I+do+not+believe+in+the+God+of+the+theologians;+but+that+there+is+a+Supreme+Intelligence+I+do+not+doubt%22">The Freethinker</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619214033/https://books.google.com/books?id=75ldAAAAMAAJ&q=%22I+do+not+believe+in+the+God+of+the+theologians;+but+that+there+is+a+Supreme+Intelligence+I+do+not+doubt%22&dq=%22I+do+not+believe+in+the+God+of+the+theologians;+but+that+there+is+a+Supreme+Intelligence+I+do+not+doubt">Archived</a> June 19, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1970), G.W. Foote & Company, Volume 90, p. 147 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111162640/http://www.gereports.com/edisons-forgotten-invention-a-phone-that-calls-the-dead/">"Edison's Forgotten 'Invention': A Phone That Calls the Dead"</a>. GE Reports. October 28, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gereports.com/edisons-forgotten-invention-a-phone-that-calls-the-dead/">the original</a> on November 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edison%27s+Forgotten+%27Invention%27%3A+A+Phone+That+Calls+the+Dead&rft.pub=GE+Reports&rft.date=2010-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gereports.com%2Fedisons-forgotten-invention-a-phone-that-calls-the-dead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patentplaques.com/blog/?p=1026">"Invention Geek – Edison Spirit Phone?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060930/https://www.patentplaques.com/blog/?p=1026">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invention+Geek+%E2%80%93+Edison+Spirit+Phone%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patentplaques.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D1026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82682483/passaic-daily-news/">"Edison Comes Out Unqalifiedly for Suffrage"</a>. Passaic Daily News. October 7, 1915. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210802204721/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82682483/passaic-daily-news/">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Passaic+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Edison+Comes+Out+Unqalifiedly+for+Suffrage&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1915-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F82682483%2Fpassaic-daily-news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42981945/male-suffrage-support/">"Edison, Harvey, Hughes and Other Leading Men Refute Senator Martine"</a>. Passaic Daily News. 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Retrieved June 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+American&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Munn+%26+Company&rft.date=1878-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp4o9AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> The same decree awarded German physicist <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> with the designation of Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor, as well as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>. 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Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015151534/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2012/05/18/nikola-tesla-wasnt-god-and-thomas-edison-wasnt-the-devil">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Nikola+Tesla+Wasn%27t+God+and+Thomas+Edison+Wasn%27t+the+Devil&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Falexknapp%2F2012%2F05%2F18%2Fnikola-tesla-wasnt-god-and-thomas-edison-wasnt-the-devil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbion2008" class="citation book cs1">Albion, Michele Wehrwein. (2008). The Florida Life of Thomas Edison. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3259-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3259-7"><bdi>978-0-8130-3259-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Florida+Life+of+Thomas+Edison&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-3259-7&rft.aulast=Albion&rft.aufirst=Michele+Wehrwein.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngel1926" class="citation book cs1">Angel, Ernst (1926). Edison. Sein Leben und Erfinden. Berlin: Ernst Angel Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edison.+Sein+Leben+und+Erfinden&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Ernst+Angel+Verlag&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Angel&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1995" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Neil (1995). Edison: Inventing the Century. Hyperion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03571-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03571-0"><bdi>978-0-226-03571-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edison%3A+Inventing+the+Century&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-226-03571-0&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1977" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Ronald William (1977). Edison: The man who made the future. London: Macdonald & Jane's: Macdonald and Jane's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-354-04093-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-354-04093-8"><bdi>978-0-354-04093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edison%3A+The+man+who+made+the+future&rft.place=London%3A+Macdonald+%26+Jane%27s&rft.pub=Macdonald+and+Jane%27s&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-354-04093-8&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Ronald+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConot1979" class="citation book cs1">Conot, Robert (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/streakofluckcono00cono">A Streak of Luck</a>. New York: Seaview Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87223-521-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87223-521-2"><bdi>978-0-87223-521-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Streak+of+Luck&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Seaview+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-87223-521-2&rft.aulast=Conot&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstreakofluckcono00cono&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1998" class="citation book cs1">Davis, L. J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/billionaireshell00davi">Fleet Fire: Thomas Edison and the Pioneers of the Electric Revolution</a>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47927-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47927-1"><bdi>978-0-385-47927-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fleet+Fire%3A+Thomas+Edison+and+the+Pioneers+of+the+Electric+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-385-47927-1&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbillionaireshell00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEssig2004" class="citation book cs1">Essig, Mark (2004). Edison and the Electric Chair. Stroud: Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3680-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3680-4"><bdi>978-0-7509-3680-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edison+and+the+Electric+Chair&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3680-4&rft.aulast=Essig&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEssig2003" class="citation book cs1">Essig, Mark (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edisonelectricch0000essi">Edison & the Electric Chair: A Story of Light and Death</a>. New York: Walker & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1406-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1406-0"><bdi>978-0-8027-1406-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edison+%26+the+Electric+Chair%3A+A+Story+of+Light+and+Death&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker+%26+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-1406-0&rft.aulast=Essig&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedisonelectricch0000essi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1998" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Paul (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edisonlifeofinve0000isra">Edison: A Life of Invention</a>. