CINXE.COM
Insights – APNIC
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-AU" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="description" content="A global, open, stable, and secure Internet that serves the entire Asia Pacific community"> <link rel="profile" href="//gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://blog.apnic.net"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="http://cgi1.apnic.net"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://www.google-analytics.com"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="http://pi.pardot.com"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="http://cdn.pardot.com"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="http://info.apnic.net"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="//www.apnic.net/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="//www.apnic.net/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="//www.apnic.net/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="//www.apnic.net/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="//www.apnic.net/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="//www.apnic.net/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//www.apnic.net/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//www.apnic.net/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"/> <meta name="application-name" content="APNIC"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#FFFFFF"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//www.apnic.net/mstile-144x144.png"/> <!-- Facebook preview card --> <script> var link = document.createElement('meta'); link.setAttribute('property', 'og:url'); link.content = document.location; document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(link); </script> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Insights | APNIC"/> <meta property="og:description" content="A global, open, stable, and secure Internet that serves the entire Asia Pacific community"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.apnic.net/facebook-og.png"/> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="APNIC Logo"/> <!-- Twitter preview card --> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Insights | APNIC"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.apnic.net/facebook-og.png"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="A global, open, stable, and secure Internet that serves the entire Asia Pacific community"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@apnic"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="apnic-user-ip" content="8.222.208.146"/> <title>Insights – APNIC</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//webdist.data.apnic.net' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="APNIC » Feed" href="https://www.apnic.net/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="APNIC » Comments Feed" href="https://www.apnic.net/comments/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.apnic.net/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='related-frontend-css-css' href='https://www.apnic.net/wp-content/plugins/related/css/frontend-style.css?ver=3.4.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-fonts-css' href='https://www.apnic.net/fonts/835628/D99FF905ACA9D69D2.css?ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='apnic-css-style-css' href='https://www.apnic.net/wp-content/themes/apnic/style.css?ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ninjaform-custom-css' href='https://www.apnic.net/wp-content/themes/apnic/css/ninjaform-custom.css?ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='print-css' href='https://www.apnic.net/wp-content/themes/apnic/css/print.css?ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='apnic-web-style-guide-css' href='https://webdist.data.apnic.net/web-framework-theme/9.1.5/css/theme.min.css?ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='apnic-legacy-css-css' href='https://www.apnic.net/wp-content/themes/apnic/dist/legacy.min.css?v=cba95b8bf9f6d42e5d2bdaf56d7745278dfb4c362384aa91ef100a4183c3e0d9&ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.apnic.net/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.apnic.net/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.apnic.net/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.apnic.net/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/34455" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.apnic.net/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.6.2" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.apnic.net/insights" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.apnic.net/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apnic.net%2Finsights" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.apnic.net/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apnic.net%2Finsights&format=xml" /> <meta name="apnic-auth-authority-url" content="https://login.apnic.net/oauth2/apnic"/><meta name="apnic-auth-client-id" content="0oa4ns75t4zA1gwFc3l7"/><meta name="apnic-auth-redirect-uri" content="https://www.apnic.net//auth-callback"/><meta name="apnic-auth-home-redirect-uri" content="https://www.apnic.net/"/><meta name="apnic-auth-silent-redirect-uri" content="https://www.apnic.net/silent-renew-oidc"/><meta name="apnic-theme-data-list" content="{"footerAsideLinks":[{"label_en_us":"Privacy","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/about-apnic\/corporate-documents\/documents\/corporate\/privacy\/"},{"label_en_us":"Contact","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/about-apnic\/organization\/contact-apnic\/"},{"label_en_us":"Help Centre","link":"https:\/\/help.apnic.net\/"},{"label_en_us":"NRO News","link":"https:\/\/www.nro.net\/category\/news"},{"label_en_us":"Service Status","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/about-apnic\/service-updates\/"},{"label_en_us":"Careers","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/about-apnic\/employment\/"},{"label_en_us":"Feedback","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/community\/send-us-feedback"}],"footerLogo":{"label_en_us":"APNIC Home","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/"},"footerSocialLinks":[{"label_en_us":"Facebook","link":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/APNIC","iconClass":"fab