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.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Parts of this article (those related to tense) need to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%;">X-57 Maxwell </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_X-57_Maxwell.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NASA_X-57_Maxwell.png/300px-NASA_X-57_Maxwell.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NASA_X-57_Maxwell.png/450px-NASA_X-57_Maxwell.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NASA_X-57_Maxwell.png/600px-NASA_X-57_Maxwell.png 2x" data-file-width="3242" data-file-height="2503" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Artist's concept of the X-57 (Mod IV) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Role </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">Experimental</a> light aircraft<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of aircraft</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">National origin</span> </th> <td>United States </td></tr> <tr> <th>Manufacturer </th> <td>ESAero<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Status </th> <td>Cancelled (June 2023) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Primary user </th> <td><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Developed from</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tecnam_P2006T" title="Tecnam P2006T">Tecnam P2006T</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The <b>NASA X-57 Maxwell</b> was an experimental aircraft developed by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, intended to demonstrate technology to reduce <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">emissions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft noise">noise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beutel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beutel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first flight of the X-57 was scheduled to take place in 2023, but the program was cancelled due to problems with the propulsion system.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-schedule_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-schedule-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Verger_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verger-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Niles25Jun23_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niles25Jun23-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA_X-57_Maxwell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The experiment involved replacing the wings on a twin-engined Italian-built <a href="/wiki/Tecnam_P2006T" title="Tecnam P2006T">Tecnam P2006T</a> (a conventional four-seater light aircraft) with <a href="/wiki/Distributed_electric_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed electric propulsion">distributed electric propulsion</a> (DEP) wings, each containing electrically driven propellers. Test flights were initially planned to commence in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist17sep2105_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist17sep2105-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first test phase used an 18-engine truck-mounted wing. The second phase installed the cruise propellers and motors on a standard P2006T for ground- and flight-test experience. Phase 3 tests were to involve the high-lift DEP wing and demonstrate increased high-speed cruise efficiency. The leading-edge nacelles would be fitted, but the high-lift propellers, motors and controllers would not be installed. Phase 4 was to add the DEP motors and folding propellers to demonstrate lift-augmentation.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek4sep2015_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek4sep2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LEAPTech_project">LEAPTech project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA_X-57_Maxwell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: LEAPTech project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Leading Edge Asynchronous Propeller Technology</i> (<i>LEAPTech</i>) project is a <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> project developing an experimental <a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">electric aircraft</a> technology involving many small <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a> driving individual small <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propellers</a> distributed along the edge of each <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft wing">aircraft wing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To optimize performance, each motor can be operated independently at different speeds, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels, improving aircraft performance and ride quality, and reducing aircraft noise.<sup id="cite_ref-Merlin20150316_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merlin20150316-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The LEAPTech project began in 2014 when researchers from <a href="/wiki/NASA_Langley_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Langley Research Center">NASA Langley Research Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/NASA_Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center">NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center</a> partnered with two California companies, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Empirical_Systems_Aerospace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empirical Systems Aerospace (page does not exist)">Empirical Systems Aerospace</a> (ESAero) in <a href="/wiki/Pismo_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Pismo Beach">Pismo Beach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joby_Aviation" title="Joby Aviation">Joby Aviation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California" title="Santa Cruz, California">Santa Cruz, California</a>. ESAero is the prime contractor responsible for system integration and instrumentation, while Joby is responsible for design and manufacture of the electric motors, propellers, and carbon fiber wing section.