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id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mechanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Diagnosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diagnosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Complications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Outcomes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Epidemiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Historical distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_and_scientific_progress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_and_scientific_progress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Discovery and scientific progress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_and_scientific_progress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treatment_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Treatment cost </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Historical texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 20th and 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stigma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stigma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.6 Stigma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stigma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Public policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notable cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 In media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infection_of_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infection_of_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Infection of animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infection_of_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Leprosy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 135 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-135" aria-hidden="true" > 135 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaatsheid" title="Melaatsheid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Melaatsheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0" title="कुष्ठ – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कुष्ठ" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جذام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جذام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepra" title="Lepra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lepra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0" title="কুষ্ঠ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কুষ্ঠ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llepra" title="Llepra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llepra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="कुष्ठरोग – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कुष्ठरोग" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BCzam" title="Cüzam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cüzam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جوزام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جوزام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0" title="কুষ্ঠ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুষ্ঠ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2-hong" title="Bâ-hong – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bâ-hong" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Лепра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лепра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Лепра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лепра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daot" title="Daot – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Daot" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Проказа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Проказа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="མཛེ་ནད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མཛེ་ནད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepra" title="Lepra – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lepra" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorgnez" title="Lorgnez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lorgnez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepra" title="Lepra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lepra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepra" title="Lepra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lepra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khate" title="Khate – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Khate" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maperembudzi" title="Maperembudzi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Maperembudzi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwahanglwyf" title="Gwahanglwyf – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwahanglwyf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%94%C5%8B_doro" title="Kɔŋ doro – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kɔŋ doro" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spedalskhed" title="Spedalskhed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spedalskhed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepra" title="Lepra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lepra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%AA%DE%92%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%AA_%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A8" title="ޖުޒާމު ބަލި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖުޒާމު ބަލި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="कुष्ठरोग – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="कुष्ठरोग" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leepra" title="Leepra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leepra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Νόσος του Χάνσεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νόσος του Χάνσεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepra" title="Lepra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lepra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepro" title="Lepro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lepro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legenar" title="Legenar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Legenar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جذام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جذام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8pre" title="Lèpre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lèpre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuturta%27a" title="Kuturta'a – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Kuturta'a" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobhra" title="Lobhra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lobhra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepra" title="Lepra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lepra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4" title="રક્તપિત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રક્તપિત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%B3%91" title="나병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuturta" title="Kuturta – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kuturta" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%80_(%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Բոր (հիվանդություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոր (հիվանդություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="कुष्ठरोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुष्ठरोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guba" title="Guba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Guba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepro" title="Lepro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lepro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekpenta" title="Ekpenta – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ekpenta" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusta" title="Kusta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kusta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqhenqa" title="Iqhenqa – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Iqhenqa" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holdsveiki" title="Holdsveiki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Holdsveiki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebbra" title="Lebbra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lebbra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%AA" title="צרעת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צרעת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canat%CA%8A_k%CA%8Ad%C9%94%C5%8B" title="Canatʊ kʊdɔŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Canatʊ kʊdɔŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A0%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97" title="ಕುಷ್ಠರೋಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕುಷ್ಠರೋಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კეთრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კეთრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%9A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%AF" title="میٚونٛد – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="میٚونٛد" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%85d" title="Trąd – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Trąd" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Алапес – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алапес" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukoma" title="Ukoma – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukoma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belwe%C5%9F%C3%AEn" title="Belweşîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Belweşîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Лепра – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лепра" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepra" title="Lepra – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lepra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepra" title="Lepra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lepra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raupsai" title="Raupsai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raupsai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bou_auri" title="Bou auri – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Bou auri" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maba" title="Maba – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Maba" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosia" title="Leprosia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Leprosia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebra" title="Lebra – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lebra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepra" title="Lepra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lepra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Лепра – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лепра" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habokana" title="Habokana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Habokana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A0%E0%B4%82" title="കുഷ്ഠം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുഷ്ഠം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="कुष्ठरोग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कुष्ठरोग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جذام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جذام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit_kusta" title="Penyakit kusta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyakit kusta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusta" title="Kusta – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kusta" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2ng-l%C3%A2i" title="Bâng-lâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bâng-lâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Уяман – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уяман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="အနာကြီးရောဂါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အနာကြီးရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepra" title="Lepra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lepra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="कुष्ठरोग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कुष्ठरोग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E7%97%85" title="ハンセン病 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンセン病" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leepra" title="Leepra – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Leepra" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spedalskhet" title="Spedalskhet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spedalskhet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepra" title="Lepra – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lepra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8pra" title="Lèpra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lèpra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A0" title="କୁଷ୍ଠ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୁଷ୍ଠ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurcii" title="Qurcii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qurcii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxov" title="Moxov – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Moxov" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%9C" title="ਕੋਹੜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਹੜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جذام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جذام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%85d" title="Trąd – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trąd" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepra" title="Lepra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lepra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepr%C4%83" title="Lepră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lepră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliqti_unquy" title="Lliqti unquy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lliqti unquy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Лепра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лепра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A5" title="Араҥ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Араҥ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="कुष्ठरोगः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कुष्ठरोगः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A1_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱢᱩᱰᱨᱩᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱩᱰᱨᱩᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepra" title="Lepra – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lepra" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepera" title="Lepera – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Lepera" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lephera" title="Lephera – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Lephera" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leproza" title="Leproza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Leproza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebbra" title="Lebbra – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lebbra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="ලාදුරු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලාදුරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leprosy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%88%DA%99%DA%BE" title="ڪوڙھ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪوڙھ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulephelo" title="Bulephelo – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Bulephelo" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malomocenstvo" title="Malomocenstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Malomocenstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobavost" title="Gobavost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gobavost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="گولی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گولی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Лепра – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лепра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepra" title="Lepra – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lepra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9pra" title="Lépra – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lépra" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepra" title="Lepra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lepra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepra" title="Lepra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lepra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketong" title="Ketong – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ketong" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="தொழு நோய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொழு நோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajbabuc" title="Ajbabuc – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ajbabuc" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D3%99%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D3%99" title="Ләперә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ләперә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BF" title="కుష్టు వ్యాధి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కుష్టు వ్యాధి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="เรื้อน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรื้อน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C3%AFl" title="Abïl – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Abïl" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BCzzam" title="Cüzzam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cüzzam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwata" title="Kwata – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kwata" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Проказа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Проказа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جذام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جذام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%DB%8B" title="ماخاۋ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ماخاۋ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_c%C3%B9i" title="Phong cùi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phong cùi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pital" title="Pital – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pital" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanla" title="Sanla – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sanla" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%A3%8E" title="麻风 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="麻风" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhlokonho" title="Nhlokonho – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Nhlokonho" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80t%E1%BA%B9%CC%80" title="Ẹ̀tẹ̀ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀tẹ̀" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%98%8B" title="麻瘋 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="麻瘋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%A3%8E%E7%97%85" title="麻风病 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="麻风病" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36956#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chronic disease caused by infection of two mycobacterial species</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Leprosy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Leprosy (disambiguation)">Leprosy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Leprosy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Hansen's disease (HD)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropmed-91-216-g001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tropmed-91-216-g001.jpg/220px-Tropmed-91-216-g001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tropmed-91-216-g001.jpg/330px-Tropmed-91-216-g001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tropmed-91-216-g001.jpg/440px-Tropmed-91-216-g001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="472" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Rash on the chest and abdomen caused by leprosy, 2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlɛprəsi/</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Decreased ability to feel pain<a href="#cite_note-Aka2012-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_leprae" title="Mycobacterium leprae">Mycobacterium leprae</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepromatosis" title="Mycobacterium lepromatosis">Mycobacterium lepromatosis</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-New2008-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Close contact with a case of leprosy, living in poverty<a href="#cite_note-Aka2012-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schreuder2016-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Multidrug therapy<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rifampicin" title="Rifampicin">Rifampicin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dapsone" title="Dapsone">dapsone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clofazimine" title="Clofazimine">clofazimine</a><a href="#cite_note-Aka2012-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">209,000 (2018)<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Named after</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Armauer_Hansen" title="Gerhard Armauer Hansen">Gerhard Armauer Hansen</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a <a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="Chronic condition">long-term</a> infection by the bacteria <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_leprae" title="Mycobacterium leprae">Mycobacterium leprae</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepromatosis" title="Mycobacterium lepromatosis">Mycobacterium lepromatosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Infection can lead to damage of the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">nerves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory tract</a>, skin, and eyes.