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Activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement_operations_in_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement_operations_in_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Law enforcement operations in Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement_operations_in_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Outside Italy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outside_Italy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Outside Italy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Outside_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Albania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Argentina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Colombia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Malta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.11 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.12 Slovakia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.13 Switzerland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.14 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.15 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.16 Uruguay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">'Ndrangheta</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="'Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="ندرانجيتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ندرانجيتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndrangeta" title="Ndrangeta – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ndrangeta" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="'Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="'Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="'Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="'Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99Ndrangheta" title="’Ndrangheta – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="’Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="'Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Ντράνγκετα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντράνγκετα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="'Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndrangheta" title="Ndrangheta – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="'Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="'Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%9E%91%EA%B2%8C%ED%83%80" title="드랑게타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드랑게타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1" title="Նդրանգետա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նդրանգետա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="'Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="'Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%98%D7%94" title="נדרנגטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נדרנגטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="'Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27ndrangheta" title="'ndrangheta – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="'ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99Ndrangheta" title="’Ndrangheta – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="’Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="اندرانگتا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اندرانگتا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27ndrangheta" title="'ndrangheta – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="'ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B2%E3%82%BF" title="ンドランゲタ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ンドランゲタ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99Ndrangheta" title="’Ndrangheta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="’Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99Ndrangheta" title="’Ndrangheta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="’Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="'Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="'Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ндрангета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ндрангета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndr%C3%A0nghita" title="'Ndrànghita – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="'Ndrànghita" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99Ndrangheta" title="’Ndrangheta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="’Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="'Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99%D0%9D%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="’Ндрангета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="’Ндрангета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="'Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99Ndrangheta" title="’Ndrangheta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="’Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="'Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ндрангета – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ндрангета" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="'Ndrangheta" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%A6%AE%E6%9C%83" title="光榮會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="光榮會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%A6%AE%E6%9C%83" title="光榮會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光榮會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q425698#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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(December 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Criminal organization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">'Ndrangheta</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founding location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1860–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Territory</th><td class="infobox-data">Territories with established coordination structures with significant operational territorial control are in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>. Organisational coordination structures also exist in <a href="#Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="#Canada">Canada</a>. The 'Ndrangheta also operates in <a href="#Outside_Italy">other countries</a> with varying degrees of presence.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabrians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(est.)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>6,000–10,000 <a href="/wiki/Made_man" title="Made man">made members</a><a href="#cite_note-upppava-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li>60,000 affiliates<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal activities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Racketeering" title="Racketeering">Racketeering</a>, drug trafficking, weapons trafficking, <a href="/wiki/Loan-sharking" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan-sharking">loan-sharking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>, fraud, extortion, murder, robbery and kidnapping</td></tr></tbody></table> The 'Ndrangheta (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/əndræŋˈɡɛtə/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Italian: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[nˈdraŋɡeta]</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Calabrian: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian" title="Help:IPA/Sicilian">[(ɳ)ˈɖɽaɲɟɪta]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> is an Italian <a href="/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia">mafia</a>-type <a href="/wiki/Criminal_syndicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal syndicate">criminal syndicate</a>, based in the peninsular region of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a><a href="#cite_note-codice-7">[6]</a> and dating back to the 19th century. Although loosely structured, it is considered one of the most powerful organized crime groups in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Italian_Organised_Crime-8">[7]</a> It is characterized by a horizontal structure made up of autonomous clans known as <a href="/wiki/%27Ndrina" title="'Ndrina">'ndrine</a>, based almost exclusively on blood ties. Since the 1950s, following wide-scale <a href="/wiki/Calabrian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Calabrian diaspora">emigration from Calabria</a>, 'Ndrangheta clans dispersed to other European countries, Australia and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. Currently, its main activity is <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a>, but it also deals with <a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">arms trafficking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racketeering" title="Racketeering">racketeering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Loan_shark" title="Loan shark">loan sharking</a>. It is capable of influencing local and national Italian politics, and infiltrating sectors of the legal economy in Italy and some other countries. In 2013, they purportedly made €53 billion.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> In 2010, a US diplomat estimated that the organization's drug trafficking, extortion and money laundering activities accounted for at least three per cent of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Italy's GDP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ind150111-10">[9]</a> The 'Ndrangheta has existed for as long as the better-known Sicilian <a href="/wiki/Cosa_Nostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosa Nostra">Cosa Nostra</a>, but was only designated as a <a href="/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia">Mafia</a>-type association in 2010 under Article 416 bis of the Italian penal code.<a href="#cite_note-codice-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-con040216-11">[10]</a> Italy's highest court of last resort, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)" title="Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)">Supreme Court of Cassation</a>, had ruled similarly in March 2010.<a href="#cite_note-mafiatype-12">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> In folk culture surrounding 'Ndrangheta in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, references to the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Gardu%C3%B1a" title="Garduña">Garduña</a> often appear. Aside from these references, however, there is nothing to substantiate a link between the two organizations. The <a href="/wiki/Calabrian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Calabrian dialects">Calabrian</a> word 'Ndrangheta derives from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> word ἀνδραγαθία andragathía meaning "gallantry" or "manly virtue"<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> or ἀνδράγαθος andrágathos, a compound of the words ἀνήρ, anḗr (<a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">gen.</a> ἀνδρóς, andrós), i.e. man,<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> and ἀγαθός, agathós, i.e. good, brave,<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> meaning a courageous man.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> In many areas of Calabria the verb 'ndranghitiari, from the Greek verb andragathízesthai,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> means "to engage in a defiant and valiant attitude".<a href="#cite_note-gratteri21-20">[19]</a> The etymological approach is criticised by some historians. <a href="/wiki/John_Dickie_(historian)" title="John Dickie (historian)">John Dickie</a> argues that "the flattering connotations of the word 'Ndrangheta (courage, martial prowess, manliness) indicate that the 'Ndrangheta as a social phenomenon was rooted in the same positive values, and that it only later degenerated into criminality."<a href="#cite_note-dickie2023-21">[20]</a> A historical and sociological approach shows that 'Ndrangheta is actually the most recent of many earlier descriptions of the phenomenon of organised crime in Calabria. <a href="#History">Historical evidence</a> suggests, according to Dickie, that the use of 'Ndrangheta as a name for the Calabrian mafia was adopted by Calabrian mafiosi themselves around the time it first appeared in the documentary sources of the Carabinieri in the late 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-dickie2023-21">[20]</a> The word 'Ndrangheta was brought to a wider audience by the Calabrian writer <a href="/wiki/Corrado_Alvaro" title="Corrado Alvaro">Corrado Alvaro</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a> in September 1955.<a href="#cite_note-dickie2023-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-tizian-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-truzzolillo2011-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizational_structure">Organizational structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organizational structure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ndrangheta_code.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Ndrangheta_code.JPG/280px-Ndrangheta_code.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Ndrangheta_code.JPG/420px-Ndrangheta_code.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d0/Ndrangheta_code.JPG 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>Formulas from the code of the 'Ndrangheta: The three handwritten pages describe the text for the speech held when a member is promoted to a higher rank. The text reads awkwardly for a native speaker—it is composed in an uncertain Italian with many grammatical and orthographic mistakes.<a href="#cite_note-mpr0204-24">[23]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Struttura_ndrangheta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Struttura_ndrangheta.jpg/280px-Struttura_ndrangheta.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Struttura_ndrangheta.jpg/420px-Struttura_ndrangheta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Struttura_ndrangheta.jpg/560px-Struttura_ndrangheta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>The 'Ndrangheta hierarchy, labeled in Italian</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Struttura_ndrangheta_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Struttura_ndrangheta_2011.jpg/280px-Struttura_ndrangheta_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Struttura_ndrangheta_2011.jpg/420px-Struttura_ndrangheta_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Struttura_ndrangheta_2011.jpg/560px-Struttura_ndrangheta_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>The 'Ndrangheta structure, detailed, labeled in Italian</figcaption></figure> Both the Sicilian <a href="/wiki/Cosa_Nostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosa Nostra">Cosa Nostra</a> and the 'Ndrangheta are loose confederations of about one hundred organized groups, also called <a href="/wiki/Cosca" title="Cosca">cosche</a> or families, each of which claims sovereignty over a territory, usually a town or village, though without ever fully conquering and legitimizing its monopoly of violence.