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-52942-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-52942-2"><bdi>978-0-471-52942-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edison%3A+A+Life+of+Invention&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-471-52942-2&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedisonlifeofinve0000isra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonnes2003" class="citation book cs1">Jonnes, Jill (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empiresoflighted00jonn">Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50739-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50739-7"><bdi>978-0-375-50739-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+Light%3A+Edison%2C+Tesla%2C+Westinghouse%2C+and+the+Race+to+Electrify+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-375-50739-7&rft.aulast=Jonnes&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempiresoflighted00jonn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson1959" class="citation book cs1">Josephson, Matthew (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edisonbiography00jose">Edison</a>. McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-033046-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-033046-7"><bdi>978-0-07-033046-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edison&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-07-033046-7&rft.aulast=Josephson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedisonbiography00jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenigsberg1987" class="citation book cs1">Koenigsberg, Allen (1987). Edison Cylinder Records, 1889–1912. APM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-937612-07-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-937612-07-1"><bdi>978-0-937612-07-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edison+Cylinder+Records%2C+1889%E2%80%931912&rft.pub=APM+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-937612-07-1&rft.aulast=Koenigsberg&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPretzer,_William_S.1989" class="citation book cs1">Pretzer, William S., ed. (1989). Working at Inventing: Thomas A. Edison and the Menlo Park Experience. Dearborn, Michigan: Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933728-33-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933728-33-2"><bdi>978-0-933728-33-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+at+Inventing%3A+Thomas+A.+Edison+and+the+Menlo+Park+Experience&rft.place=Dearborn%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Henry+Ford+Museum+%26+Greenfield+Village&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-933728-33-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStross2007" class="citation book cs1">Stross, Randall E. (2007). The Wizard of Menlo Park: How Thomas Alva Edison Invented the Modern World. Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4762-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4762-8"><bdi>978-1-4000-4762-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wizard+of+Menlo+Park%3A+How+Thomas+Alva+Edison+Invented+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4762-8&rft.aulast=Stross&rft.aufirst=Randall+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Thomas Edison at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" class="extiw" title="c:Thomas Alva Edison">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" class="extiw" title="q:Thomas Edison">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Thomas_Alva_Edison" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Thomas Alva Edison">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?63449-1/edison-inventing-century">Booknotes interview with Neil Baldwin on Edison: Inventing the Century, March 19, 1995</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?178806-1/empires-light-edison-tesla-westinghouse">Booknotes interview with Jill Jonnes on Empires of Light, October 26, 2003</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p4o9AQAAIAAJ">An Hour with Edison</a>", <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, July 13, 1878, p. 17</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgwY2SdRJ_4">Interview with Thomas Edison in 1931</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ariwatch.com/VS/TheDiaryOfThomasEdison.htm">The Diary of Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3325">Works by Thomas Edison</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="/wiki/Template:Thomas_Edison" title="Template:Thomas Edison"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thomas_Edison" title="Template talk:Thomas Edison"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas_Edison" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas Edison"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thomas_Edison" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Edison</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries and inventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Edison_patents" title="List of Edison patents">List of Edison patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_microphone" title="Carbon microphone">Carbon microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison%27s_Phonograph_Doll" title="Edison's Phonograph Doll">Edison's Phonograph Doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_screw" title="Edison screw">Edison screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etheric_force" title="Etheric force">Etheric force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetoscope" title="Kinetoscope">Kinetoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonomotor" title="Phonomotor">Phonomotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadruplex_telegraph" title="Quadruplex telegraph">Quadruplex telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasimeter" title="Tasimeter">Tasimeter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advancements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Edison" title="Consolidated Edison">Consolidated Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison%E2%80%93Lalande_cell" title="Edison–Lalande cell">Edison–Lalande cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">Fluoroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Incandescent light bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_camera" title="Movie camera">Movie camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93iron_battery" title="Nickel–iron battery">Nickel–iron battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">Thermionic emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticker_tape" title="Ticker