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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anonima sarda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonima_sequestri" title="Anonima sequestri – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anonima sequestri" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonima_sequestri" title="Anonima sequestri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anonima sequestri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonima_sarda" title="Anonima sarda – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Anonima sarda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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searchaux" style="display:none">Italian journalistic expression describing Sardinian kidnapping groups</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Criminal organization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Anonima sarda/Anonima sequestri</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1960s–1997</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Territory</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinians">Sardinians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal activities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anonima sarda</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[aˈnɔːnima<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈsarda]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Sardinian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sardinian" title="Help:IPA/Sardinian">[aˈnonima<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈzaɾda]</a></span>; also <b>anonima sequestri</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> journalistic expression widely used by the Italian media as an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella</a> to describe the Sardinian groups operating kidnappings for ransom, which took place for the most part in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> between the 1960s and 1997. </p><p>The expression is misleading as it depicts something like a Sardinian <a href="/wiki/Criminal_syndicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal syndicate">criminal syndicate</a>, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian mafia">Sicilian mafia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabrian</a> <a href="/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta">'Ndrangheta</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a>. Instead, the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_banditry" title="Sardinian banditry">Sardinian bandits</a> responsible for the kidnappings lacked any kind of command structure, did not exert any influence on political institutions, specialized in basically one criminal activity, and several groups of bandits would operate with little to no relationship with each other. </p><p>The frequency and severity of kidnappings for ransom operated by the Sardinian bandits became relevant and gained national-level notoriety in the 1960s when they started targeting people on the Italian peninsula and even famous Italians like <a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_de_Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabrizio de André">Fabrizio de André</a>. 150 kidnappings have been counted in Sardinia between 1960 and 1997 when the phenomenon is conventionally said to have ended.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anonima_sarda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the hierarchical structure of the Italian criminal gangs like the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian mafia">Sicilian mafia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a>, which have a certain internal order and infiltrate the political apparatus, the Sardinian bandits, indicated as <i>Anonima Sarda</i> by Italian journalists, operated as a group mainly for specific kidnappings, with no interest in and capability for exercising influence over political parties or the Italian state, nor did they associate with Italian criminal organizations. </p><p>Therefore, it is not correct to talk of a Sardinian <a href="/wiki/Criminal_syndicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal syndicate">criminal syndicate</a>, since the Sardinian bandits responsible for the kidnappings lacked any kind of command structure, did not influence the political sphere, and several groups of bandits would operate with little to no relationship with each other. </p><p>The bandits, the most infamous of them being <a href="/wiki/Graziano_Mesina" title="Graziano Mesina">Graziano Mesina</a> (also known as <i>Gratzianeddu</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>), Matteo Boe and <a href="/wiki/Attilio_Cubeddu" title="Attilio Cubeddu">Attilio Cubeddu</a> (still one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_wanted_fugitives_in_Italy" title="List of most wanted fugitives in Italy">most wanted fugitives in Italy</a>) to name a few, operated mainly in Sardinia but also in the nearby island of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and, from the second post-war period onwards, decided to target the Italian peninsula, especially in regions where Sardinian immigrants already operated as shepherds. Sardinian bandits have now stopped the activity of kidnapping for ransom. </p><p>Several writers have indicated an unwritten set of norms called "<a href="/wiki/Barbagian_Code" title="Barbagian Code">Barbagian Code</a>" which was common to the rural and pastoral inner lands of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, these being the areas where most kidnappers originated, as well as those of hiding for most captivities. The first documented kidnapping carried out in the contemporary era dates back to 1875 (the noblemen Antonio Meloni Gaia was kidnapped in Mamoiada in May 1875 in his vineyard, but managed to free himself and escape captivity later the same day),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the unwritten code is assumed to have always existed in parallel to the written codes of the several foreign powers that ruled the island.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anonima_sarda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_banditry" title="Sardinian banditry">Sardinian banditry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_Armed_Movement" title="Sardinian Armed Movement">Sardinian Armed Movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anonima_sarda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Antonio Pigliaru, <i>Il codice della vendetta barbaricina</i> ("The Barbagian Code"), Edizioni Il Maestrale.</li> <li>Paola Sirigu, <i>Il codice barbaricino</i>, La Riflessione (Davide Zedda Editore), 2007</li> <li>Elettrio Corda, <i>The Law and the bush: The Sardinian bandits from the eighteenth century to the present day</i>, Rusconi</li> <li>Luigi Casalunga, <i>Anonima Sequestri Sarda, The archive of the crimes (1960–1997)</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anonima_sarda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCasalunga2007" class="citation book cs1">Casalunga, Luigi (2007). <i>Anonima sequestri sarda. L'archivio dei crimini (1960-1997)</i>. Frilli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788875632731" title="Special:BookSources/9788875632731"><bdi>9788875632731</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anonima+sequestri+sarda.+L%27archivio+dei+crimini+%281960-1997%29&rft.pub=Frilli&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788875632731&rft.aulast=Casalunga&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnonima+sarda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicci2007" class="citation book cs1">Ricci, Giovanni (2007). <i>Sardegna Criminale</i>. Rome: Newton Compton Editori. pp. 121–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-541-0966-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-541-0966-7"><bdi>978-88-541-0966-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sardegna+Criminale&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=121-122&rft.pub=Newton+Compton+Editori&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-88-541-0966-7&rft.aulast=Ricci&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnonima+sarda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliaru,_Antonio,_1922-1969.2006" class="citation book cs1">Pigliaru, Antonio, 1922-1969. (2006). <i>Il codice della vendetta barbaricina</i>. Nuoro: Il maestrale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8889801107" title="Special:BookSources/8889801107"><bdi>8889801107</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70694853">70694853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+codice+della+vendetta+barbaricina&rft.place=Nuoro&rft.pub=Il+maestrale&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70694853&rft.isbn=8889801107&rft.au=Pigliaru%2C+Antonio%2C+1922-1969.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnonima+sarda" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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