<a href="#cite_note-paoli-25">[24]</a> There are approximately 100 of these families, totaling between 4,000 and 5,000 members in <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mon150807-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-paoli32-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-rel2003-28">[27]</a> Other estimates mention 6,000–7,000 men. Worldwide there might be some 10,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-29">[28]</a> Most of the groups (86) operate in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Reggio_Calabria" title="Province of Reggio Calabria">Province of Reggio Calabria</a>, although a portion of the recorded 70 criminal groups based in the Calabrian provinces <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Catanzaro" title="Province of Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Cosenza" title="Province of Cosenza">Cosenza</a> also appear to be formally affiliated with the 'Ndrangheta.<a href="#cite_note-varese-30">[29]</a> The families are concentrated in poor villages in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Plat%C3%AC" title="Platì">Platì</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Luca" title="San Luca">San Luca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africo" title="Africo">Africo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altomonte" title="Altomonte">Altomonte</a> as well as the main city and provincial capital <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rep250407-31">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Luca" title="San Luca">San Luca</a> is considered to be the stronghold of the 'Ndrangheta. According to a former 'ndranghetista, "almost all the male inhabitants belong to the 'Ndrangheta, and the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Abbey_and_Sanctuary_of_Santa_Maria_di_Polsi" title="Territorial Abbey and Sanctuary of Santa Maria di Polsi">Sanctuary of Polsi</a> has long been the meeting place of the affiliates."<a href="#cite_note-paoli29-32">[31]</a> Bosses from outside <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, from as far as <a href="#Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="#Australia">Australia</a>, regularly attend the meetings at the Sanctuary of Polsi,<a href="#cite_note-varese-30">[29]</a> an indication that the <a href="/wiki/%27ndrina" class="mw-redirect" title="'ndrina">'ndrine</a> around the world perceive themselves as being part of the same collective entity.<a href="#cite_note-paoli32-27">[26]</a> The basic local organizational unit of the 'Ndrangheta is called a <a href="/wiki/Locale_(%27Ndrangheta)" title="Locale ('Ndrangheta)">locale</a> (local or place) with <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> over an entire town or an area in a large urban center.<a href="#cite_note-nicaso1-33">[32]</a> A locale may have branches, called <a href="/wiki/%27ndrina" class="mw-redirect" title="'ndrina">'ndrina</a> (plural: 'ndrine), in the districts of the same city, in neighbouring towns and villages, or even outside <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, in cities and towns in the industrial North of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in and around <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>: for example, <a href="/wiki/Bardonecchia" title="Bardonecchia">Bardonecchia</a>, an alpine town in the province of <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, where the presence of the 'Ndrangheta has been attested since the early 60s. In 1973 the <a href="/wiki/Antimafia_Commission" title="Antimafia Commission">Antimafia Commission</a>, drawn by the numerous articles in the newspapers, made an inspection on the territory of <a href="/wiki/Bardonecchia" title="Bardonecchia">Bardonecchia</a>, and confirmed the presence of organized crime. <a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a>. In 1995 <a href="/wiki/Bardonecchia" title="Bardonecchia">Bardonecchia</a> has been, the first municipality in northern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> dissolved for alleged mafia infiltration, with the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Rocco_Lo_Presti" title="Rocco Lo Presti">Rocco Lo Presti</a>, the historical 'Ndrangheta boss of <a href="/wiki/Bardonecchia" title="Bardonecchia">Bardonecchia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susa_Valley" title="Susa Valley">Susa Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The small towns of <a href="/wiki/Corsico" title="Corsico">Corsico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buccinasco" title="Buccinasco">Buccinasco</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> are considered to be strongholds of the 'Ndrangheta. Sometimes sotto 'ndrine are established. These subunits enjoy a high degree of autonomy – they have a leader and independent staff. In some contexts the 'ndrine have become more powerful than the locale on which they formally depend.<a href="#cite_note-paoli29-32">[31]</a> Other observers maintain that the 'ndrina is the basic organizational unit. Each 'ndrina is "autonomous on its territory and no formal authority stands above the " 'ndrina boss", according to the <a href="/wiki/Antimafia_Commission" title="Antimafia Commission">Antimafia Commission</a>. The 'ndrina is usually in control of a small town or a neighborhood. If more than one 'ndrina operates in the same town, they form a locale.<a href="#cite_note-varese-30">[29]</a> Blood family and membership of the crime family overlap to a great extent within the 'Ndrangheta. By and large, the 'ndrine consist of men belonging to the same family lineage. Salvatore Boemi, anti-mafia prosecutor in <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>, told the Italian <a href="/wiki/Antimafia_Commission" title="Antimafia Commission">Antimafia Commission</a> that "one becomes a member for the simple fact of being born in a mafia family", although other reasons might attract a young man to seek membership, and non-kin have also been admitted. Marriages help cement relations within each 'ndrina and to expand membership. As a result, a few blood families constitute each group, hence "a high number of people with the same last name often end up being prosecuted for membership of a given 'ndrina." Indeed, since there is no limit to the membership of a single unit, bosses try to maximize descendants.<a href="#cite_note-varese-30">[29]</a> At the bottom of the chain of command are the picciotti d'onore or soldiers, who are expected to perform tasks with blind obedience until they are promoted to the next level of cammorista, where they will be granted command over their own group of soldiers. The next level, separated by the 'ndrina but part of 'Ndrangheta, is known as santista and higher still is the <a href="/wiki/Vangelo" title="Vangelo">vangelista</a>, upon which the up-and-coming gangster has to swear their dedication to a life of crime on the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. The Quintino, also called Padrino, is the second-highest level of command in a 'Ndrangheta clan (name Ndrina), being made up of five privileged members of the crime family who report directly to the boss, the <a href="/wiki/Capobastone" title="Capobastone">capobastone</a> (head of command).<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> During a 2018 trial in Toronto, ex-mobster Carmine Guido told the court that the 'Ndrangheta is a collection of family-based clans, each with its own boss, working within a uniform structure and under board of control.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_structure">Power structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Power structure">edit</a>]</div> For many years, the power apparatus of the single families were the sole ruling bodies within the two associations, and they have remained the real centres of power even after superordinate bodies were created in the <a href="/wiki/Cosa_Nostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosa Nostra">Cosa Nostra</a> beginning in the 1950s (the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia_Commission" title="Sicilian Mafia Commission">Sicilian Mafia Commission</a>) and in the 'Ndrangheta a superordinate body was created only in 1991 as the result of negotiations to end years of inter-family violence.<a href="#cite_note-paoli-25">[24]</a> However, the absolute autonomy of Calabrian crime families prior to this is not supported by historical evidence. At least since the end of the 19th century, some stable mechanisms for coordination and dispute settlement have existed. Contacts and meetings among the bosses of the locali were frequent.<a href="#cite_note-paoli59-40">[39]</a> A investigation, known as Operation Crimine, which ended in July 2010 with an arrest of 305 'Ndrangheta members revealed that the 'Ndrangheta was extremely "hierarchical, united and pyramidal", and not just clan-based as previously believed, as said by Italy's chief anti-mafia prosecutor Pietro Grasso.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Although the legal definition of the 'Ndrangheta as a hierarchical structure is legally attractive because of the wider possibilities in Italian criminal law to convict criminals from different clans through the doctrine of criminal association, criminologists have challenged the view of the 'Ndrangheta as a stable, monolithic criminal association. While there are coordinating structures, according to criminologist Anna Sergi, these are mainly used by distinct clans to boost business and share risks, but the clans remain single territorial units, based on blood and family ties, and do not act jointly with a common strategic design.<a href="#cite_note-con040216-11">[10]</a> The name "'Ndrangheta" is more like a brand, rather than describing a tightly knit organisation. According to Sergi "the misconception of the 'Ndrangheta as a single organisation is likely to work to the advantage of such groups" and "invoke the 'Ndrangheta's formidable international reputation to exploit weak political systems, invest in new ventures and grow."<a href="#cite_note-con040216-11">[10]</a> At least since the 1950s, the chiefs of the 'Ndrangheta locali have met regularly near the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Polsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi</a> in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/San_Luca" title="San Luca">San Luca</a> during the September Feast. These annual meetings, known as the <a href="/wiki/Crimine" title="Crimine">crimine</a>, have traditionally served as a forum to discuss future strategies and settle disputes among the locali. The assembly exercises weak supervisory powers over the activities of all 'Ndrangheta groups. Strong emphasis was placed on the temporary character of the position of the crimine boss. A new representative was elected at each meeting.<a href="#cite_note-paoli59-40">[39]</a> Far from being the "boss of bosses", the <a href="/wiki/Capo_crimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Capo crimine">capo crimine</a> actually has comparatively little authority to interfere in family feuds or to control the level of interfamily violence.<a href="#cite_note-varese-30">[29]</a> At these meetings, every boss "must give account of all the activities carried out during the year and of all the most important facts taking place in his territory such as kidnappings, homicides, etc."<a href="#cite_note-paoli59-40">[39]</a> The historical preeminence of the San Luca family is such that every new group or locale must obtain its authorization to operate and every group belonging to the 'Ndrangheta "still has to deposit a small percentage of illicit proceeds to the principale of San Luca in recognition of the latter's primordial supremacy".<a href="#cite_note-paoli29-32">[31]</a> Security concerns have led to the creation in the 'Ndrangheta of a secret society within the secret society: <a href="/wiki/La_Santa" title="La Santa">La Santa</a>. Membership in the Santa is known only to other members. Contrary to the code, it allowed bosses to establish close connections with state representatives, even to the extent that some were affiliated with the Santa. These connections were often established through <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>, which the santisti – breaking another rule of the traditional code – were allowed to join.<a href="#cite_note-paoli-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-paoli116-42">[41]</a> Since the end of the Second 'Ndrangheta war in 1991, the 'Ndrangheta is ruled by a collegial body or Commission, known as <a href="/wiki/La_Provincia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Provincia">La Provincia</a>. Its primary function is the settlement of inter-family disputes.<a href="#cite_note-paoli61-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-gratteri65-44">[43]</a> The body, also referred to as the Commission in reference to its <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia_Commission" title="Sicilian Mafia Commission">Sicilian counterpart</a>, is composed of three lower bodies, known as mandamenti. One for the clans on the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionic side</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Aspromonte" title="Aspromonte">Aspromonte</a> mountains and <a href="/wiki/Locride" title="Locride">Locride</a>) of Calabria, a second for the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian side</a> (the plains of <a href="/wiki/Gioia_Tauro" title="Gioia Tauro">Gioia Tauro</a>) and one central mandamento for the city of <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-paoli61-43">[42]</a> An article published in July 2019 in Canada, summarized the traditional structure.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <blockquote>"For decades, the 'Ndrangheta families of Siderno operating in Canada—about seven of them—have been governed by a board of directors, called the "camera di controllo", or chamber of control. The local board, as in other countries around the world and other regions of Italy where clans have spread, have all been subservient to the mother clans of Calabria, under a body known as 'il Crimine di Siderno'".</blockquote> By mid-2019, however, police in both countries were convinced that "the 'Ndrangheta's Canadian presence has become so powerful and influential that the board north of Toronto has the authority to make decisions, not only in relation to Canada's underworld, but also abroad, even back in Siderno".<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> In 2007, Italian anti-organized crime agencies estimated that the 'Ndrangheta has an annual <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> of about <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>35–40 billion (<a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>35–40 billion), which amounts to approximately 3.5% of the <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-times-47">[46]</a> This comes mostly from illegal drug trafficking, but also from ostensibly legal businesses such as construction, restaurants and supermarkets.