<sup id="cite_ref-Merlin20150316_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merlin20150316-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, NASA researchers were ground testing a 31 ft (9.4 m) span, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon composite">carbon composite</a> wing section with 18 electric motors powered by <a href="/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium iron phosphate batteries">lithium iron phosphate batteries</a>. Preliminary testing up to 40 mph (64 km/h; 35 kn) took place in January at <a href="/wiki/Oceano_County_Airport" title="Oceano County Airport">Oceano County Airport</a> on California's Central Coast. Mounted on a specially modified truck, it was tested at up to 70 mph (110 km/h; 61 kn) across a dry lakebed at <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a> later in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Merlin20150316_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merlin20150316-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The experiment precedes the X-57 Maxwell <a href="/wiki/List_of_X-planes" title="List of X-planes">X-plane</a> demonstrator proposed under NASA's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformative_Aeronautics_Concepts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transformative Aeronautics Concepts (page does not exist)">Transformative Aeronautics Concepts</a> program. A piloted X-plane should fly within a couple of years, after replacing a <a href="/wiki/Tecnam_P2006T" title="Tecnam P2006T">Tecnam P2006T</a> wings and engines with an improved version of the LEAPTech wing and motors. Using an existing airframe will allow engineers to easily compare the performance of the X-plane with the original P2006T.<sup id="cite_ref-Merlin20150316_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merlin20150316-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="X-57_Maxwell">X-57 Maxwell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA_X-57_Maxwell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: X-57 Maxwell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nad_graphic_letternasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nad_graphic_letternasa.jpg/170px-Nad_graphic_letternasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nad_graphic_letternasa.jpg/255px-Nad_graphic_letternasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nad_graphic_letternasa.jpg/340px-Nad_graphic_letternasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>The Maxwell was included in an illustration for <a href="/wiki/National_Aviation_Day" title="National Aviation Day">National Aviation Day</a> 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>The X-57 project was publicly revealed by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Administrators_and_Deputy_Administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Administrators and Deputy Administrators of NASA">NASA Administrator</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bolden" title="Charles Bolden">Charles Bolden</a> on 17 June 2016 in a keynote speech to the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a> (AIAA) at its Aviation 2016 exposition.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plane was named for Scottish physicist <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beutel_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beutel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NASA's first <a href="/wiki/List_of_X-planes" title="List of X-planes">X-plane</a> in over a decade, it is part of NASA's New Aviation Horizons initiative, which will also produce up to five larger-scale aircraft. The X-57 was built by the agency's <abbr title="Scalable Convergent Electric Propulsion Technology Operations Research">SCEPTOR</abbr> project, over a four-year development period at <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center" title="Armstrong Flight Research Center">Armstrong Flight Research Center</a>, California, with a first flight initially planned for 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-WashPost16jun2016_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPost16jun2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2017, <a href="/wiki/Scaled_Composites" title="Scaled Composites">Scaled Composites</a> was modifying a first P2006T to the X-57 Mod II configuration by replacing the piston engines with <a href="/wiki/Joby_Aviation" title="Joby Aviation">Joby Aviation</a> electric motors, with plans to fly early in 2018. Mod III configuration will move the motors to the <a href="/wiki/Wingtips" class="mw-redirect" title="Wingtips">wingtips</a> to increase <a href="/wiki/Propulsive_efficiency" title="Propulsive efficiency">propulsive efficiency</a>. Mod IV configuration will see the installation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xperimental,_LLC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xperimental, LLC (page does not exist)">Xperimental, LLC</a> high <a href="/wiki/Wing_aspect_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a> wing with 12 smaller propellers along its <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">leading edge</a> to augment its takeoff and landing <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic lift">aerodynamic lift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek19Jul2017_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek19Jul2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The donor <a href="/wiki/Tecnam_P2006T" title="Tecnam P2006T">Tecnam P2006T</a> was received in California in July 2016. In a December 2016 test, a battery cell was shorted and the overheating spread to other cells, requiring the packaging to be redesigned from eight to sixteen modules with <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_honeycomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum honeycomb">aluminum honeycomb</a> separators. The <a href="/wiki/Rotax_912" title="Rotax 912">Rotax 912s</a> will be replaced by 60 kW (80 hp) electric motors for the Mod II. The Mod III weight target is 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) from the P2006T 2,700 lb (1,200 kg) and aims for 500% higher high-speed cruise efficiency as the smaller wing will reduce cruise <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>, while wingtip propellers will counter the <a href="/wiki/Wingtip_vortices" title="Wingtip vortices">wingtip vortices</a>. The Mod IV with 12 propellers to take off and land at the same speeds as the P2006T is yet unfunded.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek26oct2017_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek26oct2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2017, the redesigned passively cooled battery module with 320 <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion cell</a> down from 640 passed testing. The experience helped <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electric Power Systems (page does not exist)">Electric Power Systems</a> develop a battery for the <a href="/wiki/Bye_Aerospace_Sun_Flyer_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Bye Aerospace Sun Flyer 2">Bye Aerospace Sun Flyer 2</a> which made its first flight in April 2018. Joby Aviation delivered three cruise motors in 2017, and was assembling the final pair in June 2018. Motor acceptance testing involving an 80-hour endurance test was to be simplified before vehicle integration. It was planned that contractor <a href="/w/index.php?title=ES_Aero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ES Aero (page does not exist)">ES Aero</a> would lead extensive ground-<a href="/wiki/Physical_test" title="Physical test">tests</a> over months, culminating in a mission-like 30 minutes at full power test, before flying within 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek5jun2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek5jun2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By September 2018, the first <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joby_Aviation_JM-X57&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joby Aviation JM-X57 (page does not exist)">Joby Aviation JM-X57</a> electric cruise motors were mounted with controllers, batteries and new cockpit displays at Scaled Composites in Mojave, with flight tests planned to begin in mid-2019. Construction of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=ESAero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESAero (page does not exist)">ESAero</a> high aspect ratio, low drag composite wing was then almost finished, to fly the Mod 3 by mid-2020.