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<ul id="toc-Forms_of_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derivational_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivational_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Derivational synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivational_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relational_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relational_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Relational synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relational_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_synthetic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_synthetic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of synthetic languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_synthetic_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of synthetic languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_synthetic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agglutinating_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agglutinating_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Agglutinating languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agglutinating_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fusional_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fusional_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fusional languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fusional_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polysynthetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polysynthetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Polysynthetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polysynthetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oligosynthetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oligosynthetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Oligosynthetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oligosynthetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_and_analytic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_and_analytic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Synthetic and analytic languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synthetic_and_analytic_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synthetic and analytic languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_and_analytic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isolating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Isolating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analytic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analytic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Analytic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analytic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rather_synthetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rather_synthetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Rather synthetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rather_synthetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Very_synthetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Very_synthetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Very synthetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Very_synthetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increase_in_analyticity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increase_in_analyticity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Increase in analyticity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increase_in_analyticity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Synthetic language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llingua_sint%C3%A9tica" title="Llingua sintética – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingua sintética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintetik_dil" title="Sintetik dil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sintetik dil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Синтетичен език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синтетичен език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezh_sintezel" title="Yezh sintezel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezh sintezel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntetick%C3%BD_jazyk" title="Syntetický jazyk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Syntetický jazyk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaith_synthetig" title="Iaith synthetig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iaith synthetig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntetiske_sprog" title="Syntetiske sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Syntetiske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetischer_Sprachbau" title="Synthetischer Sprachbau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Synthetischer Sprachbau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_sint%C3%A9tica" title="Lengua sintética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lengua sintética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingva_tipologio#Sintezaj_lingvoj" title="Lingva tipologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lingva tipologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza_sintetiko" title="Hizkuntza sintetiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza sintetiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="زبان ترکیبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ترکیبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_synth%C3%A9tique" title="Langue synthétique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langue synthétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%ED%95%A9%EC%96%B4" title="종합어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종합어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Համադրական լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համադրական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_sintetis" title="Bahasa sintetis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa sintetis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinteticit%C3%A0" title="Sinteticità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sinteticità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სინთეზური ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინთეზური ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Синтетикалық тілдер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Синтетикалық тілдер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Синтетикалык тилдер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Синтетикалык тилдер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_synthetica" title="Lingua synthetica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua synthetica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint%C4%93tiska_valoda" title="Sintētiska valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sintētiska valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szintetikus_nyelv" title="Szintetikus nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szintetikus nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_sintesis" title="Bahasa sintesis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa sintesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetische_taal" title="Synthetische taal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Synthetische taal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E7%9A%84%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="総合的言語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="総合的言語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntetisk_spr%C3%A5k" title="Syntetisk språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Syntetisk språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntetisk_spr%C3%A5k" title="Syntetisk språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Syntetisk språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintetik_tillar" title="Sintetik tillar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sintetik tillar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_syntetyczne" title="Języki syntetyczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki syntetyczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_sint%C3%A9tica" title="Língua sintética – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua sintética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C4%83_sintetic%C4%83" title="Limbă sintetică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbă sintetică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27antakuq_rimay" title="Ch'antakuq rimay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'antakuq rimay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Синтетический язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синтетический язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_sintetike" title="Gjuha sintetike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha sintetike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synteettinen_kieli" title="Synteettinen kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Synteettinen kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntetiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Syntetiska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syntetiska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Linguistic typology</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Morphological_typology" title="Morphological typology">Morphological</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">Analytic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">Isolating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Synthetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">Fusional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">Agglutinative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">Polysynthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligosynthetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligosynthetic language">Oligosynthetic</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)#Paradigms_and_morphosyntax" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphosyntactic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Alignment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative–accusative language">Nominative–accusative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marked_nominative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marked nominative language">Marked nominative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">Ergative–absolutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_ergativity" title="Split ergativity">Split ergative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetrical_voice" title="Symmetrical