fa-facebook"},{"label_en_us":"Twitter","link":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/apnic","iconClass":"fab fa-twitter"},{"label_en_us":"YouTube","link":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/apnicmultimedia","iconClass":"fab fa-youtube"},{"label_en_us":"Flickr","link":"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/apnic\/","iconClass":"fab fa-flickr"},{"label_en_us":"Weibo","link":"https:\/\/weibo.com\/APNICrir","iconClass":"fab fa-weibo"},{"label_en_us":"Slideshare","link":"https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/apnic","iconClass":"fab fa-slideshare"},{"label_en_us":"LinkedIn","link":"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/apnic","iconClass":"fab fa-linkedin-in"},{"label_en_us":"RSS","link":"https:\/\/blog.apnic.net\/feed\/","iconClass":"fas fa-rss"}],"omnibarCurrentUserAccountLinks":[{"label_en_us":"MyAPNIC","link":"https:\/\/my.apnic.net"},{"label_en_us":"Personal profile","link":"https:\/\/profile.apnic.net\/"},{"label_en_us":"Passwords & Security","link":"https:\/\/profile.apnic.net\/password-security"}],"omnibarCurrentUserMembershipLinks":[{"label_en_us":"Link existing membership","link":"https:\/\/resources.apnic.net\/auth\/nm-landing-page.html","isLogout":false},{"label_en_us":"New membership application","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/get-ip\/apnic-membership\/","isLogout":false},{"label_en_us":"Log out","link":"https:\/\/profile.apnic.net\/single-logout","isLogout":true}],"omnibarLogo":{"label_en_us":"APNIC Home","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/"},"omnibarQuickLinks":[{"label_en_us":"MyAPNIC","link":"https:\/\/my.apnic.net\/"},{"label_en_us":"Academy","link":"https:\/\/academy.apnic.net\/"},{"label_en_us":"Blog","link":"https:\/\/blog.apnic.net\/"},{"label_en_us":"Orbit","link":"https:\/\/orbit.apnic.net\/"},{"label_en_us":"REx","link":"https:\/\/rex.apnic.net\/"},{"label_en_us":"NetOX","link":"https:\/\/netox.apnic.net\/"},{"label_en_us":"DASH","link":"https:\/\/dash.apnic.net\/"}],"apnicPrimaryNavigation":[{"label_en_us":"Get IP","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/get-ip\/get-ip-addresses-asn\/","children":[{"label_en_us":"Get IP","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/get-ip\/get-ip-addresses-asn\/"},{"label_en_us":"Make a payment","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/get-ip\/apnic-membership\/billing-procedure\/make-a-payment\/"},{"label_en_us":"Membership","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/get-ip\/apnic-membership\/"},{"label_en_us":"FAQs","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/get-ip\/faqs\/"}]},{"label_en_us":"Manage IP","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/manage-ip\/","children":[{"label_en_us":"MyAPNIC","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/manage-ip\/myapnic\/"},{"label_en_us":"Using Whois","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/manage-ip\/using-whois\/"},{"label_en_us":"IPv4 exhaustion","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/manage-ip\/ipv4-exhaustion\/"},{"label_en_us":"Go IPv6","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/community\/ipv6\/"},{"label_en_us":"Routing Registry","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/manage-ip\/apnic-services\/routing-registry\/"},{"label_en_us":"Make a payment","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/get-ip\/apnic-membership\/billing-procedure\/make-a-payment\/"}]},{"label_en_us":"Training","link":"https:\/\/training.apnic.net\/","children":[{"label_en_us":"About","link":"https:\/\/training.apnic.net\/about\/"},{"label_en_us":"Events","link":"https:\/\/training.apnic.net\/events"},{"label_en_us":"APNIC Academy","link":"https:\/\/academy.apnic.net\/"},{"label_en_us":"Community Trainers","link":"https:\/\/training.apnic.net\/community-trainers\/"},{"label_en_us":"Courses","link":"https:\/\/training.apnic.net\/courses"}]},{"label_en_us":"Events","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/events\/","children":[{"label_en_us":"Conferences","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/events\/conferences\/"},{"label_en_us":"Calendar","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/events\/calendar"},{"label_en_us":"Sponsorship","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/events\/sponsor-an-event"},{"label_en_us":"Code of Conduct","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/events\/apnic-community-code-of-conduct\/"}]},{"label_en_us":"Insights","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/insights","children":[{"label_en_us":"APNIC Labs","link":"https:\/\/labs.apnic.net\/"},{"label_en_us":"DASH to secure your networks","link":"https:\/\/dash.apnic.net\/?utm_source=insights&amp;utm_medium=button&amp;utm_campaign=insights_page"},{"label_en_us":"REx","link":"https:\/\/rex.apnic.net\/?utm_source=insights&amp;utm_medium=button&amp;utm_campaign=insights_page"},{"label_en_us":"NetOX to solve routing issues","link":"https:\/\/netox.apnic.net\/?utm_source=insights&amp;utm_medium=button&amp;utm_campaign=insights_page"},{"label_en_us":"Raw Data","link":"https:\/\/ftp.apnic.net\/public\/stats\/apnic"}]},{"label_en_us":"Community","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/community\/","children":[{"label_en_us":"Orbit","link":"https:\/\/orbit.apnic.net\/news-feed\/"},{"label_en_us":"Community demographics","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/community\/community-demographics\/"},{"label_en_us":"Policy Development","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/community\/policy\/"},{"label_en_us":"Fellowship","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/community\/fellowship\/"},{"label_en_us":"Addressing policies","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/community\/policy\/current\/"},{"label_en_us":"Internet community","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/community\/ecosystem\/"},{"label_en_us":"Code of Conduct","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/events\/apnic-community-code-of-conduct\/"},{"label_en_us":"Technical Assistance","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/community\/support\/technical-assistance\/"},{"label_en_us":"Root