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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_saunas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_saunas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern saunas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_saunas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Potential_health_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_health_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Potential health benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_health_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_health_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_health_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Potential health risks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_health_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Technologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heat_storage-type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_storage-type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Heat storage-type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_storage-type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Smoke_sauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smoke_sauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Smoke sauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smoke_sauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_storage-sauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_storage-sauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Heat storage-sauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_storage-sauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuous_heat-type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuous_heat-type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Continuous heat-type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuous_heat-type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continuous_fire_sauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuous_fire_sauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Continuous fire sauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuous_fire_sauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_stove_sauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_stove_sauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Electric stove sauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_stove_sauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Far-infrared_saunas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Far-infrared_saunas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Far-infrared saunas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Far-infrared_saunas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sweat_bathing_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sweat_bathing_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other sweat bathing facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sweat_bathing_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Around the world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Around_the_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Around the world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia_and_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_and_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Australia and Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_and_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nordic_and_Baltic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nordic_and_Baltic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Nordic and Baltic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nordic_and_Baltic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finland_and_Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland_and_Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1.1</span> <span>Finland and Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland_and_Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvia_and_Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia_and_Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1.2</span> <span>Latvia and Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia_and_Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway_and_Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway_and_Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1.3</span> <span>Norway and Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway_and_Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch-speaking_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch-speaking_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>Dutch-speaking regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch-speaking_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom,_Atlantic_and_Mediterranean_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom,_Atlantic_and_Mediterranean_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.3</span> <span>United Kingdom, Atlantic and Mediterranean Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom,_Atlantic_and_Mediterranean_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German-speaking_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German-speaking_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.4</span> <span>German-speaking countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-speaking_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.5</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic_and_Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic_and_Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.6</span> <span>Czech Republic and Slovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic_and_Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.7</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America_and_Central_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America_and_Central_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>North America and Central America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America_and_Central_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions_and_old_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions_and_old_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Traditions and old beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions_and_old_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sauna</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ساونا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساونا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1una" title="Sáuna – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Sáuna" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сауна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сауна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сауна – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сауна" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawna" title="Sawna – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sawna" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saun" title="Saun – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Σάουνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σάουνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C5%ADno" title="Saŭno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saŭno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="سونا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سونا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabhna" title="Sabhna – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sabhna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EB%82%98" title="사우나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사우나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%C3%A6" title="Саунæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Саунæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1na" title="Sána – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sána" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="סאונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סאונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="საუნა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საუნა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Момоца (сауна) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Момоца (сауна)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirts" title="Pirts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pirts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirtis" title="Pirtis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pirtis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Külü – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Külü" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szauna" title="Szauna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szauna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ساونا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ساونا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%83%8A" title="サウナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サウナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badstue" title="Badstue – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Badstue" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badstove" title="Badstove – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Badstove" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Монча – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Монча" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saun%C4%83" title="Saună – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saună" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сауна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сауна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savna" title="Savna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Savna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ساونا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ساونا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сауна – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сауна" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastu" title="Bastu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bastu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="ซาวน่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซาวน่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sauna" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сауна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сауна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B2ng_t%E1%BA%AFm_h%C6%A1i" title="Phòng tắm hơi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phòng tắm hơi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sann" title="Sann – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sann" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E6%8B%BF" title="桑拿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="桑拿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90%D7%93" title="שוויצבאד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שוויצבאד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E6%8B%BF" title="桑拿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="桑拿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E6%8B%BF" title="桑拿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="桑拿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of bathhouse</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a small room or house. For a Finnish metal music festival, see <a href="/wiki/Sauna_Open_Air_Metal_Festival" title="Sauna Open Air Metal Festival">Sauna Open Air Metal Festival</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sauna_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sauna (disambiguation)">Sauna (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sauna" title="Special:EditPage/Sauna">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sauna%22">"Sauna"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sauna%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sauna%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sauna%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sauna%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sauna%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauna_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sauna_2.jpg/220px-Sauna_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sauna_2.jpg/330px-Sauna_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Sauna_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A modern <a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Finnish sauna</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>sauna</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Finnish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">[ˈsɑu̯nɑ]</a></span>) is a room or building designed as a place to experience dry or wet heat sessions, or an establishment with one or more of these facilities. The steam and high heat make the bathers perspire. A <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometer</a> in a sauna is typically used to measure temperature; a <a href="/wiki/Hygrometer" title="Hygrometer">hygrometer</a> can be used to measure levels of humidity or steam. <a href="/wiki/Infrared_sauna" title="Infrared sauna">Infrared therapy</a> is often referred to as a type of sauna, but according to the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Finnish sauna</a> organizations, infrared is not a sauna.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoke_Sauna_(395139052).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Smoke_Sauna_%28395139052%29.jpg/220px-Smoke_Sauna_%28395139052%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Smoke_Sauna_%28395139052%29.jpg/330px-Smoke_Sauna_%28395139052%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Smoke_Sauna_%28395139052%29.jpg/440px-Smoke_Sauna_%28395139052%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A Finnish smoke sauna</figcaption></figure> <p>Areas such as the rocky <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> islands of Scotland have many ancient stone structures for normal habitation, some of which incorporate areas for fire and bathing. It is possible some of these structures also incorporated the use of steam in a way similar to the sauna, but this is a matter of speculation. The sites are from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> age, dating to approximately 4000 B.C.E.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological sites in Greenland and Newfoundland have uncovered structures very similar to traditional Scandinavian farm saunas, some with bathing platforms and "enormous quantities of badly scorched stones".<sup id="cite_ref-Nordskog,_M._2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordskog,_M._2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional Korean sauna, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Hanjeungmak" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanjeungmak">hanjeungmak</a></i>, is a domed structure constructed of stone that was first mentioned in the <i>Sejong Sillok</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Joseon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of the Joseon Dynasty">Annals of the Joseon Dynasty</a> in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Han_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supported by <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Sejong the Great</a>, the <i>hanjeungmak</i> was touted for its health benefits and used to treat illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Han_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 15th century, Buddhist monks maintained <i>hanjeungmak</i> clinics, called <i>hanjeungso</i>, to treat sick poor people; these clinics maintained separate facilities for men and women due to high demand.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korean sauna culture and kiln saunas are still popular today, and <a href="/wiki/Jjimjilbang" title="Jjimjilbang">Korean saunas</a> are ubiquitous.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In_de_sauna._Slaan_met_berkentakken,_Bestanddeelnr_920-4683.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/In_de_sauna._Slaan_met_berkentakken%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-4683.jpg/220px-In_de_sauna._Slaan_met_berkentakken%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-4683.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/In_de_sauna._Slaan_met_berkentakken%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-4683.jpg/330px-In_de_sauna._Slaan_met_berkentakken%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-4683.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/In_de_sauna._Slaan_met_berkentakken%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-4683.jpg/440px-In_de_sauna._Slaan_met_berkentakken%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-4683.