voice">Symmetrical voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active%E2%80%93stative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Active–stative language">Active–stative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_alignment" title="Tripartite alignment">Tripartite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93absolutive_alignment" title="Nominative–absolutive alignment">Nominative–absolutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct%E2%80%93inverse_alignment" title="Direct–inverse alignment">Direct-inverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditransitive_verb#Ditransitive.2Fmonotransitive_alignment" title="Ditransitive verb">Ditransitive/Monotransitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secundative_language" title="Secundative language">Secundative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirective_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirective language">Indirective</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-marking_language" title="Zero-marking language">Zero-marking </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent-marking_language" title="Dependent-marking language">Dependent-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-marking_language" title="Double-marking language">Double-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-marking_language" title="Head-marking language">Head-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null-subject_language" title="Null-subject language">Null-subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_pivot" title="Syntactic pivot">Syntactic pivot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_role" title="Theta role">Theta role</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">Word order</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93object_word_order" title="Verb–object word order">VO languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object_word_order" title="Subject–verb–object word order">Subject–verb–object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object_word_order" title="Verb–subject–object word order">Verb–subject–object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93subject_word_order" title="Verb–object–subject word order">Verb–object–subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Object–verb word order">OV languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Subject–object–verb word order">Subject–object–verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Object–subject–verb word order">Object–subject–verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93subject_word_order" title="Object–verb–subject word order">Object–verb–subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb-initial_word_order" title="Verb-initial word order">V1 word order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V2_word_order" title="V2 word order">V2 word order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93subject_word_order" title="Object–subject word order">OS word order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_word_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Free word order">Free word order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time%E2%80%93manner%E2%80%93place" title="Time–manner–place">Time–manner–place</a></li> <li>Place–manner–time</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">Lexicon</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">Numerals</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linguistic_typology_topics" title="Template:Linguistic typology topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linguistic_typology_topics" title="Template talk:Linguistic typology topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistic_typology_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistic typology topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>synthetic language</b> is a language that is statistically characterized by a higher morpheme-to-word ratio. Rule-wise, a synthetic language is characterized by denoting <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> relationship between the words via <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutination</a>, dividing them into <a href="/wiki/Fusional_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusional languages">fusional</a> or <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative">agglutinating</a> subtypes of word synthesis. Further divisions include <a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">polysynthetic languages</a> (most of them belonging to an agglutinative subtype, although <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan languages</a> are often classified as belonging to a fusional subtype) and <a href="/wiki/Oligosynthetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligosynthetic language">oligosynthetic languages</a> (only found in <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed languages</a>). In contrast, rule-wise, the <a href="/wiki/Analytic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytic languages">analytic languages</a> rely more on <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a> to denote syntactic relationship between the words. </p><p>Adding <a href="/wiki/Morphemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphemes">morphemes</a> to a root word is used in inflection to convey a grammatical property of the word, such as denoting a subject or an object.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combining two or more morphemes into one word is used in <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinating languages</a>, instead.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the word <i>fast</i>, if inflectionally combined with <i>er</i> to form the word <i>faster</i>, remains an adjective, while the word <i>teach</i> derivatively combined with <i>er</i> to form the word <i>teacher</i> ceases to be a verb. Some linguists consider relational morphology to be a type of derivational morphology, which may complicate the classification.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_synthesis">Forms of synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Forms of synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Derivational and relational morphology represent opposite ends of a spectrum; that is, a single word in a given language may exhibit varying degrees of both of them simultaneously. Similarly, some words may have derivational morphology while others have relational morphology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derivational_synthesis">Derivational synthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Derivational synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <b>derivational synthesis</b>, morphemes of different types (<a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbs">verbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a>, etc.) are joined to create new words. That is, in general, the morphemes being combined are more concrete units of meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The morphemes being synthesized in the following examples either belong to a particular grammatical class – such as <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, nouns, or <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a> – or are affixes that usually have a single form and meaning: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Aufsichtsratsmitgliederversammlung</i></span></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="de" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Aufsicht#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Aufsicht">Aufsicht</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">supervision</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="de" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-s-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="de" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rat#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Rat">Rat</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">council</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="de" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-s-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="de" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mitglieder#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Mitglieder">Mitglieder</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">members</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="de" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Versammlung#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Versammlung">Versammlung</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">assembly</p></div><p style="display: none;"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Aufsicht#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Aufsicht">Aufsicht</a></i> -s- <i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rat#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Rat">Rat</a></i> -s- <i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mitglieder#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Mitglieder">Mitglieder</a></i> <i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Versammlung#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Versammlung">Versammlung</a></i></p><p style="display: none;">supervision {} council {} members assembly</p><p style="clear: left;">"Meeting of members of the supervisory board"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>This word demonstrates the hierarchical construction of synthetically derived words:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ol><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Aufsichtsratsmitglieder</i></span> "members of [the] supervisory board" + <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Versammlung</i></span> "meeting" <ol><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Aufsichtsrat</i></span> "supervisory board" + <i>s</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/German_nouns#Compounds" title="German nouns">Fugen-s</a></i>) + <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mitglieder</i></span> "members" <ol><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Aufsicht</i></span> "supervision" + <i>s</i> + <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rat</i></span> "council, board" <ol><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">auf-</i></span> "on, up" + <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sicht</i></span> "sight"</li></ol></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mitglied</i></span> "member" + <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-er</i></span> plural <ol><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mit-" class="extiw" title="wikt:mit-">mit-</a></i></span> "co-" + <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Glied" class="extiw" title="wikt:Glied">Glied</a></i></span> "element, constituent part"</li></ol></li></ol></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ver-#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:ver-">ver-</a></i></span> (a verb prefix of variable meaning) + <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sammeln" class="extiw" title="wikt:sammeln">sammeln</a></i></span> "to gather" + <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-ung</i></span> present participle</li></ol></li></ol> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">auf-</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">mit-</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-er</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ver-</i></span>, and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-ung</i></span> are all <a href="/wiki/Bound_morpheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Bound morpheme">bound morphemes</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">προπαροξυτόνησις</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">proparoxutónesis</i></span>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="el" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:προ">προ</a></span></p><p lang="el-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pro</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pre</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="el" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81-#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:παρ-">παρ-</a></span></p><p lang="el-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">par</p><p style="margin: 0px;">next to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="el" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BF%CE%BE%CF%8D#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:οξύ">οξύ</a></span></p><p lang="el-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oxý</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sharp</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="el" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:τόνος">τόν</a></span></p><p lang="el-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tón</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pitch/tone</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="el" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ησις">-ησις</a></span></p><p lang="el-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-esis</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tendency</p></div><p style="display: none;"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:προ">προ</a></span> <span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81-#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:παρ-">παρ-</a></span> <span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BF%CE%BE%CF%8D#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:οξύ">οξύ</a></span> <span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:τόνος">τόν</a></span> <span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ησις">-ησις</a></span></p><p style="display: none;">pro par oxý tón -esis</p><p style="display: none;">pre {next to} sharp pitch/tone tendency</p><p style="clear: left;">"Tendency to accent on the <a href="/wiki/Proparoxytone" title="Proparoxytone">proparoxytone</a> [third-to-last] position"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><i lang="pl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/przystanek#Polish" class="extiw" title="wikt:przystanek">przystanek</a></i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="pl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/przysta%C5%84#Polish" class="extiw" title="wikt:przystań">przystań</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">harbor</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="pl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ek#Polish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ek">-ek</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="diminutive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIM</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;"><i lang="pl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/przysta%C5%84#Polish" class="extiw" title="wikt:przystań">przystań</a></i> <i lang="pl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ek#Polish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ek">-ek</a></i></p><p style="display: none;">harbor DIM</p><p style="clear: left;">"Public transportation stop [without facilities]" (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bus_stop" title="Bus stop">bus stop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tram_stop" title="Tram stop">tram stop</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway station">rail halt</a>)—compare to <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dworzec" class="extiw" title="wikt:dworzec">dworzec</a></i></span>.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Antidisestablishmentarianism_(word)" title="Antidisestablishmentarianism (word)">antidisestablishmentarianism</a></i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="en" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anti-#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:anti-">anti-</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">against</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="en" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dis-#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:dis-">dis-</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">ending</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="en" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/establish#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:establish">establish</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">to institute</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="en" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ment#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ment">-ment</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="noun suffix" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="en" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-arian#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:-arian">-arian</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">advocate</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="en" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ism">-ism</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">ideology</p></div><p style="display: none;"><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anti-#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:anti-">anti-</a></i> <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dis-#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:dis-">dis-</a></i> <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/establish#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:establish">establish</a></i> <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ment#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ment">-ment</a></i> <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-arian#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:-arian">-arian</a></i> <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ism">-ism</a></i></p><p style="display: none;">against ending {to institute} <abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="noun suffix" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NS</abbr> advocate ideology</p><p style="clear: left;">"the movement to prevent revoking the Church of England's status as the official church [of England, Ireland, and Wales]."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd><ul><li>English word chains such as <i>child labour law</i> may count as well, because it is merely an orthographic convention to write them as isolated words. Grammatically and phonetically they behave like one word (stress on the first syllable, plural morpheme at the end).</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><span lang="ru"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:достопримечательность">достопримечательность</a></span> (<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">dostoprimečátelʹnostʹ</i></span>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ru" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="ru"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:достойный">досто</a></span></p><p lang="ru-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dosto</p><p style="margin: 0px;">deserving</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ru" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="ru"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:примечательный">примечательн</a></span></p><p lang="ru-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">primečátelʹn</p><p style="margin: 0px;">notable</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ru" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="ru"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ость">-ость</a></span></p><p lang="ru-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-ostʹ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="noun suffix" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;"><span lang="ru"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:достойный">досто</a></span> <span lang="ru"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:примечательный">примечательн</a></span> <span lang="ru"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ость">-ость</a></span></p><p style="display: none;">dosto primečátelʹn -ostʹ</p><p style="display: none;">deserving notable <abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="noun suffix" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NS</abbr></p><p style="clear: left;">"Place of interest"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><span lang="fa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:نوازندگی">نوازندگی</a></span> (<span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">navâzandegi</i></span>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fa" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="fa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:نواز">نواز</a></span></p><p lang="fa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">navâz</p><p style="margin: 0px;">play music</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fa" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="fa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87#suffix#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:نده">ــ‌نده</a></span></p><p