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> This nerve damage may result in a lack of ability to feel pain, which can lead to the loss of parts of a person's <a href="/wiki/Appendicular_skeleton" title="Appendicular skeleton">extremities</a> from repeated injuries or infection through unnoticed wounds.<a href="#cite_note-Aka2012-3">[3]</a> An infected person may also experience muscle weakness and poor eyesight.<a href="#cite_note-Aka2012-3">[3]</a> Leprosy symptoms may begin within one year, but for some people symptoms may take 20 years or more to occur.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> Leprosy is spread between people, although extensive contact is necessary.<a href="#cite_note-Aka2012-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2013T-8">[8]</a> Leprosy has a low <a href="/wiki/Pathogenicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenicity">pathogenicity</a>, and 95% of people who contract or who are exposed to M. leprae do not develop the disease.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018Tx-9">[9]</a> Spread is likely through a cough or contact with fluid from the nose of a person infected by leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2013T-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018Tx-9">[9]</a> Genetic factors and immune function play a role in how easily a person catches the disease.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018Tx-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Leprosy does not spread during pregnancy to the unborn child or through sexual contact.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2013T-8">[8]</a> Leprosy occurs more commonly among people living in poverty.<a href="#cite_note-Aka2012-3">[3]</a> There are two main types of the disease – paucibacillary and multibacillary, which differ in the number of bacteria present.<a href="#cite_note-Aka2012-3">[3]</a> A person with paucibacillary disease has five or fewer <a href="/wiki/Hypopigmentation" title="Hypopigmentation">poorly pigmented</a>, numb skin patches, while a person with multibacillary disease has more than five skin patches.<a href="#cite_note-Aka2012-3">[3]</a> The diagnosis is confirmed by finding <a href="/wiki/Acid-fastness" title="Acid-fastness">acid-fast</a> bacilli in a biopsy of the skin.<a href="#cite_note-Aka2012-3">[3]</a> Leprosy is curable with multidrug therapy.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> Treatment of paucibacillary leprosy is with the medications <a href="/wiki/Dapsone" title="Dapsone">dapsone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rifampicin" title="Rifampicin">rifampicin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clofazimine" title="Clofazimine">clofazimine</a> for six months.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018Tx-9">[9]</a> Treatment for multibacillary leprosy uses the same medications for 12 months.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018Tx-9">[9]</a> Several other antibiotics may also be used.<a href="#cite_note-Aka2012-3">[3]</a> These treatments are provided free of charge by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> Leprosy is not highly contagious.<a href="#cite_note-Byr2008-11">[11]</a> People with leprosy can live with their families and go to school and work.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In the 1980s, there were 5.2 million cases globally, but by 2020 this decreased to fewer than 200,000.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHOEpi2012-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rod2011-14">[14]</a> Most new cases occur in one of 14 countries, with India accounting for more than half of all new cases.<a href="#cite_note-Aka2012-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> In the 20 years from 1994 to 2014, 16 million people worldwide were cured of leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> About 200 cases per year are reported in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Central Florida accounted for 81% of cases in Florida and nearly 1 out of 5 leprosy cases nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Separating people affected by leprosy by placing them in <a href="/wiki/Leper_colony" title="Leper colony">leper colonies</a> is not supported by evidence but still occurs in some areas of India,<a href="#cite_note-Leprosy-17">[17]</a> China,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Japan,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Africa,<a href="#cite_note-Byr2008-11">[11]</a> and Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Leprosy has affected humanity for thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-Aka2012-3">[3]</a> The disease takes its name from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word λέπρα (lépra), from λεπίς (lepís; 'scale'), while the term "Hansen's disease" is named after the Norwegian physician <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Armauer_Hansen" title="Gerhard Armauer Hansen">Gerhard Armauer Hansen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aka2012-3">[3]</a> Leprosy has historically been associated with <a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">social stigma</a>, which continues to be a barrier to self-reporting and early treatment.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> Leprosy is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Neglected_tropical_diseases" title="Neglected tropical diseases">neglected tropical disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NTD2017-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Leprosy_Day" title="World Leprosy Day">World Leprosy Day</a> was started in 1954 to draw awareness to those affected by leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> The study of leprosy and its treatment is known as leprology.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> Common symptoms present in the different types of leprosy include a runny nose; dry <a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">scalp</a>; eye problems; skin <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesions</a>; muscle weakness; reddish skin; smooth, shiny, diffuse thickening of facial skin, ear, and hand; loss of sensation in fingers and toes; thickening of <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nerves</a>; a flat nose from the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cartilage" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal cartilage">nasal cartilages</a>; and changes in <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> and other aspects of speech production.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">atrophy</a> of the testes and <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">impotence</a> may occur.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Leprosy can affect people in different ways.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018Tx-9">[9]</a> The average <a href="/wiki/Incubation_period" title="Incubation period">incubation period</a> is five years.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> People may begin to notice symptoms within the first year or up to 20 years after infection.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> The first noticeable sign of leprosy is often the development of pale or pink coloured patches of skin that may be insensitive to temperature or pain.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-26">[26]</a> Patches of discolored skin are sometimes accompanied or preceded by nerve problems including numbness or tenderness in the hands or feet.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Secondary_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary infection">Secondary infections</a> (additional bacterial or viral infections) can result in tissue loss, causing fingers and toes to become shortened and deformed, as cartilage is absorbed into the body.<a href="#cite_note-Kulkarni2008-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Q_and_A_about_leprosy-29">[29]</a> A person's immune response differs depending on the form of leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-de_SousaSotto2017-30">[30]</a> Approximately 30% of people affected with leprosy experience nerve damage.<a href="#cite_note-Rei2019-31">[31]</a> The nerve damage sustained is reversible when treated early but becomes permanent when appropriate treatment is delayed by several months. Damage to nerves may cause loss of muscle function, leading to paralysis. It may also lead to sensation abnormalities or <a href="/wiki/Numbness" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbness">numbness</a>, which may lead to additional infections, ulcerations, and joint deformities.<a href="#cite_note-Rei2019-31">[31]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuberous_Leprosy_Wellcome_L0032810.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Face severely deformed by leprosy, 1895"><img alt="Face severely deformed by leprosy, 1895" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tuberous_Leprosy_Wellcome_L0032810.jpg/136px-Tuberous_Leprosy_Wellcome_L0032810.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tuberous_Leprosy_Wellcome_L0032810.jpg/204px-Tuberous_Leprosy_Wellcome_L0032810.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tuberous_Leprosy_Wellcome_L0032810.jpg/272px-Tuberous_Leprosy_Wellcome_L0032810.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="3898" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Face severely deformed by leprosy, 1895</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leprosy_deformities_hands.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hands deformed by leprosy, 2022"><img alt="Hands deformed by leprosy, 2022" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Leprosy_deformities_hands.jpg/268px-Leprosy_deformities_hands.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Leprosy_deformities_hands.jpg/402px-Leprosy_deformities_hands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Leprosy_deformities_hands.jpg/536px-Leprosy_deformities_hands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="1081" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hands deformed by leprosy, 2022</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fox_Plate_XL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Face mildly deformed by leprosy, 1905"><img alt="Face mildly deformed by leprosy, 1905" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fox_Plate_XL.jpg/142px-Fox_Plate_XL.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fox_Plate_XL.jpg/212px-Fox_Plate_XL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fox_Plate_XL.jpg/283px-Fox_Plate_XL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2139" data-file-height="2718" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Face mildly deformed by leprosy, 1905</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cause">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="M._leprae_and_M._lepromatosis">M. leprae and M. lepromatosis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: M. leprae and M. lepromatosis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mycobacterium_leprae_in_Magnification_of_2000X.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mycobacterium_leprae_in_Magnification_of_2000X.jpg/290px-Mycobacterium_leprae_in_Magnification_of_2000X.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mycobacterium_leprae_in_Magnification_of_2000X.jpg/435px-Mycobacterium_leprae_in_Magnification_of_2000X.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mycobacterium_leprae_in_Magnification_of_2000X.jpg/580px-Mycobacterium_leprae_in_Magnification_of_2000X.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>M. leprae, one of the causative agents of leprosy: As an <a href="/wiki/Acid-fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-fast">acid-fast</a> bacterium, M. leprae appears red when a <a href="/wiki/Ziehl%E2%80%93Neelsen_stain" title="Ziehl–Neelsen stain">Ziehl–Neelsen stain</a> is used</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_leprae" title="Mycobacterium leprae">Mycobacterioum leprae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepromatosis" title="Mycobacterium lepromatosis">Mycobacterium lepromatosis</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium" title="Mycobacterium">mycobacteria</a> that cause leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-Rei2019-31">[31]</a> M. lepromatosis is a relatively newly identified mycobacterium isolated from a fatal case of <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_lepromatous_leprosy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse lepromatous leprosy">diffuse lepromatous leprosy</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-New2008-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-32">[32]</a> M. lepromatosis is indistinguishable clinically from M. leprae.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> M. leprae is an <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">aerobic</a>, rod-shaped, acid-fast <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterium</a> with a waxy <a href="/wiki/Cell_envelope" title="Cell envelope">cell envelope</a> characteristic of the genus <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium" title="Mycobacterium">Mycobacterium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baron-34">[34]</a> M. leprae and M. lepromatosis are <a href="/wiki/Intracellular_parasite#Obligate" title="Intracellular parasite">obligate intracellular pathogens</a> and cannot grow or be <a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">cultured</a> outside of host tissues.<a href="#cite_note-New2008-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhattacharya-2002-35">[35]</a> However, they can be grown using research animals such as mice and <a href="/wiki/Armadillo" title="Armadillo">armadillos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Naturally occurring infections have been reported in nonhuman primates (including the African <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sooty_mangabey" title="Sooty mangabey">sooty mangabey</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cynomolgus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynomolgus">cynomolgus</a> macaque), armadillos,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_squirrel" title="Red squirrel">red squirrels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meredith2004-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Multilocus_sequence_typing" title="Multilocus sequence typing">Multilocus sequence typing</a> of the armadillo M. leprae strains suggests that they were of human origin for at most a few hundred years.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Thus, it is suspected that armadillos first acquired the organism incidentally from early European explorers of the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-Han-2014-41">[41]</a> This incidental transmission was sustained in the armadillo population, and it may be transmitted back to humans, making leprosy a <a href="/wiki/Zoonotic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonotic disease">zoonotic disease</a> (spread between humans and animals).<a href="#cite_note-Han-2014-41">[41]</a> Red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris), a threatened species in Great Britain, were found to carry leprosy in November 2016.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> It has been suggested that the trade in red squirrel fur, highly prized in the medieval period and intensively traded, may have been responsible for the leprosy epidemic in medieval Europe.<a href="#cite_note-ScienceDaily-43">[43]</a> A pre-<a href="/wiki/Norman_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman England">Norman</a> era skull excavated in <a href="/wiki/Hoxne" title="Hoxne">Hoxne, Suffolk</a>, in 2017 was found to carry DNA from a strain of M. leprae which closely matched the strain carried by modern red squirrels on <a href="/wiki/Brownsea_Island" title="Brownsea Island">Brownsea Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ScienceDaily-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Risk factors">edit</a>]</div> The greatest risk factor for developing leprosy is contact with another person infected by leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> People who are exposed to a person who has leprosy are 5–8 times more likely to develop leprosy than members of the general population.<a href="#cite_note-Schreuder2016-6">[6]</a> Leprosy occurs more commonly among those living in poverty.