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="2598" /></a><figcaption>Women in Sauna with <a href="/wiki/Bath_broom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath broom"><i>Vihtas</i></a> in the middle of the 20th century in Finland<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Western saunas originated in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> where the oldest known saunas were made from pits dug in a slope in the ground and primarily used as dwellings in winter. The sauna featured a fireplace where stones were heated to a high temperature. Water was thrown on the hot stones to produce steam and to give a sensation of increased heat. This would raise the <a href="/wiki/Apparent_temperature" title="Apparent temperature">apparent temperature</a> so high that people could take off their clothes. The first Finnish saunas were always of a type now called <i>savusauna</i>; "smoke sauna".<sup id="cite_ref-Maki_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maki-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sweat1978_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweat1978-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These differed from present-day saunas in that they were operated by heating a pile of rocks called a <i>kiuas</i> by burning large amounts of wood for about 6 to 8 hours and then letting out the smoke before enjoying the <i>löyly</i>, a Finnish term meaning, collectively, both the steam and the heat of a sauna (same term in Estonian is <i>leili</i> - you can see similarities with Finnish word). A properly heated "savusauna" yields heat for up to 12 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Birt_1988_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birt_1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acerbi_Giuseppe_suomalainen_sauna_1804._Joseph_Acerbi_Voyage_an_Cap-Nord_por_la_Sv%C3%A9de,_La_Finlande_et_la_Laponie_Collection_de_planches._no_VII_Parrs_1804.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Acerbi_Giuseppe_suomalainen_sauna_1804._Joseph_Acerbi_Voyage_an_Cap-Nord_por_la_Sv%C3%A9de%2C_La_Finlande_et_la_Laponie_Collection_de_planches._no_VII_Parrs_1804.jpg/220px-Acerbi_Giuseppe_suomalainen_sauna_1804._Joseph_Acerbi_Voyage_an_Cap-Nord_por_la_Sv%C3%A9de%2C_La_Finlande_et_la_Laponie_Collection_de_planches._no_VII_Parrs_1804.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Acerbi_Giuseppe_suomalainen_sauna_1804._Joseph_Acerbi_Voyage_an_Cap-Nord_por_la_Sv%C3%A9de%2C_La_Finlande_et_la_Laponie_Collection_de_planches._no_VII_Parrs_1804.jpg/330px-Acerbi_Giuseppe_suomalainen_sauna_1804._Joseph_Acerbi_Voyage_an_Cap-Nord_por_la_Sv%C3%A9de%2C_La_Finlande_et_la_Laponie_Collection_de_planches._no_VII_Parrs_1804.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Acerbi_Giuseppe_suomalainen_sauna_1804._Joseph_Acerbi_Voyage_an_Cap-Nord_por_la_Sv%C3%A9de%2C_La_Finlande_et_la_Laponie_Collection_de_planches._no_VII_Parrs_1804.jpg/440px-Acerbi_Giuseppe_suomalainen_sauna_1804._Joseph_Acerbi_Voyage_an_Cap-Nord_por_la_Sv%C3%A9de%2C_La_Finlande_et_la_Laponie_Collection_de_planches._no_VII_Parrs_1804.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3654" data-file-height="4961" /></a><figcaption><i>Bain Finlandais</i>. Illustration of a Finnish sauna in 1804 by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Acerbi" title="Giuseppe Acerbi">Giuseppe Acerbi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, the sauna evolved to use a wood-burning metal stove with rocks on top, <i>kiuas</i>, with a chimney. Air temperatures averaged around 75–100 °C (167–212 °F) but sometimes exceeded 110 °C (230 °F) in a traditional <a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Finnish sauna</a>. As the Finns migrated to other areas of the globe, they brought their sauna designs and traditions with them. This led to a further evolution of the sauna, including the electric sauna stove, which was introduced in 1938 by Metos Ltd in <a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although sauna culture is more or less related to Finnish and Estonian culture, the evolution of the sauna took place around the same time in Finland and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a> countries; they all have valued the sauna, its customs and traditions until the present day. </p><p>The sauna became very popular especially in Scandinavia and the German-speaking regions of Europe after the Second World War. German soldiers had experienced Finnish saunas during their fight against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a>, where they fought on the same side. Saunas were so important to Finnish soldiers that they built them not only in mobile tents but even in bunkers.<sup id="cite_ref-scheuch_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheuch-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, the German soldiers brought the custom back to Germany and Austria, where it became popular in the second half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-scheuch_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheuch-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German sauna culture also became popular in neighbouring countries such as Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.<sup id="cite_ref-zeit1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeit1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sauna culture has been registered in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a> under two entries: "Smoke sauna tradition in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5romaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Võromaa">Võromaa</a>" in 2014 and "Sauna culture in Finland" in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-news.err.ee_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.err.ee-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sauna" class="extiw" title="wikt:sauna">sauna</a></i> is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> word referring to both the traditional Finnish bath and to the bathhouse itself. In <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a> other than Finnish and Estonian, <i>sauna</i> and cognates do not necessarily mean a building or space built for bathing. It can also mean a small cabin or cottage, such as a cabin for a fisherman.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is the best known <a href="/wiki/Finnicism" title="Finnicism">Finnicism</a> in many languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_saunas">Modern saunas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern saunas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wooden_bucket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Wooden_bucket.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>Wooden buckets (<i>kiulu</i>) are used in the sauna.</figcaption></figure> <p>The sauna known in the western world today originates from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>. In Finland, there are built-in saunas in almost every house, including communal saunas in the older apartment buildings; since the 80s, private saunas have often been built into the bathrooms of typical Finnish flats in apartment buildings, sometimes even in student housing.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also a number of public saunas in Finland, including <a href="/wiki/Rajaportin_sauna" title="Rajaportin sauna">Rajaportin Sauna</a>, a sauna located in Tampere, that was first established in 1906 by Hermanni and Maria Lahtinen.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> even has a sauna built into one of the gondolas of a ferris wheel, <a href="/wiki/SkyWheel_Helsinki" title="SkyWheel Helsinki">SkyWheel Helsinki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike many other countries, Finnish people usually prefer to be naked instead of wearing a swimsuit, towel, or other kind of clothing. </p><p>Under many circumstances, temperatures approaching and exceeding 100 °C (212 °F) would be completely intolerable and possibly fatal to a person exposed to them for long periods of time. Saunas overcome this problem by controlling the <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribune1970_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribune1970-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hottest <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> saunas have relatively low humidity levels in which steam is generated by pouring water on the hot stones. This allows air temperatures that could evaporate water to be tolerated and even enjoyed for longer periods of time. Steam baths, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">hammam</a>, where the humidity approaches 100%, will be set to a much lower temperature of around 50 °C (122 °F) to compensate. The "wet heat" would cause <a href="/wiki/Scalding" title="Scalding">scalding</a> if the temperature were set much higher. </p><p>In a typical Finnish sauna, the temperature of the air, the room and the benches are above the <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> even when water is thrown on the hot stones and vaporized. Thus, they remain dry. In contrast, the sauna bathers are at about 60–80 °C (140–176 °F), which is below the dew point, so that water is condensed on the bathers' skin. This process releases heat and makes the steam feel hot.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finer control over the perceived temperature can be achieved by choosing a higher-level bench for those wishing for a hotter experience, or a lower-level bench for a more moderate temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribune1970_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribune1970-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A good sauna has a relatively small temperature gradient between the various seating levels. Doors need to be kept closed and used quickly to maintain the temperature and to keep the steam inside. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> public <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</a> center and gyms include sauna facilities. They may also be present at public and private <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">swimming pools</a>. As an additional facility, a sauna may have one or more <a href="/wiki/Jacuzzi" title="Jacuzzi">jacuzzi</a>. In some spa centers, there are the so-called special "snow rooms," also known as cold saunas or cryotherapy. Operating at a temperature of −110 °C (−166 °F), the user is in the sauna for a period of only about 3 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a>, the world's largest sauna is the Koi Sauna in the Thermen & Badewelt <a href="/wiki/Sinsheim" title="Sinsheim">Sinsheim</a>, Germany. It measures 166 square meters, holds 150 people and sports a <a href="/wiki/Koi" title="Koi">koi</a> aquarium. The title may now belong to Cape East Spa in <a href="/wiki/Haparanda" title="Haparanda">Haparanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which also holds 150 people but is more spacious. However, in Czeladz, south Poland, there is now a sauna for 300 people, sporting light shows, theatre and needing several sauna masters.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geysirh%C3%B6hle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sauna with geyser at Therme Erding"><img alt="Sauna with geyser at Therme Erding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Geysirh%C3%B6hle.jpg/200px-Geysirh%C3%B6hle.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Geysirh%C3%B6hle.jpg/300px-Geysirh%C3%B6hle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Geysirh%C3%B6hle.jpg/400px-Geysirh%C3%B6hle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1714" data-file-height="1143" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sauna with <a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">geyser</a> at <a href="/wiki/Therme_Erding" title="Therme Erding">Therme Erding</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:06_TWE_Saunaparadies_Stonehenge_Keltenthron-Sauna_Aufguss_Fahne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern collective sauna, Erding"><img alt="Modern collective sauna, Erding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/06_TWE_Saunaparadies_Stonehenge_Keltenthron-Sauna_Aufguss_Fahne.jpg/200px-06_TWE_Saunaparadies_Stonehenge_Keltenthron-Sauna_Aufguss_Fahne.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/06_TWE_Saunaparadies_Stonehenge_Keltenthron-Sauna_Aufguss_Fahne.jpg/300px-06_TWE_Saunaparadies_Stonehenge_Keltenthron-Sauna_Aufguss_Fahne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/06_TWE_Saunaparadies_Stonehenge_Keltenthron-Sauna_Aufguss_Fahne.jpg/400px-06_TWE_Saunaparadies_Stonehenge_Keltenthron-Sauna_Aufguss_Fahne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="1399" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern collective sauna, <a href="/wiki/Erding" title="Erding">Erding</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NaturTherme_Templin_Sauna_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern sauna in Templin, Germany"><img alt="Modern sauna in Templin, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/NaturTherme_Templin_Sauna_07.jpg/200px-NaturTherme_Templin_Sauna_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/NaturTherme_Templin_Sauna_07.jpg/300px-NaturTherme_Templin_Sauna_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/NaturTherme_Templin_Sauna_07.jpg/400px-NaturTherme_Templin_Sauna_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4316" data-file-height="3236" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern sauna in <a href="/wiki/Templin" title="Templin">Templin</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Highgrove_Sauna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern sauna in Highgrove"><img alt="Modern sauna in Highgrove" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Highgrove_Sauna.jpg/200px-Highgrove_Sauna.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Highgrove_Sauna.jpg/300px-Highgrove_Sauna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Highgrove_Sauna.jpg/400px-Highgrove_Sauna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1875" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern sauna in Highgrove</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tjuvholmen,_Sauna_(2024)-L1006528.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A saune on a dock in the Tjuvholmen marina of Oslo, Norway"><img alt="A saune on a dock in the Tjuvholmen marina of Oslo, Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tjuvholmen%2C_Sauna_%282024%29-L1006528.jpg/200px-Tjuvholmen%2C_Sauna_%282024%29-L1006528.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tjuvholmen%2C_Sauna_%282024%29-L1006528.jpg/300px-Tjuvholmen%2C_Sauna_%282024%29-L1006528.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tjuvholmen%2C_Sauna_%282024%29-L1006528.jpg/400px-Tjuvholmen%2C_Sauna_%282024%29-L1006528.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8682" data-file-height="6202" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A saune on a dock in the <a href="/wiki/Tjuvholmen" title="Tjuvholmen">Tjuvholmen</a> marina of Oslo, Norway</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tulikivi_Nuoska_Sauna_Heater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tulikivi_Nuoska_Sauna_Heater.jpg/220px-Tulikivi_Nuoska_Sauna_Heater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tulikivi_Nuoska_Sauna_Heater.jpg/330px-Tulikivi_Nuoska_Sauna_Heater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tulikivi_Nuoska_Sauna_Heater.jpg/440px-Tulikivi_Nuoska_Sauna_Heater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>Interior of a modern home sauna in Finland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wuppertal_-_Schwimmoper_57_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wuppertal_-_Schwimmoper_57_ies.jpg/220px-Wuppertal_-_Schwimmoper_57_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wuppertal_-_Schwimmoper_57_ies.jpg/330px-Wuppertal_-_Schwimmoper_57_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wuppertal_-_Schwimmoper_57_ies.jpg/440px-Wuppertal_-_Schwimmoper_57_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A small pool for cooling down; usually filled with cold water </figcaption></figure> <p>A modern sauna with an electric stove usually takes about 15–30 minutes to heat up. Some users prefer taking a shower beforehand to speed up perspiration in the sauna. When in the sauna, people often sit on a towel for hygiene and put a towel over their heads if the face feels too hot but the body feels comfortable. In Russia, a felt "<a href="/wiki/Banya_(sauna)" title="Banya (sauna)">banya</a> hat" may be worn to shield the head from the heat; this allows the wearer to increase the heat on the rest of the body. The temperature of one's bath can be controlled via: </p> <ul><li>the amount of water thrown on the stove: this increases humidity, so that sauna bathers perspire more copiously</li> <li>the length of one's stay in the sauna</li> <li>positioning: the higher benches are hotter, whereas the lower benches are cooler. Children often sit on the lower benches.