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek5sep2018_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek5sep2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_X-57_mod_2_ground_test.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/NASA_X-57_mod_2_ground_test.jpg/220px-NASA_X-57_mod_2_ground_test.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/NASA_X-57_mod_2_ground_test.jpg/330px-NASA_X-57_mod_2_ground_test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/NASA_X-57_mod_2_ground_test.jpg/440px-NASA_X-57_mod_2_ground_test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Mod II ground test of the new electric motors on the original wing, June 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>Built by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xperimental_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xperimental (company) (page does not exist)">Xperimental</a>, the cruise-optimized wing load testing was completed by September 2019, to ±120% of design load limit, verifying free movement of control surfaces and vibration testing for flutter predictions. After motor ground runs, ESAero was to deliver the Mod 2 X-plane with electric motors replacing the original piston engines to NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center in California on the first week of October.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek30sep2019_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek30sep2019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ESAero delivered it on October 2, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, systems ground tests were to start by the end of 2019, and flight tests were planned to begin in the third quarter of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek14nov2019_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek14nov2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By February 2021, NASA was to start Mod 2 high-voltage functional ground testing at the Armstrong Flight Research Center in <a href="/wiki/Edwards,_California" title="Edwards, California">Edwards, California</a>, toward taxi tests and first flight.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2023, the program was cancelled due to safety problems discovered with the propulsion system that were not solvable within the allocated budget and time for the program. The program had been started on the assumption that the existing electric propulsion technology was mature enough for safe flight, but that turned out to not be the case.<sup id="cite_ref-Verger_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verger-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Niles25Jun23_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niles25Jun23-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA_X-57_Maxwell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X_57_Isometric.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/X_57_Isometric.jpg/220px-X_57_Isometric.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/X_57_Isometric.jpg/330px-X_57_Isometric.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/X_57_Isometric.jpg/440px-X_57_Isometric.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>Model of the final mod 4 with centerline cut, showing battery system, high aspect ratio wing, electric motors, and traction power bus</figcaption></figure> <p>Modified from a <a href="/wiki/Tecnam_P2006T" title="Tecnam P2006T">Tecnam P2006T</a>, the X-57 would have been an <a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">electric aircraft</a>, with 14 <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a> driving <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propellers</a> mounted on the wing leading edges.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All 14 electric motors will be used during takeoff and landing, with only the outer two used during <a href="/wiki/Cruise_(aeronautics)" title="Cruise (aeronautics)">cruise</a>. The additional <a href="/wiki/Airflow" title="Airflow">airflow</a> over the wings created by the additional motors generates greater lift, allowing for a narrower wing. The aircraft seats two.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It will have a <a href="/wiki/Range_(aeronautics)" title="Range (aeronautics)">range</a> of 100 mi (160 km) and a maximum flight time of approximately one hour. The X-57's designers hope to reduce by five-fold the energy necessary to fly a light aircraft at 175 mph (282 km/h; 152 kn).<sup id="cite_ref-WashPost16jun2016_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPost16jun2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A threefold reduction should come from the switch from piston engines to battery-electric.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek30sep2019_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek30sep2019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Distributed_propulsion" title="Distributed propulsion">Distributed propulsion</a> increases the number and decreases the size of airplane engines. Electric motors are substantially smaller and lighter than jet engines of equivalent power. This allows them to be placed in different, more favorable locations. In this case, the engines are to be mounted above and distributed along the wings rather than suspended below them.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek4sep2015_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek4sep2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The propellers are mounted above the wing. They will increase the air flow over the wing at lower speeds, increasing its lift. The increased lift allows it to operate on shorter <a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">runways</a>. Such a wing could be only a third of the width of the wing it replaces, saving weight and fuel costs. Typical light aircraft wings are relatively large to prevent the craft from <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_stall" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft stall">stalling</a> (which happens at low airspeeds, when the wing cannot provide sufficient lift). Large wings are inefficient at cruising speed because they create excess <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist17sep2105_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist17sep2105-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wings will be optimised for cruise, with the motors protecting it from low-speed stalls and achieving the small aircraft standard of 70 mph (113 km/h; 61 kn).