tape">Ticker tape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Edison,_Inc." title="Thomas A. Edison, Inc.">Thomas A. Edison, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_and_Swan_Electric_Light_Company" title="Edison and Swan Electric Light Company">Edison and Swan Electric Light Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Gower-Bell_Telephone_Company_of_Europe" title="Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe">Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Illuminating_Company" title="Edison Illuminating Company">Edison Illuminating Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Machine_Works" title="Edison Machine Works">Edison Machine Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Manufacturing_Company" title="Edison Manufacturing Company">Edison Manufacturing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Ore-Milling_Company" title="Edison Ore-Milling Company">Edison Ore-Milling Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Portland_Cement_Company" title="Edison Portland Cement Company">Edison Portland Cement Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Records" title="Edison Records">Edison Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Storage_Battery_Company" title="Edison Storage Battery Company">Edison Storage Battery Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Studios" title="Edison Studios">Edison Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Patents_Company" title="Motion Picture Patents Company">Motion Picture Patents Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSA_Safety" title="MSA Safety">Mine Safety Appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Company" title="Oriental Telephone Company">Oriental Telephone Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison_Birthplace" title="Thomas Alva Edison Birthplace">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison%27s_Black_Maria" title="Edison's Black Maria">Black Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison_Depot_Museum" title="Thomas Edison Depot Museum">Depot Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison_Memorial_Tower_and_Museum" title="Thomas Alva Edison Memorial Tower and Museum">Memorial Tower and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison_National_Historical_Park" title="Thomas Edison National Historical Park">National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_State_Park" title="Edison State Park">State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Storage_Battery_Company_Building" title="Edison Storage Battery Company Building">Storage Battery Company Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Research_Laboratory" title="General Electric Research Laboratory">General Electric Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_and_Ford_Winter_Estates" title="Edison and Ford Winter Estates">Winter Estates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edison" title="Charles Edison">Charles Edison</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Miller_Edison" title="Theodore Miller Edison">Theodore Miller Edison</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Tom_Edison" title="Young Tom Edison">Young Tom Edison</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison,_the_Man" title="Edison, the Man">Edison, the Man</a> (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Evergreen_Terrace" title="The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace">The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace</a>" (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Current_War" title="The Current War">The Current War</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_(2020_film)" title="Tesla (2020 film)">Tesla</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Future_Eve" title="The Future Eve">The Future Eve</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison%27s_Conquest_of_Mars" title="Edison's Conquest of Mars">Edison's Conquest of Mars</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tales_from_the_Bully_Pulpit" title="Tales from the Bully Pulpit">Tales from the Bully Pulpit</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Productions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Execution_of_Mary_Stuart" title="The Execution of Mary Stuart">The Execution of Mary Stuart</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_(1896_film)" title="The Kiss (1896 film)">The Kiss</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1910_film)" title="Frankenstein (1910 film)">Frankenstein</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Night_of_Terror_(1911_film)" title="A Night of Terror (1911 film)">A Night of Terror</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapped_(1917_film)" title="Kidnapped (1917 film)">Kidnapped</a> (1917)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edisonade" title="Edisonade">Edisonade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edisonian_approach" title="Edisonian approach">Edisonian approach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison_in_popular_culture" title="Thomas Edison in popular culture">Thomas Edison in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Street_Station" title="Pearl Street Station">Pearl Street Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Museum" title="Edison Museum">Edison Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison_House" title="Thomas Edison House">Thomas Edison House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Hotel_(Sunbury,_Pennsylvania)" title="Edison Hotel (Sunbury, Pennsylvania)">Edison Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephonoscope" title="Telephonoscope">Telephonoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Edison" title="Statue of Thomas Edison">Statue of Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison_silver_dollar" title="Thomas Alva Edison silver dollar">Thomas Alva Edison silver dollar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="General_Electric" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:General_Electric" title="Template:General Electric"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:General_Electric" title="Template talk:General Electric"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:General_Electric" title="Special:EditPage/Template:General Electric"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="General_Electric" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor companies*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_Aerospace" title="GE Aerospace">GE Aerospace</a> (legal successor of GE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_HealthCare" title="GE HealthCare">GE HealthCare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Vernova" title="GE Vernova">GE Vernova</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:General_Electric_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/General_Electric_logo.svg/90px-General_Electric_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/General_Electric_logo.svg/135px-General_Electric_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/General_Electric_logo.svg/180px-General_Electric_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former subsidiaries and divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Guarantee_Corporation" title="Australian Guarantee Corporation">Australian