lang="fa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-ande</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-ing</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fa" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="fa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C#Suffix#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:گی">ــ‌گی</a></span></p><p lang="fa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-gi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="noun suffix" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;"><span lang="fa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:نواز">نواز</a></span> <span lang="fa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87#suffix#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:نده">ــ‌نده</a></span> <span lang="fa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C#Suffix#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:گی">ــ‌گی</a></span></p><p style="display: none;">navâz -ande -gi</p><p style="display: none;">{play music} -ing <abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="noun suffix" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NS</abbr></p><p style="clear: left;">"musicianship" or "playing a musical instrument"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">навздогін</span></span> (<span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">navzdohin</i></span>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="uk" style="margin: 0px;">на</p><p lang="uk-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;">direction/intent</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="uk" style="margin: 0px;">вз</p><p lang="uk-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vz</p><p style="margin: 0px;">adjective</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="uk" style="margin: 0px;">до</p><p lang="uk-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">do</p><p style="margin: 0px;">approach</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="uk" style="margin: 0px;">гін</p><p lang="uk-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hin</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fast movement</p></div><p style="display: none;">на вз до гін</p><p style="display: none;">na vz do hin</p><p style="display: none;">{direction/intent} {adjective} {approach} {fast movement}</p><p style="clear: left;">"after something or someone that is moving away"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>international <a href="/wiki/Classical_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical compounds">classical compounds</a> based on Greek and Latin</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div>hypercholesterolemia (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">υπερχοληστερολαιμία</span></span>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="en" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyper-#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:hyper-">hyper-</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">high</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="en" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cholesterol#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:cholesterol">cholesterol</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">cholesterol</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="en" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-emia#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:-emia">-emia</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">blood</p></div><p style="display: none;"><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyper-#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:hyper-">hyper-</a></i> <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cholesterol#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:cholesterol">cholesterol</a></i> <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-emia#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:-emia">-emia</a></i></p><p style="display: none;">high cholesterol blood</p><p style="clear: left;">the presence of high levels of <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> in the blood.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>alternately, cholesterol can be read as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chole-" class="extiw" title="wikt:chole-">chole-</a> + <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:στερεός">στερεός</a></span></span>(<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">stereós</i></span>) + <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ol#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ol">-ol</a>, as in "bile + solid + [alcohol suffix]", or "the solid alcohol present in bile".</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relational_synthesis">Relational synthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relational synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <b>relational synthesis</b>, <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root words</a> are joined to <a href="/wiki/Bound_morpheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Bound morpheme">bound morphemes</a> to show grammatical function. In other words, it involves the combination of more abstract units of meaning than derivational synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following examples many of the morphemes are related to <a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">voice</a> (e.g. passive voice), whether a word is in the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> or <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> of the sentence, <a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">possession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plurality</a>, or other abstract distinctions in a language: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">comunicandovele</i></span></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="it" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="it"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comunicare#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:comunicare">comunic</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">communicate</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="it" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="it"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ando#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ando">-ando</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="gerund" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GER</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="it" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="it"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ve#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ve">ve</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">you.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="it" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="it"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/le#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:le">le</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">those.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;"><i lang="it"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comunicare#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:comunicare">comunic</a></i> <i lang="it"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ando#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ando">-ando</a></i> <i lang="it"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ve#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ve">ve</a></i> <i lang="it"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/le#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:le">le</a></i></p><p style="display: none;">communicate GER you.PL those.FEM.PL</p><p style="clear: left;">"Communicating those[feminine plural] to you[plural]"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">escribiéndomelo</i></span></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="es" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/escribir#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:escribir">escrib</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">write</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="es" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-iendo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-iendo">iéndo</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="gerund" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GER</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="es" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/me#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:me">me</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">me</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="es" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:lo">lo</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">it</p></div><p style="display: none;"><i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/escribir#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:escribir">escrib</a></i> <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-iendo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-iendo">iéndo</a></i> <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/me#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:me">me</a></i> <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:lo">lo</a></i></p><p style="display: none;">write GER me it</p><p style="clear: left;">"Writing it to me"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">Anem-se'n / Anem-nos-en</i></span></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="es" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="ca"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anar#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:anar">an</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="es" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="ca"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-em#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:-em">-em</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">we</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="es" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="ca"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-nos#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:-nos">-se/-nos</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">ourselves</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="es" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="ca"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:en">-en/'n</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">from</p></div><p style="display: none;"><i