<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek4sep2015_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek4sep2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The speed of each propeller can be controlled independently, offering the ability to change the over-wing airflow pattern to cope with flying conditions, such as wind gusts. When cruising, the propellers closer to the fuselage could be folded back to further reduce drag, leaving those towards the wing tips to move the plane. Such aircraft would have no in-flight emissions, operate with less noise and reduce operating costs by an estimated 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist17sep2105_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist17sep2105-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cruising efficiency was expected to increase 3.5 to 5-fold.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek4sep2015_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek4sep2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 31.6 ft (9.6 m) span wing with an aspect ratio of 15 compares to a span of 37.4 ft (11.4 m) and an aspect ratio of 8.8 for the stock P2006T wing, the slender wing's chord is 2.48 ft (0.76 m) at the wing root and 1.74 ft (0.53 m) at the tip.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek4sep2015_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek4sep2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wing features twelve 1.89 ft (0.58 m) diameter cruise propellers that each require 14.4 kW (19.3 hp) of motor power at 63 mph (102 km/h; 55 kn) and turn at 4,548 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">rpm</a>. The five-blade propellers fold in cruise to reduce drag. Each wingtip hosts two 3-blade 5 ft (1.5 m) diameter cruise propellers that each require 48.1 kW (64.5 hp) at 170 mph (280 km/h; 150 kn) and turn at 2,250 rpm. The wingtip location offers favorable interaction with the <a href="/wiki/Wingtip_vortices" title="Wingtip vortices">wingtip vortices</a>, expected to provide a 5% drag saving.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek4sep2015_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek4sep2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 47 kWh (170 MJ) battery packs weight 860 lb (390 kg) for a 121 Wh/kg density.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek5sep2018_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek5sep2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The high-lift array of 12 propellers should maintain the 67 mph (107 km/h; 58 kn) <a href="/wiki/Stall_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Stall speed">stall speed</a>. The optimized wing has 40% of the baseline area, reducing <a href="/wiki/Friction_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Friction drag">friction drag</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Wing_loading" title="Wing loading">wing loading</a> 2.6 times higher.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek30sep2019_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek30sep2019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It will be 32.8 ft (10.0 m) wide but will have a 40% smaller <a href="/wiki/Chord_(aeronautics)" title="Chord (aeronautics)">chord</a>, for a <a href="/wiki/Wing_loading" title="Wing loading">wing loading</a> up from 17 to 45 psf (83 to 220 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), and should cruise at a higher <a href="/wiki/Lift_coefficient" title="Lift coefficient">lift coefficient</a>, around 4, more than double the baseline wing.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek14nov2019_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek14nov2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 237.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 235.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_II.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Modification II"><img alt="Modification II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_II.png/353px-NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_II.png" decoding="async" width="236" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_II.png/529px-NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_II.png/705px-NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_II.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modification II</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_III.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Modification III"><img alt="Modification III" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_III.png/334px-NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_III.png" decoding="async" width="223" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_III.png/501px-NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_III.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_III.png/668px-NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_III.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="501" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modification III</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_IV.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Modification IV"><img alt="Modification IV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_IV.png/328px-NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_IV.png" decoding="async" width="219" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_IV.png/492px-NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_IV.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_IV.png/657px-NASA_X-57_Maxwell_-_Modification_IV.