Guarantee Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_General_Electric" title="Canadian General Electric">Canadian General Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnia_Generale_di_Elettricit%C3%A0" title="Compagnia Generale di Elettricità">Compagnia Generale di Elettricità</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Lighting_Solutions" title="Current Lighting Solutions">Current, powered by GE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_Bond_and_Share_Company" title="Electric Bond and Share Company">Electric Bond and Share Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Additive" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Additive">GE Additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Aerospace_(1960s)" title="GE Aerospace (1960s)">GE Aerospace (1960s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SES_Americom" title="SES Americom">GE Americom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Appliances" title="GE Appliances">GE Appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Automation_%26_Controls" title="GE Automation & Controls">GE Automation & Controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Aerospace" title="GE Aerospace">GE Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_Aviation_Systems" title="GE Aviation Systems">GE Aviation Systems</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Betz" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Betz">GE Betz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Capital" title="GE Capital">GE Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Capital_Aviation_Services" title="GE Capital Aviation Services">GE Capital Aviation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Capital_IT_Solutions" title="GE Capital IT Solutions">GE Capital IT Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Capital_Rail_Services" title="GE Capital Rail Services">GE Capital Rail Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Commercial_Finance" title="GE Commercial Finance">GE Commercial Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Digital" title="GE Digital">GE Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Energy">GE Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Equipment_Services" title="GE Equipment Services">GE Equipment Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_HealthCare" title="GE HealthCare">GE HealthCare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Home_%26_Business_Solutions" title="GE Home & Business Solutions">GE Home & Business Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Industrial" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Industrial">GE Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Infrastructure" title="GE Infrastructure">GE Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Jenbacher" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Jenbacher">GE Jenbacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Lighting" title="GE Lighting">GE Lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Measurement_%26_Control" title="GE Measurement & Control">GE Measurement & Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Oil_%26_Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Oil & Gas">GE Oil & Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Power" title="GE Power">GE Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Renewable_Energy" title="GE Renewable Energy">GE Renewable Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Research">GE Research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LM_Wind_Power" title="LM Wind Power">LM Wind Power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Security" title="GE Security">GE Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Transportation" title="GE Transportation">GE Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waukesha_Engine" title="Waukesha Engine">GE Waukesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Wind" title="GE Wind">GE Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan_Partners" title="Canaan Partners">GE Venture Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Ventures" title="GE Ventures">GE Ventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GECIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GECIS">GECIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GXS_Inc." title="GXS Inc.">GEIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Lease" title="Genesis Lease">Genesis Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genpact" title="Genpact">Genpact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genworth_Financial" title="Genworth Financial">Genworth Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Ward" title="Montgomery Ward">Montgomery Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchrony_Financial" title="Synchrony Financial">Synchrony Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsram" title="Tungsram">Tungsram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nuclear_Corporation" title="United Nuclear Corporation">United Nuclear Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Construction_Company" title="Utah Construction Company">Utah Construction Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whatman_plc" title="Whatman plc">Whatman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_General_Electric" title="List of assets owned by General Electric">Joint ventures/ shareholdings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Current**</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Hughes" title="Baker Hughes">Baker Hughes</a> (30%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFM_International" title="CFM International">CFM International</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_Alliance" title="Engine Alliance">Engine Alliance</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Hitachi_Nuclear_Energy" title="GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy">GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy</a> (60%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Honda_Aero_Engines" title="GE Honda Aero Engines">GE Honda Aero Engines</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProlecGE" title="ProlecGE">ProlecGE</a> (49.99%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBS_GB" title="TBS GB">TBS GB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alco-GE" title="Alco-GE">Alco-GE</a> (1940–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> (1926–30, 1986–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal" title="NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a> (2004–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penske_Truck_Leasing" title="Penske Truck Leasing">Penske Truck Leasing</a> (15.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabtec" title="Wabtec">Wabtec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products and brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_Aerospace#Products" title="GE Aerospace">Aircraft engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Comprehensive_Operating_System" title="General Comprehensive Operating System">General Comprehensive Operating System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEnie" title="GEnie">GEnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GE_locomotives" title="List of GE locomotives">Locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazda_(light_bulb)" title="Mazda (light bulb)">Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GE_reciprocating_engines" title="List of GE reciprocating engines">Reciprocating engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivection_oven" title="Trivection oven">Trivection oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsram" title="Tungsram">Tungsram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:General_Electric_people" title="Category:General Electric people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Coffin" title="Charles A. Coffin">Charles A. Coffin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_J._Houston" title="Edwin J. Houston">Edwin J. Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan">J. P. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Immelt" title="Jeff Immelt">Jeff Immelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Welch" title="Jack Welch">Jack Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Wright" title="Bob Wright">Bob Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Outside directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cash_Jr." title="James Cash Jr.">James Cash Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Flannery" title="John L. Flannery">John L. Flannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_M._Fudge" title="Ann M. Fudge">Ann M. Fudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Hockfield" title="Susan Hockfield">Susan Hockfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jung" title="Andrea Jung">Andrea Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochelle_Lazarus" title="Rochelle Lazarus">Rochelle Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Nunn" title="Sam Nunn">Sam Nunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penske" title="Roger Penske">Roger Penske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Silva" title="Vera Silva">Vera Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Warner_III" title="Douglas A. Warner III">Douglas A. Warner III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places and facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/30_Rockefeller_Plaza" title="30 Rockefeller Plaza">GE Building (30 Rockefeller Plaza)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Building" title="General Electric Building">GE Building (570 Lexington Avenue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nela_Park" title="Nela Park">Nela Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Realty_Plot" title="General Electric Realty Plot">Realty Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Research_Laboratory" title="General Electric Research Laboratory">Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Works" title="River Works">River Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Specialty_Control_Plant" title="General Electric Specialty Control Plant">Specialty Control Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Switchgear_Plant" title="General Electric Switchgear Plant">Switchgear Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Welch_Technology_Centre" title="John F. Welch Technology Centre">Welch Technology Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sponsorship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney%27s_Carousel_of_Progress" title="Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress">Carousel of Progress</a> (1964–65, 1967–73, 1975–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizons_(Epcot)" title="Horizons (Epcot)">Horizons at Epcot</a> (1983–93)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_True" title="GE True">GE True</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_General_Electric_Concert" title="The General Electric Concert">The General Electric Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_EdgeLab" title="General Electric EdgeLab">General Electric EdgeLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Theater" title="General Electric Theater">General Electric Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Imaging" title="General Imaging">General Imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGEI" title="KGEI">KGEI</a></li> <li>Litigation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_v._Chakrabarty" title="Diamond v. Chakrabarty">Diamond v. Chakrabarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._General_Electric_Co." title="United States v. General Electric Co.">United States v. General Electric Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebus_cartel" title="Phoebus cartel">Phoebus cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson-Houston_Electric_Company" title="Thomson-Houston Electric Company">Thomson-Houston Electric Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_General_Electric" title="Timeline of General Electric">Timeline</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Bring_Good_Things_to_Life" title="We Bring Good Things to Life">We Bring Good Things to Life</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>* Following corporate split-up from 2023 to 2024</li> <li>** Joint ventures before corporate split-up from 2023 to 2024</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:GE_Aerospace" title="Template:GE Aerospace">GE Aerospace template</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:General_Electric" title="Category:General Electric">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:General_Electric" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:General Electric">Commons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a> and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Fritz_Medal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Template:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Template talk:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Fritz_Medal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal" title="John Fritz Medal">John Fritz Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1902–1924</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1902 : <a href="/wiki/John_Fritz" title="John Fritz">John Fritz</a></li> <li>1903 : No award</li> <li>1904 : No award</li> <li>1905 : <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a></li> <li>1906 : <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li>1907 : <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li>1908 : <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li>1909 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_Talbot_Porter" title="Charles Talbot Porter">Charles Talbot Porter</a></li> <li>1910 : <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Noble_(engineer)" title="Alfred Noble (engineer)">Alfred Noble</a></li> <li>1911 : Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_White" title="William Henry White">William Henry White</a></li> <li>1912 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woolston_Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Woolston Hunt">Robert Woolston Hunt</a></li> <li>1913 : No award</li> <li>1914 : <a href="/wiki/John_Edson_Sweet" title="John Edson Sweet">John Edson Sweet</a></li> <li>1915 : <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(businessman)" title="James Douglas (businessman)">James Douglas</a></li> <li>1916 : <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a></li> <li>1917 : <a href="/wiki/Henry_Marion_Howe" title="Henry Marion Howe">Henry Marion Howe</a></li> <li>1918 : <a href="/wiki/J._Waldo_Smith" title="J. Waldo