CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Poetic Edda - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"81d78cb7-99d8-4720-91cf-20cd35061b90","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Poetic_Edda","wgTitle":"Poetic Edda","wgCurRevisionId":1249306240,"wgRevisionId":1249306240,"wgArticleId":70786,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2023","Harv and Sfn no-target errors","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with LibriVox links","Old Norse literature","Germanic mythology","Eddic poetry","Icelandic literature","Epic poems","Nibelung tradition"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Poetic_Edda","wgRelevantArticleId":70786,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q205874","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg/1200px-The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1707"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg/800px-The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1138"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg/640px-The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="910"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Poetic Edda - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_Edda"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_Edda"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Poetic_Edda rootpage-Poetic_Edda skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Poetic+Edda" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Poetic+Edda" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Poetic+Edda" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Poetic+Edda" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Date</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codex_regius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codex_regius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><i>Codex regius</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codex_regius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mythological_poems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythological_poems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mythological poems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythological_poems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Codex_Regius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Codex_Regius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>In the <i>Codex Regius</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Codex_Regius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Not_in_the_Codex_Regius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Not_in_the_Codex_Regius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Not in the <i>Codex Regius</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Not_in_the_Codex_Regius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heroic_lays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heroic_lays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Heroic lays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heroic_lays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Codex_Regius_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Codex_Regius_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>In the <i>Codex Regius</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Codex_Regius_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Not_in_the_Codex_Regius_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Not_in_the_Codex_Regius_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Not in the <i>Codex Regius</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Not_in_the_Codex_Regius_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allusions_and_quotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allusions_and_quotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Allusions and quotations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allusions_and_quotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Poetic Edda</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%ABtiese_Edda" title="Poëtiese Edda – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Poëtiese Edda" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="أشعار الإيدا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أشعار الإيدا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BD_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Өлкән Эдда – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Өлкән Эдда" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Старэйшая Эда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старэйшая Эда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Старэйшая Эдда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Старэйшая Эдда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Поетична Еда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Поетична Еда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda_e_gwerzenno%C3%B9" title="Edda e gwerzennoù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Edda e gwerzennoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda_po%C3%A8tica" title="Edda poètica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edda poètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetick%C3%A1_Edda" title="Poetická Edda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poetická Edda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86ldre_Edda" title="Ældre Edda – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ældre Edda" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanem_Edda" title="Vanem Edda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vanem Edda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%88%CE%B4%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Ποιητική Έδδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ποιητική Έδδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda_po%C3%A9tica" title="Edda poética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edda poética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poezia_Edda" title="Poezia Edda – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Poezia Edda" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda_poetikoa" title="Edda poetikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edda poetikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%88%D9%85" title="ادای منظوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادای منظوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda_po%C3%A9tique" title="Edda poétique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edda poétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda_po%C3%A9tica" title="Edda poética – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Edda poética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%8B%A4" title="고 에다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고 에다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A3_%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%A4%D5%A1" title="Ավագ Էդդա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավագ Էդդա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starija_Edda" title="Starija Edda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Starija Edda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6mundaredda" title="Sæmundaredda – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sæmundaredda" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda_poetica" title="Edda poetica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edda poetica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אדה פואטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדה פואטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="პოეტური ედა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოეტური ედა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda_rhythmica" title="Edda rhythmica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Edda rhythmica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vec%C4%81k%C4%81_Eda" title="Vecākā Eda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vecākā Eda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyresnioji_Eda" title="Vyresnioji Eda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vyresnioji Eda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda_poesial" title="Edda poesial – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Edda poesial" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda-%C3%A9nekek" title="Edda-énekek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Edda-énekek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Поетска еда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Поетска еда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ташта Эдда – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ташта Эдда" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB_%E1%80%80%E1%80%97%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC" title="အက်ဒါ ကဗျာလင်္ကာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်ဒါ ကဗျာလင်္ကာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%ABtische_Edda" title="Poëtische Edda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Poëtische Edda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oale_Edda" title="Oale Edda – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oale Edda" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%83%E3%83%80" title="古エッダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古エッダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_eldre_Edda" title="Den eldre Edda – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den eldre Edda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_eldre_Edda" title="Den eldre Edda – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den eldre Edda" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetik_Edda" title="Poetik Edda – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Poetik