<a href="#cite_note-Aka2012-3">[3]</a> Not all people who are infected with M. leprae develop symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-Penna-2016-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Conditions that reduce immune function, such as malnutrition, other illnesses, or genetic mutations, may increase the risk of developing leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-Schreuder2016-6">[6]</a> Infection with <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> does not appear to increase the risk of developing leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Certain genetic factors in the person exposed have been associated with developing lepromatous or tuberculoid leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmission">Transmission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transmission">edit</a>]</div> Transmission of leprosy occurs during close contact with those who are infected.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> Transmission of leprosy is through the upper <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory tract</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018Tx-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Older research suggested the skin as the main route of transmission, but research has increasingly favored the respiratory route.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Transmission occurs through inhalation of bacilli present in upper airway secretion.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Leprosy is not sexually transmitted and is not spread through pregnancy to the unborn child.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2013T-8">[8]</a> The majority (95%) of people who are exposed to M. leprae do not develop leprosy; casual contact such as shaking hands and sitting next to someone with leprosy does not lead to transmission.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2013T3-52">[52]</a> People are considered non-infectious 72 hours after starting appropriate multi-drug therapy.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Two exit routes of M. leprae from the human body that are often described are the skin and the nasal mucosa, although their relative importance is not clear. Lepromatous cases show large numbers of organisms deep in the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a>, but whether they reach the skin surface in sufficient numbers is doubtful.<a href="#cite_note-news-medical-54">[54]</a> Leprosy may also be transmitted to humans by armadillos, although the mechanism is not fully understood.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2013T-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Truman_2011-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2013T2-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/OMIM" class="mw-redirect" title="OMIM">OMIM</a> </th> <th>Gene </th></tr> <tr> <td>LPRS1 </td> <td>10p13 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/609888">609888</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>LPRS2 </td> <td>6q25 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/607572">607572</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PARK2" class="mw-redirect" title="PARK2">PARK2</a>, <a href="/wiki/PACRG" title="PACRG">PACRG</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>LPRS3 </td> <td>4q32 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/246300">246300</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TLR2" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR2">TLR2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>LPRS4 </td> <td>6p21.3 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/610988">610988</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lymphotoxin_alpha" title="Lymphotoxin alpha">LTA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>LPRS5 </td> <td>4p14 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/613223">613223</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TLR1" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR1">TLR1</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>LPRS6 </td> <td>13q14.11 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/613407">613407</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Not all people infected or exposed to M. leprae develop leprosy, and genetic factors are suspected to play a role in susceptibility to an infection.<a href="#cite_note-Cambri-2018-57">[57]</a> Cases of leprosy often cluster in families, and several genetic variants have been identified.<a href="#cite_note-Cambri-2018-57">[57]</a> In many who are exposed, the immune system can eliminate the leprosy bacteria during the early infection stage before severe symptoms develop.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> A genetic defect in <a href="/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity" title="Cell-mediated immunity">cell-mediated immunity</a> may cause a person to be susceptible to develop leprosy symptoms after exposure to the bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-Buschman-2004-59">[59]</a> The region of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> responsible for this variability is also involved in <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, giving rise to current speculation that the two disorders may be linked at the biochemical level.<a href="#cite_note-Buschman-2004-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mechanism">edit</a>]</div> Most leprosy complications are the result of nerve damage. The nerve damage occurs from direct invasion by the M. leprae bacteria and a person's immune response resulting in inflammation.<a href="#cite_note-Rei2019-31">[31]</a> The molecular mechanism underlying how M. leprae produces the symptoms of leprosy is not clear,<a href="#cite_note-Rod2011-14">[14]</a> but M. leprae has been shown to bind to <a href="/wiki/Schwann_cell" title="Schwann cell">Schwann cells</a>, which may lead to nerve injury including <a href="/wiki/Demyelination" class="mw-redirect" title="Demyelination">demyelination</a> and a loss of nerve function (specifically a loss of <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axonal</a> conductance).<a href="#cite_note-pmid22988457-60">[60]</a> Numerous molecular mechanisms have been associated with this nerve damage including the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Laminin" title="Laminin">laminin</a>-binding protein and the glycoconjugate (PGL-1) on the surface of M. leprae that can bind to laminin on <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral nerves">peripheral nerves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22988457-60">[60]</a> As part of the human immune response, <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cell</a>-derived <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> may engulf M. leprae by <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22988457-60">[60]</a> In the initial stages, small sensory and <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nerve" title="Autonomic nerve">autonomic nerve</a> fibers in the skin of a person with leprosy are damaged.<a href="#cite_note-Rei2019-31">[31]</a> This damage usually results in hair loss to the area, a loss of the ability to sweat, and numbness (decreased ability to detect sensations such as temperature and touch). Further peripheral nerve damage may result in skin dryness, more numbness, and muscle weaknesses or paralysis in the area affected.<a href="#cite_note-Rei2019-31">[31]</a> The skin can crack and if the skin injuries are not carefully cared for, there is a risk for a secondary infection that can lead to more severe damage.<a href="#cite_note-Rei2019-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monofilament_testing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Monofilament_testing.jpg/220px-Monofilament_testing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Monofilament_testing.jpg/330px-Monofilament_testing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Monofilament_testing.jpg/440px-Monofilament_testing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Testing for loss of sensation with monofilament</figcaption></figure> In countries where people are frequently infected, a person is considered to have leprosy if they have one of the following two signs: <ul><li>Skin lesion consistent with leprosy and with definite sensory loss.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a></li> <li>Positive skin smears.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a></li></ul> Skin lesions can be single or many, and usually <a href="/wiki/Hypopigmentation" title="Hypopigmentation">hypopigmented</a>, although occasionally reddish or copper-colored.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> The lesions may be flat (<a href="/wiki/Macule" class="mw-redirect" title="Macule">macules</a>), raised (<a href="/wiki/Papule" title="Papule">papules</a>), or solid elevated areas (<a href="/wiki/Nodule_(medicine)" title="Nodule (medicine)">nodular</a>).<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> Experiencing sensory loss at the skin lesion is a feature that can help determine if the lesion is caused by leprosy or by another disorder such as <a href="/wiki/Tinea_versicolor" title="Tinea versicolor">tinea versicolor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Thickened nerves are associated with leprosy and can be accompanied by loss of sensation or muscle weakness, but muscle weakness without the characteristic skin lesion and sensory loss is not considered a reliable sign of leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> In some cases, the presence of <a href="/wiki/Acid-fastness" title="Acid-fastness">acid-fast</a> leprosy <a href="/wiki/Bacilli" title="Bacilli">bacilli</a> in skin smears is considered diagnostic; however, the diagnosis is typically made without laboratory tests, based on symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> If a person has a new leprosy diagnosis and already has a visible disability caused by leprosy, the diagnosis is considered late.<a href="#cite_note-Rei2019-31">[31]</a> In countries or areas where leprosy is uncommon, such as the United States, diagnosis of leprosy is often delayed because healthcare providers are unaware of leprosy and its symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-hrsa.gov-62">[62]</a> Early diagnosis and treatment prevent nerve involvement, the hallmark of leprosy, and the disability it causes.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrsa.gov-62">[62]</a> There is no recommended test to diagnose latent leprosy in people without symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018Tx-9">[9]</a> Few people with latent leprosy test positive for anti PGL-1.<a href="#cite_note-Penna-2016-45">[45]</a> The presence of M. leprae bacterial <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> can be identified using a <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a> (PCR)-based technique.<a href="#cite_note-Martinez-2014-63">[63]</a> This molecular test alone is not sufficient to diagnose a person, but this approach may be used to identify someone who is at high risk of developing or transmitting leprosy such as those with few lesions or an atypical clinical presentation.<a href="#cite_note-Martinez-2014-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> New approaches propose tools to diagnose leprosy through artificial intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> Several different approaches for classifying leprosy exist. There are similarities between the classification approaches. <ul><li>The World Health Organization (WHO) system distinguishes patients with 5 or fewer skin lesions and no bacilli in a skin smear as "paucibacillary" ("<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paucus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:paucus">pauci</a>-" refers to a small quantity) from patients with more lesions or detected bacilli as "multibacillary".<a href="#cite_note-who-leprosy-factsheet-2025-66">[66]</a></li> <li>The Ridley-Jopling scale provides five gradations.<a href="#cite_note-pm_hippopotamus_id15176024-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid5950347-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-69">[69]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a>, though developed by the WHO, uses Ridley-Jopling and not the WHO system. It also adds an indeterminate ("I") entry.<a href="#cite_note-news-medical-54">[54]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>, three groupings are used.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>WHO </th> <th>Ridley-Jopling </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> </th> <th>Description </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lepromin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepromin">Lepromin</a> test </th></tr> <tr> <td>Paucibacillary </td> <td>tuberculoid ("TT"), borderline tuberculoid ("BT") </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">A30.1, A30.2 </td> <td>Tuberculoid </td> <td>It is characterized by one or more <a href="/wiki/Hypopigmentation" title="Hypopigmentation">hypopigmented</a> skin macules and patches where skin sensations are lost because of damaged peripheral nerves that have been attacked by the human host's immune cells. TT is characterized by the formation of <a href="/wiki/Epithelioid_cell" title="Epithelioid cell">epithelioid cell</a> granulomas with a large number of <a href="/wiki/Epithelioid_cell" title="Epithelioid cell">epithelioid cells</a>. In this form of leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae are either absent from the lesion or occur in very small numbers. This type of leprosy is most benign.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22988457-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24937811-70">[70]</a> </td> <td>Positive </td></tr> <tr> <td>Multibacillary </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">midborderline or borderline ("BB") </td> <td>A30.3 </td> <td>Borderline </td> <td>Borderline leprosy is of intermediate severity and is the most common form. Skin lesions resemble tuberculoid leprosy, but are more numerous and irregular; large patches may affect a whole limb, and peripheral nerve involvement with weakness and loss of sensation is common. This type is unstable and may become more like lepromatous leprosy or may undergo a reversal reaction, becoming more like the tuberculoid form.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td> <td>Negative </td></tr> <tr> <td>Multibacillary </td> <td>borderline lepromatous ("BL"), and lepromatous ("LL") </td> <td>A30.4, A30.5 </td> <td>Lepromatous </td> <td>It is associated with symmetric skin <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nodule_(medicine)" title="Nodule (medicine)">nodules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaque_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaque (dermatology)">plaques</a>, thickened dermis, and frequent involvement of the nasal mucosa resulting in nasal congestion and <a href="/wiki/Epistaxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistaxis">nose bleeds</a>, but, typically, detectable nerve damage is late. Loss of eyebrows and lashes can be seen in advanced disease.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> LL is characterized by the absence of <a href="/wiki/Epithelioid_cell" title="Epithelioid cell">epithelioid cells</a> in the lesions. In this form of leprosy, Mycobacteria leprae are found in lesions in large numbers. This is the most unfavorable clinical variant of leprosy, which occurs with a generalized lesion of the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, peripheral nerves, lymph nodes, and internal organs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22988457-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24937811-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Histoid_leprosy" title="Histoid leprosy">Histoid leprosy</a> is a rare variation of multibacillary, lepromatous leprosy. </td> <td>Negative </td></tr></tbody></table> Leprosy may also occur with only neural involvement, without skin lesions.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12883921-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17120509-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10979277-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8711979-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1406021-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complications">Complications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Complications">edit</a>]</div> Leprosy may cause the victim to lose limbs and digits but not directly. M. leprae attacks nerve endings and destroys the body's ability to feel pain and injury. Without feeling pain, people with leprosy have an increased risk of injuring themselves. Injuries become infected and result in tissue loss. Fingers, toes, and limbs become shortened and deformed as the tissue is absorbed into the body.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leprosy;_patients_showing_symptoms._Wellcome_L0077162.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leprosy%3B_patients_showing_symptoms._Wellcome_L0077162.jpg/220px-Leprosy%3B_patients_showing_symptoms._Wellcome_L0077162.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leprosy%3B_patients_showing_symptoms._Wellcome_L0077162.jpg/330px-Leprosy%3B_patients_showing_symptoms._Wellcome_L0077162.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leprosy%3B_patients_showing_symptoms._Wellcome_L0077162.jpg/440px-Leprosy%3B_patients_showing_symptoms._Wellcome_L0077162.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5997" data-file-height="8176" /></a><figcaption>Leprosy prevention poster</figcaption></figure> Early disease detection is important, since physical and neurological damage may be irreversible even if cured.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home.<a href="#cite_note-Rod2011-14">[14]</a> The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018Tx-9">[9]</a> The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of <a href="/wiki/Rifampicin" title="Rifampicin">rifampicin</a> in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018Tx-9">[9]</a> Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018Tx-9">[9]</a> The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (<a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a>) vaccine offers a variable amount of protection against leprosy in addition to its closely related target of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> It appears to be 26% to 41% effective (based on controlled trials) and about 60% effective based on observational studies with two doses possibly working better than one.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Merle2010-80">[80]</a> The WHO concluded in 2018 that the BCG vaccine at birth reduces leprosy risk and is recommended in countries with high incidence of TB and people who have leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> People living in the same home as a person with leprosy are suggested to take a BCG booster which may improve their immunity by 56%.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Development of a more effective vaccine is ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-Rod2011-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> A novel vaccine called LepVax entered clinical trials in 2017 with the first encouraging results reported on 24 participants published in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> If successful, this would be the first leprosy-specific vaccine available. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Municipality_of_Culion_outlook_from_local_hillside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Municipality_of_Culion_outlook_from_local_hillside.jpg/220px-Municipality_of_Culion_outlook_from_local_hillside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Municipality_of_Culion_outlook_from_local_hillside.jpg/330px-Municipality_of_Culion_outlook_from_local_hillside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Municipality_of_Culion_outlook_from_local_hillside.jpg/440px-Municipality_of_Culion_outlook_from_local_hillside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4377" data-file-height="2918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Culion_leper_colony" title="Culion leper colony">Culion leper colony</a> in <a href="/wiki/Culion" title="Culion">Culion</a> old town in <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> used to shelter one of the largest population of lepers in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, numbering between 3,500-4,000 in the early 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MDTRegimens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MDTRegimens.jpg/310px-MDTRegimens.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MDTRegimens.jpg/465px-MDTRegimens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MDTRegimens.jpg/620px-MDTRegimens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>MDT antileprosy drugs: standard regimens from 2010</figcaption></figure> Several <a href="/wiki/Leprostatic_agent" title="Leprostatic agent">leprostatic agents</a> are available for treatment. A three-drug regimen of rifampicin, <a href="/wiki/Dapsone" title="Dapsone">dapsone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clofazimine" title="Clofazimine">clofazimine</a> is recommended for all people with leprosy, for six months for paucibacillary leprosy and 12 months for multibacillary leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018Tx-9">[9]</a> Multidrug therapy (MDT) remains highly effective, and people are no longer infectious after the first monthly dose.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> MDT is safe and easy to use under field conditions because it is available in calendar-labelled blister packs.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> The treatment does pose compliance challenges for young children who find shallowing multiple solid pills difficult.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Post-treatment relapse rates remain low.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> The combination treatment accelerates treatment and increases the chance creating a drug resistant bacteria. All three drugs in the three-drug regimen are antibacterial, with rifampicin being the most potent. Rifampicin is scheduled monthly since it interferes with dapsone by inducing its increased metabolism.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Resistance to the three-drug regimen has been reported in several countries, although the number of cases is small.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> People with rifampicin-resistant leprosy may be treated with second-line medications such as <a href="/wiki/Fluoroquinolones" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoroquinolones">fluoroquinolones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minocycline" title="Minocycline">minocycline</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Clarithromycin" title="Clarithromycin">clarithromycin</a>, but the treatment duration is 24 months because of their lower <a href="/wiki/Bactericide" title="Bactericide">bactericidal</a> activity.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Evidence on the potential benefits and harms of alternative regimens for drug-resistant leprosy is not available.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018Tx-9">[9]</a> For people with nerve damage, protective footwear may help prevent ulcers and secondary infection.<a href="#cite_note-Rei2019-31">[31]</a> Canvas shoes may be better than PVC boots.<a href="#cite_note-Rei2019-31">[31]</a> There may be no difference between double rocker shoes and below-knee plaster.<a href="#cite_note-Rei2019-31">[31]</a> Topical <a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">ketanserin</a> seems to have a better effect on ulcer healing than <a href="/wiki/Clioquinol" title="Clioquinol">clioquinol</a> cream or zinc paste, but the evidence for this is weak.<a href="#cite_note-Rei2019-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a> applied to the skin improves skin changes to a greater degree when compared to saline dressings.<a href="#cite_note-Rei2019-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcomes">Outcomes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Outcomes">edit</a>]</div> Although leprosy has been curable since the mid-20th century, left untreated it can cause permanent physical impairments and damage to a person's nerves, skin, eyes, and limbs.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> Despite leprosy not being very infectious and having a low pathogenicity, there is still significant stigma and prejudice associated with the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Somar_et_al_2020-95">[95]</a> Because of this stigma, leprosy can affect a person's participation in social activities and may also affect the lives of their family and friends.<a href="#cite_note-Somar_et_al_2020-95">[95]</a> People with leprosy are also at a higher risk for problems with their mental well-being.<a href="#cite_note-Somar_et_al_2020-95">[95]</a> The social stigma may contribute to problems obtaining employment, financial difficulties, and social isolation.<a href="#cite_note-Somar_et_al_2020-95">[95]</a> Efforts to reduce discrimination and reduce the stigma surrounding leprosy may help improve outcomes for people with leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_leprosy" title="Epidemiology of leprosy">Epidemiology of leprosy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leprosy_new_case_detection_2016_rates,_2016_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Leprosy_new_case_detection_2016_rates%2C_2016_%28cropped%29.png/400px-Leprosy_new_case_detection_2016_rates%2C_2016_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Leprosy_new_case_detection_2016_rates%2C_2016_%28cropped%29.png/600px-Leprosy_new_case_detection_2016_rates%2C_2016_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Leprosy_new_case_detection_2016_rates%2C_2016_%28cropped%29.png/800px-Leprosy_new_case_detection_2016_rates%2C_2016_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>New cases of leprosy in 2016<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leprosy_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leprosy_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/310px-Leprosy_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leprosy_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/465px-Leprosy_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leprosy_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/620px-Leprosy_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> for leprosy per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  No data</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  < 1.5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1.5–3</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  3–4.5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  4.5–6</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  6–7.5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  7.5–9</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  9–10.5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  10.5–12</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  12–13.5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  13.5–15</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  15–20</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  > 20</div> </div> </div> </figcaption></figure> In 2018, there were 208,619 new cases of leprosy recorded, a slight decrease from 2017.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 2015, 94% of the new leprosy cases were confined to 14 countries.<a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization_(WHO)-101">[101]</a> India reported the greatest number of new cases (60% of reported cases), followed by Brazil (13%) and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (8%).<a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization_(WHO)-101">[101]</a> Although the number of cases worldwide continues to fall, there are parts of the world where leprosy is more common, including Brazil, South Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan), some parts of Africa (Tanzania, Madagascar, Mozambique), and the western Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization_(WHO)-101">[101]</a> About 150 to 250 cases are diagnosed in the United States each year.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In the 1960s, there were tens of millions of leprosy cases recorded when the bacteria started to develop resistance to <a href="/wiki/Dapsone" title="Dapsone">dapsone</a>, the most common treatment option at the time.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rod2011-14">[14]</a> International (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>'s "Global Strategy for Reducing Disease Burden Due to Leprosy") and national (e.g., the International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations) initiatives have reduced the total number and the number of new cases of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Rod2011-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The number of new leprosy cases is difficult to measure and monitor because of leprosy's long incubation period, delays in diagnosis after the onset of the disease, and lack of medical care in affected areas.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The registered <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a> of the disease is used to determine <a href="/wiki/Disease_burden" title="Disease burden">disease burden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_1985-105">[105]</a> Registered prevalence is a useful proxy indicator of the disease burden, as it reflects the number of active leprosy cases diagnosed with the disease and receiving treatment with MDT at a given point in time.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_1985-105">[105]</a> The prevalence rate is defined as the number of cases registered for MDT treatment among the population in which the cases have occurred, again at a given point in time.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_1985-105">[105]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>2005 </th> <th>2006 </th> <th>2007 </th> <th>2008 </th> <th>2009 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2011 </th> <th>2012 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2014 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2019 </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>2021 </th> <th>2022 </th> <th>2023 </th></tr> <tr> <td>No. of new cases<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </td> <td>296,479 </td> <td>258,980 </td> <td>252,541 </td> <td>249,018 </td> <td>244,797 </td> <td>228,488 </td> <td>224,344 </td> <td>232,847 </td> <td>215,636 </td> <td>213,861 </td> <td>211,945 </td> <td>217,927 </td> <td>210,973 </td> <td>208,613 </td> <td>202,166 </td> <td>127,506 </td> <td>140,546 </td> <td>174,059 </td> <td>182,792 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_leprosy" title="History of leprosy">History of leprosy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerhard_Armauer_Hansen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gerhard_Armauer_Hansen.jpg/220px-Gerhard_Armauer_Hansen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Gerhard_Armauer_Hansen.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Norwegian physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen (1841–1912) discovered <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_leprae" title="Mycobacterium leprae">M. leprae</a> in 1873</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_distribution">Historical distribution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Historical distribution">edit</a>]</div> Using <a href="/wiki/Comparative_genomics" title="Comparative genomics">comparative genomics</a>, in 2005, geneticists traced the origins and worldwide distribution of leprosy from East Africa or the Near East along human migration routes. They found four strains of M. leprae with specific regional locations:<a href="#cite_note-Monot-et-al-2005-107">[107]</a> Monot et al. (2005) determined that leprosy originated in East Africa or the Near East and traveled with humans along their migration routes, including those of trade in goods and slaves. The four strains of M. leprae are based in specific geographic regions where each predominantly occurs:<a href="#cite_note-Monot-et-al-2005-107">[107]</a> <ul><li>strain 1 in Asia, the Pacific region, and East Africa;</li> <li>strain 2 in Ethiopia, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, Nepal, north India, and <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>;</li> <li>strain 3 in Europe, North Africa, and the Americas;</li> <li>strain 4 in West Africa and the Caribbean.</li></ul> This confirms the spread of the disease along the migration, colonisation, and slave trade routes taken from East Africa to India, West Africa to the New World, and from Africa to Europe and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Skeletal remains discovered in 2009 represent the oldest documented evidence for leprosy, dating to the 2nd millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-Schug2009-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schug2013-110">[110]</a> Located at <a href="/wiki/Balathal" title="Balathal">Balathal</a>, Rajasthan, in northwest India, the discoverers suggest that if the disease did migrate from Africa to India during the 3rd millennium BC "at a time when there was substantial interaction among the Indus Civilization, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, there needs to be additional skeletal and molecular evidence of leprosy in India and Africa to confirm the African origin of the disease".<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> A proven human case was verified by DNA taken from the shrouded remains of a man discovered by researchers from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> in a tomb in <a href="/wiki/Akeldama" title="Akeldama">Akeldama</a>, next to the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City of Jerusalem</a> dated by radiocarbon methods to the first half of the 1st century.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The oldest strains of leprosy known from Europe are from <a href="/wiki/Great_Chesterford" title="Great Chesterford">Great Chesterford</a> in southeast England and date back to AD 415–545. These findings suggest a different path for the spread of leprosy, meaning it may have originated in western Eurasia. This study also indicates that there were more strains in Europe at the time than previously determined.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_and_scientific_progress">Discovery and scientific progress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Discovery and scientific progress">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_leprosy_around_the_world_Wellcome_L0032805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Distribution_of_leprosy_around_the_world_Wellcome_L0032805.jpg/310px-Distribution_of_leprosy_around_the_world_Wellcome_L0032805.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Distribution_of_leprosy_around_the_world_Wellcome_L0032805.jpg/465px-Distribution_of_leprosy_around_the_world_Wellcome_L0032805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Distribution_of_leprosy_around_the_world_Wellcome_L0032805.jpg/620px-Distribution_of_leprosy_around_the_world_Wellcome_L0032805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4771" data-file-height="3391" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of leprosy around the world in 1891</figcaption></figure>Literary attestation of leprosy is unclear because of the ambiguity of many early sources, including the Indian <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a> and Kausika Sutra, the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus" title="Ebers Papyrus">Ebers Papyrus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>'s various sections regarding signs of impurity (<a href="/wiki/Tzaraath" title="Tzaraath">tzaraath</a>).<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Leprotic symptoms are attested in the Indian doctor <a href="/wiki/Sushruta" title="Sushruta">Sushruta</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Compendium</a>, originally dating to c. 600 BC but only surviving in emended texts no earlier than the 5th century BC. Symptoms consistent with leprosy were possibly described by <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> in 460 BC.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> However, Hansen's disease probably did not exist in Greece or the Middle East before the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haubrich2003-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-WilkinsEvans2013-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In 1846, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Adams_(translator)" title="Francis Adams (translator)">Francis Adams</a> produced The Seven Books of Paulus Aegineta which included a commentary on all medical and surgical knowledge and descriptions and remedies to do with leprosy from the Romans, Greeks, and Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Leprosy did not exist in the Americas before <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonization</a> by modern Europeans<a href="#cite_note-Rotberg2001-121">[121]</a> nor did it exist in <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> until the middle of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The causative agent of leprosy, M. leprae, was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Armauer_Hansen" title="Gerhard Armauer Hansen">Gerhard Armauer Hansen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Norway</a> in 1873, making it one of the first species of pathogenic bacteria identified.<a href="#cite_note-Irgens_2002-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_2">Treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Chaulmoogra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaulmoogra">Chaulmoogra</a> tree oil was used topically to manage Hansen's disease for centuries. Chaulmoogra oil could not be taken orally without causing nausea or injected without forming an abscess.<a href="#cite_note-SmithMag-124">[124]</a> Leprosy was once believed to be highly contagious and was treated with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, as was <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, which was first described in 1530. Many early cases thought to be leprosy could actually have been syphilis.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In 1915, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Ball" title="Alice Ball">Alice Ball</a>, the first black woman to graduate from the University of Hawai'i with a masters in chemistry, discovered how to make the oil water soluble.<a href="#cite_note-SmithMag-124">[124]</a> This technique led to marked improvements in patients with Hansen's disease who were treated in Hawai'i.