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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引咗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>引咗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引咗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">對稱</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有89種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmetrie" title="Simmetrie – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Simmetrie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetr%C3%ADa" title="Simetría – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Simetría" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%B1" title="تناظر – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تناظر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetr%C3%ADa" title="Simetría – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Simetría" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmetriya" title="Simmetriya – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Simmetriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Симметрия – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Симметрия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Сіметрыя – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сіметрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Сымэтрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сымэтрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Симетрия – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Симетрия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="প্রতিসাম্য – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রতিসাম্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetrija" title="Simetrija – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Simetrija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetria" title="Simetria – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Simetria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ھاویەکی – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھاویەکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symetrie" title="Symetrie – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Symetrie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Симметри – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Симметри" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymesuredd" title="Cymesuredd – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cymesuredd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetri" title="Symmetri – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Symmetri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Συμμετρία – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συμμετρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Symmetry" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetrio" title="Simetrio – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Simetrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetr%C3%ADa" title="Simetría – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Simetría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCmmeetria" title="Sümmeetria – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sümmeetria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetria" title="Simetria – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Simetria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86" title="تقارن – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تقارن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetria" title="Symmetria – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Symmetria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sym%C3%A9trie" title="Symétrie – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Symétrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCmetrii" title="Sümetrii – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sümetrii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Symmetry" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%A9adracht" title="Siméadracht – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siméadracht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetr%C3%ADa" title="Simetría – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Simetría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="סימטריה – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סימטריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="सममिति – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सममिति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Symmetry" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetrija" title="Simetrija – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Simetrija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetri" title="Simetri – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Simetri" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szimmetria" title="Szimmetria – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szimmetria" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Համաչափություն – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համաչափություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetri" title="Simetri – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Simetri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetria" title="Simetria – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Simetria" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetreso" title="Simetreso – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Simetreso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhverfa" title="Samhverfa – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samhverfa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmetria" title="Simmetria – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Simmetria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BE%E7%A7%B0%E6%80%A7" title="対称性 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="対称性" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Симметрия – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Симметрия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%B9%AD" title="대칭 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대칭" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Симметрия – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Симметрия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetria" title="Symmetria – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Symmetria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrie" title="Symmetrie – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Symmetrie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetria" title="Simetria – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Simetria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetrija" title="Simetrija – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Simetrija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetrija" title="Simetrija – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Simetrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Симетрија – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Симетрија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="സമമിതി – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സമമിതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetri" title="Simetri – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Simetri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AE" title="ခေါက်ချိုးညီ – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခေါက်ချိုးညီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrie" title="Symmetrie – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Symmetrie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetri" title="Symmetri – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Symmetri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetri" title="Symmetri – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Symmetri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetria" title="Simetria – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Simetria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਮਤਾ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਮਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symetria_figury" title="Symetria figury – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Symetria figury" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%81%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="سوہنی پدھر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سوہنی پدھر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetria" title="Simetria – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Simetria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanayway" title="Sanayway – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sanayway" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetrie" title="Simetrie – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Simetrie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Симметрия – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Симметрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DA%AA%D8%AC%DA%BE%DA%99%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="ھڪجھڙائي – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھڪجھڙائي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetrija" title="Simetrija – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Simetrija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Symmetry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmernos%C5%A5" title="Súmernosť – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Súmernosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetrija" title="Simetrija – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Simetrija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muringano" title="Muringano – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muringano" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetria" title="Simetria – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Simetria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Симетрија – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Симетрија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetri" title="Symmetri – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Symmetri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulinganifu" title="Ulinganifu – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ulinganifu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="சமச்சீர்மை – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமச்சீர்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3" title="สมมาตร – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมมาตร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetriya" title="Simetriya – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Simetriya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetri" title="Simetri – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Simetri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Симетрія – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Симетрія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%B1" title="تناظر – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تناظر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmetriya" title="Simmetriya – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Simmetriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmetrii" title="Simmetrii – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Simmetrii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%91i_x%E1%BB%A9ng" title="Đối xứng – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đối xứng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetriya" title="Simetriya – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Simetriya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0" title="对称 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="对称" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="סימעטריע – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סימעטריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" title="對稱 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="對稱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12485#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asymmetric_(PSF).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Asymmetric_%28PSF%29.svg/langyue-300px-Asymmetric_%28PSF%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Asymmetric_%28PSF%29.svg/langyue-450px-Asymmetric_%28PSF%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Asymmetric_%28PSF%29.svg/langyue-600px-Asymmetric_%28PSF%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>左邊圖案係鏡射對稱，右邊唔係</figcaption></figure> <p><b>對稱</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/對稱/#yue"><span>deoi<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> cing<span class="Jpingtone">3</span></span></a></span>）係<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%B8" title="幾何學">幾何學</a>上，指圖形嘅某種重複性。常見有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E7%A7%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平移 (無呢版)">平移</a>、旋轉、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%A1%E5%B0%84" title="鏡射">鏡射</a>等。對稱嘅意思係當你折疊或者翻轉一個形狀嘅一部分嘅時候，佢睇起嚟同另一部分一模一樣。試想像喺一個心形中間劃一條線。如果兩邊完全匹配，噉呢個心形就有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%9A%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="線對稱 (無呢版)">線對稱</a>嘅特性。有啲形狀轉動或者旋轉之後仲係一樣樣嘅，呢種就叫<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8B%E8%BD%89%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="旋轉對稱">旋轉對稱</a>。對稱可以令到嘢睇起嚟平衡同勻稱，好似蝴蝶嘅翼或者雪花噉。 </p><p><b>對稱</b>唔一定係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B7%E8%B1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="具象 (無呢版)">具象</a>嘅，數學上，<b>對稱性</b>其實係講，當一樣嘢，佢嘅某啲方面改變，而另一啲方面維持唔變。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="群論">群論</a>就係研究<b>對稱性</b>嘅數學分支。