lang="ca"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anar#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:anar">an</a></i> <i lang="ca"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-em#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:-em">-em</a></i> <i lang="ca"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-nos#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:-nos">-se/-nos</a></i> <i lang="ca"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:en">-en/'n</a></i></p><p style="display: none;">go we ourselves from</p><p style="clear: left;">"Let's get out of here"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><span title="Nahuatl languages collective text"><i lang="nah">ōcāltizquiya</i></span></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nah" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ō</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nah" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">c</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBJ</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nah" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">water</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nah" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lti</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nah" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zquiya</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="irrealis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IRR</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ō c ā lti zquiya</p><p style="display: none;">PAST 3SG-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBJ</abbr> water CAUS IRR</p><p style="clear: left;">"She would have bathed him"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comprimuntur#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:comprimuntur">comprimuntur</a></i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="la" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/con-#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:con-">com</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">together</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="la" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/premo#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:premo">prim</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">crush</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="la" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comprimunt#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:comprimunt">unt</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">they</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="la" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comprimuntur#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:comprimuntur">ur</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="passive voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PASS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/con-#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:con-">com</a></i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/premo#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:premo">prim</a></i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comprimunt#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:comprimunt">unt</a></i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comprimuntur#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:comprimuntur">ur</a></i></p><p style="display: none;">together crush they PASS</p><p style="clear: left;">"They are crushed together"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <ul><li><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">jepmani</i></span> <ul><li>"give + to me + it[singular] + you[plural] + [<a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative mood</a>]"</li> <li>'You, give it to me'</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">見させられがたい</span></span> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">misaseraregatai</i></span>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A6%8B#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:見">見</a></span></p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%95%E3%81%9B%E3%82%8B#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:させる">させ</a></span></p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sase</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:られる">られ</a></span></p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rare</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="passive voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PASS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%8B%E3%81%9F%E3%81%84#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:かたい">がたい</a></span></p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gatai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">difficult</p></div><p style="display: none;"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A6%8B#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:見">見</a></span> <span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%95%E3%81%9B%E3%82%8B#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:させる">させ</a></span> <span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:られる">られ</a></span> <span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%8B%E3%81%9F%E3%81%84#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:かたい">がたい</a></span></p><p style="display: none;">mi sase rare gatai</p><p style="display: none;">see CAUS PASS difficult</p><p style="clear: left;">"It's difficult to be shown [this]"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">juoksentelisinkohan</i></span></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fi" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="fi"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/juosta#Finnish" class="extiw" title="wikt:juosta">juosta</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">run</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fi" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="fi"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ella#Finnish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ella">-ella</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="frequentative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FREQ</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fi" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-isin</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="conditional mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COND</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fi" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="fi"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ko#Finnish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ko">-ko</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fi" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="fi"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-han#Finnish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-han">-han</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="casual suffix" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;"><i lang="fi"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/juosta#Finnish" class="extiw" title="wikt:juosta">juosta</a></i> <i lang="fi"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ella#Finnish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ella">-ella</a></i> -isin <i lang="fi"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ko#Finnish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ko">-ko</a></i> <i lang="fi"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-han#Finnish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-han">-han</a></i></p><p style="display: none;">run FREQ I.COND Q <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="casual suffix" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAS</abbr></p><p style="clear: left;">"I wonder if I should run around [aimlessly]"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">házaitokban</i></span></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="hu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/h%C3%A1z#Hungarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ház">ház</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="hu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-a#Hungarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-a">-a</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="hu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-i#Hungarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-i">-i</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="hu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-tok#Hungarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-tok">-tok</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">your.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="hu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ban#Hungarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ban">-ban</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">in</p></div><p style="display: none;"><i lang="hu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/h%C3%A1z#Hungarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ház">ház</a></i> <i lang="hu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-a#Hungarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-a">-a</a></i> <i lang="hu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-i#Hungarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-i">-i</a></i> <i lang="hu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-tok#Hungarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-tok">-tok</a></i> <i lang="hu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ban#Hungarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ban">-ban</a></i></p><p style="display: none;">house POSS PL your.PL in</p><p style="clear: left;">"In your houses"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">szeretlek</i></span></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="hu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/szeret#Hungarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:szeret">szeret</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">love</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="hu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-lek#Hungarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-lek">-lek</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">I <abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="reflexive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REFL</abbr> you</p></div><p style="display: none;"><i lang="hu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/szeret#Hungarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:szeret">szeret</a></i> <i lang="hu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-lek#Hungarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-lek">-lek</a></i></p><p style="display: none;">love {I REFL you}</p><p style="clear: left;">"I love you"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Afyonkarahisarlılaştıramayabileceklerimizden misiniz?