Edda" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda_starsza" title="Edda starsza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edda starsza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda_em_verso" title="Edda em verso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edda em verso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Старшая Эдда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Старшая Эдда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda_poetike" title="Edda poetike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Edda poetike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poeti%C4%8Dna_Edda" title="Poetična Edda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poetična Edda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Поетска еда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Поетска еда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runo-Edda" title="Runo-Edda – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Runo-Edda" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetiska_Eddan" title="Poetiska Eddan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Poetiska Eddan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzum_Edda" title="Manzum Edda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manzum Edda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Старша Едда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Старша Едда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%92%E9%81%94" title="詩體誒達 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="詩體誒達" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E9%AB%94%E5%9F%83%E9%81%94" title="詩體埃達 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詩體埃達" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q205874#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Poetic_Edda" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Poetic_Edda" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Poetic_Edda" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&oldid=1249306240" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Poetic_Edda&id=1249306240&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPoetic_Edda"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPoetic_Edda"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Poetic_Edda&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Poetic_Edda" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Poetic_Edda" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poetic_Edda" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q205874" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none"> Collection of Old Norse poems</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg/220px-The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg/330px-The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg/440px-The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="2924" /></a><figcaption>The title page of Olive Bray's English translation of <i>Codex Regius</i> entitled <i>Poetic Edda</i> depicting the tree <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a> and a number of its inhabitants (1908) by <a href="/wiki/W._G._Collingwood" title="W. G. Collingwood">W. G. Collingwood</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Norsemen" title="Category:Norsemen">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_norse,_ca_900.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/200px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/300px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/400px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="299" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Extent of <a href="/wiki/Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse language">Norse language</a> in CE 900: <i>Western Norse</i> in red and <i>Eastern Norse</i> in orange. Yellow and green denote related Germanic languages.</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">History</a></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Nordic Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Gods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Jötunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund" title="Sigmund">Sigmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Wayland the Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf (folklore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)" title="Hel (mythological being)">Hel (mythological being)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Cosmology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Midgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel (location)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muspelheim" title="Muspelheim">Muspelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflheim" title="Niflheim">Niflheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasill" class="mw-redirect" title="Yggdrasill">Yggdrasill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Rituals and worship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Heathen hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9_(shrine)" title="Vé (shrine)">Vé (shrine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Gothi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Early Germanic calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Seeress (Germanic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death in Norse paganism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">Berserker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">Earl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erilaz" title="Erilaz">Erilaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_kingship" title="Germanic kingship">Germanic kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hird" title="Hird">Hird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmgang" title="Holmgang">Holmgang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leidang" title="Leidang">Leidang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Medieval Scandinavian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nithing_pole" title="Nithing pole">Nithing pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" title="Nīþ">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_clans" title="Norse clans">Norse clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)">Events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulwinter</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)">Sources</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poetic Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Norse_history_and_culture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Norse history and culture">WikiProject Norse history and culture</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_people_sidebar" title="Template:Norse people sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_people_sidebar" title="Template talk:Norse people sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_people_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse people sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a></div> <p>The <i><b>Poetic Edda</b></i> is the modern name for an untitled collection of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> anonymous <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative poems</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">alliterative verse</a>. It is distinct from the closely related <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i>, although both works are seminal to the study of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_poetry" title="Old Norse poetry">Old Norse poetry</a>. Several versions of the <i>Poetic Edda</i> exist: especially notable is the medieval <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Icelandic</a> <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Regius" title="Codex Regius">Codex Regius</a></i>, which contains 31 poems.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindow2002_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindow2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><b>Eddic poems</b></i> are composed in <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">alliterative verse</a>. Most are in <i><a href="/wiki/Fornyr%C3%B0islag" class="mw-redirect" title="Fornyrðislag">fornyrðislag</a></i> ("old story <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">metre</a>"), while <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1lah%C3%A1ttr" title="Málaháttr">málaháttr</a></i> ("speech form") is a common variation. The rest, about a quarter, are composed in <i><a href="/wiki/Lj%C3%B3%C3%B0ah%C3%A1ttr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ljóðaháttr">ljóðaháttr</a></i> ("song form"). The language of the poems is usually clear and relatively unadorned. <a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">Kennings</a> are often employed, though they do not arise as frequently, nor are they as complex, as those found in typical <a href="/wiki/Skaldic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaldic poetry">skaldic poetry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorship">Authorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most early poetry, the Eddic poems were <a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">minstrel</a> poems, passed orally from singer to singer and from poet to poet for centuries. None of the poems are attributed to a particular author, though many of them show strong individual characteristics and are likely to have been the work of individual poets. While scholars have speculated on hypothetical authors, firm and accepted conclusions have never been reached. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date">Date</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accurate dating of the poems has long been a source of scholarly debate. Firm conclusions are difficult to reach; lines from the Eddic poems sometimes appear in poems by known poets. For example, <a href="/wiki/Eyvindr_sk%C3%A1ldaspillir" title="Eyvindr skáldaspillir">Eyvindr skáldaspillir</a> composed in the latter half of the 10th century, and he uses a couple of lines in his <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1konarm%C3%A1l" title="Hákonarmál">Hákonarmál</a></i> that are also found in <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l" title="Hávamál">Hávamál</a></i>. It is possible that he was quoting a known poem, but it is also possible that <i>Hávamál</i>, or at least the <a href="/wiki/Strophe" title="Strophe">strophe</a> in question, is the younger derivative work. </p><p>The few demonstrably historical characters mentioned in the poems, such as <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>, provide a <i><a href="/wiki/Terminus_post_quem" title="Terminus post quem">terminus post quem</a></i> of sorts. The dating of the manuscripts themselves provides a more useful <i><a href="/wiki/Terminus_ante_quem" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminus ante quem">terminus ante quem</a></i>. </p><p>Individual poems have individual clues to their age. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Atlam%C3%A1l" title="Atlamál">Atlamál hin groenlenzku</a></i> is claimed by its title to have been composed in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and seems so by some internal evidence. If so, it must have been composed no earlier than about 985, since there were no Scandinavians in Greenland until that time. </p><p>More certain than such circumstantial evidence are linguistic dating criteria. These can be arrived at by looking at <a href="/wiki/Skaldic_poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaldic poems">Skaldic poems</a> whose dates are more firmly known. For instance the particle <i>of</i>, corresponding to <i>ga-</i> or <i>ge-</i> in other old Germanic languages, has been shown to occur more frequently in Skaldic poems of earlier date.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applying this criterion to Eddic poetry, Bjarne Fidjestøl found large variation, indicating that some of the poems were much older than others.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other dating criteria include the use of the negative adverb <i>eigi</i> 'not', and alliteration of <i>vr-</i> with <i>v-</i>. In western dialects of Old Norse the former became <i>r-</i> around the year 1000, but in some Eddic poems the word <i>vreiðr</i>, younger form <i>reiðr</i>, is seen to alliterate with words beginning in an original <i>v-</i>. This was observed already by <a href="/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%A1fr_hv%C3%ADtask%C3%A1ld_%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0arson" class="mw-redirect" title="Óláfr hvítaskáld Þórðarson">Olaf ‘White Skald’ Thordarson</a>, the author of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Grammatical_Treatise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Grammatical Treatise (page does not exist)">Third Grammatical Treatise</a>, who termed this <i>v</i> before <i>r</i> the <i>vindandin forna</i>; 'the ancient use of <a href="/wiki/Vend_(letter)" title="Vend (letter)">vend</a>'. </p><p>In some cases, old poems may have been interpolated with younger verses or merged with other poems. For example, stanzas 9–16 of <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a></i>, the "Dvergatal" or "Roster of Dwarfs", is considered by some scholars to be an <a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(manuscripts)" title="Interpolation (manuscripts)">interpolation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The problem of dating the poems is linked with the problem of determining where they were composed. Iceland was not settled until approximately 870, so anything composed before that time would necessarily have been elsewhere, most likely in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. More recent poems, on the other hand, are likely Icelandic in origin. </p><p>Scholars have attempted to localize individual poems by studying the geography, flora, and fauna to which they refer. This approach usually does not yield firm results. For example, there are no wolves in Iceland, but we can be sure that Icelandic poets were familiar with the species. Similarly, the apocalyptic descriptions of <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a></i> have been taken as evidence that the poet who composed it had seen a volcanic eruption in Iceland – but this is hardly certain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Codex_regius"><i>Codex regius</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Codex regius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Codex Regius</i> is arguably the most important extant source on <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">Germanic heroic legends</a>. Since the early 19th century, it has had a powerful influence on <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_literature" title="Scandinavian literature">Scandinavian literature</a>, not only through its stories, but also through the visionary force and the dramatic quality of many of the poems. It has also been an inspiration for later innovations in <a href="/wiki/Poetic_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Poetic meter">poetic meter</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Nordic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic languages">Nordic languages</a>, with its use of terse, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a>-based metrical schemes that lack final rhymes, instead focusing on <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">alliterative devices</a> and strongly concentrated imagery. Poets who have acknowledged their debt to the <i>Codex Regius</i> include <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Ekelund" title="Vilhelm Ekelund">Vilhelm Ekelund</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karin_Boye" title="Karin Boye">Karin Boye</a>. </p><p>The <i>Codex Regius</i> was written during the 13th century, but nothing was known of its whereabouts until 1643, when it came into the possession of <a href="/wiki/Brynj%C3%B3lfur_Sveinsson" title="Brynjólfur Sveinsson">Brynjólfur Sveinsson</a>, then Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1lholt" title="Skálholt">Skálholt</a>. At the time, versions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i> were known in Iceland, but scholars speculated that there once was another Edda, an <i><b>Elder Edda</b></i>, which contained the <a href="/wiki/Norse_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse paganism">pagan</a> poems that <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri</a> quotes in his <i>Prose Edda</i>. When <i>Codex Regius</i> was discovered, it seemed that the speculation had proved correct, but modern scholarly research has shown that the <i>Prose Edda</i> was likely written first and that the two were, at most, connected by a common source.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Brynjólfur attributed the manuscript to <a href="/wiki/Saemund" class="mw-redirect" title="Saemund">Sæmundr the Learned</a>, a larger-than-life 12th century Icelandic priest. Modern scholars reject that attribution, but the name <i><b>Sæmundar Edda</b></i> is still sometimes associated with both the <i>Codex Regius</i> and versions of the <i>Poetic Edda</i> using it as a source. </p><p>Bishop Brynjólfur sent the manuscript as a present to the Danish king, hence the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name <i>Codex Regius,</i> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Royal Book</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. For centuries it was stored in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library,_Copenhagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Library, Copenhagen">Royal Library in Copenhagen</a>, but in 1971 it was returned to Iceland. Because air travel at the time was not entirely trustworthy with such precious cargo, it was transported by ship, accompanied by a naval escort.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poetic_Edda_Cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Poetic_Edda_Cover.jpg/170px-Poetic_Edda_Cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/39/Poetic_Edda_Cover.