</li></ul> <p>The heat is greatest closest to the stove. Heating from the air is lower on the lower benches as the hot air rises. The heat given by the steam can be very different in different parts of the sauna. As the steam rises directly upwards, it spreads across the roof and travels out towards the corners, where it is then forced downwards. Consequently, the heat of fresh steam may sometimes be felt most strongly in the furthest corners of the sauna. Users increase the duration and the heat gradually over time as they adapt to the sauna.<sup id="cite_ref-url_1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-url_1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlBare_facts_of_the_sauna-thisisFINLAND_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlBare_facts_of_the_sauna-thisisFINLAND-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When pouring water onto the stove, it cools down the rocks, but carries more heat into the air via advection, making the sauna warmer. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">Perspiration</a> is the result of autonomic responses trying to cool the body. Users are advised to leave the sauna if the heat becomes unbearable, or if they feel faint or ill. Some saunas have a thermostat to adjust the temperature, but the owner of the sauna and the other bathers expect to be consulted before changes are made. The sauna stove and rocks are very hot—one must stay well clear of them to avoid burns, particularly when water is thrown on the rocks, which creates an immediate blast of steam. Combustibles on, or near the stove have been known to cause fires. <a href="/wiki/Contact_lens" title="Contact lens">Contact lenses</a> dry out in the heat. Jewelry or anything metallic, including glasses, will get hot in the sauna and can cause discomfort or burning.<sup id="cite_ref-url_1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-url_1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlBare_facts_of_the_sauna-thisisFINLAND_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlBare_facts_of_the_sauna-thisisFINLAND-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The temperature on different parts of the body can be adjusted by shielding one's body with a towel. Shielding the face with a towel has been found to reduce the perception of heat.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some may wish to put an additional towel or a special cap over the head to avoid dryness. Few people can sit directly in front of the stove without feeling too hot from the radiant heat, but this may not be reflected in their overall body temperature. As the person's body is often the coolest object in a sauna room, steam will condense into water on the skin; this can be confused with perspiration. </p><p>Cooling down by immersing oneself in water (in a shower, lake or pool) is a part of the sauna cycle and is as important as the heating. However, it is advisable that healthy people and heart patients alike should take some precautions if plunging into very cold water straight after coming from the hot room, as the rapid cooling of the body produces considerable circulatory stress. It is considered good practice to take a few moments after exiting a sauna before entering a cold plunge, and to enter a <a href="/wiki/Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">plunge pool</a> or a lake by stepping into it gradually, rather than immediately immersing oneself fully.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summer, a session is often started with a cool shower.<sup id="cite_ref-urlBare_facts_of_the_sauna-thisisFINLAND_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlBare_facts_of_the_sauna-thisisFINLAND-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some countries the closest and most convenient access to a sauna is at a <a href="/wiki/Gym" title="Gym">gymnasium</a>. Some public pools, major sports centers and resorts also contain a sauna. Therapeutic sauna sessions are often carried out in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Physiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiotherapy">physiotherapy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydrotherapy" title="Hydrotherapy">hydrotherapy</a>; these are gentle exercises that do not exacerbate symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Potential_health_benefits">Potential health benefits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Potential health benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been widespread research into the health benefits and risks that come from sauna usage;<sup id="cite_ref-Hannuksela_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannuksela-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most studies have focused on the Finnish sauna specifically.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sauna bathing leads to mild <a href="/wiki/Heat_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat stress">heat stress</a>, which activates <a href="/wiki/Heat_shock_protein" title="Heat shock protein">heat shock proteins</a> responsible for repairing <a href="/wiki/Protein_folding#Protein_misfolding_and_neurodegenerative_disease" title="Protein folding">misfolded proteins</a>, promoting longevity as well as protection against <a href="/wiki/Muscle_atrophy" title="Muscle atrophy">muscle atrophy</a> and chronic illness.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is evidence that long-term exposure to Finnish-style sauna is correlated with a reduced risk of <a href="/wiki/Sudden_cardiac_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden cardiac death">sudden cardiac death</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Laukkanen1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laukkanen1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laukkanen2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laukkanen2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laukkanen3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laukkanen3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that risk reduction increases with duration and frequency of use;<sup id="cite_ref-Laukkanen2_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laukkanen2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this reduction is more pronounced when sauna bathing is combined with exercise, compared with either of these practices alone.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laukkanen3_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laukkanen3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tentative evidence supports that the heat stress from saunas is associated with reduced <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arterial_stiffness" title="Arterial stiffness">arterial stiffness</a>, and therefore also decrease the risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pizzey_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pizzey-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laukkanen1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laukkanen1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laukkanen2_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laukkanen2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These benefits are more pronounced in persons with low cardiovascular function.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence exists for the benefit of sauna on people with <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequent Finnish-style sauna usage (4-7 times per week) is associated with a decreased risk of neurovascular diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Laukkanen2_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laukkanen2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pizzey_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pizzey-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> relative to those individuals who used sauna once per week. Individuals suffering from <a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_disorder" title="Musculoskeletal disorder">musculoskeletal disorders</a> could have symptomatic improvement from sauna,<sup id="cite_ref-Laukkanen2_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laukkanen2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it could be beneficial for <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also is associated with a reduced risk and symptom relief from the symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory illness">respiratory illness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9100952_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9100952-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laukkanen1_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laukkanen1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laukkanen2_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laukkanen2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weight loss in <a href="/wiki/Obese" class="mw-redirect" title="Obese">obese</a> people and improvement of appetite loss present with normal body weight can also be achievable with sauna bathing.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence for the use of sauna for depression or <a href="/wiki/Skin_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin disorder">skin disorders</a> is insufficient, but the frequency of sauna sessions is correlated with a diminished risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, and it might be beneficial for <a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laukkanen2_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laukkanen2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Potential_health_risks">Potential health risks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Potential health risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sauna bathing coupled with alcohol consumption or dehydration increases the risk of sudden death;<sup id="cite_ref-Laukkanen3_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laukkanen3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the use of <a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">narcotic</a> drugs, such as <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, also increases the risk.<sup id="cite_ref-Press_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being severely obese, having <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, or being <a href="/wiki/Diabetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetic">diabetic</a> all serve as reasons to decrease the duration of sauna sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-Press_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals prone to <a href="/wiki/Postural_hypotension" class="mw-redirect" title="Postural hypotension">postural hypotension</a> or severe <a href="/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease" title="Valvular heart disease">valvular heart disease</a> should use sauna cautiously to reduce the risk of a drop in blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Laukkanen1_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laukkanen1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In people with cardiovascular disease, sauna usage is generally safe, as long as their condition is stable.<sup id="cite_ref-Laukkanen1_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laukkanen1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laukkanen3_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laukkanen3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, sauna bathing is <a href="/wiki/Contraindicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraindicated">contraindicated</a> in persons with <a href="/wiki/Unstable_angina" title="Unstable angina">unstable angina</a> and severe <a href="/wiki/Aortic_stenosis" title="Aortic stenosis">aortic stenosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hannuksela_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannuksela-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A one-year study in Finland showed that only 67 (2.6%) of sudden deaths in saunas were non-accidental, mostly due to <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hannuksela_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannuksela-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pregnant women can use saunas as long as their core temperature does not exceed 39.0 °C (102.2 °F), as this may be <a href="/wiki/Teratogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogenic">teratogenic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One study has found that genital heat stress from frequent sauna sessions could cause <a href="/wiki/Male_infertility" title="Male infertility">male infertility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technologies">Technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today there are a wide variety of sauna options. Heat sources include wood, electricity, gas and other more unconventional methods such as solar power. There are wet saunas, dry saunas, <a href="/wiki/Infrared_sauna" title="Infrared sauna">infrared saunas</a>, smoke saunas, and steam saunas. There are two main types of stoves: continuous heating and heat storage type. Continuously heating stoves have a small heat capacity and can be heated up on a fast on-demand basis, whereas a heat storage stove has a large heat (stone) capacity and can take much longer to heat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_storage-type">Heat storage-type</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Heat storage-type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smoke_sauna">Smoke sauna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Smoke sauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Smoke_sauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoke sauna">Smoke sauna</a> (Finnish <i>savusauna</i>, Estonian <i>suitsusaun</i>, Võro <i>savvusann</i>) is one of the earliest forms of the sauna.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweat1978_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweat1978-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is simply a room containing a pile of rocks, but without a chimney. A fire is lit directly under the rocks and after a while the fire is extinguished. The heat retained in the rocks, and the earlier fire, becomes the main source for heating the sauna. Following this process, the ashes and embers are removed from the hearth, the benches and floor are cleaned, and the room is allowed to air out and freshen for a period of time. The smoke deposits a layer of soot on every surface, so if the benches and back-rests can be removed while the fire is alight the amount of cleaning necessary is reduced. Depending on size of the stove and the airing time, the temperature may be low, about 60 °C (140 °F), while the humidity is relatively high. The tradition almost died out in Finland, but was revived by enthusiasts in the 1980s. These are still used in present-day Finland by some enthusiasts, but usually only on special occasions such as Christmas, New Year's, Easter, and <i>juhannus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Birt_1988_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birt_1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smoke saunas are popular in the southern Estonia and smoke sauna tradition in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5rumaa" title="Võrumaa">Võrumaa</a> was added into UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-news.err.ee_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.err.ee-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoke_sauna_stove_Utsjoki.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Smoke sauna stove"><img alt="Smoke sauna stove" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Smoke_sauna_stove_Utsjoki.JPG/120px-Smoke_sauna_stove_Utsjoki.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Smoke_sauna_stove_Utsjoki.JPG/180px-Smoke_sauna_stove_Utsjoki.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Smoke_sauna_stove_Utsjoki.JPG/240px-Smoke_sauna_stove_Utsjoki.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Smoke sauna</i> stove</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leppoja_keris.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Smoke sauna stones"><img alt="Smoke sauna stones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Leppoja_keris.JPG/120px-Leppoja_keris.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Leppoja_keris.JPG/180px-Leppoja_keris.