<a href="#cite_note-mon150807-26">[25]</a> The 'Ndrangheta has a strong grip on the economy and governance in Calabria. According to a <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">leaked US Embassy cable</a>, the 'Ndrangheta controls huge segments of its territory and economy, and accounts for at least three percent of Italy's GDP through drug trafficking, extortion, skimming of public contracts, and usury.<a href="#cite_note-time090311-48">[47]</a> The principal difference with the Mafia is in recruitment methods. The 'Ndrangheta recruits members on the criterion of blood relationships resulting in an extraordinary cohesion within the family clan that presents a major obstacle to investigation. Sons of 'ndranghetisti are expected to follow in their fathers' footsteps, and go through a grooming process in their youth to become giovani d'onore ('boys of honour') before they eventually enter the ranks as uomini d'onore ('men of honour'). There are relatively few Calabrian mafiosi who have opted out to become a <a href="/wiki/Pentito" title="Pentito">pentito</a>; at the end of 2002, there were 157 Calabrian witnesses in the state <a href="/wiki/Witness_protection_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Witness protection program">witness protection program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mpr0204-24">[23]</a> Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a> in the early 1990s, they have meticulously avoided a head-on confrontation with the Italian state. Prosecution in Calabria is hindered by the fact that Italian judges and prosecutors who score highly in exams get to choose their posting; those who are forced to work in Calabria will usually request to be transferred right away.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-29">[28]</a> With weak government presence and corrupt officials, few civilians are willing to speak out against the organization. In the 2018 book, The Good Mothers: The True Story of the Women Who Took on the World's Most Powerful Mafia, Alex Perry reports that the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta has, for the past decade, been replacing the Sicilian Cosa Nostra as the primary drug traffickers in North America.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Activities">edit</a>]</div> According to Italian DIA (Direzione Investigativa Antimafia, Department of the Police of Italy against organized crime) and <a href="/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza" title="Guardia di Finanza">Guardia di Finanza</a> (Italian Financial Police and Customs Police) the "'Ndrangheta is now one of the most powerful criminal organizations in the world."<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Economic activities of 'Ndrangheta include international <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> and weapons smuggling, with Italian investigators estimating that 80% of Europe's cocaine passes through the Calabrian port of <a href="/wiki/Gioia_Tauro" title="Gioia Tauro">Gioia Tauro</a> and is controlled by the 'Ndrangheta.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-29">[28]</a> However, according to a report of the <a href="/wiki/European_Monitoring_Centre_for_Drugs_and_Drug_Addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction">European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction</a> (EMCDDA) and <a href="/wiki/Europol" title="Europol">Europol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a> is considered the main entry point for cocaine into Europe and a gateway to the European market.<a href="#cite_note-emcdda-52">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a> (UNODC) estimated that in 2007 nearly ten times as much cocaine was intercepted in Spain (almost 38 MT) in comparison with Italy (almost 4 MT).<a href="#cite_note-wdr2009-53">[52]</a> 'Ndrangheta groups and Sicilian Cosa Nostra groups sometimes act as joint ventures in cocaine trafficking enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-roth-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Further activities include skimming money off large public work construction projects, <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> and traditional crimes such as <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>. 'Ndrangheta invests illegal profits in legal <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financial" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial">financial</a> activities. In early February 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Carabinieri" title="Carabinieri">Carabinieri</a> arrested 33 suspects in the Calabrian mafia's <a href="/wiki/Piromalli_%27ndrina" title="Piromalli 'ndrina">Piromalli 'ndrina</a> ('Ndrangheta) which was allegedly exporting fake extra virgin <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> to the U.S.; the product was actually inexpensive olive pomace oil fraudulently labeled.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> In early 2016, the American television program <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a> had warned that "the olive oil business has been corrupted by the Mafia" and that "Agromafia" was $16-billion per year enterprise.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> The business volume of the 'Ndrangheta is estimated at almost <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a> 44 billion in 2007, approximately 2.9% of Italy's <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>, according to a private research institute, Eurispes (Institute of Political, Economic and Social Studies) in Italy. Drug trafficking is the most profitable activity with 62% of the total turnover.<a href="#cite_note-eurispes-58">[57]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Total turnover of the 'Ndrangheta in 2007 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:silver">Illicit activity </th> <th style="background:silver">Income </th></tr> <tr> <th>Drug trafficking </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>   27.240 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>Commercial enterprise and public contracts   </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>   5.733 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>Extortion and usury </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>   5.017 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>Arms trafficking </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>   2.938 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>Prostitution and human trafficking </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>   2.867 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a> 43.795 billion </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> In 1861, the prefect of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Reggio_Calabria" title="Province of Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a> noticed the presence of so-called camorristi, a term used at the time since there was no formal name for the phenomenon in Calabria (the <a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a> was the older and better known criminal organization in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>).<a href="#cite_note-relazione2008-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-behan9-60">[59]</a> Since the 1880s, there is ample evidence of 'Ndrangheta-type groups in police reports and sentences by local courts. At the time they were often being referred to as the picciotteria, onorata società (honoured society), 'ndrina, Famiglia Montalbano, fibbia, or camorra and mafia.<a href="#cite_note-dickie2023-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-paoli36-61">[60]</a> These secret societies in the areas of Calabria rich in olives and vines were distinct from the often anarchic forms of <a href="/wiki/Brigandage_in_the_Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigandage in the Two Sicilies">local banditry</a> and were organized hierarchically with a code of conduct that included <a href="/wiki/Omert%C3%A0" title="Omertà">omertà</a> – the code of silence – according to a sentence from the court in <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a> in 1890. An 1897 sentence from the court in <a href="/wiki/Palmi,_Calabria" title="Palmi, Calabria">Palmi</a> mentioned a written code of rules found in the village of <a href="/wiki/Seminara" title="Seminara">Seminara</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">honour</a>, secrecy, violence, solidarity, often based on blood relationships, and mutual assistance.<a href="#cite_note-gratteri23-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern history">edit</a>]</div> Until the 1960s, the 'Ndrangheta restricted their Italian operations to Calabria, mainly involved in extortion and blackmail. Their involvement in cigarette contraband expanded their scope and contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a> and the Neapolitan <a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a>. With the arrival of large public works in Calabria, skimming of public contracts became an important source of income. Disagreements over how to distribute the spoils led to the <a href="/wiki/First_%27Ndrangheta_war" title="First 'Ndrangheta war">First 'Ndrangheta war</a> (1974–77) killing 233 people.<a href="#cite_note-dickie137-63">[62]</a> The prevailing factions began to kidnap rich people located in northern Italy for ransom. A high-profile case was the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_John_Paul_Getty_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidnapping of John Paul Getty III">kidnapping of John Paul Getty III</a>, who had his severed ear mailed to a newspaper in November, and later released in December following the negotiated payment of $2.2 million by Getty's grandfather, <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty" title="J. Paul Getty">J. Paul Getty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> There were reportedly more than 200 abductions between the 1970s and mid-1990s acredited to the 'Ndrangheta.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_%27Ndrangheta_war" title="Second 'Ndrangheta war">Second 'Ndrangheta war</a> raged from 1985 to 1991. The bloody six-year war between the <a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Condello" title="Pasquale Condello">Condello</a>-<a href="/wiki/Antonio_Imerti" title="Antonio Imerti">Imerti</a>-<a href="/wiki/Paolo_Serraino" title="Paolo Serraino">Serraino</a>-<a href="/wiki/Diego_Rosmini" title="Diego Rosmini">Rosmini</a> clans and the <a href="/wiki/De_Stefano_%27ndrina" title="De Stefano 'ndrina">De Stefano</a>-<a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Tegano" title="Giovanni Tegano">Tegano</a>-<a href="/wiki/Domenico_Libri" title="Domenico Libri">Libri</a>-Latella clans led to more than 600 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-obs240208-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-rep190208b-67">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a> contributed to the end of the conflict and probably suggested the subsequent set up of a superordinate body, called <a href="/wiki/La_Provincia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Provincia">La Provincia</a>, to avoid further infighting. Deputy President of the regional parliament of Calabria <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Fortugno" title="Francesco Fortugno">Francesco Fortugno</a> was killed by the 'Ndrangheta on 16 October 2005 in <a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a>. Demonstrations against the organization then ensued, with young protesters carrying banderoles reading "<a href="/wiki/Ammazzateci_tutti" title="Ammazzateci tutti">Ammazzateci tutti</a>!",<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Italian for "Kill us all". The national government started a large-scale enforcement operation in Calabria and arrested numerous 'ndranghetisti including the murderers of Fortugno.<a href="#cite_note-times-47">[46]</a> In June 2014, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> denounced the 'Ndrangheta for their "adoration of evil and contempt of the common good" and vowed that the Church would help tackle organized crime, saying that Mafiosi were <a href="/wiki/Excommunicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunicated">excommunicated</a>. A spokesperson for the Vatican clarified that the pope's words did not constitute a formal excommunication under <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a>, as a period of legal process is required beforehand.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2014-06-21-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_enforcement_operations_in_Italy">Law enforcement operations in Italy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Law enforcement operations in Italy">edit</a>]</div> The 'Ndrangheta has expanded its activities to Northern Italy, mainly to sell drugs and to invest in legal businesses which could be used for money laundering. In May 2007 twenty members of 'Ndrangheta were arrested in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-times-47">[46]</a> On 30 August 2007, hundreds of police raided the town of <a href="/wiki/San_Luca" title="San Luca">San Luca</a>, the focal point of the bitter <a href="/wiki/San_Luca_feud" title="San Luca feud">San Luca feud</a> between rival clans among the 'Ndrangheta. Over 30 men and women, linked to the killing of six Italian men in Germany, were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> On 4 June 2012, numerous arrests in Spain, Croatia, Slovenia, Italy, the Netherlands, Bulgaria, and Finland were made following the Milan District Anti-Mafia Prosecutor's Office investigation into several Switzerland bank accounts and a fleet of ships that supported cocaine shipped to Europe from Venezuela, Argentina, and the Dominican Republic.<a href="#cite_note-OCCRP20120604-71">[70]</a> On 9 October 2012, following a months-long investigation by the central government, the City Council of Reggio Calabria headed by Mayor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demetrio_Arena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demetrio Arena (page does not exist)">Demetrio Arena</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrio_Arena" class="extiw" title="it:Demetrio Arena">it</a>] was dissolved for alleged ties to the group. Arena and all the 30 city councilors were sacked to prevent any "mafia contagion" in the local government.<a href="#cite_note-bbc091012-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-rep091212-73">[72]</a> This was the first time a government of a capital of a provincial government was dismissed. Three central government-appointed administrators governed the city for 18 months until new elections.