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>The cover of Lee M. Hollander's <i>Poetic Edda</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Poems similar to those found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Regius" title="Codex Regius">Codex Regius</a></i> are also included in many editions of the <i>Poetic Edda</i>. Important manuscripts containing these other poems include <a href="/wiki/AM_748_I_4to" title="AM 748 I 4to">AM 748 I 4to</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hauksb%C3%B3k" title="Hauksbók">Hauksbók</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Flateyjarb%C3%B3k" title="Flateyjarbók">Flateyjarbók</a></i>. Many of the poems are also quoted in <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda"><i>Prose</i> <i>Edda</i></a>, but usually only in bits and pieces. What poems are included in an edition of the <i>Poetic Edda</i> depends on the editor. Those not found in the <i>Codex Regius</i> are sometimes called the "eddic appendix". Other Eddic-like poems not usually published in the <i>Poetic Edda</i> are sometimes called Eddica minora and were compiled by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Heusler" title="Andreas Heusler">Andreas Heusler</a> and Wilhelm Ranisch in their 1903 book titled <i><a href="/wiki/Eddica_minora" title="Eddica minora">Eddica minora: Dichtungen eddischer Art aus den Fornaldarsögur und anderen Prosawerken</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English translators are not consistent on the translations of the names of the Eddic poems or on how the Old Norse forms should be rendered in English. Up to three translated titles are given below, taken from the translations of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams_Bellows_(businessman)" title="Henry Adams Bellows (businessman)">Bellows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_M._Hollander" title="Lee M. Hollander">Hollander</a>, and Larrington with proper names in the normalized English forms found in <a href="/wiki/John_Lindow" title="John Lindow">John Lindow</a>'s <i>Norse Mythology</i> and in Andy Orchard's <i>Cassell's Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythological_poems">Mythological poems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mythological poems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_Codex_Regius">In the <i>Codex Regius</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In the Codex Regius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a></i> (<i>Wise-woman's prophecy, The Prophecy of the Seeress, The Seeress's Prophecy</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l" title="Hávamál">Hávamál</a></i> (<i>The Ballad of the High One, The Sayings of Hár, Sayings of the High One</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nism%C3%A1l" title="Vafþrúðnismál">Vafþrúðnismál</a></i> (<i>The Ballad of Vafthrúdnir, The Lay of Vafthrúdnir, Vafthrúdnir's Sayings</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l" title="Grímnismál">Grímnismál</a></i> (<i>The Ballad of Grímnir, The Lay of Grímnir, Grímnir's Sayings</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnism%C3%A1l" title="Skírnismál">Skírnismál</a></i> (<i>The Ballad of Skírnir, The Lay of Skírnir, Skírnir's Journey</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1rbar%C3%B0slj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Hárbarðsljóð">Hárbarðsljóð</a></i> (<i>The Poem of Hárbard, The Lay of Hárbard, Hárbard's Song</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hymiskvi%C3%B0a" title="Hymiskviða">Hymiskviða</a></i> (<i>The Lay of Hymir, Hymir's Poem</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lokasenna" title="Lokasenna">Lokasenna</a></i> (<i>Loki's Wrangling, The <a href="/wiki/Flyting" title="Flyting">Flyting</a> of Loki, Loki's Quarrel</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymskvi%C3%B0a" title="Þrymskviða">Þrymskviða</a></i> (<i>The Lay of Thrym, Thrym's Poem</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lundarkvi%C3%B0a" title="Völundarkviða">Völundarkviða</a></i> (<i>The Lay of Völund</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%ADssm%C3%A1l" title="Alvíssmál">Alvíssmál</a></i> (<i>The Ballad of Alvís, The Lay of Alvís, All-Wise's Sayings</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Not_in_the_Codex_Regius">Not in the <i>Codex Regius</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Not in the Codex Regius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baldrs_draumar" title="Baldrs draumar">Baldrs draumar</a></i> (<i>Baldr's Dreams</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B3ttas%C3%B6ngr" class="mw-redirect" title="Gróttasöngr">Gróttasöngr</a></i> (<i>The Mill's Song, The Song of Grotti</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADgsthula" class="mw-redirect" title="Rígsthula">Rígsþula</a></i> (<i>The Song of Ríg, The Lay of Ríg, The List of Ríg</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyndlulj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Hyndluljóð">Hyndluljóð</a></i> (<i>The Poem of Hyndla, The Lay of Hyndla, The Song of Hyndla</i>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1_in_skamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Völuspá in skamma">Völuspá in skamma</a></i> (<i>The short Völuspá, The Short Seeress' Prophecy, Short Prophecy of the Seeress</i>) - This poem, sometimes presented separately, is often included as an interpolation within <i>Hyndluljóð.</i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svipdagsm%C3%A1l" title="Svipdagsmál">Svipdagsmál</a></i> (<i>The Ballad of Svipdag, The Lay of Svipdag</i>) – This title, originally suggested by <a href="/wiki/Sophus_Bugge" title="Sophus Bugge">Bugge</a>, actually covers two separate poems. These poems are late works and not included in most editions after 1950: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B3galdr" title="Grógaldr">Grógaldr</a></i> (<i>Gróa's Spell, The Spell of Gróa</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lsvinnsm%C3%A1l" title="Fjölsvinnsmál">Fjölsvinnsmál</a></i> (<i>Ballad of Fjölsvid, The Lay of Fjölsvid</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hrafnagaldr_%C3%93%C3%B0ins" title="Hrafnagaldr Óðins">Hrafnagaldr Óðins</a></i> (<i>Odins's Raven Song, Odin's Raven Chant</i>). (A late work not included in most editions after 1900).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gullk%C3%A1rslj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Gullkársljóð">Gullkársljóð</a></i> (<i>The Poem of Gullkár</i>). (A late work not included in most editions after 1900).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heroic_lays">Heroic lays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Heroic lays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the mythological poems, the <i>Codex Regius</i> continues with <a href="/wiki/Heroic_lay" title="Heroic lay">heroic lays</a> about mortal heroes, examples of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">Germanic heroic legend</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Heroic_lay" title="Heroic lay">heroic lays</a> are to be seen as a whole in the <i>Edda</i>, but they consist of three layers: the story of <a href="/wiki/Helgi_Hundingsbane" title="Helgi Hundingsbane">Helgi Hundingsbani</a>, the story of the <a href="/wiki/Nibelung" title="Nibelung">Nibelungs</a>, and the story of <a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Jörmunrekkr</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>. These are, respectively, Scandinavian, German, and Gothic in origin. As far as historicity can be ascertained, <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Jörmunrekkr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brunhilde" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunhilde">Brynhildr</a> actually existed, taking Brynhildr to be partly based on <a href="/wiki/Brunhilda_of_Austrasia" title="Brunhilda of Austrasia">Brunhilda of Austrasia</a>, but the chronology has been reversed in the poems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_Codex_Regius_2">In the <i>Codex Regius</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In the Codex Regius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>The Helgi Lays</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Helgakvi%C3%B0a_Hundingsbana_I" title="Helgakviða Hundingsbana I">Helgakviða Hundingsbana I</a></i> or <i>Völsungakviða</i> (<i>The First Lay of Helgi Hundingsbane, The First Lay of Helgi the Hunding-Slayer, The First Poem of Helgi Hundingsbani</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helgakvi%C3%B0a_Hj%C3%B6rvar%C3%B0ssonar" title="Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar">Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar</a></i> (<i>The Lay of Helgi the Son of Hjörvard, The Lay of Helgi Hjörvardsson, The Poem of Helgi Hjörvardsson</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helgakvi%C3%B0a_Hundingsbana_II" title="Helgakviða Hundingsbana II">Helgakviða Hundingsbana II</a></i> or <i>Völsungakviða in forna</i> (<i>The Second Lay of Helgi Hundingsbane, The Second Lay of Helgi the Hunding-Slayer, A Second Poem of Helgi Hundingsbani</i>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>The Niflung Cycle</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A1_dauda_Sinfj%C3%B6tla" class="mw-redirect" title="Frá dauda Sinfjötla">Frá dauða Sinfjötla</a></i> (<i>Of Sinfjötli's Death, Sinfjötli's Death, The Death of Sinfjötli</i>) (A short prose text.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADpissp%C3%A1" title="Grípisspá">Grípisspá</a></i> (<i>Grípir's Prophecy, The Prophecy of Grípir</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reginsm%C3%A1l" title="Reginsmál">Reginsmál</a></i> (<i>The Ballad of Regin, The Lay of Regin</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnism%C3%A1l" title="Fáfnismál">Fáfnismál</a></i> (<i>The Ballad of Fáfnir, The Lay of Fáfnir</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sigrdr%C3%ADfum%C3%A1l" title="Sigrdrífumál">Sigrdrífumál</a></i> (<i>The Ballad of The Victory-Bringer, The Lay of Sigrdrífa</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brot_af_Sigur%C3%B0arkvi%C3%B0u" title="Brot af Sigurðarkviðu">Brot af Sigurðarkviðu</a></i> (<i>Fragment of a Sigurd Lay, Fragment of a Poem about Sigurd</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAnarkvi%C3%B0a_I" title="Guðrúnarkviða I">Guðrúnarkviða I</a></i> (<i>The First Lay of Gudrún</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sigur%C3%B0arkvi%C3%B0a_hin_skamma" title="Sigurðarkviða hin skamma">Sigurðarkviða hin skamma</a></i> (<i>The Short Lay of Sigurd, A Short Poem about Sigurd</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helrei%C3%B0_Brynhildar" title="Helreið Brynhildar">Helreið Brynhildar</a></i> (<i>Brynhild's Hell-Ride, Brynhild's Ride to Hel, Brynhild's Ride to Hell</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A1p_Niflunga" title="Dráp Niflunga">Dráp Niflunga</a></i> (<i>The Slaying of The Niflungs, The Fall of the Niflungs, The Death of the Niflungs</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAnarkvi%C3%B0a_II" title="Guðrúnarkviða II">Guðrúnarkviða II</a></i> (<i>The Second Lay of Gudrún</i> or <i>Guðrúnarkviða hin forna</i> <i>The Old Lay of Gudrún</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAnarkvi%C3%B0a_III" title="Guðrúnarkviða III">Guðrúnarkviða III</a></i> (<i>The Third Lay of Gudrún</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oddr%C3%BAnargr%C3%A1tr" title="Oddrúnargrátr">Oddrúnargrátr</a></i> (<i>The Lament of Oddrún, The Plaint of Oddrún, Oddrún's Lament</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlakvi%C3%B0a" title="Atlakviða">Atlakviða</a></i> (<i>The Lay of Atli</i>). The full manuscript title is <i>Atlakviða hin grœnlenzka</i>, that is, <i>The <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> Lay of Atli</i>, but editors and translators generally omit the Greenland reference as a probable error from confusion with the following poem.