Smith">J. Waldo Smith</a></li> <li>1919 : Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_W._Goethals" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Goethals">George W. Goethals</a></li> <li>1920 : <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li>1921 : Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hadfield" title="Robert Hadfield">Robert Hadfield</a></li> <li>1922 : <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Schneider_II" title="Eugène Schneider II">Charles P. E. Schneider</a></li> <li>1923 : <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li>1924 : <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Swasey" title="Ambrose Swasey">Ambrose Swasey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1925–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1925 : <a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Stevens" title="John Frank Stevens">John Frank Stevens</a></li> <li>1926 : <a href="/wiki/Edward_Dean_Adams" title="Edward Dean Adams">Edward Dean Adams</a></li> <li>1927 : <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry">Elmer Ambrose Sperry</a></li> <li>1928 : <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Carty" class="mw-redirect" title="John Joseph Carty">John Joseph Carty</a></li> <li>1929 : <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Clark_Hoover" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Clark Hoover">Herbert Clark Hoover</a></li> <li>1930 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Modjeski" title="Ralph Modjeski">Ralph Modjeski</a></li> <li>1931 : <a href="/wiki/David_Watson_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="David Watson Taylor">David Watson Taylor</a></li> <li>1932 : <a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Idvorski_Pupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin">Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin</a></li> <li>1933 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cowan_Jackling" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Cowan Jackling">Daniel Cowan Jackling</a></li> <li>1934 : <a href="/wiki/John_Ripley_Freeman" title="John Ripley Freeman">John Ripley Freeman</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1935 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Julian Sprague">Frank Julian Sprague</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1936 : <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Durand" class="mw-redirect" title="William Frederick Durand">William Frederick Durand</a></li> <li>1937 : <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Newell_Talbot" title="Arthur Newell Talbot">Arthur Newell Talbot</a></li> <li>1938 : <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dyer_Merica" title="Paul Dyer Merica">Paul Dyer Merica</a></li> <li>1939 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Baldwin_Jewett" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Baldwin Jewett">Frank Baldwin Jewett</a></li> <li>1940 : <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Floyd_Hirshfeld" title="Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld">Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1941 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Budd" title="Ralph Budd">Ralph Budd</a></li> <li>1942 : <a href="/wiki/Everette_Lee_DeGolyer" title="Everette Lee DeGolyer">Everette Lee DeGolyer</a></li> <li>1943 : <a href="/wiki/Willis_Rodney_Whitney" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis Rodney Whitney">Willis Rodney Whitney</a></li> <li>1944 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Kettering" title="Charles F. Kettering">Charles F. Kettering</a></li> <li>1945 : <a href="/wiki/John_L._Savage" title="John L. Savage">John Lucian Savage</a></li> <li>1946 : <a href="/wiki/Zay_Jeffries" title="Zay Jeffries">Zay Jeffries</a></li> <li>1947 : <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Warrington_Chubb" title="Lewis Warrington Chubb">Lewis Warrington Chubb</a></li> <li>1948 : <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></li> <li>1949 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_Metcalf_Allen" title="Charles Metcalf Allen">Charles Metcalf Allen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1974</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1950 : <a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Aldridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter H. Aldridge">Walter H. Aldridge</a></li> <li>1951 : <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li>1952 : <a href="/wiki/Ervin_George_Bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ervin George Bailey">Ervin George Bailey</a></li> <li>1953 : <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Fairless" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin F. Fairless">Benjamin F. Fairless</a></li> <li>1954 : <a href="/wiki/William_Embry_Wrather" title="William Embry Wrather">William Embry Wrather</a></li> <li>1955 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Alonzo_Winne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Alonzo Winne (page does not exist)">Harry Alonzo Winne</a></li> <li>1956 : <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sporn" title="Philip Sporn">Philip Sporn</a></li> <li>1957 : <a href="/wiki/Ben_Moreell" title="Ben Moreell">Ben Moreell</a></li> <li>1958 : <a href="/wiki/John_R._Suman" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Suman">John R. Suman</a></li> <li>1959 : <a href="/wiki/Mervin_Kelly" title="Mervin Kelly">Mervin J. Kelly</a></li> <li>1960 : <a href="/wiki/Gwilym_A._Price" title="Gwilym A. Price">Gwilym A. Price</a></li> <li>1961 : <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Bechtel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen D. Bechtel">Stephen D. Bechtel</a></li> <li>1962 : <a href="/wiki/Crawford_H._Greenewalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Crawford H. Greenewalt">Crawford H. Greenewalt</a></li> <li>1963 : <a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a></li> <li>1964 : <a href="/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay">Lucius D. Clay</a></li> <li>1965 : <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kappel" title="Frederick Kappel">Frederick Kappel</a></li> <li>1966 : <a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Lewis" title="Warren K. Lewis">Warren K. Lewis</a></li> <li>1967 : <a href="/wiki/Walker_L._Cisler" class="mw-redirect" title="Walker L. Cisler">Walker L. Cisler</a></li> <li>1968 : <a href="/wiki/Igor_Ivan_Sikorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Ivan Sikorsky">Igor Ivan Sikorsky</a></li> <li>1969 : <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_Haider" title="Michael Lawrence Haider">Michael Lawrence Haider</a></li> <li>1970 : <a href="/wiki/Glenn_B._Warren" title="Glenn B. Warren">Glenn B. Warren</a></li> <li>1971 : <a href="/wiki/Patrick_E._Haggerty" title="Patrick E. Haggerty">Patrick E. Haggerty</a></li> <li>1972 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Webster_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Webster (engineer) (page does not exist)">William Webster</a></li> <li>1973 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Wilber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyman Wilber (page does not exist)">Lyman Wilber</a></li> <li>1974 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=H._I._Romnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. I. Romnes (page does not exist)">H. I. Romnes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1975 : <a href="/wiki/Manson_Benedict" title="Manson Benedict">Manson Benedict</a></li> <li>1976 : <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Thomas O. Paine</a></li> <li>1977 : <a href="/wiki/George_R._Brown" title="George R. Brown">George R. Brown</a></li> <li>1978 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_G._Heitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert G. Heitz (page does not exist)">Robert G. Heitz</a></li> <li>1979 : <a href="/wiki/Nathan_M._Newmark" title="Nathan M. Newmark">Nathan M. Newmark</a></li> <li>1980 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Louis_Austin,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. Louis Austin, Jr. (page does not exist)">T. Louis Austin, Jr.