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> The move came after unnamed councilors were suspected of having ties to the 'Ndrangheta under the 10-year centre-right rule of Mayor <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Scopelliti" title="Giuseppe Scopelliti">Giuseppe Scopelliti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rep230912-75">[74]</a> 'Ndrangheta infiltration of political offices is not limited to Calabria. On 10 October 2012, the commissioner of Milan's regional government in charge of public housing, Domenico Zambetti of <a href="/wiki/People_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Freedom">People of Freedom</a> (PDL), was arrested on accusations he paid the 'Ndrangheta in exchange for an election victory and to extort favours and contracts from the housing official, including construction tenders for the <a href="/wiki/Expo_2015" title="Expo 2015">World Expo 2015</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ft141012-76">[75]</a> The probe of alleged vote-buying underscores the infiltration of the 'Ndrangheta in the political machine of Italy's affluent northern <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> region. Zambetti's arrest marked the biggest case of 'Ndrangheta infiltration so far uncovered in northern Italy and prompted calls for Lombardy governor <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Formigoni" title="Roberto Formigoni">Roberto Formigoni</a> to resign.<a href="#cite_note-usa101012-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-cds101012-78">[77]</a> On 12 December 2017, 48 members of 'Ndrangheta were arrested for mafia association, extortion, criminal damage, fraudulent transferral of assets and illegal possession of firearms. Out of the 48 arrested, four were forced to house arrest and 44 were ordered to jail detention.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Two-time mayor of <a href="/wiki/Taurianova" title="Taurianova">Taurianova, Calabria</a> and his former cabinet member were among the indicted. It was alleged by investigators that the Calabrian clans had infiltrated construction of public works, control of real estate brokerage, food fields, greenhouse production and renewable energy.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> On 9 January 2018, law enforcement in Italy and Germany arrested 169 people in connection with the 'Ndrangheta mafia, specifically the Farao and Marincola clans based in Calabria. Assets worth <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a> 50 million (£44/$59m) were seized. The indictment mentions that owners of German restaurants, ice cream parlours, hotels and pizzerias were forced to buy wine, pizza dough, pastries and other products made in southern Italy. The Farao clan was being led by life-imprisoned Giuseppe Farao, before the arrests, and was passing orders onto his sons. They controlled bakeries, vineyards, olive groves, funeral homes, launderettes, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">plastic recycling</a> plants and shipyards.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The waste disposal of the <a href="/wiki/Ilva_(company)" title="Ilva (company)">Ilva steel company</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a> was also infiltrated. Some of the charges were mafia association, attempted murder, money laundering, extortion and illegal weapons possession and trafficking. Italian prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Gratteri" title="Nicola Gratteri">Nicola Gratteri</a> said that the arrests were the most important step taken against the 'Ndrangehta in the past 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Eleven suspects were detained, and accused of blackmailing and money laundering. They were deported back to Italy.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Alessandro Figliomeni, former mayor of <a href="/wiki/Siderno" title="Siderno">Siderno, Calabria</a>, was sentenced to 12 years in prison on 7 May 2018. He is alleged to be a member of the <a href="/wiki/Commisso_%27ndrina" title="Commisso 'ndrina">Commisso 'ndrina</a> clan and served in the top hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> In December 2019, more than 300 people were arrested in Calabria on suspicion of belonging to the 'Ndrangheta in an operation involving 2,500 police. Among those arrested was <a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_Pittelli" title="Giancarlo Pittelli">Giancarlo Pittelli</a>, a prominent lawyer and former member of <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a> party.<a href="#cite_note-Tondo-85">[84]</a> The arrests were said by <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Gratteri" title="Nicola Gratteri">Nicola Gratteri</a>, the chief prosecutor in <a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a>, to be the second largest in number in the history of Italian organised crime, after those that led to the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a>" of Sicilian Mafia bosses in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> between 1986 and 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Tondo-85">[84]</a> The trial against the more than 300 'Ndrangheta members began on 13 January 2021.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> In early May 2023, a police crackdown on the 'Ndrangheta network on suspicion of cocaine smuggling, money laundering and several other offences got 108 people arrested in Italy by <a href="/wiki/Carabinieri" title="Carabinieri">Carabinieri</a> and 30 people arrested in several states of Germany by over 1,000 police officers. The raids were prepared four years into highly secretive investigations and were a result of a coordinated probe by investigators in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Major investigations included getting a glimpse into inner workings of the organisation, including their <a href="/wiki/Secure_telephone" title="Secure telephone">crypto phones</a> and services such as <a href="/wiki/EncroChat" title="EncroChat">EncroChat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shutdown_of_Sky_ECC" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of Sky ECC">Sky ECC</a>, which 'Ndrangheta resorted to using amid movement restrictions imposed over the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Also in 2023, it was alleged that links with the <a href="/wiki/Gambino_crime_family" title="Gambino crime family">Gambino family</a> allows the 'Ndrangheta to use <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> as a 'gym' to train new recruits.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> In November 2023, over 200 people connected to the 'Ndrangheta were convicted in the largest mafia trial for three decades. Despite more than 100 individuals being acquitted following the three-year trial proceedings, it still represented a huge blow to the crime organisation's activities in Europe. Almost all defendants had been arrested in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_Italy">Outside Italy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Outside Italy">edit</a>]</div> The 'Ndrangheta has established branches abroad, mainly through migration. The overlap of blood and mafia family seems to have helped the 'Ndrangheta expand beyond its traditional territory: "The familial bond has not only worked as a shield to protect secrets and enhance security, but also helped to maintain identity in the territory of origin and reproduce it in territories where the family has migrated." 'Ndrine are reported to be operating in northern Italy, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, the rest of Europe, the Americas, Australia, West Africa, and Asia.<a href="#cite_note-varese-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> One group of 'ndranghetisti discovered outside Italy was in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada, several decades ago. They were dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Siderno_Group" title="Siderno Group">Siderno Group</a> by Canadian judges as most of its members hailed from and around <a href="/wiki/Siderno" title="Siderno">Siderno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NatPost20110214-96">[95]</a> Magistrates in Calabria warned a few years ago about the international scale of the 'Ndrangheta's operations. It is now believed to have surpassed the traditional axis between the Sicilian and American <a href="/wiki/Cosa_Nostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosa Nostra">Cosa Nostra</a>, to become the major importer of cocaine to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-gua-97">[96]</a> Outside Italy 'Ndrangheta operates in several countries, such as: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania">Albania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Albania">edit</a>]</div> According to the German Federal Intelligence Service, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesnachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesnachrichtendienst">Bundesnachrichtendienst</a> (BND), in a leaked report to a Berlin newspaper, states that the 'Ndrangheta "act in close co-operation with Albanian mafia families in moving weapons and narcotics across Europe's porous borders".<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Argentina">edit</a>]</div> In November 2006, a cocaine trafficking network that operated in Argentina, Spain and Italy was dismantled. The Argentinian police said the 'Ndrangheta had roots in the country and shipped cocaine through Spain to <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cla081106-99">[98]</a> In October 2022, an Italian 'Ndrangheta mafia leader, Carmine Alfonso Maiorano, who was responsible for drug and arms trafficking operations between Latin America and Europe was captured in <a href="/wiki/Guernica,_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernica, Buenos Aires">Guernica, Buenos Aires</a> after years-long of manhunt.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Honoured_Society_(Australia)" title="Honoured Society (Australia)">The Honoured Society</a></div> Known by the name "<a href="/wiki/Honoured_Society_(Australia)" title="Honoured Society (Australia)">The Honoured Society</a>," the 'Ndrangheta controlled <a href="/wiki/Italian-Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-Australian">Italian-Australian</a> organized crime all along the east coast of Australia since the early 20th century. 'Ndrangheta operating in Australia include the Sergi, <a href="/wiki/Barbaro_%27ndrina" title="Barbaro 'ndrina">Barbaro</a> and Papalia clans.<a href="#cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_3449655-101">[100]</a> Similarly in Victoria the major families are named as Italiano, Arena, Muratore, Benvenuto, and Condello. In the 1960s warfare among 'Ndrangheta clans broke out over the control of the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Market" title="Queen Victoria Market">Victoria Market</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, where an estimated $45 million worth of fruits and vegetables passed through each year. After the death of Domenico Italiano, known as Il Papa, different clans tried to gain control over the produce market. At the time it was unclear that most involved were affiliated with the 'Ndrangheta.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> The 'Ndrangheta began in Australia in Queensland, where they continued their form of rural organised crime, especially in the fruit and vegetable industry. After the 1998–2006 <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_gangland_killings" title="Melbourne gangland killings">Melbourne gangland killings</a> which included the murder of 'Ndrangheta Godfather Frank Benvenuto. In 2008, the 'Ndrangheta were tied to the importation of 15 million ecstasy pills to Melbourne, at the time the world's largest ecstasy haul. The pills were hidden in a container-load of tomato cans from Calabria. Australian 'Ndrangheta boss <a href="/wiki/Barbaro_%27ndrina" title="Barbaro 'ndrina">Pasquale Barbaro</a> was arrested. Pasquale Barbaro's father Francesco Barbaro was a boss throughout the 1970s and early 1980s until his retirement.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Several of the Barbaro clan, including among others, Francesco, were suspected in orchestrating the murder of Australian businessman <a href="/wiki/Donald_Mackay_(anti-drugs_campaigner)" title="Donald Mackay (anti-drugs campaigner)">Donald Mackay</a> in July 1977 for his anti-drugs campaign.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Italian authorities believe that former Western Australian mayor of the city of Stirling, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Vallelonga" title="Tony Vallelonga">Tony Vallelonga</a>, is an associate of Giuseppe Commisso, boss of the Siderno clan of the 'Ndrangheta.<a href="#cite_note-Cowan-106">[105]</a> In 2009, Italian police overheard the two discussing 'Ndrangheta activities.<a href="#cite_note-Cowan-106">[105]</a> Since migrating from Italy to Australia in 1963, Vallelonga has "established a long career in grass-roots politics."<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> The 'Ndrangheta are also tied to large cocaine imports. Up to 500 kilograms of cocaine was documented relating to the mafia and Australian associates smuggled in slabs of marble, plastic tubes and canned tuna, coming from South America to Melbourne via Italy between 2002 and 2004.<a href="#cite_note-smh120110-108">[107]</a> A report in 2016 by <a href="/wiki/Vice_Media" title="Vice Media">Vice Media</a> indicated that the activities continued to be profitable: "Between 2004 and 2014, the gang's members amassed more than $10 million [$7.6 million USD] in real estate and race horses in Victoria alone pouring money into wholesalers, cafes, and restaurants".<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> A June 2015 report by <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> discussed an investigation by <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Media" title="Fairfax Media">Fairfax Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Four_Corners_(Australian_TV_program)" title="Four Corners (Australian TV program)">Four Corners</a> which alleged that "the 'Ndrangheta, runs a drugs and extortion business worth billions of euros" in Australia and that "politicians have been infiltrated by the Calabrian mafia".<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> In February 2020, two individuals, said to be "multimillionaire fruit and vegetable kings" were alleged to be 'Ndrangheta "capos", having a relationship with the "secretive criminal organisation". The <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a> report specified that the two "are not accused of any crime in either Italy or Australia". The alleged information was obtained during investigations of other individuals<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> during Operation Eyphemos in Calabria,<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> which "led to the arrest ... of 65 men for alleged mafia activities including extortion and political corruption in Calabria".