<a href="#cite_note-SmithMag-124">[124]</a> The first effective drug (<a href="/wiki/Promin" title="Promin">promin</a>) became available in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-Cam1997-126">[126]</a> In the 1950s, dapsone was introduced. The search for further effective antileprosy drugs led to the use of clofazimine and rifampicin in the 1960s and 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Rees_1970-127">[127]</a> Later, Indian scientist Shantaram Yawalkar and his colleagues formulated a combined therapy using rifampicin and dapsone, intended to mitigate bacterial resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Yawalkar_1982-128">[128]</a> Combining all three drugs was first recommended by the WHO in 1981. These three drugs are still used in the standard MDT regimens.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Resistance has developed to initial treatment. Until the introduction of MDT in the early 1980s, leprosy could not be diagnosed and treated successfully within the community.<a href="#cite_note-WHOleprosyFAQ-130">[130]</a> The importance of the nasal mucosa in the transmission of M. leprae was recognized as early as 1898 by Schäffer, in particular, that of the ulcerated mucosa.<a href="#cite_note-Schaffer_1898-131">[131]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Unable to find this abbreviated title anywhere online relating to an 1898 journal. Please expand the full name. Possibly "Archives of Dermatology and Syphilis" or "Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology". Latter vol. 1 is 1920, but according to Internet Archive also called vol. 38 (October 2023)">verification needed</a>] The mechanism of plantar ulceration in leprosy and its treatment was first described by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_W._Price" title="Ernest W. Price">Ernest W. Price</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word "leprosy" comes from the Greek word "λέπος (lépos) – skin" and "λεπερός (leperós) – scaly man".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leprosorium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Leprosorium.jpg/290px-Leprosorium.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Leprosorium.jpg/435px-Leprosorium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Leprosorium.jpg/580px-Leprosorium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Two lepers denied entrance to town, 14th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_cost">Treatment cost</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Treatment cost">edit</a>]</div> Between 1995 and 1999 the WHO, with the aid of the <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Foundation" title="Nippon Foundation">Nippon Foundation</a>, supplied all endemic countries with free MDT in blister packs, channeled through ministries of health.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> This free provision was extended in 2000 and again in 2005, 2010, and 2015 with donations by the MDT manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Novartis" title="Novartis">Novartis</a> through the WHO.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet-4">[4]</a> At the national level, <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a> (NGOs) affiliated with the national program will continue to be provided with an appropriate free supply.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_texts">Historical texts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Historical texts">edit</a>]</div> Written accounts of leprosy date back thousands of years. Various skin diseases translated as leprosy appear in the ancient Indian text, the <a href="/wiki/Atharava_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Atharava Veda">Atharava Veda</a>, by 600 BC.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Another Indian text, the <a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a> (200 BC),  prohibit contact with those infected with the disease and make marriage to a person infected with leprosy punishable.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The Hebraic root tsara or tsaraath (צָרַע, – tsaw-rah' – to be struck with leprosy, to be leprous) and the Greek (λεπρός – lepros), are of broader classification than the more narrow use of the term related to Hansen's Disease.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Any progressive skin disease (a whitening or splotchy bleaching of the skin, raised manifestations of scales, scabs, infections, rashes, etc.) — as well as generalized molds and surface discoloration of any clothing, leather, or discoloration on walls or surfaces throughout homes — all came under the "law of leprosy" (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 14:54–57).<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Ancient sources such as the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (Sifra 63) make clear that tzaraath refers to various types of lesions or stains associated with <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual impurity</a> and occurring on cloth, leather, or houses, as well as skin. Traditional <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and Jewish rabbinical authorities, both historical and modern, emphasize that the tsaraath of Leviticus is a spiritual ailment with no direct relationship to Hansen's disease or physical contagions. The relation of tsaraath to "leprosy" comes from translations of Hebrew Biblical texts into Greek and ensuing misconceptions.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> All three <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> describe instances of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> healing people with leprosy (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+8%3A1-4&version=ESV">Matthew 8:1–4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%201%3A40-45&version=ESV">Mark 1:40–45</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+5%3A12-16&version=ESV">Luke 5:12–16</a>). The Bible's description of leprosy is congruous (if lacking detail) with the symptoms of modern leprosy, but the relationship between this disease, tzaraath, and Hansen's disease has been disputed.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The biblical perception that people with leprosy were unclean can be found in a passage from Leviticus 13:44–46. While this text defines the leper as <a href="/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">impure</a>, it does not explicitly make a moral judgement on those with leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christians</a> believed that those affected by leprosy were being punished by God for sinful behavior. Moral associations have persisted throughout history. In the 6th century Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> considered people with the disease to be heretics.<a href="#cite_note-Covey-2001-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leprosy_bell.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Leprosy_bell.JPG/220px-Leprosy_bell.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Leprosy_bell.JPG/330px-Leprosy_bell.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Leprosy_bell.JPG/440px-Leprosy_bell.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Medieval leper bell</figcaption></figure> The social perception of leprosy in the general population was mixed. On one hand, people feared getting infected with the disease and thought of people suspected of leprosy to be unclean, untrustworthy, and occasionally morally corrupt.<a href="#cite_note-Covey-2001-142">[142]</a> On the other hand, Jesus' interaction with lepers, the writing of church leaders, and the Christian focus on charitable works led to viewing the lepers as "chosen by God"<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> or seeing the disease as a means of obtaining access to heaven.<a href="#cite_note-Barber_1994-144">[144]</a> Early medieval understanding of leprosy was influenced by early Christian writers such as <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>, whose writings were later embraced by Byzantine and Latin writers.<a href="#cite_note-MillerSmithSavage-145">[145]</a> Gregory, for example, composed sermons urging Christians to assist victims of the disease, and he condemned pagans or Christians who justified rejecting lepers on the allegation that God had sent them the disease to punish them. As cases of leprosy increased in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, becoming a major health issue, the ecclesiastic leaders discussed how to assist those affected as well as how to change the attitude of society towards them. They also tried this by using the name "holy disease" instead of the commonly used "elephant's disease" (elephantiasis), implying that God did not create this disease to punish people but to purify them for heaven.<a href="#cite_note-MillerNesbit-146">[146]</a> Although not always successful in persuading the public and a cure was never found by Greek medicians, they created an environment where victims could get <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative care</a> and were never expressly banned from society, as sometimes happened in western Europe. Theodore Balsamon, a 12th-century jurist in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, noted that lepers were allowed to enter the same churches, cities, and assemblies that healthy people attended.<a href="#cite_note-MillerSmithSavage-145">[145]</a> As the disease became more prevalent in western Europe in the 5th century, efforts began to set up permanent institutions to house and feed lepers. These efforts were, inclusively, the work of bishops in France at the end of the sixth century, such as in <a href="/wiki/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Chalon-sur-Saône">Chalon-sur-Saône</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MillerSmithSavage-145">[145]</a> The increase in hospitals or <a href="/wiki/Leprosaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Leprosaria">leprosaria</a> (sing. leprosarium) that treated people with leprosy in the 12th and 13th century seems to indicate a rise in cases,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> possibly in connection with the increase in urbanisation<a href="#cite_note-IntHistory-150">[150]</a> as well as returning crusaders from the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-MillerSmithSavage-145">[145]</a> France alone had nearly 2,000 leprosaria during this period.<a href="#cite_note-Covey-2011-151">[151]</a> Additionally to the new leprosia, further steps were taken by secular and religious leaders to prevent further spread of the disease. The <a href="/wiki/Third_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Lateran Council">third Lateran Council</a> of 1179 required lepers to have their own priests and churches<a href="#cite_note-IntHistory-150">[150]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] and a 1346 edict by <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">King Edward</a> expelled lepers from city limits. Segregation from mainstream society became common, and people with leprosy were often required to wear clothing that identified them as such or carry a bell announcing their presence.<a href="#cite_note-Covey-2011-151">[151]</a> As in the East, it was the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Church</a> who took care of the lepers due to the persisting moral stigma and who ran the leprosaria.<a href="#cite_note-Covey-2001-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Although the leprosaria in Western Europe removed the sick from society, they were never a place to quarantine them or from which they could not leave: lepers would go beg for alms for the upkeep of the leprosaria or meet with their families.<a href="#cite_note-IntHistory-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-MillerSmithSavage-145">[145]</a> Multiple groups in Western Europe from the Middle Ages faced social ostracization and discrimination that was justified, in part, due to claims that they were the descendants of lepers. These groups included the <a href="/wiki/Cagot" title="Cagot">Cagots</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caquins_of_Brittany" title="Caquins of Brittany">Caquins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leprosy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Leprosy.jpg/170px-Leprosy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Leprosy.jpg/255px-Leprosy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Leprosy.jpg/340px-Leprosy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption> A 24-year-old man with leprosy, 1886</figcaption></figure> Norway was the location of a progressive stance on leprosy tracking and treatment and played an influential role in European understanding of the disease. In 1832, Dr. JJ Hjort conducted the first leprosy survey, thus establishing a basis for epidemiological surveys. Subsequent surveys resulted in the establishment of a national leprosy registry to study the causes of leprosy and to track the rate of infection.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Early leprosy research throughout Europe was conducted by Norwegian scientists <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cornelius_Danielssen" title="Daniel Cornelius Danielssen">Daniel Cornelius Danielssen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Boeck" title="Carl Wilhelm Boeck">Carl Wilhelm Boeck</a>. Their work resulted in the establishment of the National Leprosy Research and Treatment Center. Danielssen and Boeck believed the cause of leprosy transmission was hereditary. This stance was influential in advocating for the isolation of those infected by sex to prevent reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Though leprosy rates were on the decline in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> by the 1860s, authorities frequently embraced isolation treatment due to a combination of reasons, including fears of the disease spreading from the <a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a>, efforts by Christian missionaries and a lack of understanding concerning <a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">bacteriology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">medical diagnosis</a> and how contagious the disease was.<a href="#cite_note-Gussow-2021-159">[159]</a> The rapid expansion of Western imperialism during the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> resulted in westerners coming into increasing contact with regions where the disease was endemic, including British India. English surgeon <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vandyke_Carter" title="Henry Vandyke Carter">Henry Vandyke Carter</a> observed isolation treatment for leprosy patients first-hand while visiting Norway, applying these methods in British India with the financial and logistical assistance of Protestant missionaries. Colonialist and religious viewpoints of the disease continued to be a major factor in the treatment and public perception of the disease in the Global South until <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> in the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Gussow-2021-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_century">20th and 21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Leprosy_in_India" title="Leprosy in India">Leprosy in India</a></div> In 1898, the colonial government in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> enacted the Leprosy Act of 1898, which mandated the compulsory segregation of people with leprosy by authorities in newly established leper asylums, where they were segregated by sex to prevent sexual activity. The act, which proved difficult to enforce, was repealed in 1983 by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian government</a> after MDT had become widely available in India. In 1983, the National Leprosy Elimination Programme, previously the National Leprosy Control Programme, changed its methods from surveillance to the treatment of people with leprosy. India still accounts for over half of the global disease burden. According to WHO, new cases in India during 2019 diminished to 114,451 patients (57% of the world's total new cases).<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gussow-2021-159">[159]</a> Until 2019, Indians could justify a petition for divorce with their spouse's diagnosis of leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The National Leprosarium at <a href="/wiki/Carville,_Louisiana" title="Carville, Louisiana">Carville, Louisiana</a>, known in 1955 as the Louisiana Leper Home, was the only leprosy hospital in the mainland United States. Leprosy patients from all over the United States were sent to Carville to be kept in isolation away from the public, as not much about leprosy transmission was known at the time and <a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">stigma against those with leprosy</a> was high. The Carville leprosarium was known for its innovations in reconstructive surgery for those with leprosy. In 1941, 22 patients at Carville underwent trials for a new drug called promin. The results were described as miraculous, and soon after the success of promin came dapsone, a medicine even more effective in the fight against leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Leprosy incidence peaked in the United States in 1983, followed by a steep decline.<a href="#cite_note-Bhukhan-163">[163]</a> However, case numbers have been slowly rising again since 2000. In 2020, 159 cases were reported in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Bhukhan-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stigma">Stigma</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Stigma">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leper_colony_stigma" title="Leper colony stigma">Leper colony stigma</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:A_26_year_old_woman_with_leprous_lesions_Wellcome_L0074857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/A_26_year_old_woman_with_leprous_lesions_Wellcome_L0074857.jpg/200px-A_26_year_old_woman_with_leprous_lesions_Wellcome_L0074857.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/A_26_year_old_woman_with_leprous_lesions_Wellcome_L0074857.jpg/300px-A_26_year_old_woman_with_leprous_lesions_Wellcome_L0074857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/A_26_year_old_woman_with_leprous_lesions_Wellcome_L0074857.jpg/400px-A_26_year_old_woman_with_leprous_lesions_Wellcome_L0074857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5228" data-file-height="7627" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:13_year_old_boy_with_severe_leprosy_Wellcome_L0074842.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/13_year_old_boy_with_severe_leprosy_Wellcome_L0074842.jpg/200px-13_year_old_boy_with_severe_leprosy_Wellcome_L0074842.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/13_year_old_boy_with_severe_leprosy_Wellcome_L0074842.jpg/300px-13_year_old_boy_with_severe_leprosy_Wellcome_L0074842.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/13_year_old_boy_with_severe_leprosy_Wellcome_L0074842.jpg/400px-13_year_old_boy_with_severe_leprosy_Wellcome_L0074842.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5236" data-file-height="7568" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Depictions of a 26-year-old woman with leprous lesions and a 13-year-old boy with severe leprosy in <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cornelius_Danielssen" title="Daniel Cornelius Danielssen">Daniel Cornelius</a>' 1847 Om Spedalskhed</div></div></div></div> Despite now effective treatment and education efforts, leprosy stigma continues to be problematic in developing countries where the disease is common. Leprosy is most common amongst impoverished populations where social stigma is likely to be compounded by poverty. Fears of ostracism, loss of employment, or expulsion from family and society may contribute to a delayed diagnosis and treatment.