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Leppoja_keris.JPG/240px-Leppoja_keris.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Smoke sauna</i> stones</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heat_storage-sauna">Heat storage-sauna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Heat storage-sauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The smoke-sauna stove is also used with a sealed stone compartment and chimney (a heat storage-stove) which eliminates the smoke odour and eye irritation of the smoke sauna. A heat storage stove does not give up much heat in the sauna before bathing since the stone compartment has an insulated lid. When the sauna bath is started and the <i>löyly</i> shutter opened a soft warmth flow into the otherwise relatively cold (60 °C; 140 °F) sauna. This heat is soft and clean because, thanks to combustion, the stove stones glow red, even white-hot, and are freed of dust at the same time. When bathing the heat-storage sauna will become as hot as a continuous fire-type sauna (80–110 °C; 176–230 °F) but more humid. The stones are usually durable heatproof and heat-retaining <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotite</a>. The upper part of the stove is often insulated with rock wool and firebricks. Heat-storing stoves are also found with electric heating, with similar service but no need to maintain a fire. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heat_Storage_Sauna_Stove.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heat storage type sauna stove stone compartment"><img alt="Heat storage type sauna stove stone compartment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Heat_Storage_Sauna_Stove.jpg/120px-Heat_Storage_Sauna_Stove.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Heat_Storage_Sauna_Stove.jpg/180px-Heat_Storage_Sauna_Stove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Heat_Storage_Sauna_Stove.jpg/240px-Heat_Storage_Sauna_Stove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3843" data-file-height="2882" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Heat storage</i> type sauna stove stone compartment</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuous_heat-type">Continuous heat-type</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Continuous heat-type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continuous_fire_sauna">Continuous fire sauna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Continuous fire sauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A continuous fire stove, instead of stored heat, is a relatively recent invention. There is a firebox and a smokestack, and stones are placed in a compartment directly above the firebox. It takes a shorter time to heat than the heat-storage sauna, about one hour. A fire-heated sauna requires manual labor in the form of maintaining the fire during bathing; the fire can also be seen as a hazard. </p><p>Fire-heated saunas are common in cottages, where the extra work of maintaining the fire is not a problem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electric_stove_sauna">Electric stove sauna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Electric stove sauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common modern sauna types are those with electric stoves. The stones are heated up and kept on temperature using electric heating elements. There is a thermostat and a timer (typically with eight hours' maximum delay time, followed by one hour's continuous heating time) on the stove. This type of heating is generally used only in urban saunas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Far-infrared_saunas">Far-infrared saunas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Far-infrared saunas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Far-infrared saunas utilize infrared light to generate heat. Unlike traditional saunas that heat the body indirectly through the air or by conduction from heated surfaces, far-infrared saunas use infrared panels or other methods like a sauna blanket<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that emit far-infrared light, which is absorbed by the surface of the skin. The heat produced by far-infrared saunas is generally lower, making it more tolerable for people who cannot withstand the high temperatures of traditional saunas.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19602651_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19602651-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infrared heat penetrates more deeply into fat and the neuromuscular system resulting in a more vigorous sweat at lower temperature than traditional saunas.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19602651_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19602651-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These effects are favorable for the neuromuscular system to recover from maximal <a href="/wiki/Endurance_training" title="Endurance training">endurance exercise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26180741_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26180741-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_sweat_bathing_facilities">Other sweat bathing facilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other sweat bathing facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kustodiev_russian_venus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kustodiev_russian_venus.jpg/220px-Kustodiev_russian_venus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kustodiev_russian_venus.jpg/330px-Kustodiev_russian_venus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kustodiev_russian_venus.jpg/440px-Kustodiev_russian_venus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption>Depiction in the mid-1920s of a rural <i><a href="/wiki/Banya_(sauna)" title="Banya (sauna)">banya</a></i> by Russian artist <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kustodiev" title="Boris Kustodiev">Boris Kustodiev</a>: <i>Russian Venus</i> (armed with <a href="/wiki/Banny_venik" class="mw-redirect" title="Banny venik">birch besom</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Many cultures have sweat baths, though some have more spiritual uses while others are purely secular. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> there was the <i><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">thermae</a></i> or <i>balneae</i> (from Greek βαλανεῖον <i>balaneîon</i>), traits of which survive in the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">hammam</a></i> and in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Turkish_baths" title="Victorian Turkish baths">Victorian Turkish bath</a> (which uses only hot dry air). In the Americas there is the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> (Aztec) <i><a href="/wiki/Temazcalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Temazcalli">temāzcalli</a></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Nahuatl pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[temaːsˈkalːi]</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Temazcal" title="Temazcal">zumpul-ché</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mixtec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtec people">Mixtec</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Temazcal" title="Temazcal">Ñihi</a></i>; in Canada and the United States, a number of <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> cultures have various kinds of spiritual <a href="/wiki/Sweat_lodge" title="Sweat lodge">sweat lodges</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a>: <i>inipi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Anishinaabemowin</a> <i>madoodiswan</i>). In Europe we find the <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonian</a> <i>saun</i> (almost identical to the Finnish sauna), <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Banya_(sauna)" title="Banya (sauna)">banya</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvian</a> <i>pirts</i>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="European Jew">European Jews</a>' <i>shvitz</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> <i>bastu</i>. In Asia the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Mushi-Buro</a></i> and the Korean <i><a href="/wiki/Jjimjilbang" title="Jjimjilbang">jjimjilbang</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Karo_people_(Indonesia)" title="Karo people (Indonesia)">Karo people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> have the <i><a href="/wiki/Oukup" title="Oukup">oukup</a></i>. In some parts of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> there is the <i>sifutu</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Around_the_world">Around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 450px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 450px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="450" data-height="200" data-zoom="1" data-overlays="["_91623b2f019af75ca201fa948249094f07f3c15f"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,1,a,a,450x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Sauna&revid=1259159422&groups=_91623b2f019af75ca201fa948249094f07f3c15f" width="450" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,1,a,a,450x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Sauna&revid=1259159422&groups=_91623b2f019af75ca201fa948249094f07f3c15f 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Countries that visit the sauna naked are <b>blue</b>, those who wear swim wear are <b>red</b> and those who bring a towel are <b>violet</b>.</div></div></div> <p>Although cultures in all corners of the world have imported and adapted the sauna, many of the traditional customs have not survived the journey. Today, public perception of saunas, sauna "etiquette" and sauna customs vary hugely from country to country. In many countries sauna going is a recent fashion and attitudes towards saunas are changing, while in others traditions have survived over generations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Africa, the majority of sauna facilities are found in a more upmarket hotel, spa and health club environments and predominantly share both sauna heater technology and design concepts as applied in Europe. Even though outdoor temperatures remain warmer and more humid, this does not affect the general application or intended sauna experience offered within these commercial environments offering a traditional sauna and or <a href="/wiki/Steam_shower" title="Steam shower">steam shower</a> experience.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, most gyms, hotels and almost all public swimming pools have indoor saunas. It is very common for swimming pools to have two saunas which are known in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> as سونای خشک "dry sauna" and سونای بخار "steam sauna", with the dry type customarily boasting a higher temperature. A cold-water pool (and/or more recently a cold Jacuzzi) is almost always accompanied and towels are usually provided. Adding therapeutic or relaxing essential oils to the rocks is common. In Iran, unlike Finland, sitting in a sauna is mostly seen as part of the spa/club culture, rather than a bathing ritual. It is most usually perceived as a means for relaxation or detoxification (through perspiration). Having a sauna room on private property is considered a luxury rather than a necessity. Public saunas are segregated and nudity is prohibited. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, many saunas exist at sports centers and public <a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">bathhouses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">sentō</a>). The saunas are almost always gender separated, often required by law, and nudity is a required part of proper sauna etiquette. While right after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, public bathhouses were commonplace in Japan, the number of customers have dwindled as more people were able to afford houses and apartments equipped with their own private baths as the nation became wealthier. As a result, many sentōs have added more features such as saunas in order to survive. </p><p> In <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, saunas are essentially public bathhouses. Various names are used to describe them, such as the smaller <a href="/wiki/Mogyoktang" title="Mogyoktang">mogyoktang</a>, outdoor <a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">oncheon</a>, and the elaborate <a href="/wiki/Jjimjilbang" title="Jjimjilbang">jjimjilbang</a>. The word "sauna" is used a lot for its 'English appeal'; however, it does not strictly refer to the original Fennoscandian steam rooms that have become popular throughout the world. The <a href="/wiki/Konglish" title="Konglish">konglish</a> word <i>sauna</i> (사우나) usually refers to bathhouses with Jacuzzis, hot tubs, showers, steam rooms, and related facilities.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turaidas_mui%C5%BEas_pirts_telpa_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Turaidas_mui%C5%BEas_pirts_telpa_%282%29.jpg/220px-Turaidas_mui%C5%BEas_pirts_telpa_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Turaidas_mui%C5%BEas_pirts_telpa_%282%29.jpg/330px-Turaidas_mui%C5%BEas_pirts_telpa_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Turaidas_mui%C5%BEas_pirts_telpa_%282%29.jpg/440px-Turaidas_mui%C5%BEas_pirts_telpa_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Sauna whisks and herbal teas</figcaption></figure><p>In <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, herbal steam sauna or <i>hom yaa</i> in <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>, is very popular especially with women and is available in every village. Many women apply yogurt or a paste blend based on <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a> on their skin as a beauty treatment. The sauna is always heated by wood fire and herbs are added either directly to the boiling water or steam jet in the room. The sitting lounge is mix gender but the steam rooms are gender separated. <a href="/wiki/Bael_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bael fruit">Bael fruit</a> tea known in lao as <i>muktam</i> tea is usually served.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_and_Canada">Australia and Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Australia and Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, saunas are found mainly in hotels, swimming pools, and health clubs and if used by both men and women, nudity is often forbidden, even if implicitly. In gyms or health clubs with separate male and female change rooms, nudity is permitted; however, members are usually asked to shower before using the sauna and to sit on a towel. </p><p>In Canada, saunas have increasingly become a fixture of <a href="/wiki/Cottage" title="Cottage">cottage</a> culture, which shares many similarities with its Finnish counterpart (mökki).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nordic_and_Baltic">Nordic and Baltic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nordic and Baltic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Finland_and_Estonia">Finland and Estonia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Finland and Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Finnish sauna</a></div> <p>A sauna session can be a social affair in which the participants disrobe and sit or recline in <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperatures</a> typically between 70 and 100 °C (158 and 212 °F). This induces relaxation and promotes <a href="/wiki/Sweat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweat">sweating</a>. People use a bundle of <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> twigs with fresh leaves (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Bath_broom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath broom">vihta</a></i> or <i>vasta</i>; <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i>viht</i>), to slap the skin and create further stimulation of the pores and cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Maki_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maki-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sauna is an important part of daily life, and families bathe together in the home sauna. There are at least 2 million saunas in Finland according to official registers. The Finnish Sauna Society believes the number can actually be as high as 3.2 million saunas (population 5.5 million).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Finns take at least one a week, and much more when they visit their summer cottage in the countryside. Here the pattern of life tends to revolve around the sauna, and a nearby lake used for cooling off.