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlam%C3%A1l_hin_groenlenzku" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlamál hin groenlenzku">Atlamál hin groenlenzku</a></i> (<i>The Greenland Ballad of Atli, The Greenlandish Lay of Atli, The Greenlandic Poem of Atli</i>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>The Jörmunrekkr Lays</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAnarhv%C3%B6t" title="Guðrúnarhvöt">Guðrúnarhvöt</a></i> (<i>Gudrún's Inciting, Gudrún's Lament, The Whetting of Gudrún.</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ham%C3%B0ism%C3%A1l" title="Hamðismál">Hamðismál</a></i> (<i>The Ballad of Hamdir, The Lay of Hamdir</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Not_in_the_Codex_Regius_2">Not in the <i>Codex Regius</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Not in the Codex Regius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several of the <a href="/wiki/Legendary_sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Legendary sagas">legendary sagas</a> contain poetry in the Eddic style. Their age and importance is often difficult to evaluate but the <i><a href="/wiki/Hervarar_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hervarar saga">Hervarar saga</a></i>, in particular, contains interesting poetic interpolations. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%B6%C3%B0skvi%C3%B0a" title="Hlöðskviða">Hlöðskviða</a></i> (<i>Lay of Hlöd</i>, also known in English as <i>The Battle of the Goths and the Huns</i>), extracted from <i><a href="/wiki/Hervarar_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hervarar saga">Hervarar saga</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waking_of_Angantyr" class="mw-redirect" title="The Waking of Angantyr">The Waking of Angantýr</a></i>, extracted from <i><a href="/wiki/Hervarar_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hervarar saga">Hervarar saga</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translations">English translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Elder</i> or <i>Poetic Edda</i> has been translated numerous times, the earliest printed edition being that by <a href="#CITEREFCottle1797">Cottle 1797</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCottle1797 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>, though some short sections had been translated as early as the 1670s. Some early translators relied on a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> translation of the <i>Edda</i>, including <a href="/wiki/Amos_Simon_Cottle" title="Amos Simon Cottle">Cottle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eng1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eng1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opinions differ on the best way to translate the text, on the use or rejection of archaic language, and the rendering of terms lacking a clear English analogue. Still, Cottle's 1797 translation is now considered very inaccurate.<sup id="cite_ref-eng1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eng1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A comparison of the second and third verses (lines 5–12) of the <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Vǫluspá</a></i> is given below: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="poem"> <p>Ek man jǫtna<br /> ár of borna,<br /> þás forðum mik<br /> fœdda hǫfðu ;<br /> níu mank hęima,<br /> níu ívíði,<br /> mjǫtvið mæran<br /> fyr mold neðan.<br /> <br /> Ár vas alda<br /> þars Ymir byggði,<br /> vasa sandr né sær,<br /> né svalar unnir ; <br /> jǫrð fansk æva<br /> né upphiminn ; <br /> gap vas ginnunga,<br /> ęn gras hvęrgi. </p> </div> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFFinnur1932">Finnur 1932</a>)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFFinnur1932 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> (unchanged orthography) </p> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>The Jötuns I remember<br /> early born,<br /> those who me of old<br /> have reared.<br /> I nine worlds remember,<br /> nine trees,<br /> the great central tree,<br /> beneath the earth.<br /> <br /> There was in times of old,<br /> where Ymir dwelt,<br /> nor sand nor sea,<br /> nor gelid waves ; <br /> earth existed not,<br /> nor heaven above,<br /> 'twas a chaotic chasm,<br /> and grass nowhere, </p> </div> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFThorpe1866">Thorpe 1866</a>)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFThorpe1866 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> <p>I remember the Giants born of yore,<br /> who bred me up long ago.<br /> I remember nine Worlds, nine Sibyls,<br /> a glorious Judge beneath the earth.<br /> <br /> In the beginning, when naught was,<br /> there was neither sand nor sea nor the cold waves,<br /> nor was earth to be seen nor heaven above.<br /> There was a Yawning Chasm [chaos], but grass nowhere, </p> </div> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFVigfússonPowell1883">Vigfússon & Powell 1883</a>)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFVigfússonPowell1883 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> † </p> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>I remember of yore   were born the Jötuns,<br /> they who aforetime   fostered me :<br /> nine worlds I remember,   nine in the Tree,<br /> the glorious Fate Tree   that springs 'neath the Earth.<br /> <br /> 'Twas the earliest of times   when Ymir lived ; <br /> then was sand nor sea   nor cooling wave,<br /> nor was Earth found ever,   nor Heaven on high,<br /> there was Yawning of Deeps   and nowhere grass : </p> </div> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFBray1908">Bray 1908</a>)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBray1908 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> <p>I remember yet   the giants of yore,<br /> Who gave me bread   in the days gone by ;<br /> Nine worlds I knew,   the nine in the tree<br /> With mighty roots   beaneath the mold.<br /> <br /> Of old was the age   when Ymir lived ; <br /> Sea nor cool waves   nor sand there were ; <br /> Earth had not been,   nor heaven above,<br /> But a yawning gap,   and grass nowhere. </p> </div> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFBellows1923">Bellows 1923</a>)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBellows1923 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> </p> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>I call to mind the kin of etins<br /> which long ago did give me life.<br /> Nine worlds I know, the nine abodes<br /> of the glorious world-tree the ground beneath.<br /> <br /> In earliest times did Ymir live:<br /> was nor sea nor land nor salty waves,<br /> neither earth was there nor upper heaven,<br /> but a gaping nothing, and green things nowhere. </p> </div> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFHollander1962">Hollander 1962</a>)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFHollander1962 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> <p>I tell of Giants from times forgotten.<br /> Those who fed me in former days:<br /> Nine worlds I can reckon, nine roots of the Tree.<br /> The wonderful Ash, way under the ground<br /> <br /> When Ymir lived long ago<br /> Was no sand or sea, no surging waves.<br /> Nowhere was there earth nor heaven above.<br /> But a grinning gap and grass nowhere. </p> </div> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFAudenTaylor1969">Auden & Taylor 1969</a>)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFAudenTaylor1969 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> </p> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>I remember giants   of ages past,<br /> those who called me   one of their kin;<br /> I know how nine roots   form nine worlds<br /> under the earth   where the Ash Tree rises.<br /> <br /> Nothing was there   when time began,<br /> neither sands nor seas   nor cooling waves,<br /> Earth was not yet,   nor the high heavens,<br /> but a gaping emptiness   nowhere green. </p> </div> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFTerry1990">Terry 1990</a>)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFTerry1990 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> <p>I, born of giants, remember very early<br /> those who nurtured me then;<br /> I remember nine worlds, I remember nine giant women,<br /> the mighty Measuring-Tree below the earth.<br /> <br /> Young were the years when Ymir made his settlement,<br /> there was no sand nor sea nor cool waves;<br /> earth was nowhere nor the sky above,<br /> chaos yawned, grass was there nowhere. </p> </div> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFLarrington1996">Larrington 1996</a>)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFLarrington1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> </p> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>I remember giants<br /> born early in time,<br /> who long ago<br /> had reared me<br /> Nine worlds I remember,<br /> nine wood-ogresses,<br /> glorious tree of good measure,<br /> under the ground.