</i></span></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><a href="/wiki/Afyonkarahisar" title="Afyonkarahisar">Afyonkarahisar</a></p><p style="margin: 0px;">Afyonkarahisar</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-li#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-li">-lı</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">citizen of</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-laş</p><p style="margin: 0px;">transform</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-tır</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="passive voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PASS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ama#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ama">-ama</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">notbe</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(y)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(thematic)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bilmek#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:bilmek">-abil</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">able</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ecek#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ecek">-ecek</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ler#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ler">-ler</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-imiz#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-imiz">-imiz</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">we</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-den#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-den">-den</a></i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">among</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/misiniz#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:misiniz">misiniz</a></i>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;"><a href="/wiki/Afyonkarahisar" title="Afyonkarahisar">Afyonkarahisar</a> <i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-li#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-li">-lı</a></i> -laş -tır <i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ama#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ama">-ama</a></i> (y) <i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bilmek#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:bilmek">-abil</a></i> <i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ecek#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ecek">-ecek</a></i> <i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ler#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ler">-ler</a></i> <i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-imiz#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-imiz">-imiz</a></i> <i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-den#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-den">-den</a></i> <i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/misiniz#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:misiniz">misiniz</a></i>?</p><p style="display: none;">Afyonkarahisar {citizen of} transform PASS notbe (thematic) able FUT PL we among you-PL-FUT-Q</p><p style="clear: left;">"Are you[plural/formal] amongst the ones whom we might not be able to make citizens of <a href="/wiki/Afyonkarahisar" title="Afyonkarahisar">Afyonkarahisar</a>?"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">გადმოგვახტუნებინებდნენო</span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">gadmogvakhṭunebinebdneno</i></span>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ka" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D-#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:გადმო-">გადმო-</a></span></p><p lang="ka-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gadmo</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ka" style="margin: 0px;">გვ-</p><p lang="ka-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gv</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ka" style="margin: 0px;">ა-</p><p lang="ka-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ka" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%90#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ხტუნვა">ხტუნ</a></span></p><p lang="ka-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khtun</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ka" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%E1%83%94%E1%83%91-#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ებ-">-ებ</a></span></p><p lang="ka-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">eb</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ka" style="margin: 0px;">-ინ</p><p lang="ka-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">in</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ka" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%E1%83%94%E1%83%91-#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ებ-">-ებ</a></span></p><p lang="ka-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">eb</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ka" style="margin: 0px;">-დ</p><p lang="ka-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">d</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ka" style="margin: 0px;">-ნენ</p><p lang="ka-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nen</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ka" style="margin: 0px;"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%E1%83%9D#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ო">-ო</a></span></p><p lang="ka-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o</p></div><p style="display: none;"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D-#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:გადმო-">გადმო-</a></span> გვ- ა- <span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%90#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ხტუნვა">ხტუნ</a></span> <span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%E1%83%94%E1%83%91-#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ებ-">-ებ</a></span> -ინ <span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%E1%83%94%E1%83%91-#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ებ-">-ებ</a></span> -დ -ნენ <span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%E1%83%9D#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ო">-ო</a></span></p><p style="display: none;">gadmo gv a khtun eb in eb d nen o</p><p style="clear: left;">"They said that they would be forced by them [the others] to make someone to jump over in this direction." (The word describes the whole sentence that incorporates tense, subject, object, relation between them, direction of the action, conditional and causative markers etc.)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_synthetic_languages">Types of synthetic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types of synthetic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agglutinating_languages">Agglutinating languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Agglutinating languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">Agglutinative language</a></div> <p>Agglutinating languages have a high rate of agglutination in their words and sentences, meaning that the morphological construction of words consists of distinct morphemes that usually carry a single unique meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These morphemes tend to look the same no matter what word they are in, so it is easy to separate a word into its individual morphemes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morphemes may be bound (that is, they must be attached to a word to have meaning, like affixes) or <a href="/wiki/Free_morpheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Free morpheme">free</a> (they can stand alone and still have meaning). </p> <ul><li>Swahili is an agglutinating language.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, distinct morphemes are used in the conjugation of verbs: <ul><li>Ni-na-soma: I-present-read or I am reading</li> <li>U-na-soma: you-present-read or you are reading</li> <li>A-na-soma: s/he-present-read or s/he is reading</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fusional_languages">Fusional languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fusional languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">Fusional language</a></div> <p>Fusional languages are similar to agglutinating languages in that they involve the combination of many distinct morphemes. However, morphemes in fusional languages are often assigned several different lexical meanings, and they tend to be fused together so that it is difficult to separate individual morphemes from one another.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polysynthetic">Polysynthetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Polysynthetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">Polysynthetic language</a></div> <p>Polysynthetic languages are considered the most synthetic of the three types because they combine multiple <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stems</a> as well as other morphemes into a single continuous word. These languages often turn nouns into verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_languages" title="Alaska Native languages">Native Alaskan</a> and other Native American languages are polysynthetic. </p> <ul><li>Mohawk: Washakotya'tawitsherahetkvhta'se means "He ruined her dress" (strictly, 'He made the-thing-that-one-puts-on-one's body ugly for her'). This one inflected verb in a polysynthetic language expresses an idea that can only be conveyed using multiple words in a more analytic language such as English.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oligosynthetic">Oligosynthetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oligosynthetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oligosynthetic languages are a theoretical notion created by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Whorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Whorf">Benjamin Whorf</a>. Such languages would be functionally synthetic, but make use of a very limited array of morphemes (perhaps just a few hundred). The concept of an oligosynthetic language type was proposed by Whorf to describe the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American languages">Native American</a> language <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>, although he did not further pursue this idea.