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1215px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajaportin_sauna_2017-03-04_15.01.56.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rajaportin sauna in Tampere, the oldest working public sauna in Finland"><img alt="Rajaportin sauna in Tampere, the oldest working public sauna in Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rajaportin_sauna_2017-03-04_15.01.56.jpg/84px-Rajaportin_sauna_2017-03-04_15.01.56.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rajaportin_sauna_2017-03-04_15.01.56.jpg/126px-Rajaportin_sauna_2017-03-04_15.01.56.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rajaportin_sauna_2017-03-04_15.01.56.jpg/169px-Rajaportin_sauna_2017-03-04_15.01.56.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="4128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rajaportin_sauna" title="Rajaportin sauna">Rajaportin sauna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, the oldest working public sauna in Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauna-pool.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A modern sauna in Finland"><img alt="A modern sauna in Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sauna-pool.JPG/200px-Sauna-pool.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sauna-pool.JPG/300px-Sauna-pool.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sauna-pool.JPG/400px-Sauna-pool.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A modern sauna in Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinni_talu_saun.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A sauna in Estonia"><img alt="A sauna in Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hinni_talu_saun.jpg/200px-Hinni_talu_saun.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hinni_talu_saun.jpg/300px-Hinni_talu_saun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hinni_talu_saun.jpg/400px-Hinni_talu_saun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="3104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A sauna in Estonia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauna_of_Kapelo.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sauna building in Finland"><img alt="Sauna building in Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sauna_of_Kapelo.JPG/200px-Sauna_of_Kapelo.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sauna_of_Kapelo.JPG/300px-Sauna_of_Kapelo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sauna_of_Kapelo.JPG/400px-Sauna_of_Kapelo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sauna building in Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_sauna,_Saadj%C3%A4rv.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Estonian sauna on a lake"><img alt="Estonian sauna on a lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sunset_sauna%2C_Saadj%C3%A4rv.jpg/200px-Sunset_sauna%2C_Saadj%C3%A4rv.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sunset_sauna%2C_Saadj%C3%A4rv.jpg/300px-Sunset_sauna%2C_Saadj%C3%A4rv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sunset_sauna%2C_Saadj%C3%A4rv.jpg/400px-Sunset_sauna%2C_Saadj%C3%A4rv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Estonian sauna on a lake</div> </li> </ul> <p>Sauna traditions in Estonia are almost identical to Finland as saunas have traditionally held a central role in the life of an individual. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonians</a> believed saunas were inhabited by spirits. In folk tradition sauna was not only the place where one washed but also used as the place where brides were ceremoniously washed, where women gave birth and the place the dying made their final bed.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The folk tradition related to the Estonian sauna is mostly identical to that surrounding the Finnish sauna. On New Year's Eve, a sauna would be held before midnight to cleanse the body and spirit for the upcoming year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Latvia_and_Lithuania">Latvia and Lithuania</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Latvia and Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, bathhouse or sauna is <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">pirtis</i></span>; in <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, it is <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">pirts</i></span>. Both countries have long bathhouse traditions, dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-lv-pirts-traditions_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lv-pirts-traditions-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lt-pirtis-history_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lt-pirtis-history-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 13th century bathhouses in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> were mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Hypatian_Codex" title="Hypatian Codex">Hypatian Codex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_terrae_Prussiae" title="Chronicon terrae Prussiae">Chronicon terrae Prussiae</a>, as they were practised by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Lithuanian_dukes" title="List of early Lithuanian dukes">Lithuanian dukes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lt-pirtis_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lt-pirtis-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Chronicle_of_Henry" title="Livonian Chronicle of Henry">Livonian Chronicle of Henry</a> describes a bathhouse built around 1196 near the <a href="/wiki/Pier" title="Pier">pier</a> on the bank of <a href="/wiki/Daugava" title="Daugava">Daugava</a> river.<sup id="cite_ref-lv-pirts-history_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lv-pirts-history-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chronicle also mentions the year 1215 baths of the <a href="/wiki/Latgalians" title="Latgalians">Latgalian</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81livaldis" title="Tālivaldis">Tālivaldis</a> which were built in <a href="/wiki/Trik%C4%81ta_Parish" title="Trikāta Parish">Trikāta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lv-pirts-history_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lv-pirts-history-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These baths are also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Rhymed_Chronicle" title="Livonian Rhymed Chronicle">Livonian Rhymed Chronicle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lv-pirts-history_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lv-pirts-history-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sauna had a considerable role in the <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic people">Baltic people</a>. In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Pr%C3%A4torius" title="Matthäus Prätorius">Matthäus Prätorius</a> described various rituals the Baltic people practiced in sauna.<sup id="cite_ref-lt-pirtis-history_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lt-pirtis-history-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, sauna was a primary place for women to give birth and rites would be performed for the Baltic goddess <a href="/wiki/Laima" title="Laima">Laima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lt-pirtis-history_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lt-pirtis-history-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, sauna traditions were similar in <a href="/wiki/Auk%C5%A1taitija" title="Aukštaitija">Aukštaitija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samogitia" title="Samogitia">Samogitia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latgale" title="Latgale">Latgale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semigallia" title="Semigallia">Semigallia</a> as well as some West Slavic lands.<sup id="cite_ref-lt-pirtis_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lt-pirtis-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1536, <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> gained a royal privilege to build <a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">public bathhouses</a> and by the end of the 16th century, the city already had 60 of them with a countless number of private ones.<sup id="cite_ref-lt-pirtis_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lt-pirtis-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Latvian lands, bathhouses became particularly popular in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-lv-pirts-traditions_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lv-pirts-traditions-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contemporary Baltic sauna is similar to others in the north-eastern part of Europe: it varies according to personal preference, but is typically around 55–70 °C (131–158 °F), humidity 60–90%, with steam being generated by pouring water on the hot stones.<sup id="cite_ref-lt-vle-pirtis_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lt-vle-pirtis-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lv-encyclopedia_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lv-encyclopedia-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lt-vantos_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lt-vantos-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> twigs (<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">vanta</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">slota</i>) are the most common, but <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">linden</a> are used too.<sup id="cite_ref-lt-vle-pirtis_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lt-vle-pirtis-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sauna enthusiasts also make twigs from other trees and plants, including <a href="/wiki/Urtica" title="Urtica">nettle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lt-vantos_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lt-vantos-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry air sauna of 80–110 °C (176–230 °F) and very low humidity became popular relatively recently; despite being a misconception, it is sometimes locally described as <i>Finnish-type</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-lt-vantos_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lt-vantos-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lv-encyclopedia_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lv-encyclopedia-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuanian_sauna_in_Dzukija_region,_July_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional Lithuanian sauna in Zervynos, Dzūkija region"><img alt="Traditional Lithuanian sauna in Zervynos, Dzūkija region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lithuanian_sauna_in_Dzukija_region%2C_July_2018.jpg/112px-Lithuanian_sauna_in_Dzukija_region%2C_July_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lithuanian_sauna_in_Dzukija_region%2C_July_2018.jpg/169px-Lithuanian_sauna_in_Dzukija_region%2C_July_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lithuanian_sauna_in_Dzukija_region%2C_July_2018.jpg/225px-Lithuanian_sauna_in_Dzukija_region%2C_July_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional Lithuanian sauna in <a href="/wiki/Zervynos" title="Zervynos">Zervynos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dz%C5%ABkija" title="Dzūkija">Dzūkija</a> region</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latvian_sauna_house_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latvian sauna covered in snow"><img alt="Latvian sauna covered in snow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Latvian_sauna_house_II.jpg/200px-Latvian_sauna_house_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Latvian_sauna_house_II.jpg/300px-Latvian_sauna_house_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Latvian_sauna_house_II.jpg/400px-Latvian_sauna_house_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Latvian sauna covered in snow</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Ragan%C5%B3%22_pirtis_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lithuanian sauna with the mythological decorations of witches"><img alt="Lithuanian sauna with the mythological decorations of witches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%22Ragan%C5%B3%22_pirtis_-_panoramio.jpg/193px-%22Ragan%C5%B3%22_pirtis_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%22Ragan%C5%B3%22_pirtis_-_panoramio.jpg/289px-%22Ragan%C5%B3%22_pirtis_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%22Ragan%C5%B3%22_pirtis_-_panoramio.jpg/385px-%22Ragan%C5%B3%22_pirtis_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1261" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lithuanian sauna with the mythological decorations of witches</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Latvian_bathhouse_with_a_pond.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latvian bathhouse with a pond built in 1862 in Kurzeme, The Ethnographic Open-Air Museum of Latvia"><img alt="Latvian bathhouse with a pond built in 1862 in Kurzeme, The Ethnographic Open-Air Museum of Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Old_Latvian_bathhouse_with_a_pond.jpg/200px-Old_Latvian_bathhouse_with_a_pond.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Old_Latvian_bathhouse_with_a_pond.jpg/300px-Old_Latvian_bathhouse_with_a_pond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Old_Latvian_bathhouse_with_a_pond.jpg/400px-Old_Latvian_bathhouse_with_a_pond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Latvian bathhouse with a pond built in 1862 in Kurzeme, <a href="/wiki/The_Ethnographic_Open-Air_Museum_of_Latvia" title="The Ethnographic Open-Air Museum of Latvia">The Ethnographic Open-Air Museum of Latvia</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Norway_and_Sweden">Norway and Sweden</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Norway and Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_sauna_on_the_lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Swedish_sauna_on_the_lake.jpg/220px-Swedish_sauna_on_the_lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Swedish_sauna_on_the_lake.jpg/330px-Swedish_sauna_on_the_lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Swedish_sauna_on_the_lake.jpg/440px-Swedish_sauna_on_the_lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Swedish sauna house on the lake</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> saunas are found in many places, and are known as 'badstu' or 'bastu' (from 'badstuga' "bath cabin, bath house"). In Norway and Sweden, saunas are common in almost every public swimming pool and gym. The public saunas are generally single-sex and may or may not permit use of swimwear. Rules for swimwear and towels for sitting on or covering yourself differ between saunas. Removing body hair in the sauna, staring at other's nudity or spreading odors is considered impolite.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch-speaking_regions">Dutch-speaking regions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dutch-speaking regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sauna_in_the_Dutch_language_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauna in the Dutch language area">Sauna in the Dutch language area</a></div> <p>Public saunas can be found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, both in major cities and in smaller municipalities, mixed-sex nudity is the generally accepted rule. Some saunas might offer women-only (or "bathing suit only") times for people who are less comfortable with mixed-sex nudity; <i><a href="/wiki/Algemeen_Dagblad" title="Algemeen Dagblad">Algemeen Dagblad</a></i> reported in 2008 that women-only, bathing suit-required times are drawing <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Muslim women in the Netherlands</a> to the sauna.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom,_Atlantic_and_Mediterranean_Europe"><span id="United_Kingdom.2C_Atlantic_and_Mediterranean_Europe"></span>United Kingdom, Atlantic and Mediterranean Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United Kingdom, Atlantic and Mediterranean Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedra_Formosa_Briteiros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pedra_Formosa_Briteiros.jpg/220px-Pedra_Formosa_Briteiros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pedra_Formosa_Briteiros.jpg/330px-Pedra_Formosa_Briteiros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pedra_Formosa_Briteiros.jpg/440px-Pedra_Formosa_Briteiros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>Pedra formosa-lusitanian sauna front stone</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and much of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>, single-gender saunas are the most common type. Nudity is expected in the segregated saunas but usually forbidden in the mixed saunas. Sauna sessions tend to be shorter, and cold showers are shunned by most. In the United Kingdom, where public saunas are becoming increasingly fashionable, the practice of alternating between the sauna and the <a href="/wiki/Hot_tub" title="Hot tub">jacuzzi</a> in short seatings (considered a <i>faux pas</i> in Northern Europe) has emerged.