servers","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/community\/support\/root-servers\/"},{"label_en_us":"Security at APNIC","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/community\/security\/"},{"label_en_us":"ISIF Asia","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/community\/support\/isif\/"},{"label_en_us":"APNIC Foundation","link":"https:\/\/apnic.foundation"},{"label_en_us":"NRO Number Council (NC)","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/community\/participate\/elections\/nro-elections\/"}]},{"label_en_us":"Blog","link":"https:\/\/blog.apnic.net\/"},{"label_en_us":"Help Centre","link":"https:\/\/help.apnic.net\/s\/"},{"label_en_us":"About","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/about-apnic\/","children":[{"label_en_us":"APNIC Region","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/about-apnic\/organization\/apnic-region\/"},{"label_en_us":"APNIC Membership","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/get-ip\/apnic-membership\/"},{"label_en_us":"Executive Council","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/about-apnic\/organization\/structure\/apnic-executive-council\/"},{"label_en_us":"Service updates","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/about-apnic\/service-updates\/"},{"label_en_us":"Team","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/about-apnic\/team\/"},{"label_en_us":"Annual Reports","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/about-apnic\/corporate-documents\/annual-reports\/"},{"label_en_us":"Transparency","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/about-apnic\/transparency\/"},{"label_en_us":"APNIC Survey","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/community\/participate\/member-feedback\/"},{"label_en_us":"Corporate Documents","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/about-apnic\/corporate-documents\/"},{"label_en_us":"Publications Archive","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/about-apnic\/publications-archive\/"},{"label_en_us":"Careers","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/about-apnic\/employment\/"},{"label_en_us":"Glossary","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/about-apnic\/a-z-glossary\/"}]},{"label_en_us":"Contact","link":"https:\/\/www.apnic.net\/about-apnic\/organization\/contact-apnic\/"}]}"/><link rel="prefetch" href="https://cloud.typography.com/6771312/722504/css/fonts.css"> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> .grecaptcha-badge { visibility: hidden !important; } </style> <link href="https://www.apnic.net/wp-content/themes/apnic/dist/index-vBWSmoZ2l.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <style> .thumbnails-table .grid { border-top: 1px solid silver; padding-top: 20px; margin-left: 0; } .thumbnails-table img { width: 250px; max-width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px; } h1.entry-title { margin-left: 26%; } @media screen and (max-width: 1023px) { h1.entry-title { margin-left: 35%; } } @media screen and (max-width: 719px) { h1.entry-title { margin-left: 0%; } } /* *** LEFT NAVIGATION */ .custom-left-nav { margin-top: -66px; } .mobile-left-nav { display: none; } @media screen and (max-width: 719px) { .col.size-sm-4-of-12.size-md-3-of-12.left-nav-group { display: none; } .mobile-left-nav { display: block; } } </style> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5DX29TX');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <style type="text/css"> body { margin: 0 0 127px; } body.blog { margin: 0 0 127px; } </style> </head> <body class="page-template page-template-page-templates page-template-one-column page-template-page-templatesone-column-php page page-id-34455"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5DX29TX" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <a class="skip-link sr-only sr-only-focusable" href="#main"> <div class="container"> Skip to content </div> </a> <nav class="omnibar omnibar--desktop-no-logo"> <div class="container omnibar__container"> <div class="omnibar__group-left"> <div class="omnibar-logo__container"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net"> <img class="omnibar-logo__image" src="https://webdist.data.apnic.net/web-framework-theme/9.1.5/images/apnic-reverse.svg" alt="APNIC Home"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="omnibar__group-right"> <div class="dropdown"> <button class="omnibar-hamburger__toggle omnibar-hamburger__toggle--desktop dropdown-toggle" id="omnibarHamburgerButton" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <img class="omnibar-hamburger__icon" src="https://webdist.data.apnic.net/web-framework-theme/9.1.5/images/icon-square-kebab.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt=""> </button> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right omnibar-quick-links__wrap" aria-labelledby="omnibarHamburgerButton" style="display: none;"> <a class="dropdown-item omnibar-quick-links__link" href="https://my.apnic.net/">MyAPNIC</a><a class="dropdown-item omnibar-quick-links__link" href="https://academy.apnic.net/">Academy</a><a class="dropdown-item omnibar-quick-links__link" href="https://blog.apnic.net/">Blog</a><a class="dropdown-item omnibar-quick-links__link" href="https://orbit.apnic.net/">Orbit</a><a class="dropdown-item omnibar-quick-links__link" href="https://rex.apnic.net/">REx</a><a class="dropdown-item omnibar-quick-links__link" href="https://netox.apnic.net/">NetOX</a><a class="dropdown-item omnibar-quick-links__link" href="https://dash.apnic.net/">DASH</a> </div> </div> <div id="apnic-omnibar-auth" style="display: flex;"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="contextual contextual--grey"> <div class="container contextual__container"> <div class="container_group-left"> <a class="contextual__h1-link" href="/"> <h1 class="contextual__h1">Home</h1> </a> </div> <div class="container_group-right d-flex"> <div class="omnibar-contextual-navigation"> <div class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-secondary"> <div class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-secondary__item"> <form role="search" method="post" action="https://www.apnic.net" class="form-inline omnibar-contextual-navigation-secondary__search"> <label