<br /> <br /> It was early in the ages <br /> when Ymir made his dwelling:<br /> There was not sand nor sea<br /> nor chill waves.<br /> Earth was not to be found<br /> nor above it heaven:<br /> a gulf was there of gaping voids<br /> and grass nowhere, </p> </div> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFDronke1997">Dronke 1997</a>)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFDronke1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> <p>I recall those giants, born early on,<br /> who long ago brought me up;<br /> nine worlds I recall, nine wood-dwelling witches,<br /> the famed tree of fate down under the earth.<br /> <br /> It was early in ages when Ymir made his home,<br /> there was neither sand nor sea, nor cooling waves;<br /> no earth to be found, nor heaven above:<br /> a gulf beguiling, nor grass anywhere. </p> </div> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFOrchard2011">Orchard 2011</a>)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFOrchard2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> </p> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>I remember being reared by Jotuns,<br /> in days long gone. If I look back, I recall<br /> nine worlds, nine wood-witches,<br /> that renowned tree of fate below the Earth<br /> <br /> Ymir struck camp when time began.<br /> No land, sand or sea folding on itself,<br /> no sky, earth or grass swaying atop its girth,<br /> only the cavern of chaos's gaping gulf. </p> </div> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFDodds2014">Dodds 2014</a>)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFDodds2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> <p>I remember giants born early in time<br /> those nurtured me long ago;<br /> I remember nine worlds, I remember nine giant women,<br /> the mighty Measuring-Tree below the earth.<br /> <br /> Early in time Ymir made his settlement,<br /> there was no sand nor sea nor cool waves;<br /> earth was nowhere nor the sky above,<br /> a void of yawning chaos, grass was there nowhere </p> </div> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFLarrington2014">Larrington 2014</a>)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFLarrington2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> </p> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>I remember the giants<br /> born so long ago;<br /> in those ancient days<br /> they raised me.<br /> I remember nine worlds,<br /> nine giantesses,<br /> and the seed<br /> from which Yggdrasil sprang.<br /> <br /> It was at the very beginning,<br /> it was Ymir's time,<br /> there was no sand, no sea,<br /> no cooling waves,<br /> no earth,<br /> no sky,<br /> no grass,<br /> just Ginnungagap. </p> </div> <p>(<a href="#CITEREFCrawford2015">Crawford 2015</a>)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFCrawford2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">† The prose translation lacks line breaks, inserted here to match those in the Norse verse given in the same work. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allusions_and_quotations">Allusions and quotations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Allusions and quotations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>As noted above, the <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> makes much use of the works included in the <i>Poetic Edda</i>, though he may well have had access to other compilations that contained the poems and there is no evidence that he used the <i>Poetic Edda</i> or even knew of it.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Volsunga_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Volsunga saga">Völsunga saga</a></i> is a prose version of much of the Niflung cycle of poems. Due to several missing pages (see <a href="/wiki/Great_Lacuna" title="Great Lacuna">Great Lacuna</a>) in the <i>Codex Regius</i>, the <i>Völsunga saga</i> is the oldest complete source for the Norse version of much of the story of <a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurð</a>. Only 22 stanzas of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sigur%C3%B0arkvi%C3%B0a_hin_skamma" title="Sigurðarkviða hin skamma">Sigurðarkviða</a></i> survive in the <i>Codex Regius</i>, plus four stanzas from the missing section which are quoted in the <i>Völsunga saga</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologist</a> and scholar of Old Norse who was familiar with the Eddas, utilized concepts from them in his 1937 fantasy novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i>, and in other works. For example: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Misty_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Misty Mountains">Misty Mountains</a> derive from the <i>úrig fiöll</i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnism%C3%A1l" title="Skírnismál">Skírnismál</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The names of his <a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Hobbit_characters#Dwarves" title="List of The Hobbit characters">Dwarves</a> derive from the <i>Dvergatal</i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Vǫluspá</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>His <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sigurd_and_Gudr%C3%BAn" title="The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún">Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún</a></i> is a verse retelling or reconstruction of the Nibelung poems from the Edda (see <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga" title="Völsunga saga">Völsunga saga</a></i>), composed in the Eddaic <i><a href="/wiki/Fornyr%C3%B0islag" class="mw-redirect" title="Fornyrðislag">fornyrðislag</a></i> metre.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Old_Norse" title="Category:Old Norse">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%C3%96l_Fv1911%3B274B%2C_Resmo.jpg/100px-%C3%96l_Fv1911%3B274B%2C_Resmo.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%C3%96l_Fv1911%3B274B%2C_Resmo.jpg/150px-%C3%96l_Fv1911%3B274B%2C_Resmo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%C3%96l_Fv1911%3B274B%2C_Resmo.jpg/200px-%C3%96l_Fv1911%3B274B%2C_Resmo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)">Dialects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">Old West Norse</a> <div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.15em;"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></li></ul></div><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a>)</div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old East Norse">Old East Norse</a> <div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.15em;"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a>)</li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)">Use</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography" title="Old Norse orthography">Orthography</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic alphabet</a> <div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.15em;"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a>)</li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography#Latin_alphabet_orthography" title="Old Norse orthography">Latin alphabet</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Grammar" title="Old Norse">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Phonology" title="Old Norse">Phonology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_morphology" title="Old Norse morphology">Morphology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_poetry" title="Old Norse poetry">Poetry</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse#Old_Norse_poetic_forms" title="Alliterative verse">alliterative verse</a>)</span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a><div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Sagas_of_Icelanders" title="Sagas of Icelanders">of Icelanders</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legendary_saga" title="Legendary saga">Legendary</a></i>)</li></ul></div></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poetic Edda</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i>)</li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Grammatical_Treatise" title="First Grammatical Treatise">First Grammatical Treatise</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)">Ancestors</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)">Descendants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish" title="Gutnish">Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Old_Norse_origin" title="List of English words of Old Norse origin">English words of<br />Old Norse origin</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Norse_history_and_culture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Norse history and culture">WikiProject Norse history and culture</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Old_Norse_sidebar" title="Template:Old Norse sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Old_Norse_sidebar" title="Template talk:Old Norse sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Old_Norse_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Old Norse sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_poetry" title="Old Norse poetry">Old Norse poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lindow2002-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lindow2002_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Lindow2002" class="citation book cs1">John Lindow (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jME8hD2UO4QC&pg=PA11"><i>Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983969-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983969-8"><bdi>978-0-19-983969-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norse+Mythology%3A+A+Guide+to+Gods%2C+Heroes%2C+Rituals%2C+and+Beliefs&rft.pages=11-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983969-8&rft.au=John+Lindow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjME8hD2UO4QC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetic+Edda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuhn, Hans. 1929. <i>Das Füllwort of-um im Altwestnordischen. Eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte der germanischen Präfixe: Ein Beitrag zur altgermanischen Metrik.