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though no natural language uses this process, it has found its use in the world of <a href="/wiki/Conlang" class="mw-redirect" title="Conlang">constructed languages</a>, in <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">auxlangs</a> such as Ygyde<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/AUI_(constructed_language)" title="AUI (constructed language)">aUI</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthetic_and_analytic_languages">Synthetic and analytic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Synthetic and analytic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synthetic languages combine (<i>synthesize</i>) multiple concepts into each word. <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">Analytic languages</a> break up (<i>analyze</i>) concepts into separate words. These classifications comprise two ends of a spectrum along which different languages can be classified. The present-day <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is seen as analytic, but it used to be fusional. Certain synthetic qualities (as in the inflection of verbs to show <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>) were retained. </p><p>The distinction is, therefore, a matter of degree. The most analytic languages, <a href="/wiki/Isolating_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolating languages">isolating languages</a>, consistently have one morpheme per word, while at the other extreme, in polysynthetic languages such as some <a href="/wiki/Amerindian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian language">Native American languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a single inflected verb may contain as much information as an entire English sentence. </p><p>In order to demonstrate the nature of the isolating-analytic–synthetic–polysynthetic classification as a "continuum", some examples are shown below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isolating">Isolating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Isolating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> lacks <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional morphology</a> almost entirely, and most words consist of either one- or two-syllable morphemes, especially due to the very numerous <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound words</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Chinese text </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">明天</span></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">我</span></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">的</span></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">朋友</span></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">会</span></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">为</span></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">我</span></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">做</span></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">生日</span></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蛋糕</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Transliteration </th> <td>míngtiān</td> <td>wǒ</td> <td>de</td> <td>péngyou</td> <td>huì</td> <td>wèi</td> <td>wǒ</td> <td>zuò</td> <td>shēngrì</td> <td>dàngāo </td></tr> <tr> <th>Literal translation </th> <td>dawn day</td> <td>I</td> <td>of</td> <td>friend friend</td> <td>will</td> <td>for</td> <td>I</td> <td>make</td> <td>birth day</td> <td>egg cake </td></tr> <tr> <th>Meaning </th> <td>tomorrow</td> <td>I</td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">genitive particle</a>(=<a href="/wiki/Saxon_genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon genitive">'s</a>))</td> <td>friend</td> <td>will</td> <td>for</td> <td>I</td> <td>make</td> <td>birthday</td> <td>cake </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12">"Tomorrow my friend(s) will make a birthday cake for me." </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>However, with rare exceptions, each syllable in Mandarin (corresponding to a single written character) represents a morpheme with an identifiable meaning, even if many of such morphemes are <a href="/wiki/Bound_morpheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Bound morpheme">bound</a>. This gives rise to the <a href="/wiki/Common_misconception" class="mw-redirect" title="Common misconception">common misconception</a> that Chinese consists exclusively of "words of one syllable". As the sentence above illustrates, however, even simple Chinese words such as <i>míngtiān</i> 'tomorrow' (<i>míng</i> "next" + <i>tīan</i> "day") and <i>péngyou</i> 'friend' (a compound of <i>péng</i> and <i>yǒu</i>, both of which mean 'friend') are synthetic compound words. </p><p>The Chinese language of the classic works (of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> for example) and southern dialects to a certain extent is more strictly monosyllabic: each character represents one word. The evolution of modern Mandarin Chinese was accompanied by a reduction in the total number of phonemes. Words which previously were phonetically distinct became homophones. Many disyllabic words in modern Mandarin are the result of joining two related words (such as péngyou, literally "friend-friend") in order to resolve the phonetic ambiguity. A similar process is observed in some English dialects. For instance, in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern dialects of American English</a>, it is not unusual for the short vowel sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span> to be indistinguishable before <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal consonants">nasal consonants</a>: thus the words "pen" and "pin" are <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophones</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Pin-pen_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Pin-pen merger">pin-pen merger</a>). In these dialects, the ambiguity is often resolved by using the compounds "ink-pen" and "stick-pin", in order to clarify which "p*n" is being discussed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analytic">Analytic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Analytic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: <ul><li>"He travelled by hovercraft on the sea" is largely isolating, but <i>travelled</i> (although it is possible to say "did travel" instead) and <i>hovercraft</i> each have two morphemes per word, the former being an example of relational synthesis (inflection), and the latter of compounding synthesis (a special case of derivation with another free morpheme instead of a bound one).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rather_synthetic">Rather synthetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rather synthetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">私たちにとって、この泣く子供の写真は見せられがたいものです。</span></span> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Watashitachi ni totte, kono naku kodomo no shashin wa miseraregatai mono desu</i></span> means strictly literally, 'To us, these photos of a child crying are things that are difficult to be shown', meaning "We cannot bear being shown these photos of a child crying" in more idiomatic English. In the example, most words have more than one morpheme and some have up to five.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אתמול סיפרתי לחברים שלי על הרעיון, שעליו חשבתי</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Etmol siparti l'khaverim sheli al hara'ayon, she'alav khashavti</i></span>. this sentence means "Yesterday I told my friends about the idea I was thinking about". From this example we can see that Hebrew verbs are conjugated by tense/mood and person (including gender and number). In addition, there are prepositions that are also conjugated, but by person, like <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">של</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">shel</i></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">על</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">al</i></span>. More at: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern Hebrew grammar</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison between English and Hebrew (this table should be read right-to-left) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>חשב/תי</td> <td>ש/על/יו</td> <td>ה/רעיון</td> <td>על</td> <td>של/י</td> <td>ל/חבר/ים</td> <td>סיפר/תי</td> <td>אתמול </td></tr> <tr> <td>I thought</td> <td>that about it</td> <td>the idea</td> <td>about</td> <td>my</td> <td>to friends</td> <td>I told</td> <td>Yesterday </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <ul><li>Селото, селото, пустото селото откак заселено. <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">Seloto, seloto, pustoto seloto, otkak zaseleno</i></span>. this sentence means "That village, that particular village, that village has always been empty ever since it was settled". From this example we can see that Bulgarian nouns are inflected by definiteness, gender, number. Bulgarian verbs are conjugated by tense, mood, person, gender, number, and evidential marking. Bulgarian is a fusional inflecting language with some analyticity (including prepositions in the nominal morphology, and some analytical-synthetic tenses in the verbal morphology).</li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison between English and Bulgarian (this table should be read left-to-right) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Село<b>то</b></td> <td>село<b>то</b></td> <td>пусто<b>то</b></td> <td>село<b>то</b></td> <td>откак</td> <td>заселено </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>That</b> village</td> <td><b>that particular</b> village</td> <td><b>has always been</b> empty</td> <td><b>that</b> village</td> <td>ever since</td> <td>it was settled </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The definite articles are not only suffixes but are also noun inflections expressing thought in a synthetic manner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Very_synthetic">Very synthetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Very synthetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <ul><li><i>Käyttäytyessään tottelemattomasti oppilas saa jälki-istuntoa</i></li> <li>"Should they behave in an insubordinate manner, the student will get detention."</li> <li>Structurally: behaviour (present/future tense) (of their) obey (without) (in the manner/style) studying (they who (should be)) gets detention (some). Practically every word is derived and/or inflected. However, this is quite formal language, and (especially in speech) would have various words replaced by more analytic structures: <i>Kun oppilas käyttäytyy tottelemattomasti, hän saa jälki-istuntoa</i> meaning 'When the student behaves in an insubordinate manner, they will get detention'.