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="507" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modification IV</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications_(Mod_IV)"><span id="Specifications_.28Mod_IV.29"></span>Specifications (Mod IV)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA_X-57_Maxwell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Specifications (Mod IV)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p style="font-size: 90%; margin:0;"><i>Data from</i> NASA<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>General characteristics</b></span> </p><ul><li><b>Capacity:</b> 2 people</li> <li><b>Wingspan:</b> 32.8 ft (10.0 m) <sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek14nov2019_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek14nov2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Wing area:</b> 67.0 sq ft (6.22 m<sup>2</sup>) 42% of the 14.8 m<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> baseline area</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)" title="Aspect ratio (aeronautics)">Aspect ratio</a>:</b> 15 <sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek4sep2015_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek4sep2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Gross weight:</b> 3,000 lb (1,361 kg)<br /></li> <li><b>Battery:</b> <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion</a>, 460V, 69.1 kWh total, 47 kWh usable, 860 lb (390 kg), 80 Wh/lb (180 Wh/kg) <a href="/wiki/Specific_energy" title="Specific energy">specific energy</a></li> <li><b>Powerplant:</b> 2 × custom <a href="/wiki/Electric_motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric motors">electric motors</a>, 97 hp (72 kW) each (max), 80 hp (60 kW) each (continuous),<br />117 lb (53 kg) each (incl. the propeller), air-cooled, the only motors to be used during the cruise, mounted on the wing-tips</li> <li><b>Powerplant:</b> 12 × custom <a href="/wiki/Electric_motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric motors">electric motors</a>, 14.1 hp (10.5 kW) each ,<br />15 lb (6.8 kg) each (incl. the propeller), air-cooled, only for take-offs and landings, mounted on the wing leading edges</li> <li><b>Propellers:</b> 2 × custom 3-blade propellers, 5 ft (1.5 m) diameter, 2,250 rpm,<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek4sep2015_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek4sep2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> independently-controlled variable speed<br /></li> <li><b>Propellers:</b> 12 × custom 5-blade propellers, 1.9 ft (0.58 m) diameter, 4,548 rpm,<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek4sep2015_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek4sep2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> independently-controlled variable speed, foldable</li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Performance</b></span> </p> <ul><li><b>Cruise speed:</b> 149 kn (172 mph, 277 km/h) at 8,000 ft</li> <li><b>Stall speed:</b> 58 kn (67 mph, 107 km/h)</li> <li><b>Range:</b> 87 nmi (100 mi, 160 km) <sup id="cite_ref-WashPost16jun2016_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPost16jun2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Endurance:</b> approx. 1 hour<sup id="cite_ref-WashPost16jun2016_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPost16jun2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Service ceiling:</b> 14,000 ft (4,300 m)</li> <li><b>Wing loading:</b> 45<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek14nov2019_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek14nov2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lb/sq ft (220 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lift_coefficient" title="Lift coefficient">Lift coefficient</a></b>: 4<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek14nov2019_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek14nov2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (possible due to the extra lift provided by propellers placed as to increase the airflow over the wings)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA_X-57_Maxwell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_aircraft" title="List of electric aircraft">List of electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeronautics_Research_Mission_Directorate" title="Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate">Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_GL-10_Greased_Lightning" title="NASA GL-10 Greased Lightning">NASA GL-10 Greased Lightning</a> — hybrid diesel-electric tilt-wing UAV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviation_Alice" title="Eviation Alice">Eviation Alice</a> — electric 9-passenger commuter aircraft under development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_ES-30" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart ES-30">Heart ES-30</a> — hybrid-electric 30-passenger regional airliner under development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_EL-2_Goldfinch" title="Electra EL-2 Goldfinch">Electra EL-2 Goldfinch</a> — Distributed propulsion hybrid-electric demonstrator</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA_X-57_Maxwell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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NASA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cockpit+of+the+First+All-Electric+Propulsion+Aircraft&rft.date=2016-07-26&rft.au=Steve+Fox&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fimage-feature%2Fcockpit-of-the-first-all-electric-propulsion-aircraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA+X-57+Maxwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/x-57-litho-print-v4.pdf">"X-57 Maxwell"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. June 28, 2021. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=X-57+Maxwell&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2021-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Fx-57-litho-print-v4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA+X-57+Maxwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tecnam.com/aircraft/p2006t/">"P2006T"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tecnam" title="Tecnam">Tecnam</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tecnam&rft.atitle=P2006T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tecnam.com%2Faircraft%2Fp2006t%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA+X-57+Maxwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA_X-57_Maxwell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/Features/leaptech.html">The Future of Aircraft Propulsion is Electric</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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X-planes">X-plane</a>) designations since 1941</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supersonic/special test<br />"S" (1946–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_X-1" title="Bell X-1">S-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_X-2" title="Bell X-2">S-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_X-3_Stiletto" title="Douglas X-3 Stiletto">S-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_X-4_Bantam" title="Northrop X-4 Bantam">S-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_X-5" title="Bell X-5">S-5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />"X" (1948–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–25</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_X-1" title="Bell X-1">X-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_X-2" title="Bell X-2">X-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_X-3_Stiletto" title="Douglas X-3 Stiletto">X-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_X-4_Bantam" title="Northrop X-4 Bantam">X-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_X-5" title="Bell X-5">X-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_X-6" title="Convair X-6">X-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_X-7" title="Lockheed