<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> 'Ndrangheta clans purchased almost "an entire neighbourhood" in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> with laundered money originating from drug trafficking. On 5 March 2004, 47 people were arrested, accused of drug trafficking and money laundering to purchase real estate in Brussels for some 28 million euros. The activities extended to the Netherlands where large quantities of heroin and cocaine had been purchased by the <a href="/wiki/Pesce_%27ndrina" title="Pesce 'ndrina">Pesce</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bellocco_%27ndrina" title="Bellocco 'ndrina">Bellocco</a> clan from <a href="/wiki/Rosarno" title="Rosarno">Rosarno</a> and the Strangio clan from <a href="/wiki/San_Luca" title="San Luca">San Luca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rep050304-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-llb060304-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Primeiro_Comando_da_Capital" title="Primeiro Comando da Capital">Primeiro Comando da Capital</a></div> The 'Ndrangheta has operated in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> since the 1970s, but an alliance between various 'ndrine clans and the <a href="/wiki/Primeiro_Comando_da_Capital" title="Primeiro Comando da Capital">Primeiro Comando da Capital</a> since the mid-2010s has increased the mafia's presence in the country. A reliable stream of cocaine from Brazil is crucial to the 'Ndrangheta's grip on the European cocaine market, and the alliance has enabled a massive overseas expansion for the PCC through access to different markets across Africa, Europe and Asia.<a href="#cite_note-gitoc-117">[116]</a> A share of cocaine exported by the PCC and the 'Ndrangheta moves through <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, and international and regional law enforcement investigations have implicated 'Ndrangheta elements in cocaine trafficking in several countries across the region, including <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>. 'Ndrine clans operate in West Africa through the stable presence of individuals in certain countries, as well as through trusted brokers established through visits by 'Ndrangheta clan family members.<a href="#cite_note-gitoc-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> In May 2021, a joint operation by the Federal Police of Brazil, Interpol and Italian police arrested Italian mobster Vincenzo Pasquino, in a flat in João Pessoa, along with Rocco Morabito, one of the most wanted Italian drug traffickers at the time. Pasquino held a leadership position in the Calabrian mafia, the 'Ndrangheta.<a href="#cite_note-G1_25_July_2024-119">[118]</a> Several important 'Ndrangheta bosses have been arrested in Brazil, such as Domenico Pelle, Nicola Assisi and <a href="/wiki/Rocco_Morabito_(mobster,_born_1966)" title="Rocco Morabito (mobster, born 1966)">Rocco Morabito</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Assisi and Morabito (according to investigations by the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Federal_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Federal Police">Brazilian Federal Police</a>) resided in Brazil, where they pretended to be legitimate businessmen and lived in luxury properties, while negotiating with important members of the PCC.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> In 2022, a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Police (Brazil)">Federal Police</a> investigation on the PCC's usage of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Port of Rio de Janeiro">Port of Rio de Janeiro</a> for part of its cocaine exports to Europe revealed a criminal network that included Chendal Wilfrido Rosa, a member of the <a href="/wiki/No_Limit_Soldiers_(organized_crime_group)" title="No Limit Soldiers (organized crime group)">No Limit Soldiers</a> who was acting as a representative for 'Ndrangheta in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-portorio-123">[122]</a> In June 2023, the São Paulo Civil Police arrested Garip Uç, a Turkish <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> during an operation in <a href="/wiki/Praia_Grande" title="Praia Grande">Praia Grande</a>. Investigations later pointed to Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">hashish</a> being imported to Brazil by a criminal network that involved the PCC, 'Ndrangheta, the Balkan Mafia and Hezbollah, by way of Barakat clan entrepreneurs who operated in the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Frontier" title="Triple Frontier">Triple Frontier</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-quimico-124">[123]</a> In July 2024, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincenzo_Pasquino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincenzo Pasquino (page does not exist)">Vincenzo Pasquino</a> who was arrested in Brazil decided to tell the authorities in his country about the criminal factions PCC and CV's secrets. He signed a kind of plea bargain with the Italian justice system.<a href="#cite_note-G1_25_July_2024-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> According to a May 2018 news report, "Siderno's Old World 'Ndrangheta boss sent acolytes to populate the New World" including Michele (Mike) Racco who settled in Toronto in 1952, followed by other mob families. By 2010, investigators in Italy said that Toronto's 'Ndrangheta had climbed "to the top of the criminal world" with "an unbreakable umbilical cord" to Calabria.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The Canadian 'Ndrangheta is believed to be involved in various activities including the smuggling of unlicensed <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> products through ties with criminal elements in cross-border <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> tribes.<a href="#cite_note-MackenzieInstitute-126">[125]</a> According to Alberto Cisterna of the Italian National Anti-Mafia Directorate, the 'Ndrangheta has a heavy presence in Canada. "There is a massive number of their people in North America, especially in Toronto. And for two reasons. The first is linked to the banking system. Canada's banking system is very secretive; it does not allow investigation. So Canada is the ideal place to launder money. The second reason is to smuggle drugs." The 'Ndrangheta have found Canada a useful North American entry point.<a href="#cite_note-NatPost20100924-127">[126]</a> The organization used extortion, loan sharking, theft, electoral crimes, mortgage and bank fraud, crimes of violence and cocaine trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-carmine-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> A Canadian branch labelled the <a href="/wiki/Siderno_Group" title="Siderno Group">Siderno Group</a> has been active in Canada since the 1950s; it was formed originally by Michele (Mike) Racco, who was the head of the Group until his death in 1980. Siderno is also home to one of the 'Ndrangheta's biggest and most important clans, heavily involved in the global cocaine business and money laundering.<a href="#cite_note-NatPost20100924-127">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Commisso" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Commisso">Antonio Commisso</a>, the alleged leader of the Siderno group, is reported to lead efforts to import "... illicit arms, explosives and drugs ..."<a href="#cite_note-NathansonSociety-130">[129]</a> Elements of 'Ndrangheta have been reported to have been present in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, Ontario</a> as early as 1911.<a href="#cite_note-CorriereCanadese20010624-131">[130]</a> Historical crime families in the Hamilton area include the <a href="/wiki/Musitano_crime_family" title="Musitano crime family">Musitanos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luppino_crime_family" title="Luppino crime family">Luppinos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papalia_crime_family" title="Papalia crime family">Papalias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mobsters_free-132">[131]</a> According to an agreed Statement of Fact filed with the court, "the Locali [local cells] outside of Calabria replicate the structure from Calabria, and are connected to their mother-Locali in Calabria. The authority to start Locali outside Calabria comes from the governing bodies of the organization in Calabria. The Locali outside of Calabria are part of the same 'Ndrangheta organization as in Calabria, and maintain close relationships with the Locali where its members come from." The group's activities in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a> were controlled by a group known as the '<a href="/wiki/Camera_di_Controllo" title="Camera di Controllo">Camera di Controllo</a>' which "makes all of the final decisions", according to the witness' testimony.<a href="#cite_note-carmine-128">[127]</a> It consists of six or seven <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>-area men, who co-ordinate activities and resolves disputes among <a href="/wiki/Siderno_Group" title="Siderno Group">Calabrian gangsters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a>. In 1962, Racco established a <a href="/wiki/Crimine" title="Crimine">crimini</a> or Camera di Controllo in Canada with the help of <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Luppino" title="Giacomo Luppino">Giacomo Luppino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocco_Zito" title="Rocco Zito">Rocco Zito</a>.<a href="#cite_note-crimini-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-style-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-schneider310-136">[135]</a> One of the members was <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Coluccio" title="Giuseppe Coluccio">Giuseppe Coluccio</a>, before he was arrested and extradited to Italy.<a href="#cite_note-np160808-137">[136]</a> Other members are <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_DeMaria" title="Vincenzo DeMaria">Vincenzo DeMaria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-np160909-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carmine_Verduci" title="Carmine Verduci">Carmine Verduci</a> before his death,<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> and Cosimo Stalteri before his death.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> In August 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Refugee_Board_of_Canada" title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada</a> (IRB) issued a <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a> order for <a href="/wiki/Carmelo_Bruzzese" title="Carmelo Bruzzese">Carmelo Bruzzese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-deport-142">[141]</a> Bruzzese appealed the decision to Canada's <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_(Canada)" title="Federal Court (Canada)">Federal Court</a>, but it was rejected,<a href="#cite_note-deport-142">[141]</a> and on 2 October 2015, Bruzzese was escorted onto a plane in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, landing in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, where he was arrested by Italian police.<a href="#cite_note-land-143">[142]</a> Major Giuseppe De Felice, a commander with the <a href="/wiki/Carabinieri" title="Carabinieri">Carabinieri</a>, told the IRB that Bruzzese "assumed the most important roles and decisions. He gave the orders."<a href="#cite_note-land-143">[142]</a> After living in <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Hill,_Ontario" title="Richmond Hill, Ontario">Richmond Hill, Ontario</a> for five years until 2010, Antonio Coluccio was one of 29 people named in arrest warrants in Italy in September 2014. Police said they were part of the <a href="/wiki/Commisso_%27ndrina" title="Commisso 'ndrina">Commisso 'ndrina</a> ('Ndrangheta) crime family in <a href="/wiki/Siderno" title="Siderno">Siderno</a>. In July 2018, Coluccio was sentenced to 30 years in prison for corruption. His two brothers, including Salvatore and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Coluccio" title="Giuseppe Coluccio">Giuseppe Coluccio</a>, were already in prison due to Mafia-related convictions.<a href="#cite_note-auto-144">[143]</a> In June 2018, Cosimo Ernesto Commisso, of <a href="/wiki/Woodbridge,_Ontario" title="Woodbridge, Ontario">Woodbridge, Ontario</a>, and an unrelated woman were shot and killed in his vehicle whilst outside his home. According to sources contacted by the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>, "Commisso was related to <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_Commisso_(mobster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo Commisso (mobster)">Cosimo "The Quail" Commisso</a> of Siderno, Italy, who has had relations in Ontario, is considered by police to be a "'Ndrangheta organized crime boss".<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a> reported that Cosimo Ernesto Commisso, while not a known criminal, "shares a name and family ties with a man who has for decades been reputed to be a Mafia leader in the Toronto area".<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> The cousin of "The Quail", <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Commisso" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Commisso">Antonio Commisso</a>, was on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_wanted_fugitives_in_Italy" title="List of most wanted fugitives in Italy">list of most wanted fugitives in Italy</a> until his capture on 28 June 2005, in Woodbridge.<a href="#cite_note-np300705-147">[146]</a> In June 2015, RCMP led police raids across the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a>, named Project OPhoenix, which resulted in the arrest of 19 men, allegedly affiliated with the 'Ndrangheta. In March 2018, during the resultant criminal trial north of Toronto, the court heard from a Carabinieri lieutenant-colonel that 'Ndrangheta is active in Germany, Australia and the Greater Toronto Area. "People in Italy have to be responsible for their representatives here but the final word comes from Italy".<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> A member of the Greater Toronto Area's 'Ndrangheta cell, Carmine Guido, who had been a police informant, testified at length in 2018 about the structure and activities of the organization which had been under the control of Italian-born <a href="/wiki/Bradford,_Ontario" title="Bradford, Ontario">Bradford, Ontario</a> resident, Giuseppe (Pino) Ursino and Romanian-born Cosmin (Chris) Dracea of Toronto. The latter two faced two counts of cocaine trafficking for the benefit of a criminal organization and one charge of conspiracy to commit an indictable offence.<a href="#cite_note-million-149">[148]</a> Guido was paid $2.4 million by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> between 2013 and 2015 to secretly tape dozens of conversations with suspected 'Ndrangheta members.<a href="#cite_note-million-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> In February 2019, Ursino was sentenced to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>11+1⁄2 years in prison on drug trafficking charges, with Dracea sentenced to nine years in prison on cocaine trafficking conspiracy. Neither had a previous criminal record. At the sentencing, the presiding judge made this comment: "Based on the evidence at trial, Giuseppe Ursino is a high-ranking member of the 'Ndrangheta who orchestrated criminal conduct and then stepped back to lessen his potential implication" ... Cosmin Dracea knew he was dealing with members of a criminal organization when he conspired to import cocaine".