class="sr-only" for="form-search">Whois and website search</label> <input type="text" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-secondary__search-input" id="form-search" name="s" value="" aria-label="Search" placeholder="WHOIS & WEBSITE"> <button type="submit" class="btn omnibar-contextual-navigation-secondary__search-submit apnic-recaptcha-verification-submit"> <span class="sr-only">Search</span> <span class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </form> </div> <div class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-secondary__item"> <div class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-secondary__all-caps"> <a href="https://wq.apnic.net/whois-search/static/search.html">Advanced Whois</a> </div> </div> <div class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-secondary__item"> <div class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-secondary__all-caps"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/billing-procedure/make-a-payment/">Make a payment</a> </div> </div> <div class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-secondary__item"> <div id="ip"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="contextual__navbar-mobile"> <div class="dropdown omnibar-contextual-search__dropdown"> <a class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle omnibar-contextual-search__toggle" href="#" role="button" id="mobileContextualSearch" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="omnibar-contextual-search__toggle-text--toggled">Close Search</span> </a> <div class="dropdown-menu omnibar-contextual-search__wrap" aria-labelledby="mobileContextualSearch"> <form class="form-inline omnibar-contextual-search__form" role="search" method="get" action="https://www.apnic.net"> <div class="input-group w-100"> <label class="sr-only" for="contextualSearchInput">Search APNIC.net OR enter Whois database query</label> <input type="text" class="form-control omnibar-contextual-search__input" name="s" value="" id="contextualSearchInput" placeholder="Search APNIC.net OR enter Whois database query"> <i class="fas fa-search omnibar-contextual-search__icon"></i> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="dropdown contextual__dropdown"> <a class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle omnibar-contextual-hamburger__toggle" href="#" role="button" id="mobileContextualMenu" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false"> </a> <div class="dropdown-menu omnibar-contextual__wrap" aria-labelledby="mobileContextualMenu"> <!-- Navigation populated dynamically using Theme Data List, contact Web Team to modify. --> <ul class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav"> <li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item"> <button class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__button ">Get IP</button> <ul class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav"> <li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/get-ip-addresses-asn/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Get IP</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/billing-procedure/make-a-payment/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Make a payment</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Membership</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/faqs/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">FAQs</a> </li> </ul> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item"> <button class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__button ">Manage IP</button> <ul class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav"> <li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/myapnic/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">MyAPNIC</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/using-whois/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Using Whois</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/ipv4-exhaustion/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">IPv4 exhaustion</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/ipv6/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Go IPv6</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/apnic-services/routing-registry/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Routing Registry</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/billing-procedure/make-a-payment/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Make a payment</a> </li> </ul> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item"> <button class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__button ">Training</button> <ul class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav"> <li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://training.apnic.net/about/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">About</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://training.apnic.net/events" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Events</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://academy.apnic.net/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">APNIC Academy</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://training.apnic.net/community-trainers/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Community Trainers</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://training.apnic.net/courses" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Courses</a> </li> </ul> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item"> <button class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__button ">Events</button> <ul class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav"> <li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/conferences/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Conferences</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/calendar" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Calendar</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/sponsor-an-event" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Sponsorship</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/apnic-community-code-of-conduct/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Code of Conduct</a> </li> </ul> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item"> <button class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__button ">Insights</button> <ul class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav"> <li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://labs.apnic.net/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">APNIC Labs</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://dash.