</a></li> <li>1981 : <a href="/wiki/Ian_MacGregor" title="Ian MacGregor">Ian MacGregor</a></li> <li>1982 : <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a></li> <li>1983 : <a href="/wiki/Claude_Elwood_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Elwood Shannon">Claude Elwood Shannon</a></li> <li>1984 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_A._Roe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth A. Roe (page does not exist)">Kenneth A. Roe</a></li> <li>1985 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a></li> <li>1986 : <a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></li> <li>1987 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Landau" title="Ralph Landau">Ralph Landau</a></li> <li>1988 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_B._Peck" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph B. Peck">Ralph B. Peck</a></li> <li>1989 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Noyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert N. Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a></li> <li>1990 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_A._Cain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon A. Cain (page does not exist)">Gordon A. Cain</a></li> <li>1991 : <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Rouse" title="Hunter Rouse">Hunter Rouse</a></li> <li>1992 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serge_Gratch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serge Gratch (page does not exist)">Serge Gratch</a></li> <li>1993 : <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a></li> <li>1994 : <a href="/wiki/Hoyt_C._Hottel" title="Hoyt C. Hottel">Hoyt C. Hottel</a></li> <li>1995 : <a href="/wiki/Lynn_S._Beedle" title="Lynn S. Beedle">Lynn S. Beedle</a></li> <li>1996 : <a href="/wiki/George_N._Hatsopoulos" title="George N. Hatsopoulos">George N. Hatsopoulos</a></li> <li>1997 : <a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Humphrey" title="Arthur E. Humphrey">Arthur E. Humphrey</a></li> <li>1998 : <a href="/wiki/Ivan_A._Getting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan A. Getting">Ivan A. Getting</a></li> <li>1999 : <a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 : <a href="/wiki/John_W._Fisher" title="John W. Fisher">John W. Fisher</a></li> <li>2001 : <a href="/wiki/Paul_C._W._Chu" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. W. Chu">Paul C. W. Chu</a></li> <li>2002 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin" title="Daniel Goldin">Daniel Goldin</a></li> <li>2003 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a></li> <li>2004 : <a href="/wiki/John_A._Swanson" title="John A. Swanson">John A. Swanson</a></li> <li>2005 : <a href="/wiki/George_Tamaro" title="George Tamaro">George Tamaro</a></li> <li>2006 : No award</li> <li>2007 : <a href="/wiki/Gavriel_Salvendy" title="Gavriel Salvendy">Gavriel Salvendy</a></li> <li>2008 : <a href="/wiki/Kristina_M._Johnson" title="Kristina M. Johnson">Kristina M. Johnson</a></li> <li>2009 : <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Claeys_Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne Claeys Brill">Yvonne Claeys Brill</a></li> <li>2010 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_J._Posakony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald J. Posakony (page does not exist)">Gerald J. Posakony</a></li> <li>2011 : <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew Viterbi</a></li> <li>2012 : <a href="/wiki/Leslie_E._Robertson" title="Leslie E. Robertson">Leslie E. Robertson</a></li> <li>2013 : <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stephanopoulos" title="Gregory Stephanopoulos">Gregory Stephanopoulos</a></li> <li>2014 : <a href="/wiki/Julia_Weertman" title="Julia Weertman">Julia Weertman</a></li> <li>2015 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_D._Magnusson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon D. Magnusson (page does not exist)">Jon D. Magnusson</a></li> <li>2017 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kreith" title="Frank Kreith">Frank Kreith</a></li> <li>2018 : <a href="/wiki/Anne_S._Kiremidjian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne S. Kiremidjian">Anne S. Kiremidjian</a></li> <li>2019 : No award</li> <li>2020 : No award</li> <li>2021 : <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></li> <li>2022 : No award</li> <li>2023 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asad_M._Madni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asad M. Madni (page does not exist)">Asad M. Madni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Matteucci_Medallists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Matteucci_Medallists" title="Template:Matteucci Medallists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Matteucci_Medallists" title="Template talk:Matteucci Medallists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Matteucci_Medallists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Matteucci Medallists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Matteucci_Medallists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medallists</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1851–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Helmholtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Helmholtz">Hermann Helmholtz</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirchhoff</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wiedemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Wiedemann">Gustav Wiedemann</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Weber</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pacinotti" title="Antonio Pacinotti">Antonio Pacinotti</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Villari" title="Emilio Villari">Emilio Villari</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Righi" title="Augusto Righi">Augusto Righi</a> (1882)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Edison</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rudolph_Hertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Rudolph Hertz">Heinrich Rudolph Hertz</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Rowland" title="Henry Augustus Rowland">Henry Augustus Rowland</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a> (1896)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1901–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garbasso" title="Antonio Garbasso">Antonio Garbasso</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orso_Mario_Corbino" title="Orso