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概論"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.AB.96"></span>概論</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 概論"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%B8" title="幾何學">幾何學</a></div> <p>嚴格嚟講，當我哋話一個數學物體係對稱嘅時候，即係話呢個物體就算經過<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84_(%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="反射 (幾何學)">反射</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E5%8B%95_(%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8)" title="轉動 (數學)">轉動</a>等變換，佢嘅樣都唔會改變。舉個例，<a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%A1%E5%B0%84" title="鏡射">鏡射</a>係最基本嘅一種對稱，意思係話一個物體經過<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84_(%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="反射 (幾何學)">反射</a>之後都保持原狀<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。講得簡單啲，反射可以咁樣理解： </p> <ul><li>攞一個形狀（好似下圖嘅三角形 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle abc}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle abc}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2abea6c213b326957ce510085db804e836e438bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.234ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle abc}"></span>）同一條線（就係圖入面嘅 Y 軸），呢條線就叫做「<b>反射軸</b>」；</li> <li>喺呢條線嘅另一邊整一個新嘅形狀（三角形 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a'b'c'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <msup> <mi>b</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a'b'c'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1a2b88ae3ce437defaa9afde6632323e21d8a6a3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.288ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a'b'c'}"></span>）；</li> <li>原本個形狀嘅每一點 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2b969ada68a88e2aeba9a2d2096abaf1fd53c21d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.313ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{0}}"></span>，喺新形狀度都有個對應嘅點 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b9b58f22283ca46dd5da309cc34303b06a797783" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.313ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{1}}"></span>；</li> <li>隨便揀兩個對應嘅點，「<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2b969ada68a88e2aeba9a2d2096abaf1fd53c21d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.313ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{0}}"></span> 同反射軸之間嘅距離」一定同「<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b9b58f22283ca46dd5da309cc34303b06a797783" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.313ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{1}}"></span> 同反射軸之間嘅距離」一樣。</li></ul> <p>如果一件物體經過反射之後，佢反射前同反射後嘅樣完全一樣（除咗位置之外），咁就話呢件物體有鏡射對稱嘅特性。再深入啲嘅對稱分析，仲有講到<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E5%8B%95%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" title="轉動對稱">轉動對稱</a>（即係話一件物體轉動一定<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E5%BA%A6" title="角度">角度</a>之後都唔會變樣，好似<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9B%B2%E8%85%BF%E5%9C%96" title="三曲腿圖">三曲腿圖</a>咁，轉 120 度都係同一個樣）等更加複雜嘅對稱類型。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242160">.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod{background:transparent;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-title{text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-box{float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-box .thumb{border:1px solid #ccc;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output tr.gallery-mod-text{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output tr.gallery-mod-text .core{display:block;font-size:small;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-text .caption{line-height:1.25em;padding:6px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0;border:none;border-width:0}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-footer{text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}</style><table class="gallery-mod gallery-mod-center"><tbody><tr><td><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:260px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reflection_of_a_triangle_about_the_y_axis.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="三角形沿 Y 軸反射，得出呢個新嘅三角形。"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Reflection_of_a_triangle_about_the_y_axis.svg/240px-Reflection_of_a_triangle_about_the_y_axis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Reflection_of_a_triangle_about_the_y_axis.svg/360px-Reflection_of_a_triangle_about_the_y_axis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Reflection_of_a_triangle_about_the_y_axis.svg/480px-Reflection_of_a_triangle_about_the_y_axis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E5%BD%A2" title="三角形">三角形</a> 沿 <a href="/wiki/Y_%E8%BB%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Y 軸">Y 軸</a>反射，得出呢個新嘅三角形。</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:247px"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E5%BD%A2" title="三角形">三角形</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle abc}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle abc}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2abea6c213b326957ce510085db804e836e438bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.234ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle abc}"></span> 沿 <a href="/wiki/Y_%E8%BB%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Y 軸">Y 軸</a>反射，得出 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a'b'c'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <msup> <mi>b</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a'b'c'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1a2b88ae3ce437defaa9afde6632323e21d8a6a3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.288ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a'b'c'}"></span> 呢個新嘅三角形。 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:260px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isosceles_trapezoid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="呢個梯形有左右鏡射對稱特性。"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Isosceles_trapezoid.svg/220px-Isosceles_trapezoid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Isosceles_trapezoid.svg/330px-Isosceles_trapezoid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Isosceles_trapezoid.svg/441px-Isosceles_trapezoid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption><center>呢個<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%AF%E5%BD%A2" title="梯形">梯形</a>有左右鏡射對稱特性。</center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:247px"><center>呢個<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%AF%E5%BD%A2" title="梯形">梯形</a>有左右鏡射對稱特性。</center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生物學"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.AD.B8"></span>生物學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 生物學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Yellow_Swallowtail_-_Papilio_machaon_I_IMG_6962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Common_Yellow_Swallowtail_-_Papilio_machaon_I_IMG_6962.jpg/270px-Common_Yellow_Swallowtail_-_Papilio_machaon_I_IMG_6962.