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is a fast growing new British sauna culture consisting mainly of 'wild' outdoor spas, popping up all over the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian2024_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian2024-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Portugal, the steam baths were commonly used by the <a href="/wiki/Castro_culture" title="Castro culture">Castrejos people</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prior to the arrival of the Romans in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula. The historian <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> spoke of <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitans</a> traditions that consisted of having steam bath sessions followed by cold water baths. Pedra Formosa is the original name given to the central piece of the steam bath in pre-Roman times.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German-speaking_countries">German-speaking countries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: German-speaking countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_n-11_0000458.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fotothek_df_n-11_0000458.jpg/220px-Fotothek_df_n-11_0000458.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fotothek_df_n-11_0000458.jpg/330px-Fotothek_df_n-11_0000458.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fotothek_df_n-11_0000458.jpg/440px-Fotothek_df_n-11_0000458.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>Sauna in <a href="/wiki/Freiberg" title="Freiberg">Freiberg</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, most public swimming pool complexes have sauna areas; in these locales, nudity is the generally accepted rule, and benches are expected to be covered by people's towels. These rules are strictly enforced in some public saunas. Separate single-sex saunas for both genders are rare,<sup id="cite_ref-scheuch_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheuch-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most places offer women-only and mixed-gender saunas, or organize women-only days for the sauna once a week. Loud conversation is not usual as the sauna is seen as a place of healing rather than socializing. Contrary to Russia and Nordic countries, pouring water on hot stones to increase humidity (<i>Aufguss</i>, lit: "Onpouring") is not normally done by the sauna visitors themselves; larger sauna areas have a person in charge (the <i>Saunameister</i>) for that, either an employee of the sauna complex or a volunteer. Aufguss sessions can take up to 10 minutes, and take place according to a schedule. During an Aufguss session, the Saunameister uses a large towel to circulate the hot air through the sauna, intensifying sweating and the perception of heat. Once the Aufguss session has started it is not considered good manners to enter the sauna, as opening the door would cause loss of heat (Sauna guests are expected to enter the sauna just in time before the Aufguss. Leaving the session is allowed, and is advised when feeling too hot or otherwise uncomfortable<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Aufguss sessions are usually announced by a schedule on the sauna door. An Aufguss session in progress might be indicated by a light or sign hung above the sauna entrance. Cold showers or baths shortly after a sauna, as well as exposure to fresh air in a special balcony, garden or open-air room (<i>Frischluftraum</i>) are considered a must. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Switzerland" title="German-speaking Switzerland">German-speaking Switzerland</a>, customs are generally the same as in Germany and Austria, although you tend to see more families (parents with their children) and young people. Also in respect to socializing in the sauna the Swiss tend more to be like the Finns, Scandinavians or Russians. Also in German-speaking countries, there are many facilities for washing after using the sauna, with 'dunking pools' (pools of very cold water in which a person dips themselves after using the sauna) or showers. In some saunas and steam rooms, scented salts are given out which can be rubbed into the skin for extra aroma and cleaning effects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungary">Hungary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> see the sauna as part of a wider spa culture. Most commonly, mixed genders use the sauna together and wear swimsuits. Single-sex saunas are rare, as well as those which impose nudity although the practice is growing and a number of spas have a towel-only policy on designated days. The most common types of saunas are the very hot and dry Finnish sauna (<i>finn szauna</i>), the steam room (<i>gőzkabin</i>) and the infrared sauna (<i>infraszauna</i>). In many larger spas, you can find a separate sauna section that can only be used with a separate entrance ticket. These units are often called sauna world (<i>szaunavilág</i>) and have additional services, for example a cold plunge pool, resting areas, jacuzzi, showers and crushed ice bucket. Aufguss sessions, led by a qualified sauna master, are becoming popular. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Czech_Republic_and_Slovakia">Czech Republic and Slovakia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Czech Republic and Slovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, saunas have a long tradition and are often found as part of recreational facilities, as well as public swimming pools. Many people are regular goers, while many never go. Saunas became more popular after about the year 2000, when large aquaparks and wellness centers began to include them. Nudity is increasingly tolerated, and many places prohibit the use of swimsuits; however, most people cover themselves with a towel. Showers are typically semi-private. Having men and women only days was the norm in the past, but today, men-only facilities are rare, while women-only hours are sometimes provided. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Banya_(sauna)" title="Banya (sauna)">Banya (sauna)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Bath_In_Antarctica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Russian_Bath_In_Antarctica.JPG/220px-Russian_Bath_In_Antarctica.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Russian_Bath_In_Antarctica.JPG/330px-Russian_Bath_In_Antarctica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Russian_Bath_In_Antarctica.JPG/440px-Russian_Bath_In_Antarctica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Russian banya in Antarctica</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In_Russian_Banya_by_Tikhov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/In_Russian_Banya_by_Tikhov.jpg/220px-In_Russian_Banya_by_Tikhov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/In_Russian_Banya_by_Tikhov.jpg/330px-In_Russian_Banya_by_Tikhov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/In_Russian_Banya_by_Tikhov.jpg/440px-In_Russian_Banya_by_Tikhov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1982" /></a><figcaption><i>In a Russian Banya</i> (1916), by <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Tikhov" title="Vitaly Tikhov">Vitaly Tikhov</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In many regions of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> sauna-going plays a central social role. These countries also have the tradition of massaging fellow sauna-goers with leafy, wet <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> bunches, called <i><a href="/wiki/Venik" class="mw-redirect" title="Venik">venik</a></i> (веник) in Russian. In Russian-speaking communities the word <i><a href="/wiki/Banya_(sauna)" title="Banya (sauna)">banya</a></i> (Russian: Баня) is widely used also when referring to a public bath. In Russia, public <i>banya</i> baths are strictly single-sex.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During wintertime, sauna-goers often run outdoors for either <a href="/wiki/Ice_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice swimming">ice swimming</a> or, in the absence of lake, just to roll around in the snow naked and then go back inside. Russian traditional <i>banya</i> is quite similar to Finnish sauna, despite the popular misconception that the Finnish sauna is very dry. </p><p>In modern Russia, there are three different types of saunas. The first one, previously very popular especially during the 20th century, is the public sauna or the <i>banya</i>, (also known as the Russian banya), as it is referred to among the locals, is similar in context to public bathhouses in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. The banya is a large setting with many different rooms. There is at least one sauna (Finnish style), one cold pool of water, a relaxation area, another sauna where fellow-sauna goers beat other fellow-sauna goers with the leafy birch, a shower area, a small cafeteria with a TV and drinks, and a large common area that leads to the other areas. In this large area, there are marble bed-like structures where people lie down and receive a massage either by another sauna-member or by a designated masseur. In the resting area, there are also other bed-like structures made of marble or stone attached to the ground where people lie down to rest between different rounds of sauna or at the very end of their banya session. There is also a large public locker area where one keeps one's clothes as well as two other more private locker areas with individual doors that can lock these two separate locker rooms. </p><p>The second type of sauna is the Finnish sauna type one can find in any gym throughout the world or a hotel. It could be in the locker room or mixed (i. e. male and female together). Attitudes towards nudity are very liberal and people are less self-conscious about their nude bodies. </p><p>The third type of sauna is one that is rented by a group of friends. It is similar to the public banya bath house type, except that it is usually more modern and luxurious, and is often rented by groups of friends by the hour for the use of partying and socialising. Here it can be single-sex or mixed-sex. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America_and_Central_America">North America and Central America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: North America and Central America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FloatingSauna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/FloatingSauna.jpg/220px-FloatingSauna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/FloatingSauna.jpg/330px-FloatingSauna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/FloatingSauna.jpg/440px-FloatingSauna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Wood-heated floating sauna on <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> farm pond</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Listening_Point_sauna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Listening_Point_sauna.jpg/220px-Listening_Point_sauna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Listening_Point_sauna.jpg/330px-Listening_Point_sauna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Listening_Point_sauna.jpg/440px-Listening_Point_sauna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>An old sauna of <a href="/wiki/Listening_Point" title="Listening Point">Listening Point</a> on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Burntside_Lake" title="Burntside Lake">Burntside Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morse_Township,_St._Louis_County,_Minnesota" title="Morse Township, St. Louis County, Minnesota">Morse Township, Minnesota</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the earliest saunas that arrived with the colonists were Swedish <i>bastu</i>s in the colony New Sweden around the Delaware River. The Swedish governor at the time had a bathhouse on Tinicum Island.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordskog,_M._2010_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordskog,_M._2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today sauna culture enjoys its greatest popularity in the Lake Superior Region, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula of Michigan</a>, especially the Keweenaw Peninsula, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimesMinnesota2024_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimesMinnesota2024-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, which are home to large populations of Swedish and particularly <a href="/wiki/Finnish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish American">Finnish Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duluth, Minnesota, at its peak, had as many as 14 public saunas.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordskog,_M._2010_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordskog,_M._2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, among Finnish farms in Great Lakes "sauna country", the cultural geographer Matti Kaups, found that 90% had sauna structures - more even than the farms in Finland. Elsewhere, sauna facilities are normally provided at health clubs and at hotels, but there is no tradition or ritual to their use. To avoid liability, many saunas operate at only moderate temperatures and do not allow pouring water on the rocks. A wider range of sauna etiquette is usually acceptable in the United States compared to other countries, with the exception that most mixed-sex saunas usually require some clothing such as a bathing suit to be worn.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimesMinnesota2024_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimesMinnesota2024-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are uncommon, however, as most saunas are either small private rooms or in the changing rooms of health clubs or gyms. There are few restrictions and their use is casual; bathers may enter and exit the sauna as they please, be it nude, with a towel, dripping wet in swimsuits or even in workout clothes (the latter being very unusual). Like many aspects of US culture, there are few prescribed conventions and the bather should remain astute to "read" the specific family or community's expectations. Besides the Finnish Americans, the older generation of Korean-Americans still uses the saunas as it is available to them. Sauna societies are beginning to emerge in colleges across America, with the first one being formed at <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_College" title="Gustavus Adolphus College">Gustavus Adolphus College</a>. </p><p>A cultural legacy of Eastern European Jews in America is the culture of 'shvitz', which used to be widespread in the East Coast and occasionally in the Pacific West Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sweat_lodge" title="Sweat lodge">sweat lodge</a>, used by a number of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of North America">Native American</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> traditional ceremonial cultures, is a location for a spiritual ceremony. The focus is on the ceremony, and the sweating is only secondary. Unlike sauna traditions, and most forcefully in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Inipi" title="Inipi">Inipi</a>, the sweat lodge ceremonies have been robustly defended as an exclusively Native expression of spirituality rather than a recreational activity.