<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> During the Ursino/Dracea trial, an Italian police expert testified that the 'Ndrangheta operated in the Greater Toronto Area and in <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a> particularly in drug trafficking, extortion, loan sharking, theft of public funds, robbery, fraud, electoral crimes and crimes of violence. After the trial, Tom Andreopoulos, deputy chief federal prosecutor, said that this was the first time in Canada that the 'Ndrangheta was targeted as an organized crime group since 1997, when the Criminal Code was amended to include the offence of criminal organization.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> He offered this comment about the organization:<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><blockquote>"We're talking about structured organized crime. We're talking about a political entity, almost; a culture of crime that colonizes across the sea from Italy to Canada. This is one of the most sophisticated criminal organizations in the world."</blockquote> In June 2018, a Mafia expert wrote that "A new alliance between Bonanno associates and the Violi family . . . is significant, as it suggests a growing prominence for Calabrian mafia – the 'Ndrangheta – within the New York families and in Canada". Criminologist Anna Sergi of the University of Essex added that drug trafficking was the most active pursuit in North America.<a href="#cite_note-thestar.com-155">[154]</a> On 18 July 2019, the <a href="/wiki/York_Regional_Police" title="York Regional Police">York Regional Police</a> announced the largest organized crime bust in Ontario, part of an 18-month long operation called Project Sindicato that was also coordinated with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_State_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian State Police">Italian State Police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> York Regional Police had arrested 15 people in Canada, 12 people in Calabria, and seized $35 million worth of homes, sports cars and cash in a major trans-Atlantic probe targeting the most prominent wing of the 'Ndrangheta in Canada headed by Angelo Figliomeni. On 14 and 15 July, approximately 500 officers raided 48 homes and businesses across the GTA, seizing 27 homes worth $24 million, 23 cars, including five <a href="/wiki/Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferraris</a>, and $2 million in cash and jewelry. Nine of the 15 arrests in Canada included major crime figures: Angelo Figliomeni, Vito Sili, Nick Martino, Emilio Zannuti, Erica Quintal, Salvatore Oliveti, Giuseppe Ciurleo, Rafael Lepore and Francesco Vitucci.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> The charges laid included tax evasion, money laundering, defrauding the government and participating in a criminal organization.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> During a press conference in <a href="/wiki/Vaughan" title="Vaughan">Vaughan</a>, Ontario, Fausto Lamparelli of the Italian State Police, offered this comment about the relationship between the 'Ndrangheta in Ontario and Calabria:<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><blockquote>"This investigation allowed us to learn something new. The 'Ndrangheta crime families in Canada are able to operate autonomously, without asking permission or seeking direction from Italy. Traditionally, 'Ndrangheta clans around the world are all subservient to the mother ship in Calabria. It suggests the power and influence the Canadian-based clans have built."</blockquote> On 9 August 2019, as part of the same joint investigation, several former Greater Toronto Area residents were arrested in Calabria, including Giuseppe DeMaria, Francesco Commisso, Rocco Remo Commisso, Antonio Figliomeni and Cosimo Figiomeni.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Vincenzo Muià had visited Toronto on 31 March 2019 to meet with Angelo and Cosimo Figliomeni, seeking answers to who had ambushed and killed his brother, Carmelo Muià, in Siderno on 18 January 2018; Muià's smartphone was unwittingly and secretly transmitting his closed-door conversations to authorities in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> In 2020, the charges laid against three individuals as a result of Project Sindicato were "stayed" (the prosecution discontinued), unless the prosecutors could find new evidence and proceeded with the charges again within one year. In January 2021, the charges against the remaining six were also stayed, including that of Angelo Figliomeni, "the head of the 'Ndrangheta in Toronto" according to York Regional Police.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The charges were stayed after an investigation "into the use of the privileged conversations" that found "improper use of wiretapping" and "significant breaches of <a href="/wiki/Solicitor-client_privilege" class="mw-redirect" title="Solicitor-client privilege">solicitor-client privilege</a>". All property seized by police must now be returned – with the exception of illegal possessions.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Colombia">edit</a>]</div> The 'Ndrangheta clans were closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia" title="United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia">AUC paramilitary groups</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Mancuso" title="Salvatore Mancuso">Salvatore Mancuso</a>, a son of Italian immigrants; he surrendered to <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Uribe" title="Álvaro Uribe">Álvaro Uribe</a>'s government to avoid extradition to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-uni150407-165">[164]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Lumia" title="Giuseppe Lumia">Giuseppe Lumia</a> of the Italian Parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Antimafia_Commission" title="Antimafia Commission">Antimafia Commission</a>, 'Ndrangheta clans are actively involved in the production of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-uni301007-166">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mancuso_%27ndrina" title="Mancuso 'ndrina">Mancuso 'ndrina</a> is a powerful 'Ndrangheta family. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> According to a study by the German foreign intelligence service, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesnachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesnachrichtendienst">Bundesnachrichtendienst</a> (BND), 'Ndrangheta groups are using Germany to invest cash from drugs and weapons smuggling. Profits are invested in hotels, restaurants and houses, especially along the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> coast and in the eastern German states of <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dw131106-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-bz111106-168">[167]</a> Investigators believe that the mafia's bases in Germany are used primarily for clandestine financial transactions. In 1999, the state Office of Criminal Investigation in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> investigated an Italian from San Luca who had allegedly laundered millions through a local bank, the Sparkasse Ulm. The man claimed that he managed a profitable car dealership, and authorities were unable to prove that the business was not the source of his money. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Criminal_Police_Office_(Germany)" title="Federal Criminal Police Office (Germany)">Bundeskriminalamt</a> (BKA) concluded in 2000 that "the activities of this 'Ndrangheta clan represent a multi-regional criminal phenomenon."<a href="#cite_note-spi200807-169">[168]</a> A war between the two 'Ndrangheta clans Pelle-Romeo (Pelle-Vottari) and Strangio-Nirta from <a href="/wiki/San_Luca" title="San Luca">San Luca</a> that had started in 1991 in their home town in Calabria and resulted in several deaths, spilled into Germany in 2007; six men were shot to death in front of an Italian restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a> on 15 August 2007.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> (See <a href="/wiki/San_Luca_feud" title="San Luca feud">San Luca feud</a>.) In 2009, a confidential report by the BKA said some 229 'Ndrangheta families were living in Germany, and were involved in gun-running, <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>, drug-dealing, and racketeering, as well as legal businesses. Some 900 people were involved in criminal activity, and were also legal owners of hundreds of restaurants, as well as being major players in the property market in the former East. The most represented 'Ndrangheta family originated from the city of <a href="/wiki/San_Luca" title="San Luca">San Luca</a> (Italy), with some 200 members in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> According to the head of the German federal police service, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Ziercke" title="Jörg Ziercke">Jörg Ziercke</a>, "Half of the criminal groups identified in Germany belong to the 'Ndrangheta. It has been the biggest criminal group since the 1980s. Compared to other groups operating in Germany, the Italians have the strongest organization."<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebastiano_Strangio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebastiano Strangio (page does not exist)">Sebastiano Strangio</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastiano_Strangio" class="extiw" title="it:Sebastiano Strangio">it</a>] allegedly lived for 10 years in the Netherlands, where he managed his contacts with Colombian cocaine cartels. He was arrested in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> on 27 October 2005.<a href="#cite_note-rep281005-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-rep270306-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-tel190807-178">[177]</a> The seaports of <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> are used to import cocaine. The Giorgi, Nirta and Strangio clans from <a href="/wiki/San_Luca" title="San Luca">San Luca</a> have a base in the Netherlands and <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> (Belgium).<a href="#cite_note-sol180807-179">[178]</a> In March 2012, the head of the Dutch <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Corps_(Netherlands)" title="National Police Corps (Netherlands)">National Crime Squad</a> (Dienst Nationale Recherche, DNR) stated that the DNR will team up with the <a href="/wiki/Tax_and_Customs_Administration" title="Tax and Customs Administration">Tax and Customs Administration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FIOD-ECD" class="mw-redirect" title="FIOD-ECD">Fiscal Information and Investigation Service</a> to combat the 'Ndrangheta.<a href="#cite_note-NOS20120310-180">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malta">Malta</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Malta">edit</a>]</div> David Gonzi, a son of former Prime Minister of Malta <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Gonzi" title="Lawrence Gonzi">Lawrence Gonzi</a>, was accused of illegal activities by acting as a trustee shareholder in a gaming company. The company in question was operated by a Calabrian associate of the 'Ndrangheta in Malta. His name appeared several times on an investigation document of over 750 pages that was commissioned by the tribunal of the <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>. Gonzi called the document unprofessional. A <a href="/wiki/European_arrest_warrant" class="mw-redirect" title="European arrest warrant">European arrest warrant</a> was published for Gonzi to appear at the tribunal but this never materialised. Gonzi, however, was completely exonerated from the list of potential suspects in the 'Ndrangheta gaming bust.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> After investigation of the presence of the 'Ndrangheta, 21 gaming outlets had their operation license temporarily suspended in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> due to irregularities in a period of one year.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> In a Notice of the Conclusion of the Investigation dated 30 June 2016, criminal action was commenced in Italy against 113 persons originally mentioned in the investigation.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> According to some reports, the 'Ndrangheta works in conjunction with Mexican drug cartels in the drug trade, such as with the mercenary army known as <a href="/wiki/Los_Zetas" title="Los Zetas">Los Zetas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-exc121008-186">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Slovakia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_J%C3%A1n_Kuciak" title="Murder of Ján Kuciak">Murder of Ján Kuciak</a></div> In February 2018, Slovak investigative journalist <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Kuciak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ján Kuciak">Ján Kuciak</a> was shot dead at his home together with his fiancée. At the time of his murder, Kuciak was working on a report about Slovak connections with the 'Ndrangheta.<a href="#cite_note-kuciak_investigated-187">[186]</a> He had previously reported on organized tax fraud involving businesspeople close to the ruling <a href="/wiki/Smer-SD" class="mw-redirect" title="Smer-SD">Smer-SD</a> party.<a href="#cite_note-kuciak_investigated-187">[186]</a> On 28 February, Aktuality.sk published Kuciak's last, unfinished story.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> The article details the activities of Italian businessmen with ties to organised crime who have settled in eastern Slovakia, and have spent years embezzling European Union funds intended for the development of this relatively poor region, as well as their connections to high-ranking state officials, such as Viliam Jasaň, a deputy and the Secretary of the State Security Council of Slovakia, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ria_Tro%C5%A1kov%C3%A1" title="Mária Trošková">Mária Trošková</a>, a former nude model who became Chief Adviser of Prime Minister Robert Fico. Both Jasaň and Trošková took leave of absence on the same day, stating that they would return to their positions once the investigations were concluded.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> The crime syndicate has a significant presence in Switzerland since the early 1970s but has operated there with little scrutiny due to the inconspicuous life styles of their members, the Swiss legal landscape, and solid foundations in local businesses. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/San_Luca_feud" title="San Luca feud">San Luca feud</a> in 2007 and subsequent arrests in Italy (Operation "Crimine"), it became clear that the group had also infiltrated the economically proliferous regions of Switzerland and Southern Germany. In March 2016, Swiss law enforcement in cooperation with Italian state prosecutors arrested a total of 15 individuals, 13 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a>, 2 in the canton of <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>, accusing them of active membership to an organized crime syndicate also known as "Operazione Helvetica".