</i> Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fidjestøl, Bjarne. 1999. <i>The dating of Eddic poetry: A historical survey and methodological investigation.</i> Edited by Odd Einar Haugen. Copenhagen: C.A. Reitals Forlag.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerLarrington2002" class="citation cs2">Acker, Paul; Larrington, Carolyne (2002), <i>The Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Mythology</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetic+Edda%3A+Essays+on+Old+Norse+Mythology&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Acker&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Larrington%2C+Carolyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetic+Edda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodds,_Jeramy2014" class="citation book cs1">Dodds, Jeramy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HIUvBgAAQBAJ&q=codex+regius+1971+%22ship%22&pg=PA12"><i>The Poetic Edda</i></a>. Coach House Books. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1770563858" title="Special:BookSources/978-1770563858"><bdi>978-1770563858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetic+Edda&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Coach+House+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1770563858&rft.au=Dodds%2C+Jeramy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHIUvBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcodex%2Bregius%2B1971%2B%2522ship%2522%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetic+Edda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harris, Joseph (2005). "Eddic Poetry". <i>Old Norse-Icelandic Literature: A Critical Guide</i> (second ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press in association with the Medieval Academy of America. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3823-4"><bdi>978-0-8020-3823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eddic+Poetry&rft.btitle=Old+Norse-Icelandic+Literature%3A+A+Critical+Guide&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=68&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press+in+association+with+the+Medieval+Academy+of+America&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3823-4&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetic+Edda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eng1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eng1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eng1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarrington2007" class="citation cs2">Larrington, Carolyne (2007), Clark, David; Phelpstead, Carl (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/ONMN%20copyright%20restr.pdf">"Translating the Poetic Edda into English"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Old Norse Made New</i>, Viking Society for Northern Research, pp. 21–42</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Old+Norse+Made+New&rft.atitle=Translating+the+Poetic+Edda+into+English&rft.pages=21-42&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Larrington&rft.aufirst=Carolyne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvsnrweb-publications.org.uk%2FONMN%2520copyright%2520restr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetic+Edda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShippey2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a> (2003), <i>The Road to Middle-earth</i>, Houghton Mifflin, Ch. 3 pp. 70–71, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-25760-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-25760-8"><bdi>0-618-25760-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Middle-earth&rft.pages=Ch.+3+pp.+70-71&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-618-25760-8&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetic+Edda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatecliff2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rateliff" title="John D. Rateliff">Ratecliff, John D.</a> (2007), "Return to Bag-End", <i>The History of The Hobbit</i>, vol. 2, HarperCollins, Appendix III, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-725066-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-725066-0"><bdi>978-0-00-725066-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+The+Hobbit&rft.atitle=Return+to+Bag-End&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=Appendix+III&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-00-725066-0&rft.aulast=Ratecliff&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetic+Edda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1876" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Rasmus B. (1876), <i>Norse Mythology: Myths of the Eddas</i>, Chicago: S.C. Griggs and company; London: Trubner & Co., Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4102-0528-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4102-0528-2"><bdi>1-4102-0528-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norse+Mythology%3A+Myths+of+the+Eddas&rft.pub=Chicago%3A+S.C.+Griggs+and+company%3B+London%3A+Trubner+%26+Co.%2C+Honolulu%3A+University+Press+of+the+Pacific&rft.date=1876&rft.isbn=1-4102-0528-2&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Rasmus+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetic+Edda" class="Z3988"></span> , Reprinted 2003</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjörnsson1975" class="citation cs2">Björnsson, Árni, ed. (1975), <i>Snorra-Edda</i>, Reykjavík. Iðunn</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snorra-Edda&rft.pub=Reykjav%C3%ADk.+I%C3%B0unn&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetic+Edda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriem1985" class="citation cs2">Briem, Ólafur, ed. (1985), <i>Eddukvæði</i>, Reykjavík: Skálholt</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eddukv%C3%A6%C3%B0i&rft.pub=Reykjav%C3%ADk%3A+Sk%C3%A1lholt&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetic+Edda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnússson1989" class="citation cs2">Magnússson, Ásgeir Blöndal (1989), <i>Íslensk orðsifjabók</i>, Reykjavík</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%8Dslensk+or%C3%B0sifjab%C3%B3k&rft.pub=Reykjav%C3%ADk&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Magn%C3%BAssson&rft.aufirst=%C3%81sgeir+Bl%C3%B6ndal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetic+Edda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindow2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Lindow" title="John Lindow">Lindow, John</a> (2001), <i>Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515382-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515382-0"><bdi>0-19-515382-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norse+Mythology%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Gods%2C+Heroes%2C+Rituals%2C+and+Beliefs&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-515382-0&rft.aulast=Lindow&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetic+Edda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrchard1997" class="citation cs2">Orchard, Andy (1997), <i>Cassell's Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend</i>, London: Cassell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36385-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-36385-5"><bdi>0-304-36385-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Dictionary+of+Norse+Myth+and+Legend&rft.pub=London%3A+Cassell&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-304-36385-5&rft.aulast=Orchard&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetic+Edda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>von See, Klaus (1997–2019). <i>Kommentar zu den Liedern der Edda</i> [Commentary on the songs of the Edda]. 7 volumes in 8 parts. Heidelberg: Winter.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Poetic_Edda" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poetic_Edda" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Eddukvæði">Eddukvæði</a></i> Poetic Edda in Old Norse from heimskringla.no</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73533">The Poetic Edda: Translated from the Icelandic with an Introduction and Notes</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams_Bellows_(businessman)" title="Henry Adams Bellows (businessman)">H. A. Bellows</a> 1923, New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mimisbrunnr.info/eddic-to-english">"Eddic to English"</a>, <i>www.mimisbrunnr.info</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.mimisbrunnr.info&rft.atitle=Eddic+to+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mimisbrunnr.info%2Feddic-to-english&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoetic+Edda" class="Z3988"></span> , review of all English translations to 2018</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/14726">The Elder Eddas of Saemund Sigfusson; and the Younger Eddas of Snorre Sturleson</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span> (plain text, HTML and other)</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Elder+Edda&author=SIGFUSSON&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The Elder Edda</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Poetic_Edda" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7e7e7"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Poetic_Edda" title="Template:Poetic Edda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Poetic_Edda" title="Template talk:Poetic Edda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poetic_Edda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poetic