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Wieven</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Witte Wieven – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Witte Wieven" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witte_wieven" title="Witte wieven – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Witte wieven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witte_wieven" title="Witte wieven – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Witte wieven" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witte_wieven" class="extiw" title="nl:Witte wieven">the corresponding article</a> in Dutch</b>.  <i><small>(October 2024)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_Dutch#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand Dutch">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 280 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Dutch_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from Dutch Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Dutch Wikipedia article at [[:nl:Witte wieven]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|nl|Witte wieven}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Witte_Wieven" title="Talk:Witte Wieven">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ets_1660_met_witte_wieven_in_grafheuvels_uit_Korte_Beschryvinge_van_eenige_Vergetene_en_Verborgene_Antiquiteten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ets_1660_met_witte_wieven_in_grafheuvels_uit_Korte_Beschryvinge_van_eenige_Vergetene_en_Verborgene_Antiquiteten.jpg/250px-Ets_1660_met_witte_wieven_in_grafheuvels_uit_Korte_Beschryvinge_van_eenige_Vergetene_en_Verborgene_Antiquiteten.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ets_1660_met_witte_wieven_in_grafheuvels_uit_Korte_Beschryvinge_van_eenige_Vergetene_en_Verborgene_Antiquiteten.jpg/375px-Ets_1660_met_witte_wieven_in_grafheuvels_uit_Korte_Beschryvinge_van_eenige_Vergetene_en_Verborgene_Antiquiteten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ets_1660_met_witte_wieven_in_grafheuvels_uit_Korte_Beschryvinge_van_eenige_Vergetene_en_Verborgene_Antiquiteten.jpg/500px-Ets_1660_met_witte_wieven_in_grafheuvels_uit_Korte_Beschryvinge_van_eenige_Vergetene_en_Verborgene_Antiquiteten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6254" data-file-height="4118" /></a><figcaption>1660 etching depicting "Witte Wieven" living in <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumuli</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a>, the <b>Witte Wieven</b> (also known as <b>Wittewijven</b>) are spirits of "<a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">wise women</a>" (or else <a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">elven beings</a>). The mythology dates back at least to the pre-Christian era (7th century) and was known in the present-day regions of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. In some places they were known as <i>Juffers</i> or <i>Joffers</i> ("ladies"), or as <i><a href="/wiki/Dames_Blanches" class="mw-redirect" title="Dames Blanches">Dames Blanches</a></i> (White Ladies) in French. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witte_Wieven&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Witte wieven</i>, originating from modern <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a>, literally translates to "white women." These women are commonly associated with wisdom, so despite the literal translation, the interpretation of the term "witte" as meaning wise rather than white is common. In Standard Dutch, "wit" or "witte" solely denotes the color white. While the terms "wit" and "white" do not share the same linguistic root, regional pronunciations in the Netherlands of the corresponding words can sound very similar. This phonetic resemblance might have contributed to the association. <a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a> of whiteness with purity possibly play a role as well, although contemporary color symbolism tends to link wisdom to the color blue rather than white. </p><p>Similar folk traditions outside the Netherlands show that the connotation of wisdom associated with "Witte wieven" might indeed have emerged at a later stage. For instance, in French folklore, these entities are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dames_blanches" title="Dames blanches">Dames blanches</a>, directly translating to "white ladies". Another parallel can be drawn with <a href="/wiki/The_White_Goddess" title="The White Goddess">the White Goddess</a>, a concept argued to exist more broadly in Wales, Ireland, most of Western Europe as well as the ancient Middle East. </p><p>Historically, the witte wieven are thought to be wise female <a href="/wiki/Herbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalist">herbalists</a> and medicine healers who took care of people's physical and mental ailments. It was said they had the talent for <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a> and looking into the future. They had a high status in the communities, and so when they died ceremonies were held at their grave sites to honour them. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, their spirits remained on earth, and they became living spirits (or <a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">elven</a> beings) that either helped or hindered people who encountered them. They tended to reside in the burial sites or other sacred places. It was thought that mist on a gravehill was the spirit of the wise woman appearing, and people would bring them offerings and ask for help. </p><p>While many scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe Witte Wieven originated as above from honoring graves of wise women, others think the mythology of witte wieven come from part of the Germanic belief in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsir" class="mw-redirect" title="Dísir">disen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">land wights</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Alven" class="mw-redirect" title="Alven">alven</a> (Dutch for "elf") for several reasons: The practice of bringing offerings and asking for help from their graves is very similar to honoring disen, land wights and alfen in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a>. In addition, in some localities the mythological witte wieven were described directly as "Alfen" or "Alven". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> mentioned them in the <i>Deutsche Mythologie</i> (1835) as the Dutch variant of the German <a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fe_Frauen" title="Weiße Frauen">Weiße Frauen</a>: "The people of Friesland, Drenthe and the Netherlands have just as much to tell of their <i>witten wijven</i> or <i>juffers</i> in hills and caverns ... though here they get mixed up with elvish personages."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characterization">Characterization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witte_Wieven&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characterization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At first, early <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">medieval literature</a> described the witte wieven more like pranksters and pests. Later Christian teaching transformed the idea of a "witte wieven" into <i>mistflarden</i> (wisps of mist or fog): ghost witches<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="incorrect translation (July 2016)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Witte_Wieven#Accuracy_of_the_section_Characterization" title="Talk:Witte Wieven">discuss</a></i>]</sup> — recharacterized as evil and to be avoided. </p><p>In certain legends "Alvinne" was a ghost in a white cloak.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Which legends? (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witte_Wieven&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following places were named after witte wieven, and report witte wieven legends: </p><p>In the Netherlands: </p> <ul><li>Near the Village of <a href="/wiki/Eefde" title="Eefde">Eefde</a> is <i>Wittewievenbult</i>: this translates as "White Women Hill". Local legend holds that White Women appear on Christmas Eve every year and dance on this hill.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Near the Village of <a href="/wiki/Barchem" title="Barchem">Barchem</a> is <i>Wittewijvenkuil</i>: this translates as "White Women Pit". It is a pit between two local hills. Local legend holds that three white women lived there.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witte_Wieven&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dames_Blanches" class="mw-redirect" title="Dames Blanches">Dames Blanches</a> (White Ladies of French mythology, similar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fe_Frauen" title="Weiße Frauen">Weiße Frauen</a> (White Women of German mythology, similar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="White Goddess">White Goddess</a> (book by Robert Graves)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_women_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="White women (disambiguation)">White women (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witte_Wiwer" title="Witte Wiwer">Witte Wiwer</a> (White Women of <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> mythology, similar)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witte_Wieven&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimm 1835:3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Heathen History of Achterhoek", 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Heathen History of Achterhoek": 2002.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witte_Wieven&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grimm, Jacob (1835). <i>Deutsche Mythologie</i> (German Mythology); From English released version <i>Grimm's Teutonic Mythology</i> (1888); Available online by Northvegr © 2004-2007, Chapter 32, page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northvegr.org/lore/grimmst/032_03.php">3</a>.</li> <li>Reginheim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050524111821/http://geocities.com/reginheim/dutchlegendsachterhoek.html">Heathen History of the Achterhoek. 2002</a>. Files retrieved 02-24-2007</li> <li>Reginheim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050907171750/http://geocities.com/reginheim/wittewieven.html">Witte wieven. 2007.</a> (in English) File retrieved 03-08-2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witte_Wieven&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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