<sup id="cite_ref-lookinghorse1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lookinghorse1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LDNwar1_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDNwar1-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions_and_old_beliefs">Traditions and old beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Traditions and old beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pekka_Halonen_-_Saunassa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pekka_Halonen_-_Saunassa.jpg/220px-Pekka_Halonen_-_Saunassa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pekka_Halonen_-_Saunassa.jpg/330px-Pekka_Halonen_-_Saunassa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pekka_Halonen_-_Saunassa.jpg/440px-Pekka_Halonen_-_Saunassa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><i>In the sauna</i> (1925), by <a href="/wiki/Pekka_Halonen" title="Pekka Halonen">Pekka Halonen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A Finnish word <i>löyly</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈløyly]</span> is strictly connected to the sauna. It can be translated as "sauna steam" and refers to the steam vapour created by splashing water on the heated rocks. In many languages related to Finnish, there is a word corresponding to <i>löyly</i>. The same approximate meaning is used across the <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a> such as in <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> <i>leil</i>. Originally this word meant "spirit" or "life", as in e. g. Hungarian <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/l%C3%A9lek" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:lélek">lélek</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a> <i>lil</i>, which both mean "soul", referring to the sauna's old, spiritual essence. The same dual meaning of both "spirit" and "(sauna) steam" is also preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> word <i>gars</i>. There is an old Finnish saying, "saunassa ollaan kuin kirkossa",—one should behave in the sauna as in church. </p><p><i>Saunatonttu</i>, literally translated as "sauna elf", is a little <a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">gnome</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutelary spirit">tutelary spirit</a> that was believed to live in the sauna. He was always treated with respect, otherwise, he might cause much trouble for people. It was customary to warm up the sauna just for the <i><a href="/wiki/Tonttu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonttu">tonttu</a></i> every now and then, or to leave some food outside for him. It is said that he warned the people if a fire was threatening the sauna or punished people who behaved improperly in it—for example, slept, or played games, argued, were generally noisy or behaved otherwise immorally there. Such creatures are believed to exist in different cultures. The Russian banya has an entirely corresponding character called a <i>bannik</i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, women spend hours in a makeshift sauna tent during a month following childbirth. The steam is typically infused with several herbs. It is believed that the sauna helps the new mother's body return to its normal condition more quickly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%A6otic" title="Aræotic">Aræotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneotherapy" title="Balneotherapy">Balneotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub" title="Bathtub">Bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_spa" title="Day spa">Day spa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_spa" title="Destination spa">Destination spa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">Hot spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_bath" title="Mud bath">Mud bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purification_Rundown" title="Purification Rundown">Purification Rundown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spa_town" title="Spa town">Spa town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steambath" class="mw-redirect" title="Steambath">Steambath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudatorium" title="Sudatorium">Sudatorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svedana" title="Svedana">Svedana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_hot_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese hot springs">Taiwanese hot springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Sauna_Championships" title="World Sauna Championships">World Sauna Championships</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minna Hannuksela and Samer Ellahham state the opposite, namely that sauna bathing does not affect fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-Hannuksela_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannuksela-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauna&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/sauna">"sauna"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a></i>.</cite><span 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Drukātava. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9984-853-78-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9984-853-78-9"><bdi>978-9984-853-78-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930150426/https://biblion.lv/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Pages-from-1_pirts-rituals-220x315-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LSM&rft.atitle=P%C4%93r%C5%A1an%C4%81s+gudr%C4%ABbas%3A+K%C4%81+pirt%C4%AB+pa%C5%A1am+stiprin%C4%81t+miesu%2C+vairot+skaistumu+un+relaks%C4%93ties&rft.date=2022-06-26&rft.aulast=Ro%C5%BE%C4%81ne&rft.aufirst=Keita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsm.lv%2Fraksts%2Fdzive--stils%2Fvalasprieki%2Fpersanas-gudribas-ka-pirti-pasam-stiprinat-miesu-vairot-skaistumu-un-relakseties.a409567%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibbing2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ribbing, Magdalena (18 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dn.se/blogg/etikettfragan/2016/03/18/13004/">"Bastustil? - DN.SE"</a>. <i>DN.SE</i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DN.SE&rft.atitle=Bastustil%3F+-+DN.SE&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft.aulast=Ribbing&rft.aufirst=Magdalena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.se%2Fblogg%2Fetikettfragan%2F2016%2F03%2F18%2F13004%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangendoen2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Langendoen, Claudia (10 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ad.nl/ad/nl/1038/Rotterdam/article/detail/2168611/2008/03/10/Moslima-rsquo-s-ontdekken-badkledingsauna.dhtml">"Moslima's ontdekken badkledingsauna"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Algemeen_Dagblad" title="Algemeen Dagblad">Algemeen Dagblad</a></i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Algemeen+Dagblad&rft.atitle=Moslima%27s+ontdekken+badkledingsauna&rft.date=2008-03-10&rft.aulast=Langendoen&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ad.nl%2Fad%2Fnl%2F1038%2FRotterdam%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F2168611%2F2008%2F03%2F10%2FMoslima-rsquo-s-ontdekken-badkledingsauna.dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian2024-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian2024_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapper2024" class="citation news cs1">Tapper, James (12 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/article/2024/may/12/saunas-uk-community-spaces">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It lowers inhibition': how saunas are challenging UK pubs as the place to meet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2024</span>. <q>Saunas in the UK have until recently been afterthoughts in hotel spas or places where getting steamy had another, seedier connotation. But after Liz Watson and Katie Bracher created a pop-up Finnish-style sauna on Brighton beach using a converted horse box in 2018, a wave of mobile or permanent saunas have appeared, mostly at the seaside or beside lakes. There are more than 100 around the UK and Ireland, according to the British Sauna Society</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27It+lowers+inhibition%27%3A+how+saunas+are+challenging+UK+pubs+as+the+place+to+meet&rft.date=2024-05-12&rft.aulast=Tapper&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2Farticle%2F2024%2Fmay%2F12%2Fsaunas-uk-community-spaces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia_Quintela2015" class="citation journal cs1">Garcia Quintela, Marco (February 2015). "Iron Age Saunas of Northern Portugal: State of the Art and Research Perspectives". <i>Oxford Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Iron+Age+Saunas+of+Northern+Portugal%3A+State+of+the+Art+and+Research+Perspectives&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68&rft.date=2015-02&rft.aulast=Garcia+Quintela&rft.aufirst=Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fr.de/sport/sport-mix/heissem-aufguss-sauna-lieber-verlassen-11684472.html">"Bei zu heißem Aufguss Sauna lieber verlassen"</a>. <i>www.fr.de</i> (in German). 3 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fr.de&rft.atitle=Bei+zu+hei%C3%9Fem+Aufguss+Sauna+lieber+verlassen&rft.date=2019-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fr.de%2Fsport%2Fsport-mix%2Fheissem-aufguss-sauna-lieber-verlassen-11684472.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170531022403/http://en.travel2moscow.com/what/advice/Moscow_baths/">"Moscow's bathhouses: how to enjoy your sauna"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moscow%27s+bathhouses%3A+how+to+enjoy+your+sauna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.travel2moscow.com%2Fwhat%2Fadvice%2FMoscow_baths%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimesMinnesota2024-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimesMinnesota2024_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimesMinnesota2024_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondoño2024" class="citation news cs1">Londoño, Ernesto (17 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/17/us/minnesota-sauna-boom.html">"Sweating Buckets, and Loving It: Minnesotans and Their Saunas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>Saunas in the state, part of a tradition with roots in the 1800s, have been especially popular since the pandemic as more people seek a communal experience.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sweating+Buckets%2C+and+Loving+It%3A+Minnesotans+and+Their+Saunas&rft.date=2024-02-17&rft.aulast=Londo%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F02%2F17%2Fus%2Fminnesota-sauna-boom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiemi1921" class="citation book cs1">Niemi, Clemens (1921). <i>Americanization of the Finnish People in Houghton County, Michigan</i>. 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"At the Lakota Summit V, an international gathering of US and Canadian Lakota, Dakota and Nakota Nations, about 500 representatives from 40 different tribes and bands of the Lakota unanimously passed a "Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality". The following declaration was unanimously passed."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nudity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nudity" title="Template:Nudity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nudity" title="Template talk:Nudity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nudity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nudity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nudity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">Nudity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nakedness and clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nudity" title="History of nudity">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_nakedness_and_clothing" title="Prehistory of nakedness and clothing">Prehistory of nakedness and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakedness_and_colonialism" title="Nakedness and colonialism">Nakedness and colonialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_nudity" title="Childhood nudity">Childhood nudity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">Sex segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_religion" title="Nudity in religion">Nudity in religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">Awrah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_public" title="Breastfeeding in public">Breastfeeding in public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">Public bathing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Finnish sauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">Massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toplessness" title="Toplessness">Toplessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topfreedom" title="Topfreedom">Topfreedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_toplessness_in_Canada" title="Female toplessness in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topfreedom_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Topfreedom in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_and_protest" title="Nudity and protest">Nudity and protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country" title="Clothing laws by country">Clothing laws by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nudity_and_sexuality" title="Nudity and sexuality">Nudity and sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_part" title="Intimate part">Intimate part</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibitionism" title="Exhibitionism">Exhibitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mooning" title="Mooning">Mooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaking" title="Streaking">Streaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striptease" title="Striptease">Striptease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripper" title="Stripper">Stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_stripper" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist stripper">Feminist stripper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anasyrma" title="Anasyrma">Anasyrma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candaulism" title="Candaulism">Candaulism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_social_nudity" title="Issues in social nudity">Issues in social nudity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexualization" title="Sexualization">Sexualization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornification" title="Pornification">Pornification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe_malfunction" title="Wardrobe malfunction">Wardrobe malfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_search" title="Strip search">Strip search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Naturism" title="Naturism">Naturism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturist_resort" title="Naturist resort">Naturist resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_naturism" title="Christian naturism">Christian naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freik%C3%B6rperkultur" title="Freikörperkultur">Freikörperkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_naturism" title="Gay naturism">Gay naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosophy" title="Gymnosophy">Gymnosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naturist_magazines" title="Category:Naturist magazines">Naturist magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_organizations" title="List of social nudity organizations">Social nudity organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Anarchist naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_social_nudity" title="Timeline of social nudity">Timeline of social nudity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nude_recreation" title="Nude recreation">Nude recreation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nude_beach" title="Nude beach">Nude beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_swimming" title="Nude swimming">Nude swimming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nude_swimming_in_US_indoor_pools" title="Nude swimming in US indoor pools">Nude swimming classes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_yoga" title="Naked yoga">Naked yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_party" title="Naked party">Naked party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_wedding" title="Nude wedding">Nude wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nude_beaches" title="Category:Nude beaches">Nude beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Clothing-optional_events" title="Category:Clothing-optional events">Clothing-optional events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_social_nudity_is_practised" title="List of places where social nudity is practised">By location</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_Africa" title="List of social nudity places in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_Asia" title="List of social nudity places in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_Europe" title="List of social nudity places in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_North_America" title="List of social nudity places in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_nudity_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Social nudity in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_nudity_in_Seattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Social nudity in Seattle">Seattle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_Oceania" title="List of social nudity places in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_South_America" title="List of social nudity places in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_nudity_advocates" title="Category:Social nudity advocates">Social nudity advocates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Barthel" title="Kurt Barthel">Kurt Barthel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Baxandall" title="Lee Baxandall">Lee Baxandall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bindrim" title="Paul Bindrim">Paul Bindrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilsley_Boone" title="Ilsley Boone">Ilsley Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Huntington" title="Henry S. Huntington">Henry S. Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pudor" title="Heinrich Pudor">Heinrich Pudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_Raymond_Shaw" title="Elton Raymond Shaw">Elton Raymond Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ungewitter" title="Richard Ungewitter">Richard Ungewitter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_nudity" title="Depictions of nudity">Depictions of nudity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nude_(art)" title="Nude (art)">Nude (art)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_nude_in_art" title="History of the nude in art">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_(art)" title="Model (art)">Nude modeling (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography_(art)" title="Nude photography (art)">Nude photography (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_live_performance" title="Nudity in live performance">Nudity in live performance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_painting" title="Body painting">Body painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_film" title="Nudity in film">Nudity in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_American_television" title="Nudity in American television">Nudity in American television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_music_videos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nudity in music videos">Nudity in music videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_print_media" title="Nudity in print media">Nudity in print media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Nudity in advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic photography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imagery_of_nude_celebrities" title="Imagery of nude celebrities">Imagery of nude celebrities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_calendar" title="Nude calendar">Nude calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_News" title="Naked News">Naked News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_combat" title="Nudity in combat">Nudity in combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_clause" title="Nudity clause">Nudity clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_psychotherapy" title="Nude psychotherapy">Nude psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Nudity" title="Category:Nudity">Category</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nudity" title="Portal:Nudity">Portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Room" title="Template:Room"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Room" title="Template talk:Room"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Room" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Room"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Room" title="Room">Rooms</a> and spaces of a <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">house</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_area" title="Common area">Shared rooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_room" title="Bonus room">Bonus room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_room" title="Common room">Common room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(room)" title="Den (room)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_room" title="Family room">Family room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret" title="Garret">Garret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_room" title="Great room">Great room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_kitchen" title="Dirty kitchen">dirty kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchenette" title="Kitchenette">kitchenette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_room" title="Living room">Living room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaeceum" title="Gynaeceum">Gynaeceum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andron_(architecture)" title="Andron (architecture)">Andron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_cave" title="Man cave">man cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_room" title="Recreation room">Recreation room</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billiard_room" title="Billiard room">billiard room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_(room)" title="Study (room)">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunroom" title="Sunroom">Sunroom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">Bathroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_(room)" title="Toilet (room)">toilet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedroom" title="Bedroom">Bedroom</a> / Guest room <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">closet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedsit" title="Bedsit">Bedsit / Miniflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudoir" title="Boudoir">Boudoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(room)" title="Cabinet (room)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_(room)" title="Nursery (room)">Nursery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">Atrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcony" title="Balcony">Balcony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breezeway" title="Breezeway">Breezeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_pit" title="Conversation pit">Conversation pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubby-hole" title="Cubby-hole">Cubby-hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(building)" title="Deck (building)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumbwaiter" title="Dumbwaiter">dumbwaiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entryway" class="mw-redirect" title="Entryway">Entryway</a>/<a href="/wiki/Genkan" title="Genkan">Genkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobby_(room)" title="Lobby (room)">Foyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall" title="Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallway" title="Hallway">Hallway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglenook" title="Inglenook">Inglenook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanai_(architecture)" title="Lanai (architecture)">Lanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loft" title="Loft">Loft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">Loggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(architecture)" title="Overhang (architecture)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patio" title="Patio">Patio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porch" title="Porch">Porch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screened_porch" title="Screened porch">screened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_porch" title="Sleeping porch">sleeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_ramp" title="Wheelchair ramp">Ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stairs" title="Stairs">Stairs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Staircase" title="Staircase">Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(building)" title="Terrace (building)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veranda" title="Veranda">Veranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">Vestibule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical room">Technical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">utility</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carport" title="Carport">Carport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloakroom" title="Cloakroom">Cloakroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">Closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawl_space" title="Crawl space">Crawl space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_room" title="Electrical room">Electrical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_room" title="Equipment room">Equipment room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace room">Furnace room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Boiler room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_(residential)" title="Garage (residential)">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janitorial_closet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitorial closet">Janitorial closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larder" title="Larder">Larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_room" title="Laundry room">Laundry room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">Utility room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">Storage room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_floor" title="Mechanical floor">floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantry" title="Pantry">Pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Safe_room" title="Safe room">Safe room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio" title="Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe" title="Wardrobe">Wardrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiring_closet" title="Wiring closet">Wiring closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workshop" title="Workshop">Workshop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_house" title="Great house">Great house</a> areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antechamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Antechamber">Antechamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballroom" title="Ballroom">Ballroom</a></li> <li>Kitchen-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_pantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Butler's pantry">butler's pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttery_(room)" title="Buttery (room)">buttery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saucery" title="Saucery">saucery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scullery" title="Scullery">scullery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spicery" title="Spicery">spicery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_room" title="Still room">still room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)" title="Conservatory (greenhouse)">Conservatory</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orangery" title="Orangery">Orangery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">Courtyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_room" title="Drawing room">Drawing room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chamber" title="Great chamber">Great chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_hall" title="Great hall">Great hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gallery" title="Long gallery">Long gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber_room" title="Lumber room">Lumber room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlour" title="Parlour">Parlour</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_hall" title="Servants' hall">Servants' hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_quarters" title="Servants' quarters">Servants' quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_room" title="Smoking room">Smoking room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_(room)" title="Solar (room)">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_room" title="State room">State room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">Swimming pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercroft" title="Undercroft">Undercroft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_compartment" title="Hidden compartment">Hidden room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_plan" title="House plan">house plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_styles" title="List of house styles">styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-family_residential" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-family residential">Multi-family residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_suite" title="Secondary suite">Secondary suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(building)" title="Duplex (building)">Duplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">Terraced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">Detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">Semi-detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_apartment" title="Studio apartment">Studio apartment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architectural</a><br />elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balconet" title="Balconet">Balconet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">Baluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_course" title="Belt course">Belt course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiling" title="Ceiling">Ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">Chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">Colonnade</a> / <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">Portico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">Cornice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">Eaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door" title="Door">Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ell_(architecture)" title="Ell (architecture)">Ell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor" title="Floor">Floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">Gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate" title="Gate">Gate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal_(architecture)" title="Portal (architecture)">Portal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoin" title="Quoin">Quoins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">Roof lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylight" title="Skylight">Skylight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_(architecture)" title="Threshold (architecture)">Threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transom_(architecture)" title="Transom (architecture)">Transom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">Vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall" title="Wall">Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">Window</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backyard" title="Backyard">Backyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_improvement" title="Home improvement">Home improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_repair" title="Home repair">Home repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed" title="Shed">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_house" title="Tree house">Tree house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Rooms" title="Category:Rooms">Category: Rooms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Finland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Estonia" title="Portal:Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Sauna</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sauna" class="extiw" title="wikt:sauna">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sauna" class="extiw" title="c:Sauna">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sauna" class="extiw" title="voy:Sauna">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57036#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4051829-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sauna"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85117721">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sauna"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12124967r">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sauna"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12124967r">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sauny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125431&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558476305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sauna&oldid=1259159422">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sauna&oldid=1259159422</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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