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Common_Yellow_Swallowtail_-_Papilio_machaon_I_IMG_6962.jpg/405px-Common_Yellow_Swallowtail_-_Papilio_machaon_I_IMG_6962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Common_Yellow_Swallowtail_-_Papilio_machaon_I_IMG_6962.jpg/540px-Common_Yellow_Swallowtail_-_Papilio_machaon_I_IMG_6962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%B4%E8%9D%B6" title="蝴蝶">蝴蝶</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%B3%B3%E8%9D%B6" title="金鳳蝶">金鳳蝶</a>）大致左右鏡射對稱。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%82%E5%81%B6" title="求偶">求偶</a></div> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>入面，對稱嘅概念主要用嚟描述生物體嘅形狀。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%99%E5%81%B4%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雙側動物 (無呢版)">雙側動物</a>（例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>噉），喺將身體分成左右兩半嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A2%E7%8B%80%E9%9D%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="矢狀面">矢狀面</a>上或多或少係對稱嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 向一個方向移動嘅動物必然有上下兩面、頭尾兩端，因此有左右之分。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cephalisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cephalisation (無呢版)">頭部變得專門化</a>，有口同感覺器官，而身體為咗移動嘅目的變成雙側對稱，有對稱嘅肌肉同骨骼元素，不過內部器官通常仍然係唔對稱嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>植物同固着嘅動物，好似<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%91%B5" title="海葵">海葵</a>，通常有輻射對稱或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8B%E8%BD%89%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="旋轉對稱">旋轉對稱</a>，呢個特徵好適合佢哋，因為食物或者威脅可能會從任何方向到來。五重對稱喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%98%E7%9A%AE%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="棘皮動物">棘皮動物</a>中可以搵到，呢個類群包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%98%9F" title="海星">海星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%86%BD" title="海膽">海膽</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E7%99%BE%E5%90%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海百合 (無呢版)">海百合</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>喺生物學入面，對稱嘅概念都好似物理學咁使用，即係用嚟描述所研究對象嘅特性，包括佢哋嘅相互作用。生物進化嘅一個顯著特性就係對稱性嘅改變，呢個對應住新嘅部分同動態嘅出現。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="心理學"><span id=".E5.BF.83.E7.90.86.E5.AD.B8"></span>心理學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 心理學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="視覺科學">視覺科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="藝術心理學">藝術心理學</a></div> <p>對於人類觀察者嚟講，有啲對稱類型比其他類型更加突出，特別係垂直軸嘅反射對稱最為顯著，就好似人類面部嘅對稱咁。<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E8%B5%AB" title="恩斯特·馬赫">恩斯特·馬赫</a>喺佢嘅著作《感覺分析》（1897年）中就提出咗呢個觀察，<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢個表示對稱嘅感知唔係對所有類型嘅規律性嘅一般反應。行為同神經生理學研究都證實咗人類同其他動物對反射對稱嘅特殊敏感性。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 早期喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E5%A1%94%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="格式塔心理學">格式塔</a>傳統中嘅研究表明，雙側對稱係知覺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E7%B5%84%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分組原則 (無呢版)">分組</a>嘅關鍵因素之一。呢個就係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E5%A1%94%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8#對稱法則" class="mw-redirect" title="格式塔心理學">對稱法則</a>。對稱喺分組同圖形/背景組織中嘅作用已經喺好多研究中得到證實。例如，當反射對稱係單一物體嘅特性時，檢測呢種對稱嘅速度會更快。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 人類知覺同心理物理學嘅研究顯示，對稱嘅檢測係快速、有效同對擾動具有強大抵抗力嘅。例如，喺100到150毫秒之間嘅展示時間內就可以檢測到對稱。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="美學"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E5.AD.B8"></span>美學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 美學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal,_Agra_views_from_around_(85).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra_views_from_around_%2885%29.JPG/270px-Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra_views_from_around_%2885%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="270" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra_views_from_around_%2885%29.JPG/405px-Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra_views_from_around_%2885%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra_views_from_around_%2885%29.JPG/540px-Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra_views_from_around_%2885%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2478" data-file-height="1384" /></a><figcaption>從側面睇，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%A7%AC%E9%99%B5" title="泰姬陵">泰姬陵</a>雙邊對稱；從頂部(平面圖)睇，佢四重對稱。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E8%A6%8F%E5%BE%8B" title="自然形態規律">自然形態規律</a></div> <p>對稱喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="建築設計">建築設計</a>嘅每個層面都有體現，由建築物外觀嘅整體設計，好似哥特式<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="大教堂">大教堂</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%AE%AE" title="白宮">白宮</a>，到個別<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%A2%E5%9C%96" title="平面圖">平面圖</a>嘅佈局，再到建築元素嘅細節設計，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E8%B3%BD%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬賽克 (無呢版)">瓷磚馬賽克</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" title="伊斯蘭教">伊斯蘭教</a>建築，好似<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%A7%AC%E9%99%B5" title="泰姬陵">泰姬陵</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%9B%E7%89%B9%E7%A6%8F%E6%8B%89%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洛特福拉清真寺 (無呢版)">洛特福拉清真寺</a>，喺結構同裝飾上都大量運用咗對稱性。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>摩爾人嘅建築，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%BD%95%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%AE" title="阿爾罕布拉宮">阿爾罕布拉宮</a>，好興用複雜嘅圖案裝飾，呢啲圖案運用咗平移對稱、反射對稱同旋轉對稱。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%AD%89" title="全等">全等</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BC%BC" title="相似">相似</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%84%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="美感">美感</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="群論">群論</a></li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引咗"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E5.92.97"></span>引咗</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 引咗"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Symmetry.html">Symmetry</a>. <i>Wolfram MathWorld</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James, E. (2005). Symmetry and the Beautiful Universe. <i>Journal of College Science Teaching</i>, 34(5), 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .references-small,.mw-parser-output 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.pin1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4+.zyun1ming4{margin-left:0.0833em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0)}.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output 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.hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFValentine" class="citation web cs1">Valentine, James W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080118213208/http://www.accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=802620&referURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessscience.com%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fid%3D802620">"Bilateria"</a>. AccessScience. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=802620&referURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.accessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fid%3d802620">原著</a>喺18 January 2008歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2013搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bilateria&rft.pub=AccessScience&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessscience.com%2Fabstract.aspx%3Fid%3D802620%26referURL%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.accessscience.com%252fcontent.aspx%253fid%253d802620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHickman,_Cleveland_P.Roberts,_Larry_S.Larson,_Allan2002" class="citation web cs1">Hickman, Cleveland P.; Roberts, Larry S.; Larson, Allan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517212058/http://biocongroup.eu/DA/Calendario_files/Bilateria.pdf">"Animal Diversity (Third Edition)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Chapter 8: Acoelomate Bilateral Animals</i>. McGraw-Hill. p. 139. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biocongroup.eu/DA/Calendario_files/Bilateria.pdf">原著</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>喺May 17, 2016歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2012搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chapter+8%3A+Acoelomate+Bilateral+Animals&rft.atitle=Animal+Diversity+%28Third+Edition%29&rft.pages=139&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Hickman%2C+Cleveland+P.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Larry+S.&rft.au=Larson%2C+Allan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiocongroup.eu%2FDA%2FCalendario_files%2FBilateria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFStewart,_Ian2001" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Ian (2001). <i>What Shape is a Snowflake? Magical Numbers in Nature</i>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 64–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Shape+is+a+Snowflake%3F+Magical+Numbers+in+Nature&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFLongoMontévil2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Longo, Giuseppe; Montévil, Maël (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/la/book/9783642359378"><i>Perspectives on Organisms: Biological time, Symmetries and Singularities</i></a> (英文). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-3-662-51229-6" title="Special:書本來源/978-3-662-51229-6"><bdi>978-3-662-51229-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Organisms%3A+Biological+time%2C+Symmetries+and+Singularities&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-662-51229-6&rft.aulast=Longo&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft.au=Mont%C3%A9vil%2C+Ma%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fla%2Fbook%2F9783642359378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFMontévilMossioPochevilleLongo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Montévil, Maël; Mossio, Matteo; Pocheville, Arnaud; Longo, Giuseppe (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27942089">"Theoretical principles for biology: Variation"</a>. <i>Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology</i>. From the Century of the Genome to the Century of the Organism: New Theoretical Approaches. <b>122</b> (1): 36–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbiomolbio.2016.08.005">10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.08.005</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27530930">27530930</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3671068">3671068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Biophysics+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=Theoretical+principles+for+biology%3A+Variation&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-50&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3671068%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27530930&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pbiomolbio.2016.08.005&rft.aulast=Mont%C3%A9vil&rft.aufirst=Ma%C3%ABl&rft.au=Mossio%2C+Matteo&rft.au=Pocheville%2C+Arnaud&rft.au=Longo%2C+Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F27942089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFMach1897" class="citation book cs1">Mach, Ernst (1897). <i>Symmetries and Group Theory in Particle Physics: An Introduction to Space-Time and Internal Symmetries</i>. Open Court Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symmetries+and+Group+Theory+in+Particle+Physics%3A+An+Introduction+to+Space-Time+and+Internal+Symmetries&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing+House&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Mach&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFWagemans,_J.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wagemans, J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/207060">"Characteristics and models of human symmetry detection"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trends_in_Cognitive_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trends in Cognitive Sciences (無呢版)">Trends in Cognitive Sciences</a></i>. <b>1</b> (9): 346–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2897%2901105-4">10.1016/S1364-6613(97)01105-4</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21223945">21223945</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2143353">2143353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Cognitive+Sciences&rft.atitle=Characteristics+and+models+of+human+symmetry+detection&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=346-352&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2143353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21223945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2897%2901105-4&rft.au=Wagemans%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flirias.kuleuven.be%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F207060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBertamini,_M.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bertamini, M. (2010). "Sensitivity to reflection and translation is modulated by objectness". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perception (journal) (無呢版)">Perception</a></i>. <b>39</b> (1): 27–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fp6393">10.1068/p6393</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301844">20301844</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22451173">22451173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perception&rft.atitle=Sensitivity+to+reflection+and+translation+is+modulated+by+objectness&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-40&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22451173%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20301844&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1068%2Fp6393&rft.au=Bertamini%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow,_H.B.Reeves,_B.C.1979" class="citation journal cs1">Barlow, H.B.; Reeves, B.C. (1979). "The versatility and absolute efficiency of detecting mirror symmetry in random dot displays". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vision_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vision Research (無呢版)">Vision Research</a></i>. <b>19</b> (7): 783–793. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0042-6989%2879%2990154-8">10.1016/0042-6989(79)90154-8</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/483597">483597</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41530752">41530752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vision+Research&rft.atitle=The+versatility+and+absolute+efficiency+of+detecting+mirror+symmetry+in+random+dot+displays&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=783-793&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41530752%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F483597&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0042-6989%2879%2990154-8&rft.au=Barlow%2C+H.B.&rft.au=Reeves%2C+B.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.tripod.com/vismath/kim/">Williams: Symmetry in Architecture</a>. Members.tripod.com (1998-12-31). Retrieved on 2013-04-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/math-art-arch.shtml">Aslaksen: Mathematics in Art and Architecture</a>. Math.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved on 2013-04-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFDerry,_Gregory_N.2002" class="citation book cs1">Derry, Gregory N. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dk-xS6nABrYC&pg=PA269"><i>What Science Is and How It Works</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 269–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-4008-2311-6" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-4008-2311-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-2311-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Science+Is+and+How+It+Works&rft.pages=269-&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2311-6&rft.au=Derry%2C+Gregory+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDk-xS6nABrYC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="幾何學（理論基礎）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:幾何學"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:幾何學 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="幾何學（理論基礎）" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%B8" title="幾何學">幾何學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E" title="幾何學理論基礎">理論基礎</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="數學最緊要嘅領域之一，研究形狀、位置同抽象空間"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學">數學</a>最緊要嘅領域之一，研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E7%8B%80" title="形狀">形狀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE" title="位置">位置</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93_(%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8)" title="空間 (數學)">抽象空間</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主要領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%B9%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="歐幾里得幾何">歐氏幾何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%AD%90%E5%B9%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="非歐幾里得幾何">非歐氏幾何</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A2%E5%9C%93%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="橢圓幾何">橢圓</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E9%9D%A2%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="球面幾何">球面</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E6%9B%B2%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="雙曲幾何">雙曲</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="非阿基米德幾何">非阿基米德幾何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="代數幾何">代數幾何</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="算術幾何">算術</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="解析幾何">解析幾何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="微分幾何">微分幾何</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E6%9B%BC%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="黎曼幾何">黎曼</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%AD%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="扭對稱幾何">扭對稱</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%92%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="拓撲學">拓撲學</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E6%95%A3%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="離散幾何">離散幾何</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="數碼幾何">數碼</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="複幾何">複幾何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="投影幾何">投影幾何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%BF%E5%B0%84%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="仿射幾何">仿射幾何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="綜合幾何">綜合幾何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="變換幾何">變換幾何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="有限幾何">有限幾何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B8%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="凸幾何">凸幾何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%90%88%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="重合幾何">重合幾何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%8E%E5%BD%A2%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="碎形幾何">碎形幾何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" title="運算幾何">運算幾何</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphere_filled_blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sphere_filled_blue.svg/150px-Sphere_filled_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sphere_filled_blue.svg/225px-Sphere_filled_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sphere_filled_blue.svg/300px-Sphere_filled_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">重要概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="空間">空間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%8C" title="平行">平行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A7%92%E7%B7%9A" title="對角線">對角線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E7%B6%AB" title="曲綫">曲綫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E9%BB%9E" title="頂點">頂點</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92_(%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95)" title="角 (幾何)">角</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E5%BA%A6" title="角度">角度</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E4%BA%A4" title="正交">正交</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%82%E7%9B%B4" title="垂直">垂直</a>）</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">對稱</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%94%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" title="唔對稱">唔對稱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%AD%89" title="全等">全等</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BC%BC" title="相似">相似</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%BB%E4%BD%8D" title="移位">移位</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E5%8B%95_(%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8)" title="轉動 (數學)">轉動</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84_(%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8)" title="反射 (數學)">反射</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%AE%E6%94%BE" title="縮放">縮放</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%8E%E5%BD%A2" title="碎形">碎形</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BA%E8%A6%8F%E4%BD%9C%E5%9C%96" title="尺規作圖">尺規作圖</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">跟<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%BA%A6" title="維度">維度</a>分</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">低維</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E7%B6%AD" title="零維">0D</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%9E_(%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95)" title="點 (幾何)">點</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%B6%AD" title="一維">1D</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E7%B6%AB" title="直綫">直綫</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AB%E6%AE%B5" title="綫段">綫段</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="長度">長度</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2" title="距離">距離</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%B6%AD" title="二維">2D</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2_(%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95)" title="面 (幾何)">面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E7%A9%8D" title="面積">面積</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%82%8A%E5%BD%A2" title="多邊形">多邊形</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E5%BD%A2" title="圓形">圓形</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E5%BE%91" title="直徑">直徑</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%91" title="半徑">半徑</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E5%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="圓心">圓心</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E5%91%A8%E7%8E%87" title="圓周率">圓周率</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E5%91%A8" title="圓周">圓周</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E9%9D%A2%E7%A9%8D" title="圓面積">圓面積</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E5%BD%A2" title="三角形">三角形</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%9C%E9%82%8A" title="斜邊">斜邊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%95%A2%E6%B0%8F%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="畢氏定理">畢氏定理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E5%AD%B8" title="三角學">三角學</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%82%8A%E5%BD%A2" title="四邊形">四邊形</a>，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%8C%E5%9B%9B%E9%82%8A%E5%BD%A2" title="平行四邊形">平行四邊形</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%B9%E5%BD%A2" title="正方形">正方形</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%96%B9%E5%BD%A2" title="長方形">長方形</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B1%E5%BD%A2" title="菱形">菱形</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%AF%E5%BD%A2" title="梯形">梯形</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%B7%82%E5%BD%A2" title="鷂形">鷂形</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%A4" title="相交">相交</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="幾何中心">幾何中心</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%B6%AD" title="三維">3D</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D" title="體積">體積</a></li> <li>方柱（<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="長方體">長方體</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%B9%E9%AB%94" title="正方體">正方體</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E6%9F%B1" title="圓柱">圓柱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%90%E9%AB%94" title="錐體">錐體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E9%9D%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="球面">球面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%9D%A2%E9%AB%94" title="多面體">多面體</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="幾何學史">幾何學史</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%A2%E9%81%94%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="畢達哥拉斯">畢達哥拉斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%B9%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97" title="歐幾里得">歐幾里得</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%8E%9F%E6%9C%AC" title="幾何原本">幾何原本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="阿基米德">阿基米德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E8%A1%A1" title="張衡">張衡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%91%AA%E9%96%8B%E5%84%BC" title="奧瑪開儼">奧瑪開儼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%85%A7%C2%B7%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%92" title="勒內·笛卡兒">勒內·笛卡兒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF" title="卡爾·弗里德里希·高斯">高斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%87%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="羅巴切夫斯基">羅巴切夫斯基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="黎曼">黎曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E5%9F%9F%E5%9B%82%E6%8B%94" title="打域囂拔">打域囂拔</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學">數學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="力學">力學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" title="幾何光學">幾何光學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="相對論">相對論</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="工程學">工程學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="工程數學">工程數學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%AD%B8" title="建築學">建築學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="建築工程">建築工程</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="結構工程">結構工程</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="電腦圖像學">電腦圖像學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">拉雜相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F" title="向量">Vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E4%B9%8B%E7%BE%8E" title="數學之美">數學之美</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E5%8C%96" title="理想化">理想化</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%8C%96" title="抽象化">抽象化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E8%A6%8F%E5%BE%8B" title="自然形態規律">自然形態規律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA" title="時空">時空</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%BD%A2%E7%8B%80" title="宇宙形狀">宇宙形狀</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="視覺藝術">視覺藝術</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%87%A3" title="花臣">花臣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%87%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E5%98%85%E7%89%A9%E9%AB%94" title="冇可能嘅物體">冇可能嘅物體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B" title="黃金比例">黃金比例</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%9E%8B%E8%AB%96" title="理型論">理型論</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a 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