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Folk beliefs, lack of education, and religious connotations of the disease continue to influence social perceptions of those affected in many parts of the world. In Brazil, for example, folklore holds that leprosy is a disease transmitted by dogs, or that it is associated with sexual promiscuity, or that it is a punishment for sins or moral transgressions (distinct from other diseases and misfortunes, which are in general thought of as being according to the will of God).<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Socioeconomic factors also have a direct impact. Lower-class domestic workers who are often employed by those in a higher socioeconomic class may find their employment in jeopardy as physical manifestations of the disease become apparent. Skin discoloration and darker pigmentation resulting from the disease also have social repercussions.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In extreme cases in northern India, leprosy is equated with an "untouchable" status that "often persists long after individuals with leprosy have been cured of the disease, creating lifelong prospects of divorce, eviction, loss of employment, and ostracism from family and social networks."<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_policy">Public policy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Public policy">edit</a>]</div> A goal of the WHO is to "eliminate leprosy," and in 2016 the organization launched "Global Leprosy Strategy 2016–2020: Accelerating towards a leprosy-free world".<a href="#cite_note-WHOstrategy-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Elimination of leprosy is defined as "reducing the proportion of (people with) leprosy in the community to very low levels, specifically to below one case per 10,000 population".<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Diagnosis and treatment with multidrug therapy are effective, and a 45% decline in disease burden has occurred since MDT has become more widely available.<a href="#cite_note-WHOeliminate-171">[171]</a> The organization emphasizes the importance of fully integrating leprosy treatment into public health services, effective diagnosis and treatment, and access to information.<a href="#cite_note-WHOeliminate-171">[171]</a> The approach includes supporting an increase in health care professionals who understand the disease, and a coordinated and renewed political commitment that includes coordination between countries and improvements in the methodology for collecting and analysing data.<a href="#cite_note-WHOstrategy-168">[168]</a> Interventions include:<a href="#cite_note-WHOstrategy-168">[168]</a> <ul><li>Early detection of cases focusing on children to reduce transmission and disabilities.</li> <li>Enhanced healthcare services and improved access for people who may be marginalized.</li> <li>For countries where leprosy is endemic, further interventions include an improved screening of close contacts, improved treatment regimens, and interventions to reduce stigma and discrimination against people who have leprosy.</li></ul> In some instances in India, community-based rehabilitation is embraced by local governments and NGOs alike. Often, the identity cultivated by a community environment is preferable to reintegration, and models of self-management and collective agency independent of NGOs and government support have been desirable and successful.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notable cases">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Father_Damien_on_his_deathbed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Father_Damien_on_his_deathbed.jpg/220px-Father_Damien_on_his_deathbed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Father_Damien_on_his_deathbed.jpg/330px-Father_Damien_on_his_deathbed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Father_Damien_on_his_deathbed.jpg/440px-Father_Damien_on_his_deathbed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Father Damien</a> on his deathbed on 14 April 1889</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Cafrine" title="Josephine Cafrine">Josephine Cafrine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1877–1907) had leprosy from age 12 and kept a journal that documented her struggles and suffering.<a href="#cite_note-sna1-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-alla-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-nation-175">[175]</a> It was published as an autobiography in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-sna1-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-alla-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-nation-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-weekly-176">[176]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Saint Damien De Veuster</a> (1840–1889), a Catholic priest from Belgium, contracted leprosy and ministered to lepers who had been placed under a government-sanctioned medical quarantine on <a href="/wiki/Moloka%CA%BBi" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokaʻi">Molokaʻi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaiʻi">Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tayman-177">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_IV_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin IV of Jerusalem">Baldwin IV of Jerusalem</a> (1161–1185), Catholic king of Latin Jerusalem, had leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Grytten" title="Ingeborg Grytten">Ingeborg Grytten</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1668 – after 1705), Norwegian writer whose leprosy is thought to have influenced her poetry, which is characterized by a strong religious faith in God's salvation.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josefina_Guerrero" title="Josefina Guerrero">Josefina Guerrero</a> (1917–1996), Filipino <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> spy who used the Japanese fear of her leprosy to listen to their battle plans and deliver the information to the American forces under <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV of England</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1399–1413) possibly had leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li> <li>Vietnamese poet <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0n_M%E1%BA%B7c_T%E1%BB%AD" title="Hàn Mặc Tử">Hàn Mặc Tử</a> (1912–1940)<a href="#cite_note-Nguyên-182">[182]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctani_Yoshitsugu" title="Ōtani Yoshitsugu">Ōtani Yoshitsugu</a> (1558 or 1565–1600), a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyō</a> (feudal lord).<a href="#cite_note-Bryant-183">[183]</a></li> <li>British writer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Greave" title="Peter Greave">Peter Greave</a> (1910–1977).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: In media">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>August 1891 — the short story collection Life's Handicap <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling_bibliography" title="Rudyard Kipling bibliography">by</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> has a story "The Mark of the Beast" in which a traveller on horseback literally stumbles into a leper colony in India.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></li> <li>1909 — Jack London published <a href="/wiki/Jack_London#Race" title="Jack London">"Koolau the Leper"</a> in his Tales of Hawai'i about Molokai and people consigned to it circa 1893.</li> <li>1959 — <a href="/wiki/James_Michener" class="mw-redirect" title="James Michener">James Michener</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(novel)" title="Hawaii (novel)">Hawaii</a> dramatizes Molokai's leper settlement, including Father Damien.</li> <li>1959 — <a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur_(1959_film)" title="Ben-Hur (1959 film)">Ben-Hur</a> depicts the title character's mother, Miriam, and younger sister, Tirzah, are imprisoned by the Roman Empire. When they are freed years later, they have leprosy and leave town for the Valley of the Lepers, rather than stay and reunite with Ben-Hur. They leave the colony, and when Jesus dies on the cross, they are miraculously cured.</li> <li>1960 — English author Graham Greene's novel <a href="/wiki/A_Burnt-Out_Case" title="A Burnt-Out Case">A Burnt-Out Case</a> is set in a leper colony in Belgian Congo. The story is also predominantly about a disillusioned architect working with a doctor on devising new cures and amenities for mutilated victims of lepers; the title, too, refers to the condition of mutilation and disfigurement in the disease.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></li> <li>1962 — <a href="/wiki/Forugh_Farrokhzad" title="Forugh Farrokhzad">Forugh Farrokhzad</a> made a 22-minute documentary about a leprosy colony in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> titled <a href="/wiki/The_House_Is_Black" title="The House Is Black">The House Is Black</a>. The film humanizes the people affected and opens by saying that "there is no shortage of ugliness in the world, but by closing our eyes on ugliness, we will intensify it."</li> <li>1977 — The lead character in <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Thomas_Covenant" title="The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant">The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Donaldson" title="Stephen R. Donaldson">Stephen R. Donaldson</a> suffers from leprosy. His condition seems to be cured by the magic of the fantasy land he finds himself in, but he resists believing in its reality, for example, by continuing to perform a regular <a href="/wiki/Visual_surveillance_of_extremities" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual surveillance of extremities">visual surveillance of extremities</a> as a safety check. Donaldson gained experience with the disease as a young man in India, where his father worked in a missionary for people with leprosy.</li> <li>2006 — Moloka'i is a novel by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Brennert" title="Alan Brennert">Alan Brennert</a> about a leper colony in Hawaii. This novel follows the story of a seven-year-old girl taken from her family and put on Molokai's leper settlement.</li> <li>2009 — Squint: My Journey with Leprosy is a memoir by Jose P. Ramirez.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infection_of_animals">Infection of animals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Infection of animals">edit</a>]</div> Between 15 and 20% of <a href="/wiki/Nine-banded_armadillos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine-banded armadillos">nine-banded armadillos</a> (Dasypus novemcinctus) in the south-central United States carry M. leprae.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[188]</a> As a result of their low body temperature their tissues commonly contain massive numbers of organisms which helps in the dissemination of the infection. Armadillos were first demonstrated in 1971 to develop leprosy after inoculation with M. leprae.<a href="#cite_note-:0-189">[189]</a> Because of armadillos' armor, skin lesions are difficult to ascertain.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Abrasions around the eyes, nose, and feet are the most common signs. Infected armadillos make up a large reservoir of M. leprae and may be a source of infection for some humans in the United States or other locations in the armadillos' home range. In armadillo leprosy, lesions do not persist at the site of entry in animals; M. leprae multiply in <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> at the site of <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">inoculation</a> and lymph nodes.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Armadillos have been used in immunological research to fight leprosy. Some notable reagents include recombinant interleukin-2 and recombinant interferon-gamma reagents.<a href="#cite_note-:0-189">[189]</a> Additionally, they have been key and have been useful models of leprosy for studies regarding neuropathy.<a href="#cite_note-:2-192">[192]</a> In clinical procedures such as electrophysiological nerve conduction tests Armadillo's nerve function has been properly assessed.<a href="#cite_note-:2-192">[192]</a> Despite the studies mentioned regarding Armadillo's relationship to neuropathy and other effects of leprosy, there is still a lack of proper study on armadillos, and in conducting more armadillo-specific regents our understanding of leprosy’s effects on armadillos and possible humans can be found. Armadillos are a key component of modern-day research on leprosy. There is a stigma surrounding armadillos and the carrying of leprosy. Because many people do not understand armadillos very well it is common for people to think of them as being dangerous to society and as a result valuing their lives less than other animals. It has become more common in parts of America for people to eat raw or undercooked armadillo, making the chances high that if not properly handled with care, one may become infected.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> An outbreak in chimpanzees in West Africa is showing that the bacteria can infect another species and also possibly have additional rodent hosts.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Studies have demonstrated that the disease is endemic in the UK red Eurasian squirrel population, with M. leprae and M. lepromatosis appearing in different populations. The M. leprae strain discovered on <a href="/wiki/Brownsea_Island" title="Brownsea Island">Brownsea Island</a> is equated to one thought to have died out in the human population in mediaeval times.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Despite this, and speculation regarding past transmission through trade in squirrel furs, there does not seem to be a high risk of squirrel to human transmission from the wild population. Although leprosy continues to be diagnosed in immigrants to the UK, the last known human case of leprosy arising in the UK was recorded over 200 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> It has been shown that leprosy can reprogram cells in mouse<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> and armadillo<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> models, similar to how <a href="/wiki/Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell" title="Induced pluripotent stem cell">induced pluripotent stem cells</a> are generated by the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription factors">transcription factors</a> <a href="/wiki/Myc" title="Myc">Myc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oct-4" title="Oct-4">Oct3/4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sox2" class="mw-redirect" title="Sox2">Sox2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Klf4" class="mw-redirect" title="Klf4">Klf4</a>. A notable study conducted by <a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Shepard" title="Charles C. Shepard">Charles Shepard</a> used mice to find how leprosy, an infection that has a preference for cooler areas of the body, would work in a warm-blooded animal. This mice study helped further the understanding of how leprosy works in humans. This was called "The Mouse Model."<a href="#cite_note-:0-189">[189]</a> The main findings were that even in mice whose immune systems were severely impaired and at a perceived high risk of developing leprosy, the body was still in most cases able to fight off leprosy. The findings suggest that in mice, the body will use their body's energy to fight leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-:0-189">[189]</a> Using The Mouse Model Shepard was able to conduct new research regarding leprosy. This model can now be used as a tool to further study M. leprae.<a href="#cite_note-:0-189">[189]</a> The Mouse Model takes a more easily accessible animal model to better understand this complex disease. There are a few other up-and-coming models for M. leprae including the use of other animals including but not limited to mammals, birds, and cold-blooded animals.<a href="#cite_note-:0-189">[189]</a> These animals do not tend to give as great results as armadillos and mice as different animals have different levels of disease resistance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSophie_M._Worobec2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sophie M. 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Independat News & Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=117&art_id=qw1158139440409B243">the original</a> on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ignorance+breeds+leper+colonies+in+China&rft.date=2006-09-13&rft.au=Lyn+TE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Findex.php%3Fset_id%3D1%26click_id%3D117%26art_id%3Dqw1158139440409B243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeprosy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Japan repealed its "Leprosy Prevention Laws" in 1996, but former patients still reside in sanatoriums. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1350630.stm">"Koizumi apologises for leper colonies"</a>. 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London: Sydenham Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Books+of+Paulus+Aegineta%3A+Translated+from+the+Greek+with+Commentary+Embracing+a+Complete+View+of+the+Knowledge+Possessed+by+the+Greeks%2C+Romans+and+Arabians+on+all+Subjects+Connected+with+Medicine+and+Surgery&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sydenham+Society&rft.date=1678&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeprosy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Roman: <a href="/wiki/Celsus" title="Celsus">Celsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serenus_Samonicus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serenus Samonicus (page does not exist)">Serenus Samonicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scribonius_Largus" title="Scribonius Largus">Scribonius Largus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caelius_Aurelianus" title="Caelius Aurelianus">Caelius Aurelianus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Themison_of_Laodicea" title="Themison of Laodicea">Themison</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Octavius_Horatianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octavius Horatianus (page does not exist)">Octavius Horatianus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcellus_the_Emperic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcellus the Emperic (page does not exist)">Marcellus the Emperic</a>; Greek: <a href="/wiki/Aretaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aretaeus">Aretaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oribasius" title="Oribasius">Oribasius</a>, Aetius (<a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sicamus_A%C3%ABtius" title="Sicamus Aëtius">Sicamus Aëtius</a>), <a href="/wiki/Joannes_Actuarius" title="Joannes Actuarius">Actuarius</a>, Nonnus, <a href="/wiki/Psellus" class="mw-redirect" title="Psellus">Psellus</a>, Leo, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrepsus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myrepsus (page does not exist)">Myrepsus</a>; Arabic: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scrapion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scrapion (page does not exist)">Scrapion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zuhr" title="Ibn Zuhr">Avenzoar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">Albucasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27Ali_ibn_al-%27Abbas_al-Majusi" title="'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi">Haly Abbas</a> translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephanus_Antiochensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephanus Antiochensis (page does not exist)">Stephanus Antiochensis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsharavius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alsharavius (page does not exist)">Alsharavius</a>, Rhases (<a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Bakr_al-R%C4%81z%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Bakr al-Rāzī">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī</a>), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guido_de_Cauliaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guido de Cauliaco (page does not exist)">Guido de Cauliaco</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rotberg2001-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Rotberg2001_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Rotberg RI (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OiQM-GIe69kC&pg=PA132">Population History and the Family: A Journal of Interdisciplinary History Reader</a>. MIT Press. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-68130-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-68130-8"><bdi>978-0-262-68130-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+History+and+the+Family%3A+A+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+History+Reader&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-262-68130-8&rft.aulast=Rotberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOiQM-GIe69kC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeprosy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomerie1988" class="citation journal cs1">Montgomerie JZ (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_97_1988/Volume_97%2C_No._2/Leprosy_in_New_Zealand%2C_by_J._Z._Montgomerie%2C_p_115-152?action=null">"Leprosy in New Zealand"</a>. The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 97 (2): 115–152. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11617451">11617451</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180211031412/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_97_1988/Volume_97%2C_No._2/Leprosy_in_New_Zealand%2C_by_J._Z._Montgomerie%2C_p_115-152?action=null">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=Leprosy+in+New+Zealand&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11617451&rft.aulast=Montgomerie&rft.aufirst=JZ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2FVolume_97_1988%2FVolume_97%252C_No._2%2FLeprosy_in_New_Zealand%252C_by_J._Z._Montgomerie%252C_p_115-152%3Faction%3Dnull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeprosy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irgens_2002-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Irgens_2002_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrgens2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Irgens LM (March 2002). "Oppdagelsen av leprabasillen" [The discovery of the leprosy bacillus]. Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening (in Norwegian). 122 (7): 708–709. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11998735">11998735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tidsskrift+for+den+Norske+Laegeforening&rft.atitle=Oppdagelsen+av+leprabasillen&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E708-%3C%2Fspan%3E709&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11998735&rft.aulast=Irgens&rft.aufirst=LM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeprosy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithMag-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SmithMag_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithMag_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithMag_124-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazineWong" class="citation web cs1">Magazine S, Wong KM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-trailblazing-black-woman-chemist-who-discovered-a-treatment-for-leprosy-180979772/">"The Trailblazing Black Woman Chemist Who Discovered a Treatment for Leprosy"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211200621/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-trailblazing-black-woman-chemist-who-discovered-a-treatment-for-leprosy-180979772/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Trailblazing+Black+Woman+Chemist+Who+Discovered+a+Treatment+for+Leprosy&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft.au=Wong%2C+Kathleen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fthe-trailblazing-black-woman-chemist-who-discovered-a-treatment-for-leprosy-180979772%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeprosy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/578770/syphilis/253277/Syphilis-through-history#ref252973">"Syphilis through history"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513015053/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/578770/syphilis/253277/Syphilis-through-history">Archived</a> 13 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cam1997-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Cam1997_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Baum1997" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Baum, et al. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zVh30FrAuDsC&pg=PA521">Cambridge handbook of psychology, health and medicine</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 521. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43686-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43686-1"><bdi>978-0-521-43686-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611001757/https://books.google.com/books?id=zVh30FrAuDsC&pg=PA521">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+handbook+of+psychology%2C+health+and+medicine&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=521&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43686-1&rft.au=Andrew+Baum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzVh30FrAuDsC%26pg%3DPA521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeprosy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rees_1970-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Rees_1970_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReesPearsonWaters1970" class="citation journal cs1">Rees RJ, Pearson JM, Waters MF (January 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1699176">"Experimental and clinical studies on rifampicin in treatment of leprosy"</a>. British Medical Journal. 1 (5688): 89–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.5688.89">10.1136/bmj.1.5688.89</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1699176">1699176</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4903972">4903972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Experimental+and+clinical+studies+on+rifampicin+in+treatment+of+leprosy&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5688&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=1970-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1699176%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4903972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.1.5688.89&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft.au=Pearson%2C+JM&rft.au=Waters%2C+MF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1699176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeprosy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yawalkar_1982-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Yawalkar_1982_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYawalkarMcDougallLanguillonGhosh1982" class="citation journal cs1">Yawalkar SJ, McDougall AC, Languillon J, Ghosh S, Hajra SK, Opromolla DV, et al. 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Lancet. 1 (8283): 1199–1202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2882%2992334-0">10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92334-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6122970">6122970</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38629414">38629414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Once-monthly+rifampicin+plus+daily+dapsone+in+initial+treatment+of+lepromatous+leprosy&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=8283&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1199-%3C%2Fspan%3E1202&rft.date=1982-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38629414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6122970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2882%2992334-0&rft.aulast=Yawalkar&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=McDougall%2C+AC&rft.au=Languillon%2C+J&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+S&rft.au=Hajra%2C+SK&rft.au=Opromolla%2C+DV&rft.au=Tonello%2C+CJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeprosy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/leprosy/health-care-workers/treatment.html">"Treatment | Hansen's Disease (Leprosy)"</a>. 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New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-3301-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-3301-9"><bdi>978-0-7432-3301-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102160605/https://books.google.com/books?id=rKUaLE6s1lgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colony%3A+The+Harrowing+True+Story+of+the+Exiles+of+Molokai&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-3301-9&rft.aulast=Tayman&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrKUaLE6s1lgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeprosy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton,_Bernard2000" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Bernard (2000). 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Universitetsforlaget. pp. 69–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8200062503" title="Special:BookSources/8200062503"><bdi>8200062503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fra+gamle+dage%3A+memoarer%2C+dagb%C3%B8ker%2C+salmer+og+dikt+av+kvinner+ca.+1660-1880&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.pub=Universitetsforlaget&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=8200062503&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Barbra&rft.au=Aubert%2C+Elise&rft.au=Winsnes%2C+Hanna&rft.au=Vogt%2C+Johanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nb.no%2Fitems%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2007062801008%3Fpage%3D69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeprosy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazatin2018" class="citation news cs1">Lazatin H (8 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esquiremag.ph/the-good-life/pursuits/5-famous-spies-that-made-philippine-history-a00184-20180108-lfrm">"5 Famous Spies Who Made Philippine History"</a>. Esquiremag.ph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922165217/https://www.esquiremag.ph/the-good-life/pursuits/5-famous-spies-that-made-philippine-history-a00184-20180108-lfrm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Esquiremag.ph&rft.atitle=5+Famous+Spies+Who+Made+Philippine+History&rft.date=2018-01-08&rft.aulast=Lazatin&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquiremag.ph%2Fthe-good-life%2Fpursuits%2F5-famous-spies-that-made-philippine-history-a00184-20180108-lfrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeprosy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebber2015" class="citation book cs1">Webber R (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jC8ZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">Disease Selection: The Way Disease Changed the World</a>. CABI. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78064-682-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78064-682-4"><bdi>978-1-78064-682-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908221750/https://books.google.com/books?id=jC8ZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disease+Selection%3A+The+Way+Disease+Changed+the+World&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78064-682-4&rft.aulast=Webber&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjC8ZCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeprosy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nguyên-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Nguyên_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCung_giu_Nguyên1955" class="citation journal cs1">Cung giu Nguyên (1955). 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Carville's Cure: Leprosy, Stigma, and the Fight for Justice. Liveright. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1631495038" title="Special:BookSources/978-1631495038"><bdi>978-1631495038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carville%27s+Cure%3A+Leprosy%2C+Stigma%2C+and+the+Fight+for+Justice&rft.pub=Liveright&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1631495038&rft.au=Pam+Fessler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeprosy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789290226383">Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leprosy</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) (Report). October 2018. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10665%2F274127">10665/274127</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9022-638-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9022-638-3"><bdi>978-92-9022-638-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+the+diagnosis%2C+treatment+and+prevention+of+leprosy&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10665%2F274127&rft.isbn=978-92-9022-638-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fpublications%2Fi%2Fitem%2F9789290226383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeprosy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leprosy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36956" class="extiw" title="d:Q36956">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#149072669">1B20</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/A30">A30</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=030">030</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/246300">246300</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D007918">D007918</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb8478.htm">8478</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001347.htm">001347</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/1281-overview">med/1281</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic223.htm#">derm/223</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/neuro/topic187.htm#">neuro/187</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/leprosy-pro">Leprosy</a></li><li>Scholia: <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/scholia/topic/Q36956">Q36956</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Template talk:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">Epidermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wart" title="Wart">Wart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callus" title="Callus">Callus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seborrheic_keratosis" title="Seborrheic keratosis">Seborrheic keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_tag" title="Skin tag">Acrochordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum" title="Molluscum contagiosum">Molluscum contagiosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinic_keratosis" title="Actinic keratosis">Actinic keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma" title="Basal-cell carcinoma">Basal-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus_sebaceous" title="Nevus sebaceous">Nevus sebaceous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichoepithelioma" title="Trichoepithelioma">Trichoepithelioma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pigmented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freckle" title="Freckle">Freckles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentigo" title="Lentigo">Lentigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melasma" title="Melasma">Melasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus" title="Nevus">Nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">Melanoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postinflammatory_hyperpigmentation" title="Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation">Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermal</a> and subcutaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermoid_cyst" title="Epidermoid cyst">Epidermal inclusion cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemangioma" title="Hemangioma">Hemangioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_fibrous_histiocytoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign fibrous histiocytoma">Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keloid" title="Keloid">Keloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoma" title="Lipoma">Lipoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofibroma" title="Neurofibroma">Neurofibroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthoma" title="Xanthoma">Xanthoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantile_digital_fibromatosis" title="Infantile digital fibromatosis">Infantile digital fibromatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_cell_tumor" title="Granular cell tumor">Granular cell tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiomyoma" title="Leiomyoma">Leiomyoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphangioma_circumscriptum" title="Lymphangioma circumscriptum">Lymphangioma circumscriptum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxoid_cyst" title="Myxoid cyst">Myxoid cyst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">Rashes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">With epidermal involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eczematous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seborrhoeic_dermatitis" title="Seborrhoeic dermatitis">Seborrheic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_dermatitis" title="Stasis dermatitis">Stasis dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_simplex_chronicus" title="Lichen simplex chronicus">Lichen simplex chronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darier%27s_disease" title="Darier's disease">Darier's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagonoma_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucagonoma syndrome">Glucagonoma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell_histiocytosis" title="Langerhans cell histiocytosis">Langerhans cell histiocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus foliaceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiskott%E2%80%93Aldrich_syndrome" title="Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome">Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">Zinc deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scale_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (dermatology)">Scaling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li> <li>Tinea (<a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis" title="Tinea corporis">Corporis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_cruris" title="Tinea cruris">Cruris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot" title="Athlete's foot">Pedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_manuum" title="Tinea manuum">Manuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_faciei" title="Tinea faciei">Faciei</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_rosea" title="Pityriasis rosea">Pityriasis rosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Secondary syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">Mycosis fungoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_rubra_pilaris" title="Pityriasis rubra pilaris">Pityriasis rubra pilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsoriasis" title="Parapsoriasis">Parapsoriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis" title="Ichthyosis">Ichthyosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">Blistering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes zoster">Herpes zoster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">Varicella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Bullous impetigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Acute contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus_vulgaris" title="Pemphigus vulgaris">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullous_pemphigoid" title="Bullous pemphigoid">Bullous pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">Dermatitis herpetiformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyria_cutanea_tarda" title="Porphyria cutanea tarda">Porphyria cutanea tarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex" title="Epidermolysis bullosa simplex">Epidermolysis bullosa simplex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papule" title="Papule">Papular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">Scabies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bite reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miliaria" title="Miliaria">Miliaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratosis_pilaris" title="Keratosis pilaris">Keratosis pilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_spinulosus" title="Lichen spinulosus">Lichen spinulosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_acantholytic_dermatosis" title="Transient acantholytic dermatosis">Transient acantholytic dermatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_nitidus" title="Lichen nitidus">Lichen nitidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_lichenoides_et_varioliformis_acuta" title="Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta">Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pustule" class="mw-redirect" title="Pustule">Pustular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">Acne vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosacea" title="Rosacea">Rosacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folliculitis" title="Folliculitis">Folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Impetigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">Candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Gonococcemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophyte" title="Dermatophyte">Dermatophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">Coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcorneal_pustular_dermatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcorneal pustular dermatosis">Subcorneal pustular dermatosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypopigmented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_versicolor" title="Tinea versicolor">Tinea versicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitiligo" title="Vitiligo">Vitiligo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_alba" title="Pityriasis alba">Pityriasis alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">Tuberous sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_guttate_hypomelanosis" title="Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis">Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Without epidermal involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Red12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Red</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blanchable <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">Erythema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generalized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_eruption" title="Drug eruption">Drug eruptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exanthem" title="Exanthem">Viral exanthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_toxicum_neonatorum" title="Erythema toxicum neonatorum">Toxic erythema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Localized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">Cellulitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">Abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boil" title="Boil">Boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_nodosum" title="Erythema nodosum">Erythema nodosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoid_syndrome" title="Carcinoid syndrome">Carcinoid syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_drug_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed drug eruption">Fixed drug eruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">Urticaria</a></li> <li>Erythema (<a href="/wiki/Erythema_multiforme" title="Erythema multiforme">Multiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythema chronicum migrans">Migrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_gyratum_repens" title="Erythema gyratum repens">Gyratum repens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_annulare_centrifugum" title="Erythema annulare centrifugum">Annulare centrifugum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_ab_igne" title="Erythema ab igne">Ab igne</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonblanchable Purpura</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenic_purpura" title="Thrombocytopenic purpura">Thrombocytopenic purpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_purpura" title="Solar purpura">Actinic/solar purpura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disseminated_intravascular_coagulation" title="Disseminated intravascular coagulation">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasculitis" title="Vasculitis">Vasculitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indurated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scleroderma" title="Scleroderma">Scleroderma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Morphea" title="Morphea">morphea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_annulare" title="Granuloma annulare">Granuloma annulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrobiosis_lipoidica" title="Necrobiosis lipoidica">Necrobiosis lipoidica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">Ulcers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hair</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telogen_effluvium" title="Telogen effluvium">Telogen effluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgenic_alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgenic alopecia">Androgenic alopecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopecia_areata" title="Alopecia areata">Alopecia areata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_capitis" title="Tinea capitis">Tinea capitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loose_anagen_syndrome" title="Loose anagen syndrome">Loose anagen syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planopilaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichen planopilaris">Lichen planopilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folliculitis_decalvans" title="Folliculitis decalvans">Folliculitis decalvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudofolliculitis_barbae" title="Pseudofolliculitis barbae">Acne keloidalis nuchae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Nail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onychomycosis" title="Onychomycosis">Onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Paronychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrown_nail" title="Ingrown nail">Ingrown nail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">Mucous membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis" title="Aphthous stomatitis">Aphthous stomatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">Oral candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukoplakia" title="Leukoplakia">Leukoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane_pemphigoid" title="Mucous membrane pemphigoid">Mucous membrane pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatricial_pemphigoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatricial pemphigoid">Cicatricial pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesvirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxsackievirus" title="Coxsackievirus">Coxsackievirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">Systemic histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gram-positive_bacterial_infection:_Actinomycetota134" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gram-positive_Actinomycetota_diseases" title="Template:Gram-positive Actinomycetota diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gram-positive_Actinomycetota_diseases" title="Template talk:Gram-positive Actinomycetota diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gram-positive_Actinomycetota_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gram-positive Actinomycetota diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gram-positive_bacterial_infection:_Actinomycetota134" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-positive bacterial infection">Gram-positive bacterial infection</a>: <a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Actinomycineae" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinomycineae">Actinomycineae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetaceae" title="Actinomycetaceae">Actinomycetaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinomyces_israelii" title="Actinomyces israelii">Actinomyces israelii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycosis" title="Actinomycosis">Actinomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_actinomycosis" title="Cutaneous actinomycosis">Cutaneous actinomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tropheryma_whipplei" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropheryma whipplei">Tropheryma whipplei</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whipple%27s_disease" title="Whipple's disease">Whipple's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcanobacterium_haemolyticum" title="Arcanobacterium haemolyticum">Arcanobacterium haemolyticum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcanobacterium_haemolyticum_infection" title="Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection">Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinomyces_gerencseriae" title="Actinomyces gerencseriae">Actinomyces gerencseriae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propionibacteriaceae" title="Propionibacteriaceae">Propionibacteriaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propionibacterium_acnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Propionibacterium acnes">Propionibacterium acnes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corynebacterium" title="Corynebacterium">Corynebacterineae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium" title="Mycobacterium">Mycobacteriaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis" title="Mycobacterium tuberculosis">M. tuberculosis</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_bovis" title="Mycobacterium bovis">M. bovis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ghon_focus" title="Ghon focus">Ghon focus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ghon%27s_complex" title="Ghon's complex">Ghon's complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pott_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pott disease">Pott disease</a></li> <li>brain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculous_meningitis" title="Tuberculous meningitis">Meningitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_focus" title="Rich focus">Rich focus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculous_lymphadenitis" title="Tuberculous lymphadenitis">Tuberculous lymphadenitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculous_cervical_lymphadenitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis">Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_tuberculosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutaneous tuberculosis">cutaneous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrofuloderma" title="Scrofuloderma">Scrofuloderma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_induratum" title="Erythema induratum">Erythema induratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_vulgaris" title="Lupus vulgaris">Lupus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosector%27s_wart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosector's wart">Prosector's wart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_cutis_orificialis" title="Tuberculosis cutis orificialis">Tuberculosis cutis orificialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculous_cellulitis" title="Tuberculous cellulitis">Tuberculous cellulitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculous_gumma" title="Tuberculous gumma">Tuberculous gumma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_scrofulosorum" title="Lichen scrofulosorum">Lichen scrofulosorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberculid">Tuberculid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papulonecrotic_tuberculid" title="Papulonecrotic tuberculid">Papulonecrotic tuberculid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_inoculation_tuberculosis" title="Primary inoculation tuberculosis">Primary inoculation tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miliary_tuberculosis" title="Miliary tuberculosis">Miliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculous_pericarditis" title="Tuberculous pericarditis">Tuberculous pericarditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogenital_tuberculosis" title="Urogenital tuberculosis">Urogenital tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculous_dactylitis" title="Tuberculous dactylitis">Tuberculous dactylitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-drug-resistant_tuberculosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis">Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensively_drug-resistant_tuberculosis" title="Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis">Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_leprae" title="Mycobacterium leprae">M. leprae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leprosy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tuberculoid_leprosy" title="Tuberculoid leprosy">Tuberculoid leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_tuberculoid_leprosy" title="Borderline tuberculoid leprosy">Borderline tuberculoid leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_leprosy" title="Borderline leprosy">Borderline leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_lepromatous_leprosy" title="Borderline lepromatous leprosy">Borderline lepromatous leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepromatous_leprosy" title="Lepromatous leprosy">Lepromatous leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoid_leprosy" title="Histoid leprosy">Histoid leprosy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nontuberculous_mycobacteria" title="Nontuberculous mycobacteria">Nontuberculous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Runyon_classification#Runyon_I:_Photochromogens" title="Runyon classification">R1</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_kansasii" title="Mycobacterium kansasii">M. kansasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_marinum" title="Mycobacterium marinum">M. marinum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_granuloma" title="Aquarium granuloma">Aquarium granuloma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Runyon_classification#Runyon_II:_Scotochromogens" title="Runyon classification">R2</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_gordonae" title="Mycobacterium gordonae">M. gordonae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Runyon_classification#Runyon_III:_Nonchromogenic" title="Runyon classification">R3</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_avium_complex" title="Mycobacterium avium complex">M. avium complex</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_avium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium avium">Mycobacterium avium</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_intracellulare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium intracellulare">Mycobacterium intracellulare</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_avium_subsp._paratuberculosis" title="Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis">MAP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_avium-intracellulare_infection" title="Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection">MAI infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_ulcerans" title="Mycobacterium ulcerans">M. ulcerans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buruli_ulcer" title="Buruli ulcer">Buruli ulcer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_haemophilum" title="Mycobacterium haemophilum">M. haemophilum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Runyon_classification#Runyon_IV:_Rapid_Growers" title="Runyon classification">R4</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rapid_growing_mycobacterium" title="Rapid growing mycobacterium">RG</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_fortuitum" title="Mycobacterium fortuitum">M. fortuitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_chelonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium chelonae">M. chelonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_abscessus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium abscessus">M. abscessus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nocardiaceae" title="Nocardiaceae">Nocardiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nocardia_asteroides" title="Nocardia asteroides">Nocardia asteroides</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nocardia_brasiliensis" title="Nocardia brasiliensis">Nocardia brasiliensis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nocardia_farcinica" title="Nocardia farcinica">Nocardia farcinica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nocardiosis" title="Nocardiosis">Nocardiosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodococcus_equi" title="Rhodococcus equi">Rhodococcus equi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corynebacterium" title="Corynebacterium">Corynebacteriaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corynebacterium_diphtheriae" title="Corynebacterium diphtheriae">Corynebacterium diphtheriae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">Diphtheria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynebacterium_minutissimum" title="Corynebacterium minutissimum">Corynebacterium minutissimum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrasma" title="Erythrasma">Erythrasma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynebacterium_jeikeium" title="Corynebacterium jeikeium">Corynebacterium jeikeium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_JK_corynebacterium_sepsis" title="Group JK corynebacterium sepsis">Group JK corynebacterium sepsis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacteriaceae" title="Bifidobacteriaceae">Bifidobacteriaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gardnerella_vaginalis" title="Gardnerella vaginalis">Gardnerella vaginalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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