Edda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Poetic_Edda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poetic Edda</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Mythological poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Codex_Regius" title="Codex Regius">Codex Regius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l" title="Hávamál">Hávamál</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nism%C3%A1l" title="Vafþrúðnismál">Vafþrúðnismál</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l" title="Grímnismál">Grímnismál</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnism%C3%A1l" title="Skírnismál">Skírnismál</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1rbar%C3%B0slj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Hárbarðsljóð">Hárbarðsljóð</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hymiskvi%C3%B0a" title="Hymiskviða">Hymiskviða</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lokasenna" title="Lokasenna">Lokasenna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymskvi%C3%B0a" title="Þrymskviða">Þrymskviða</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lundarkvi%C3%B0a" title="Völundarkviða">Völundarkviða</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%ADssm%C3%A1l" title="Alvíssmál">Alvíssmál</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Non-Codex Regius</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baldrs_draumar" title="Baldrs draumar">Baldrs draumar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADgs%C3%BEula" title="Rígsþula">Rígsþula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyndlulj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Hyndluljóð">Hyndluljóð</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1_hin_skamma" title="Völuspá hin skamma">Völuspá hin skamma</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svipdagsm%C3%A1l" title="Svipdagsmál">Svipdagsmál</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B3galdr" title="Grógaldr">Grógaldr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lsvinnsm%C3%A1l" title="Fjölsvinnsmál">Fjölsvinnsmál</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grottas%C3%B6ngr" title="Grottasöngr">Gróttasöngr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hrafnagaldr_%C3%93%C3%B0ins" title="Hrafnagaldr Óðins">Hrafnagaldr Óðins</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Heroic Lays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Codex Regius</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Helgi Lays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Helgakvi%C3%B0a_Hundingsbana_I" title="Helgakviða Hundingsbana I">Helgakviða Hundingsbana I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helgakvi%C3%B0a_Hj%C3%B6rvar%C3%B0ssonar" title="Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar">Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helgakvi%C3%B0a_Hundingsbana_II" title="Helgakviða Hundingsbana II">Helgakviða Hundingsbana II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Niflung Cycle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A1_dau%C3%B0a_Sinfj%C3%B6tla" title="Frá dauða Sinfjötla">Frá dauða Sinfjötla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADpissp%C3%A1" title="Grípisspá">Grípisspá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reginsm%C3%A1l" title="Reginsmál">Reginsmál</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnism%C3%A1l" title="Fáfnismál">Fáfnismál</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sigrdr%C3%ADfum%C3%A1l" title="Sigrdrífumál">Sigrdrífumál</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brot_af_Sigur%C3%B0arkvi%C3%B0u" title="Brot af Sigurðarkviðu">Brot af Sigurðarkviðu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAnarkvi%C3%B0a_I" title="Guðrúnarkviða I">Guðrúnarkviða I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sigur%C3%B0arkvi%C3%B0a_hin_skamma" title="Sigurðarkviða hin skamma">Sigurðarkviða hin skamma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helrei%C3%B0_Brynhildar" title="Helreið Brynhildar">Helreið Brynhildar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A1p_Niflunga" title="Dráp Niflunga">Dráp Niflunga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAnarkvi%C3%B0a_II" title="Guðrúnarkviða II">Guðrúnarkviða II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAnarkvi%C3%B0a_III" title="Guðrúnarkviða III">Guðrúnarkviða III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oddr%C3%BAnargr%C3%A1tr" title="Oddrúnargrátr">Oddrúnargrátr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlakvi%C3%B0a" title="Atlakviða">Atlakviða</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlam%C3%A1l" title="Atlamál">Atlamál</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Jörmunrekkr Lays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAnarhv%C3%B6t" title="Guðrúnarhvöt">Guðrúnarhvöt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ham%C3%B0ism%C3%A1l" title="Hamðismál">Hamðismál</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Non-Codex Regius</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%B6%C3%B0skvi%C3%B0a" title="Hlöðskviða">Hlöðskviða</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hervararkvi%C3%B0a" title="Hervararkviða">Hervararkviða</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Regius" title="Codex Regius">Codex Regius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_748_I_4to" title="AM 748 I 4to">AM 748 I 4to</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_738_4to" title="AM 738 4to">AM 738 4to</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hauksb%C3%B3k" title="Hauksbók">Hauksbók</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flateyjarb%C3%B3k" title="Flateyjarbók">Flateyjarbók</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Wormianus" title="Codex Wormianus">Codex Wormianus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eddica_minora" title="Eddica minora">Eddica minora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3larlj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Sólarljóð">Sólarljóð</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skaldic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_poetry" title="Old Norse poetry">Old Norse poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&oldid=1249306240">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&oldid=1249306240</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_Norse_literature" title="Category:Old Norse literature">Old Norse literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_mythology" title="Category:Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eddic_poetry" title="Category:Eddic poetry">Eddic poetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Icelandic_literature" title="Category:Icelandic literature">Icelandic literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epic_poems" title="Category:Epic poems">Epic poems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nibelung_tradition" title="Category:Nibelung tradition">Nibelung tradition</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2023">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 October 2024, at 07:06<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f7b5ccf54-6skpc","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.679","walltime":"0.856","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2417,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":99678,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2992,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":107346,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 721.064 1 -total"," 21.72% 156.636 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.31% 124.809 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 14.52% 104.669 1 Template:Norse_paganism"," 14.32% 103.287 2 Template:Cite_book"," 10.54% 75.991 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.74% 70.252 1 Template:Commons_category"," 9.67% 69.757 2 Template:Sister_project"," 9.34% 67.360 2 Template:Side_box"," 8.09% 58.332 11 Template:Citation"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.414","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7872620,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAckerLarrington2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson1876\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBjörnsson1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriem1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodds,_Jeramy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Lindow2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarrington2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindow2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnússson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrchard1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatecliff2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShippey2003\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 14,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Norse paganism\"] = 1,\n [\"Old Norse topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Poetic Edda\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisourcepar\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-2rj2v","timestamp":"20241125133758","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Poetic Edda","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poetic_Edda","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q205874","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q205874","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-12T11:59:48Z","dateModified":"2024-10-04T07:06:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c3\/The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg","headline":"collection of Old Norse poems"}</script> </body> </html>