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&utm_medium=button&utm_campaign=insights_page" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">DASH to secure your networks</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://rex.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&utm_medium=button&utm_campaign=insights_page" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">REx</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://netox.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&utm_medium=button&utm_campaign=insights_page" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">NetOX to solve routing issues</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://ftp.apnic.net/public/stats/apnic" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Raw Data</a> </li> </ul> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item"> <button class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__button ">Community</button> <ul class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav"> <li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://orbit.apnic.net/news-feed/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Orbit</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/community-demographics/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Community demographics</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/policy/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Policy Development</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/fellowship/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Fellowship</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/policy/current/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Addressing policies</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/ecosystem/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Internet community</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/apnic-community-code-of-conduct/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Code of Conduct</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/support/technical-assistance/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Technical Assistance</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/support/root-servers/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Root servers</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/security/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Security at APNIC</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/support/isif/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">ISIF Asia</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://apnic.foundation" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">APNIC Foundation</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/participate/elections/nro-elections/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">NRO Number Council (NC)</a> </li> </ul> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item"> <a class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__link <?php echo ?>" href="https://blog.apnic.net/"> Blog </a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item"> <a class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__link <?php echo ?>" href="https://help.apnic.net/s/"> Help Centre </a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item"> <button class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__button ">About</button> <ul class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav"> <li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/organization/apnic-region/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">APNIC Region</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">APNIC Membership</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/organization/structure/apnic-executive-council/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Executive Council</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/service-updates/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Service updates</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/team/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Team</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/corporate-documents/annual-reports/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Annual Reports</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/transparency/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Transparency</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/participate/member-feedback/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">APNIC Survey</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/corporate-documents/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Corporate Documents</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/publications-archive/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Publications Archive</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/employment/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Careers</a> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/a-z-glossary/" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Glossary</a> </li> </ul> </li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item"> <a class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__link <?php echo omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__link--last-of-section ?