Mario Corbino">Orso Mario Corbino</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Perrin">Jean Perrin</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Johannes Stark</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonino_Lo_Surdo" title="Antonino Lo Surdo">Antonino Lo Surdo</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Wood" title="Robert W. Wood">Robert W. Wood</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gwyn-Jeffreys_Moseley" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley">Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Venkata Raman Chandrasekhara</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Rasetti" title="Franco Rasetti">Franco Rasetti</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1951–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Touschek" title="Bruno Touschek">Bruno Touschek</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Maiani" title="Luciano Maiani">Luciano Maiani</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_Wick" class="mw-redirect" title="Giancarlo Wick">Giancarlo Wick</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Casimir" title="Hendrik Casimir">Hendrik Casimir</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_De_Gennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Gilles De Gennes">Pierre-Gilles De Gennes</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Okun" title="Lev Okun">Lev Okun</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_Abragam" title="Anatole Abragam">Anatole Abragam</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K.H._Panofsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang K.H. Panofsky">Wolfgang K.H. Panofsky</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreste_Piccioni" title="Oreste Piccioni">Oreste Piccioni</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Theodor W. Hänsch</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Cabibbo" title="Nicola Cabibbo">Nicola Cabibbo</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Cardona" title="Manuel Cardona">Manuel Cardona</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ruelle" title="David Ruelle">David Ruelle</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Iliopoulos" title="John Iliopoulos">John Iliopoulos</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Bellettini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Bellettini (page does not exist)">Giorgio Bellettini</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalberto_Giazotto" title="Adalberto Giazotto">Adalberto Giazotto</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marco_Tavani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marco Tavani (page does not exist)">Marco Tavani</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gianluigi_Fogli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gianluigi Fogli (page does not exist)">Gianluigi Fogli</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Capasso" title="Federico Capasso">Federico Capasso</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Inguscio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massimo Inguscio (page does not exist)">Massimo Inguscio</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Maritan" title="Amos Maritan">Amos Maritan</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/19px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/29px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/38px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/20px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/30px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/40px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/19px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/29px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/38px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/21px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/42px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Jersey" title="Portal:New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ohio" title="Portal:Ohio">Ohio</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/19px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/30px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/39px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/17px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/26px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/34px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1276" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_science" title="Portal:History of science">History of science</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/19px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/29px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/38px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/19px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/29px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/38px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/17px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/26px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/34px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8743#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8743#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8743#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121373760">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/66552944">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/61561/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpV6Dqb3KHXHX4TmVkMT3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118528912">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80126308">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12407892h">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12407892h">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00542495">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007277700505171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523462406706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03566915?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/1197676">MathSciNet</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500066589">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7ab467a1-d15b-41ea-a4d9-433d7ff64e9d">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/27012">Museum of Modern Art</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/53700">Musée d'Orsay</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/25793">Photographers' Identities</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102920">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/814017">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118528912.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118528912">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/067719627">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569067">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66z0150">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cz36st">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/48812">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&oldid=1257958323">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&oldid=1257958323</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thomas_Edison" title="Category:Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1847_births" 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