X-7">X-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerojet_General_X-8" title="Aerojet General X-8">X-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_X-9_Shrike" title="Bell X-9 Shrike">X-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-10" title="North American X-10">X-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-65A_Atlas" title="SM-65A Atlas">X-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-65B_Atlas" title="SM-65B Atlas">X-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_X-13_Vertijet" title="Ryan X-13 Vertijet">X-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_X-14" title="Bell X-14">X-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_X-16" title="Bell X-16">X-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_X-17" title="Lockheed X-17">X-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiller_X-18" title="Hiller X-18">X-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_X-19" title="Curtiss-Wright X-19">X-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">X-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_X-21" title="Northrop X-21">X-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_X-22" title="Bell X-22">X-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_X-23_PRIME" title="Martin X-23 PRIME">X-23</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta_X-24" title="Martin Marietta X-24">X-24</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-301" title="Lockheed L-301">X-24C</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bensen_B-8" title="Bensen B-8">X-25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">26–50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schweizer_X-26_Frigate" title="Schweizer X-26 Frigate">X-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_CL-1200_Lancer" title="Lockheed CL-1200 Lancer">X-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osprey_Osprey_I" title="Osprey Osprey I">X-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_X-29" title="Grumman X-29">X-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_X-30" title="Rockwell X-30">X-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell-MBB_X-31" title="Rockwell-MBB X-31">X-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-32" title="Boeing X-32">X-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-33" title="Lockheed Martin X-33">X-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Sciences_X-34" title="Orbital Sciences X-34">X-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-35" title="Lockheed Martin X-35">X-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_X-36" title="McDonnell Douglas X-36">X-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">X-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_X-38" title="NASA X-38">X-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Aircraft_Technology_Enhancements" title="Future Aircraft Technology Enhancements">X-39</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-40" title="Boeing X-40">X-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-41_Common_Aero_Vehicle" title="X-41 Common Aero Vehicle">X-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-42_Pop-Up_Upper_Stage" class="mw-redirect" title="X-42 Pop-Up Upper Stage">X-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_X-43" title="NASA X-43">X-43</a></li> <li>X-44<sup><small>2</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-44_MANTA" title="Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA">X-44 MANTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-44_(UAV)" title="Lockheed Martin X-44 (UAV)">X-44 (UAV)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-45" title="Boeing X-45">X-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-46" title="Boeing X-46">X-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_X-47A_Pegasus" title="Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus">X-47</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_X-47B" title="Northrop Grumman X-47B">X-47B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-48" title="Boeing X-48">X-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasecki_X-49_SpeedHawk" title="Piasecki X-49 SpeedHawk">X-49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-50_Dragonfly" title="Boeing X-50 Dragonfly">X-50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">51–</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-51_Waverider" title="Boeing X-51 Waverider">X-51</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">X-52</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">X-53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_X-54" title="Gulfstream X-54">X-54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-55" title="Lockheed Martin X-55">X-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-56" title="Lockheed Martin X-56">X-56</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">X-57</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">X-58</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-59_Quesst" title="Lockheed Martin X-59 Quesst">X-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Orbit_X-60" title="Generation Orbit X-60">X-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynetics_X-61_Gremlins" title="Dynetics X-61 Gremlins">X-61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_X-62_VISTA" title="General Dynamics X-62 VISTA">X-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS1_(rocket)" title="RS1 (rocket)">X-63</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KT_Engineering_X-64&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KT Engineering X-64 (page does not exist)">X-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_X-65_CRANE" title="Aurora X-65 CRANE">X-65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-66" title="Boeing X-66">X-66</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_AD-1" title="NASA AD-1">AD-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_HiMAT" title="Rockwell HiMAT">HiMAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_HL-10" title="Northrop HL-10">HL-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_M2-F1" title="NASA M2-F1">M2-F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_M2-F2" title="Northrop M2-F2">M2-F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_M2-F3" title="Northrop M2-F3">M2-F3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratos_XQ-58_Valkyrie" title="Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie">XQ-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_XQ-67A" title="General Atomics XQ-67A">XQ-67</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Not assigned</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Assigned to multiple types</li> <li><sup>3</sup> Unofficial</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NASA_X-57_Maxwell&oldid=1262406931">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NASA_X-57_Maxwell&oldid=1262406931</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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