>" href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/organization/contact-apnic/"> Contact </a> </li> <li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item"> <a class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__link omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__link--alt" href="https://wq.apnic.net/whois-search/static/search.html" >Advanced Whois</a> </li> <li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item"> <a class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__link omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__link--alt" href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/billing-procedure/make-a-payment/" >Make a payment</a> </li> <li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item"> <div id="ipSecondary" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__link"></div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav><header class="apnic-header"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-8"> <div class="apnic-header-brand"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/" aria-label="APNIC Home"> <img src="https://webdist.data.apnic.net/web-framework-theme/9.1.5/images/apnic.svg" alt="APNIC Home"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 d-none d-lg-block text-right"> <div id="glyph" class="header-glyph" style="z-index: 1;"></div> </div> </div> </div> </header><nav class="navbar apnic-main-nav navbar-expand-lg" id="apnic-navbar-content"> <div class="container"> <ul class="navbar-nav nav nav-pills justify-content-end ml-auto"> <li class="navigation-item has-dropdown"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/get-ip-addresses-asn/" aria-expanded="false">Get IP</a> <ul class="navigation-sub-menu"> <li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/get-ip-addresses-asn/">Get IP</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/billing-procedure/make-a-payment/">Make a payment</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/">Membership</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/faqs/">FAQs</a> </li> </ul> </li><li class="navigation-item has-dropdown"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/" aria-expanded="false">Manage IP</a> <ul class="navigation-sub-menu"> <li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/myapnic/">MyAPNIC</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/using-whois/">Using Whois</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/ipv4-exhaustion/">IPv4 exhaustion</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/ipv6/">Go IPv6</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/apnic-services/routing-registry/">Routing Registry</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/billing-procedure/make-a-payment/">Make a payment</a> </li> </ul> </li><li class="navigation-item has-dropdown"> <a href="https://training.apnic.net/" aria-expanded="false">Training</a> <ul class="navigation-sub-menu"> <li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://training.apnic.net/about/">About</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://training.apnic.net/events">Events</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://academy.apnic.net/">APNIC Academy</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://training.apnic.net/community-trainers/">Community Trainers</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://training.apnic.net/courses">Courses</a> </li> </ul> </li><li class="navigation-item has-dropdown"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/" aria-expanded="false">Events</a> <ul class="navigation-sub-menu"> <li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/conferences/">Conferences</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/calendar">Calendar</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/sponsor-an-event">Sponsorship</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/apnic-community-code-of-conduct/">Code of Conduct</a> </li> </ul> </li><li class="navigation-item has-dropdown"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/insights" aria-expanded="false">Insights</a> <ul class="navigation-sub-menu"> <li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://labs.apnic.net/">APNIC Labs</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://dash.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&utm_medium=button&utm_campaign=insights_page">DASH to secure your networks</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://rex.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&utm_medium=button&utm_campaign=insights_page">REx</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://netox.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&utm_medium=button&utm_campaign=insights_page">NetOX to solve routing issues</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://ftp.apnic.net/public/stats/apnic">Raw Data</a> </li> </ul> </li><li class="navigation-item has-dropdown"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/" aria-expanded="false">Community</a> <ul class="navigation-sub-menu"> <li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://orbit.apnic.net/news-feed/">Orbit</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/community-demographics/">Community demographics</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/policy/">Policy Development</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/fellowship/">Fellowship</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/policy/current/">Addressing policies</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/ecosystem/">Internet community</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/apnic-community-code-of-conduct/">Code of Conduct</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/support/technical-assistance/">Technical Assistance</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/support/root-servers/">Root servers</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/security/">Security at APNIC</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/support/isif/">ISIF Asia</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://apnic.foundation">APNIC Foundation</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/participate/elections/nro-elections/">NRO Number Council (NC)</a> </li> </ul> </li><li class="navigation-item"> <a href="https://blog.apnic.net/"> Blog </a> </li><li class="navigation-item"> <a href="https://help.apnic.net/s/"> Help Centre </a> </li><li class="navigation-item has-dropdown"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/" aria-expanded="false">About</a> <ul class="navigation-sub-menu"> <li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/organization/apnic-region/">APNIC Region</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/">APNIC