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <ul><li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">გადმოგვახტუნებინებდნენო</span></span> <i>gadmogvakht'unebinebdneno</i> (<i>gadmo-gv-a-kht'un-eb-in-eb-d-nen-o</i>)</li> <li>"They said that they would be forced by them (the others) to make someone to jump over in this direction".</li> <li>The word describes the whole sentence that incorporates tense, subject, direct and indirect objects, their plurality, relation between them, direction of the action, conditional and causative markers, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a>: <ul><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أوأعطيناكموه عبثًا؟</span></span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">’awa’aʼṭaynākumūhu ʻabathan</i></span></i> (<i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">wa-aʻṭay-nā-ku-mū-hu ʻabath-an</i></span></i>)</li> <li>"And did we give it (masc.) to you futilely?" in Arabic, each word consists of one root that has a basic meaning (<i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">aʻṭā</i></span></i>  'give' and <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʻabath</i></span></i>  'futile'). Prefixes and suffixes are added to make the word incorporate subject, direct and indirect objects, number, gender, definiteness, etc.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Increase_in_analyticity">Increase in analyticity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Increase in analyticity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haspelmath and Michaelis<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> observed that analyticity is increasing in a number of European languages. In the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> example, the first phrase makes use of inflection, but the second phrase uses a preposition. The development of preposition suggests the moving from synthetic to analytic. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">des</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">GEN</a></abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Singular_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Singular number">SG</a></abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Hauses</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">GEN</a></abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Singular_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Singular number">SG</a></abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">des Hauses</p><p style="display: none;">the.GEN.SG house.GEN.SG</p><p style="clear: left;">'the house's'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">von</p><p style="margin: 0px;">of</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dem</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">DAT</a></abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Singular_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Singular number">SG</a></abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Haus</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">DAT</a></abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Singular_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Singular number">SG</a></abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">von dem Haus</p><p style="display: none;">of the.DAT.SG house.DAT.SG</p><p style="clear: left;">'of the house'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>It has been argued that analytic grammatical structures are easier for adults <a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">learning a foreign language</a>. Consequently, a larger proportion of non-native speakers learning a language over the course of its historical development may lead to a simpler morphology, as the preferences of adult learners get passed on to second generation native speakers. This is especially noticeable in the grammar of <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole languages</a>. A 2010 paper in <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a></i> suggests that evidence for this hypothesis can be seen in correlations between morphological complexity and factors such as the number of speakers of a language, geographic spread, and the degree of inter-linguistic contact.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Ghil'ad Zuckermann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> (which he calls "Israeli") "is much more analytic, both with nouns and verbs", compared with <a href="/wiki/Classical_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Hebrew">Classical Hebrew</a> (which he calls "Hebrew").<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">Analytic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bound_morpheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Bound morpheme">Bound morpheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">Isolating language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Linguistic typology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_derivation" title="Morphological derivation">Morphological derivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology (linguistics)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glossary+of+Linguistic+Terms&rft.atitle=Fusional+Language&rft.date=2015-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglossary.sil.org%2Fterm%2Ffusional-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllos1982" class="citation journal cs1">Ellos, William J (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Furam.5.2.140">"Benjamin Lee Whorf and Ultimate Reality and Meaning"</a>. <i>Ultimate Reality and Meaning</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 140–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Furam.5.2.140">10.3138/uram.5.2.140</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ultimate+Reality+and+Meaning&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Lee+Whorf+and+Ultimate+Reality+and+Meaning&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=140-150&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Furam.5.2.140&rft.aulast=Ellos&rft.aufirst=William+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3138%252Furam.5.2.140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csqbtzv.cluster029.hosting.ovh.net">"Ygyde Language Introduction"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ygyde+Language+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsqbtzv.cluster029.hosting.ovh.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/synthetic-language">"synthetic language"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=synthetic+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fsynthetic-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haspelmath, M, & Michaelis, S. M. (2017). Analytic and synthetic. In <i>Language Variation-European Perspectives VI: Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 8), Leipzig 2015</i>. John Benjamins Publishing Company.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupyanDaleO'Rourke2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lupyan, Gary; Dale, Rick; O'Rourke, Dennis (20 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2798932">"Language Structure Is Partly Determined by Social Structure"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>5</b> (1): e8559. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...5.8559L">2010PLoSO...5.8559L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008559">10.1371/journal.pone.0008559</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2798932">2798932</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20098492">20098492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Language+Structure+Is+Partly+Determined+by+Social+Structure&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e8559&rft.date=2010-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2798932%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20098492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008559&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PLoSO...5.8559L&rft.aulast=Lupyan&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Dale%2C+Rick&rft.au=O%27Rourke%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2798932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See pp. 65-67 in <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad</a> (2020), <i><a href="/wiki/Revivalistics:_From_the_Genesis_of_Israeli_to_Language_Reclamation_in_Australia_and_Beyond" class="mw-redirect" title="Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond">Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/revivalistics-9780199812790">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199812790" title="Special:BookSources/9780199812790">9780199812790</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199812776" title="Special:BookSources/9780199812776">9780199812776</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL</a>:</small> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMorphologicalProcess.htm">What is a <i>morphological process</i>?</a></li> <li><small>SIL:</small> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsDerivation.htm">What is <i>derivation</i>?</a></li> <li><small>SIL:</small> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ComparisonOfInflectionAndDeriv.htm">Comparison of inflection and derivation</a></li> <li><small>Lexicon of Linguistics:</small> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Inflection">Inflection</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Derivation">Derivation</a></li> <li><small>Lexicon of Linguistics:</small> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Base">Base</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Stem">Stem</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Root">Root</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/ikos/EXFAC03-AAS/h05/larestoff/linguistics/Chapter%204.(H05).pdf">"Linguistic typology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linguistic+typology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uio.no%2Fstudier%2Femner%2Fhf%2Fikos%2FEXFAC03-AAS%2Fh05%2Flarestoff%2Flinguistics%2FChapter%25204.%28H05%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(275 <a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>)</span>, chapter 4 of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/ikos/EXFAC03-AAS/h05/larestoff/linguistics/">Halvor Eifring & Rolf Theil: <i>Linguistics for Students of Asian and African Languages</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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