Membership</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/organization/structure/apnic-executive-council/">Executive Council</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/service-updates/">Service updates</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/team/">Team</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/corporate-documents/annual-reports/">Annual Reports</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/transparency/">Transparency</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/participate/member-feedback/">APNIC Survey</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/corporate-documents/">Corporate Documents</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/publications-archive/">Publications Archive</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/employment/">Careers</a> </li><li class="navigation-sub-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/a-z-glossary/">Glossary</a> </li> </ul> </li><li class="navigation-item"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/organization/contact-apnic/"> Contact </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="shadowbox"></div> </nav> <main id="main"> <div class="container"> <div class="content"> <div class="content-main"> <article id="post-34455" class="post-34455 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <header class="content-main-header"> <h1 class="entry-title">Insights</h1> </header> <!-- .entry-header --> <div class="content-main-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-3 left-nav-group"> <nav class="content-navigation custom-left-nav"> <div id="advanced_sidebar_menu-2-wrap"> <ul class="child-sidebar-menu"> <li class="page_item"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">APNIC Labs</a></li> <li class="page_item"><a href="https://dash.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&utm_medium=button&utm_campaign=insights_page" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">DASH to secure your networks</a></li> <li class="page_item"><a href="https://rex.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&utm_medium=button&utm_campaign=insights_page" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">REx鈥擳he Resource Explorer</a></li> <li class="page_item"><a href="https://netox.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&utm_medium=button&utm_campaign=insights_page" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NetOX to solve routing issues</a></li> <li class="page_item"><a href="https://ftp.apnic.net/public/stats/apnic" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Raw Data</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="col-md-9"> <p>Accurate measurement and analysis of network activity is essential to guide the development of the Internet.</p> <p>APNIC publishes data on Internet resource distribution鈥攊ncluding routing, IPv6 deployment, IPv4 transfers and security鈥攁s well as using this data to produce research, analysis and tools related to global and regional Internet operation trends.</p> <p>Involvement in these initiatives helps APNIC to:</p> <ul> <li>Deliver advanced number registry and Member information services</li> <li>Advance community adoption and deployment of technologies such as IPv6, RPKI and DNSSEC</li> <li>Sustainably support Internet infrastructure development in the Asia Pacific.</li> </ul> <div class="thumbnails-table"> <div class="grid row"> <div class="col-sm-4"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img decoding="async" title="APNIC Labs" src="https://www.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/apnic_labs_thumbnail.png" alt="Go to APNIC Labs" /> </a></div> <div class="col-sm-8"> <h4><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">APNIC Labs</a></h4> <p>APNIC Labs provides comprehensive measurements on the following:</p> <p><a href="https://stats.labs.apnic.net/ipv6/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">IPv6</a> | <a href="https://stats.labs.apnic.net/dnssec" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">DNSSEC (RSA)</a> | <a href="https://stats.labs.apnic.net/ecdsa" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">DNSSEC (ECDSA)</a> | <a href="https://stats.labs.apnic.net/aspop/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">ISP Market Share</a> | <a href="https://labs.apnic.net/ipv4/report.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">IPv4 Address Report</a> | <a href="https://labs.apnic.net/dists" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">IP Number Distributions</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="grid row"> <div class="col-sm-4"><a href="https://dash.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&utm_medium=button&utm_campaign=insights_page" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img decoding="async" title="DASH" src="https://www.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DASH-button-Insights-01-01.png" alt="Go to DASH" /></a></div> <div class="col-sm-8"> <h4><a href="https://dash.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&utm_medium=button&utm_campaign=insights_page" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">DASH</a></h4> <p>DASH (Dashboard for Autonomous System Health) lets you rapidly track suspicious traffic seen coming from your network, compare your organization against your economy or sub-region, and generate reports for informed decision-making.</p> <p>The APNIC security team can also assist you to get more complete information about the suspicious traffic seen coming from your network.</p> <p>Note: DASH is for APNIC members with at least one Autonomous System Number</p> </div> </div> <div class="grid row"> <div class="col-sm-4"><a href="https://rex.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&utm_medium=button&utm_campaign=insights_page" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img decoding="async" title="REx鈥擳he Resource Explorer" src="https://www.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/ID-button-Insights-01.png" alt="Go to REx鈥擳he Resource Explorer" /></a></div> <div class="col-sm-8"> <h4><a href="https://rex.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&utm_medium=button&utm_campaign=insights_page" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">REx鈥擳he Resource Explorer</a></h4> <p>REx鈥擳he Resource Explorer is a portal that provides data on how Internet number resources are distributed and used in the AP region.</p> </div> </div> <div class="grid row"> <div class="col-sm-4"><a href="https://netox.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&utm_medium=button&utm_campaign=insights_page" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img decoding="async" title="NetOX" src="https://www.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/NetOX-button-Insights.png" alt="Go to NetOX" /></a></div> <div class="col-sm-8"> <h4><a href="https://netox.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&utm_medium=button&utm_campaign=insights_page" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NetOX</a></h4> <p>NetOX (Network Operators toolboX) is a set of tools for network operators to get information about their, and other networks to solve routing issues and make better informed decisions like deciding which other networks to connect to.</p> </div> </div> <div class="grid row"> <div class="col-sm-4"><a href="https://ftp.apnic.net/public/stats/apnic" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img decoding="async" title="Raw data" src="https://www.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/raw_data.png" alt="Go to raw data through FTP" /></a></div> <div class="col-sm-8"> <h4><a href="https://ftp.apnic.net/public/stats/apnic" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Raw data</a></h4> <p>APNIC also provides raw data through its <a href="https://ftp.apnic.net/public/stats/apnic" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">FTP site</a>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="grid row"> <div class="col-sm-4"></div> <div class="col-sm-8"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- .entry-content --> </article> <!-- #post-## --> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-2"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/" aria-label="APNIC Home"> <div class="footer-logo"> <span class="sr-only">APNIC Home</span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="col-lg-10"> <div class="footer-social"> Connect with us <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/APNIC" class="fab fa-facebook"><span class="sr-only">Facebook</span> </a> </li><li> <a href="https://twitter.com/apnic" class="fab fa-twitter"><span class="sr-only">Twitter</span> </a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/apnicmultimedia" class="fab fa-youtube"><span class="sr-only">YouTube</span> </a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/apnic/" class="fab fa-flickr"><span class="sr-only">Flickr</span> </a> </li><li> <a href="https://weibo.com/APNICrir" class="fab fa-weibo"><span class="sr-only">Weibo</span> </a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/apnic" class="fab fa-slideshare"><span class="sr-only">Slideshare</span> </a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/apnic" class="fab fa-linkedin-in"><span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span> </a> </li><li> <a href="https://blog.apnic.net/feed/" class="fas fa-rss"><span class="sr-only">RSS</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-aside"> <small class="footer-aside-copyright"> <span>漏 <span class="footer-aside-copyright-year">2024</span> APNIC</span> <span class="footer-aside-copyright-abn">ABN 42 081 528 010</span> </small> <ul class="footer-aside-links"> <li> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/corporate-documents/documents/corporate/privacy/">Privacy</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/organization/contact-apnic/">Contact</a> </li><li> <a href="https://help.apnic.net/">Help Centre</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.nro.net/category/news">NRO News</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/service-updates/">Service Status</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/employment/">Careers</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/send-us-feedback">Feedback</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer><script type="application/javascript"> // Remove no-js class. document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace("no-js", "js"); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.apnic.net/wp-content/themes/apnic/js/bootstrap.min.js?v=651836407c1de5d122c2b394178950bd0508df3c7b5f66607c5e740de09c27b1&ver=6.6.2" id="bootstrap-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://webdist.data.apnic.net/web-framework-theme/9.1.5/js/theme.min.js?ver=6.6.2" id="apnic-js-main-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.apnic.net/wp-content/themes/apnic/assets/scripts/main.js?v=5ad33bc6cb8cfc2061be67ba45d0f692f78590ab558d62498eb8ad5fcada38c9&ver=6.6.2" id="main-scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.apnic.net/wp-content/themes/apnic/assets/scripts/navigation.js?v=a1088181c5f05cc0f24b79463c7573a43409756c4238954d442776a728b0d6cb&ver=6.6.2" id="navigation-scripts-js"></script> <script></script> <script src="https://www.apnic.net/wp-content/themes/apnic/dist/index-vCpbzK5cd.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function ($) { window.onloadCallback = function() { var primarySearchs = document.getElementsByClassName("apnic-recaptcha-verification-submit"); for (const primarySearch of primarySearchs) { grecaptcha.render(primarySearch, { sitekey: '6LdMcPopAAAAABQqGIdPsWD2zLkKL5EyJiJTQlmX', callback: function (token) { var captchaResponse = document.createElement("input"); captchaResponse.setAttribute('type', 'hidden'); captchaResponse.setAttribute('name', 'captcha_response'); captchaResponse.setAttribute('value', token); primarySearch.parentElement.appendChild(captchaResponse); $(primarySearch).closest('form').unbind('submit').submit(); } }); } // In the situation where a user visits the search without a token // contained within the request, we will attempt a resubmission to // return back to search with a valid token. if (window.forceReCaptchaOnDemand === true && primarySearchs.length > 0) { primarySearchs[0].click(); } }; })(window.jQuery); </script> <script src="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js?onload=onloadCallback&render=explicit" async defer> </script></body> </html>