<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> Since 2015, the Swiss federal police has conducted undercover surveillance and recorded the group's meetings in a restaurant establishment in a small village just outside of Frauenfeld. The meetings were taking place in a relatively remote location using the now defunct entity the "Wängi Boccia Club" as its cover. According to the Italian prosecutor Antonio De Bernardo, there are several cells operating within the jurisdiction of the Swiss Federation, estimating the number of operatives per cell to about 40, and a couple of 100 in total. All of the arrested persons are Italian citizens, the two men arrested in the Valais have already been extradited to Italy, and as of August 2016, one individual arrested in Frauenfeld has been approved for extradition to Italy.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> In London, the Aracri and Fazzari clans are thought to be active in money laundering, catering and drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> The earliest evidence of 'Ndrangheta activity in the U.S. points to an intimidation scheme run by the syndicate in Pennsylvania mining towns; this scheme was unearthed in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Current 'Ndrangheta activities in the United States mainly involve drug trafficking, arms smuggling, and money laundering. It is known that the 'Ndrangheta branches in North America have been associating with Italian-American organized crime. The Suraci family from Reggio Calabria has moved some of its operations to the U.S. The family was founded by Giuseppe Suraci, who has been in the United States since 1962. His younger cousin, Antonio Rogliano runs the family in Calabria. In February 2014, both FBI and Italian Police joint operation named New Bridge, intercepted the transatlantic network of U.S. and Italian crime families.<a href="#cite_note-Laura_Smith-Spark-194">[193]</a> The raid targeted the <a href="/wiki/Gambino_Crime_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambino Crime Family">Gambino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonanno_Crime_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonanno Crime Family">Bonanno</a> families in the U.S. while in Italy, it targeted the Ursino 'ndrina from Gioiosa Jonica. The defendants were charged with <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> and firearms offenses, based, in part, on their participation in a transnational heroin and cocaine trafficking conspiracy involving the 'Ndrangheta.<a href="#cite_note-Laura_Smith-Spark-194">[193]</a> The operation began in 2012 when investigators detected a plan by members of the Ursino clan of the 'Ndrangheta to smuggle large amounts of drugs. An undercover agent was dispatched to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and was successful in infiltrating the clan. An undercover agent was also involved in the handover of 1.3 kg of <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> as part of the infiltration operation.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> In June 2018, a Mafia expert wrote that "A new alliance between Bonanno associates and the Violi family . . . is significant, as it suggests a growing prominence for Calabrian mafia – the 'Ndrangheta – within the New York families and in Canada". Criminologist Anna Sergi of the University of Essex added that drug trafficking was the most active pursuit in North America.<a href="#cite_note-thestar.com-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Uruguay">edit</a>]</div> On 24 June 2019, 'Ndrangheta leader <a href="/wiki/Rocco_Morabito_(mobster,_born_1966)" title="Rocco Morabito (mobster, born 1966)">Rocco Morabito</a>, dubbed the "cocaine king of Milan", escaped from Central Prison in <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, together with three other inmates, "through a hole in the roof of the building". Morabito was awaiting extradition to Italy for international drug trafficking, having been arrested at a Montevideo hotel in 2017 after living in <a href="/wiki/Punta_del_Este" title="Punta del Este">Punta del Este</a> under a false name for 13 years.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Beginning in 2000, music producer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Sbano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Sbano (page does not exist)">Francesco Sbano</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Sbano" class="extiw" title="it:Francesco Sbano">it</a>] released three CD compilations of Italian mafia folk songs over a five-year period.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> Collectively known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_musica_della_mafia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La musica della mafia (page does not exist)">La musica della mafia</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_musica_della_mafia" class="extiw" title="it:La musica della mafia">it</a>], these compilations consist mainly of songs written by 'Ndrangheta musicians, often sung in <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria" title="Languages of Calabria">Calabrian</a> and dealing with themes such as vengeance (Sangu chiama sangu), betrayal (I cunfirenti), justice within the 'Ndrangheta (Nun c'è pirdunu), and the ordeal of prison life (Canto di carcerato).<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> The 2013 book ZeroZeroZero by <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Saviano" title="Roberto Saviano">Roberto Saviano</a> investigates the activities of the 'Ndrangheta in Italy. <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Sollima" title="Stefano Sollima">Stefano Sollima</a> adapted the book into a 2020 <a href="/wiki/ZeroZeroZero_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZeroZeroZero (TV series)">TV series of the same name</a>. In 2023, the Italian-language TV series <a href="/wiki/The_Good_Mothers" title="The Good Mothers">The Good Mothers</a> depicting 'Ndrangheta premiered. It was based on the novel of the same name by British author Alex Perry, and appeared in the <a href="/wiki/73rd_Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="73rd Berlin International Film Festival">73rd Berlin International Film Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_%27ndrine" title="List of 'ndrine">List of 'ndrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_wanted_fugitives_in_Italy" title="List of most wanted fugitives in Italy">List of most wanted fugitives in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_%27Ndrangheta" title="List of members of the 'Ndrangheta">List of members of the 'Ndrangheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_della_ndrangheta" title="Museo della ndrangheta">Museo della ndrangheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste_dumping_by_the_%27Ndrangheta" title="Toxic waste dumping by the 'Ndrangheta">Toxic waste dumping by the 'Ndrangheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacra_Corona_Unita" title="Sacra Corona Unita">Sacra Corona Unita</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> The initial /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/ is silent in <a href="/wiki/Central-Southern_Calabrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central-Southern Calabrian">Calabrian</a> unless immediately preceded by a vowel.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-upppava-1"><a href="#cite_ref-upppava_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140524172413/http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/organizedcrime/italian_mafia">"FBI Italian/Mafia"</a>. FBI. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.affaritaliani.it/cronache/pi-fatturato-di-mcdonald-s-il-giro-d-affari-della-ndrangheta260314.">the original</a> on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FBI+Italian%2FMafia&rft.pub=FBI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.affaritaliani.it%2Fcronache%2Fpi-fatturato-di-mcdonald-s-il-giro-d-affari-della-ndrangheta260314.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper2006" class="citation news cs1">Hooper, John (7 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/08/italy.johnhooper">"Move over, Cosa Nostra"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Move+over%2C+Cosa+Nostra&rft.date=2006-06-07&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2006%2Fjun%2F08%2Fitaly.johnhooper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2017/11/22/mapping-the-mafia-italys-network-of-criminal-gangs-explained">"Mapping the mafia: Italy's web of criminal gangs explained"</a>. Euronews. 22 November 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+mafia%3A+Italy%27s+web+of+criminal+gangs+explained&rft.date=2017-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2017%2F11%2F22%2Fmapping-the-mafia-italys-network-of-criminal-gangs-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/26/ndrangheta-mafia-mcdonalds-deutsche-bank-study">"'Ndrangheta mafia 'made more last year than McDonald's and Deutsche Bank'"</a>. The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Ndrangheta+mafia+%27made+more+last+year+than+McDonald%27s+and+Deutsche+Bank%27&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fmar%2F26%2Fndrangheta-mafia-mcdonalds-deutsche-bank-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ndrangheta">"'Ndrangheta Definition & Meaning"</a>. Dictionary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003015858/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ndrangheta">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=%27Ndrangheta+Definition+%26+Meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fndrangheta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-codice-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-codice_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-codice_7-1">b</a> (in Italian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senato.it/service/PDF/PDFServer/DF/219556.pdf">"Modifiche agli articoli 416-bis e 416-ter del codice penale in materia di associazioni di tipo mafioso e di scambio elettorale politico-mafioso"</a>, Italian Senate, 20 May 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-Italian_Organised_Crime-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Italian_Organised_Crime_8-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/italian_organised_crime_threat_assessment_0.pdf">"Italian Organised Crime: Threat Assessment"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722033025/https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/italian_organised_crime_threat_assessment_0.pdf">Archived</a> 22 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Hague: Europol. June 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/26/ndrangheta-mafia-mcdonalds-deutsche-bank-study">"'Ndrangheta mafia 'made more last year than McDonald's and Deutsche Bank'"</a>. The Guardian. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Ndrangheta+mafia+%27made+more+last+year+than+McDonald%27s+and+Deutsche+Bank%27&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fmar%2F26%2Fndrangheta-mafia-mcdonalds-deutsche-bank-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ind150111-10"><a href="#cite_ref-ind150111_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103005202/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2011-01-15/news/us-saw-mafia-ridden-calabria-as-failed-state-286231/">"US saw mafia ridden Calabria as 'failed state'"</a>. The Independent. 15 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2011-01-15/news/us-saw-mafia-ridden-calabria-as-failed-state-286231/">the original</a> on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=US+saw+mafia+ridden+Calabria+as+%27failed+state%27&rft.date=2011-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.com.mt%2Farticles%2F2011-01-15%2Fnews%2Fus-saw-mafia-ridden-calabria-as-failed-state-286231%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> The article quotes a confidential cable, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08NAPLES96_a.html">"Can Calabria Be Saved?"</a>, by J. Patrick Truhn, Consul General in Naples, 2 December 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-con040216-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-con040216_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-con040216_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-con040216_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergi2016" class="citation web cs1">Sergi, Anna (4 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/meet-the-ndrangheta-and-why-its-time-to-bust-some-myths-about-the-calabrian-mafia-54075">"Meet the 'Ndrangheta – and why it's time to bust some myths about the Calabrian mafia"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Meet+the+%27Ndrangheta+%E2%80%93+and+why+it%27s+time+to+bust+some+myths+about+the+Calabrian+mafia&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft.aulast=Sergi&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fmeet-the-ndrangheta-and-why-its-time-to-bust-some-myths-about-the-calabrian-mafia-54075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mafiatype-12"><a href="#cite_ref-mafiatype_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/06/18/news/la_ndrangheta_esiste_lo_dice_la_cassazione-142284708/">"Sentenza storica: 'La 'ndrangheta esiste'. Lo dice la Cassazione e non è una ovvietà"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a> (in Italian). 18 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018214027/https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/06/18/news/la_ndrangheta_esiste_lo_dice_la_cassazione-142284708/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Repubblica&rft.atitle=Sentenza+storica%3A+%27La+%27ndrangheta+esiste%27.+Lo+dice+la+Cassazione+e+non+%C3%A8+una+ovviet%C3%A0&rft.date=2016-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Fcronaca%2F2016%2F06%2F18%2Fnews%2Fla_ndrangheta_esiste_lo_dice_la_cassazione-142284708%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurone,_Giuliano2008" class="citation book cs1">Turone, Giuliano (2008). Il delitto di associazione mafiosa. Giuffrè editore. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-14-13917-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-14-13917-8"><bdi>978-88-14-13917-8</bdi></a>. <q>Il vocabolo deriva infatti dal greco antico ανδραγαθία e significa valore, prodezza, carattere del galantuomo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+delitto+di+associazione+mafiosa&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Giuffr%C3%A8+editore&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-88-14-13917-8&rft.au=Turone%2C+Giuliano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OrS8in3ETtAC&pg=PA87&dq='ndranghet+deriva+greco+antico&hl=it&ei=CGNATs_lApDzsgaR05WFCQ">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511122004/https://books.google.com/books?id=OrS8in3ETtAC&pg=PA87&dq=%27ndranghet+deriva+greco+antico&hl=it&ei=CGNATs_lApDzsgaR05WFCQ">Archived</a> 11 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)ndragaqi/a">ἀνδραγαθία</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)nh/r">ἀνήρ</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)gaqo/s">ἀγαθός</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Headword" class="mw-redirect" title="Headword">lemma</a> ανδραγαθία; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabiniotis" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Babiniotis" title="Georgios Babiniotis">Babiniotis, Georgios</a>. <a href="/wiki/Babiniotis_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Babiniotis dictionary">Dictionary of Modern Greek</a>. Athens: Lexicology Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Modern+Greek&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Lexicology+Centre&rft.aulast=Babiniotis&rft.aufirst=Georgios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenSluiter2003" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Ralph M.; Sluiter, Ineke, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ko1iAAAAMAAJ&q=aner+agathos+andragathia">Andreia: Studies in manliness and courage in classical antiquity</a>. Brill. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004119956" title="Special:BookSources/9789004119956"><bdi>9789004119956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andreia%3A+Studies+in+manliness+and+courage+in+classical+antiquity&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789004119956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dko1iAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Daner%2Bagathos%2Bandragathia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)ndragaqi/zomai">ἀνδραγαθίζεσθαι</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-gratteri21-20"><a href="#cite_ref-gratteri21_20-0">^</a> Gratteri & Nicaso, Fratelli di sangue, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-dickie2023-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dickie2023_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dickie2023_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dickie2023_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dickie2023_21-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickie2023" class="citation journal cs1">Dickie, John (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/name-ndrangheta-history-versus-etymology/D321AC11A6F21408D8390AF71E20B8EB">"The name 'ndrangheta: History versus etymology"</a>. Modern Italy. 28 (3): 215–229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fmit.2023.17">10.1017/mit.2023.17</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258543747">258543747</a>. Retrieved 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Italy&rft.atitle=The+name+%27ndrangheta%3A+History+versus+etymology&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fmit.2023.17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258543747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dickie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fmodern-italy%2Farticle%2Fname-ndrangheta-history-versus-etymology%2FD321AC11A6F21408D8390AF71E20B8EB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tizian-22"><a href="#cite_ref-tizian_22-0">^</a> (in Italian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stopndrangheta.it/file/stopndrangheta_15.pdf">"La 'ndrangheta transnazionale: Dalla picciotteria alla santa – Analisi di un fenomeno criminale globalizzato"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120329204501/http://www.stopndrangheta.it/file/stopndrangheta_15.pdf">Archived</a> 29 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF), Giovanni Tizian, March 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-truzzolillo2011-23"><a href="#cite_ref-truzzolillo2011_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruzzolillo2011" class="citation journal cs1">Truzzolillo, Fabio (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/abs/ndrangheta-the-current-state-of-historical-research/BB6713082B422711F47BEC5C5FB3A4AB">"The 'Ndrangheta: the current state of historical research"</a>. Modern Italy. 16 (3): 363–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13532944.2011.554805">10.1080/13532944.2011.554805</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145785097">145785097</a>. Retrieved 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Italy&rft.atitle=The+%27Ndrangheta%3A+the+current+state+of+historical+research&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E383&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13532944.2011.554805&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145785097%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Truzzolillo&rft.aufirst=Fabio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fmodern-italy%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fndrangheta-the-current-state-of-historical-research%2FBB6713082B422711F47BEC5C5FB3A4AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mpr0204-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mpr0204_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpr0204_24-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/multimedia/mpResearch/2004/heft02/2_04MPR_58_63.pdf">"Crisis among the 'Men of Honor'"</a> (interview with Letizia Paoli). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209204538/http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/multimedia/mpResearch/2004/heft02/2_04MPR_58_63.pdf">Archived</a> 9 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Max Planck Research. February 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-paoli-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paoli_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paoli_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paoli_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.organized-crime.de/revpao01mafiandrangheta.htm">"Review of: Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods"</a>. Organized-crime.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215127/http://www.organized-crime.de/revpao01mafiandrangheta.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+of%3A+Paoli%2C+Mafia+Brotherhoods&rft.pub=Organized-crime.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.organized-crime.de%2Frevpao01mafiandrangheta.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mon150807-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mon150807_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mon150807_26-1">b</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130107095300/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3214,36-944807@51-944809,0.html">"Six morts dans un règlement de comptes mafieux en Allemagne"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>. 15 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-paoli32-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paoli32_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paoli32_27-1">b</a> Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mafiabrotherhood0000paol/page/32/mode/1up">p. 32</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rel2003-28"><a href="#cite_ref-rel2003_28-0">^</a> (in Italian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/bicam/14/Antimafia/documenti/relazann2003II.pdf">"Relazione annuale"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091127141114/http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/bicam/14/Antimafia/documenti/relazann2003II.pdf">Archived</a> 27 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF), Commissione parliamentare d'inchiesta sul fenomeno della criminalità organizzata mafiosa o similare, 30 July 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_29-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/08/italy.johnhooper">"Move over, Cosa Nostra."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201174301/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/08/italy.johnhooper">Archived</a> 1 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, 8 June 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-varese-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-varese_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-varese_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-varese_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-varese_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-varese_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-varese_30-5">f</a> Varese, Federico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3757/is_200606/ai_n17176956/print">"How Mafias Migrate: The Case of the 'Ndrangheta in Northern Italy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016071412/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3757/is_200606/ai_n17176956/print">Archived</a> 16 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Law & Society Review. June 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-rep250407-31"><a href="#cite_ref-rep250407_31-0">^</a> (in Italian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/2007/01/sezioni/politica/inchiesta-citta/potere-reggioc/potere-reggioc.html">"La pax della 'ndrangheta soffoca Reggio Calabria"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711115813/http://www.repubblica.it/2007/01/sezioni/politica/inchiesta-citta/potere-reggioc/potere-reggioc.html">Archived</a> 11 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. La Repubblica. 25 April 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-paoli29-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paoli29_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paoli29_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paoli29_32-2">c</a> Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mafiabrotherhood0000paol/page/29/mode/1up">p. 29</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nicaso1-33"><a href="#cite_ref-nicaso1_33-0">^</a> Nicaso & Danesi, Made Men, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5fEQAAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA23">p. 23</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102011850/https://books.google.com/books?id=5fEQAAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA23">Archived</a> 2 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,5/articleid,1499_02_1974_0078_0005_21151380/">Questi gli undici nomi dei boss di Bardonecchia</a> <a href="/wiki/Stampa_Sera" class="mw-redirect" title="Stampa Sera">Stampa Sera</a> 3 Aprile 1974 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,4/articleid,1112_01_1974_0071_0004_21471873/">Ecco l'esplosivo dossier sulla mafia in Valle di Susa</a> <a href="/wiki/La_Stampa" title="La Stampa">La Stampa</a> 3 Aprile 1974 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivio.lastampa.it/articolo?id=7df2c08bd4df55dc2e1f841d2ea6e3d150ed289a">Bardonecchia comune chiuso per mafia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404012923/http://archivio.lastampa.it/articolo?id=7df2c08bd4df55dc2e1f841d2ea6e3d150ed289a">Archived</a> 4 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/La_Stampa" title="La Stampa">La Stampa</a> 29 aprile 1995 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150409031754/http://archivio.lastampa.it/articolo?id=e4edb5d9760ea42a85f79e0cf27021b2e91e0433">Rocco Il padrino della Val di Susa</a> <a href="/wiki/La_Stampa" title="La Stampa">La Stampa</a> 24 January 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Sorte2004" class="citation web cs1">La Sorte, Mike (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054929/http://americanmafia.com/Feature_Articles_286.html">"The 'Ndrangheta Looms Large"</a>. americanmafia.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanmafia.com/Feature_Articles_286.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=americanmafia.com&rft.atitle=The+%27Ndrangheta+Looms+Large&rft.date=2004-12&rft.aulast=La+Sorte&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanmafia.com%2FFeature_Articles_286.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys2018" class="citation news cs1">Humphreys, Adrian (29 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/toronto/ex-mobster-paid-2-4m-to-become-police-informant-tells-trial-he-made-far-more-money-as-a-crook">"Ex-mobster paid $2.4M to become police informant tells trial he made far more money as a crook – National Post"</a>. National Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Ex-mobster+paid+%242.4M+to+become+police+informant+tells+trial+he+made+far+more+money+as+a+crook+%E2%80%93+National+Post&rft.date=2018-03-29&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Ftoronto%2Fex-mobster-paid-2-4m-to-become-police-informant-tells-trial-he-made-far-more-money-as-a-crook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-paoli59-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paoli59_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paoli59_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paoli59_40-2">c</a> Paoli. Mafia Brotherhoods, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mafiabrotherhood0000paol/page/59/mode/1up">p. 59</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/From-the-news-wires/2010/0713/Ndrangheta-mafia-structure-revealed-as-Italian-police-nab-300-alleged-mobsters">"'Ndrangheta mafia structure revealed as Italian police nab 300 alleged mobsters"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100819131636/http://www.csmonitor.com/From-the-news-wires/2010/0713/Ndrangheta-mafia-structure-revealed-as-Italian-police-nab-300-alleged-mobsters">Archived</a> 19 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Associated Press, csmonitor.com, 13 July 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-paoli116-42"><a href="#cite_ref-paoli116_42-0">^</a> Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mafiabrotherhood0000paol/page/116/mode/1up">p. 116</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-paoli61-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paoli61_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paoli61_43-1">b</a> Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mafiabrotherhood0000paol/page/61/mode/1up">pp. 61–62</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-gratteri65-44"><a href="#cite_ref-gratteri65_44-0">^</a> (in Italian) Gratteri & Nicaso, Fratelli di Sangue, pp. 65–68 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys2019" class="citation news cs1">Humphreys, Adrian (25 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/italian-probe-reveals-how-criminal-blockchain-gives-toronto-area-mobsters-international-authority">"Italian probe reveals how 'criminal blockchain' gives Toronto-area mobsters international authority"</a>. National Post. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Italian+probe+reveals+how+%27criminal+blockchain%27+gives+Toronto-area+mobsters+international+authority&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fitalian-probe-reveals-how-criminal-blockchain-gives-toronto-area-mobsters-international-authority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys2019" class="citation news cs1">Humphreys, Adrian (25 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/italian-probe-reveals-how-criminal-blockchain-gives-toronto-area-mobsters-international-authority">"Italian probe reveals how 'criminal blockchain' gives Toronto-area mobsters international authority"</a>. National Post. Retrieved 21 January 2021. <q>Italian court documents reveal that Canada's mobsters are 'more strategically powerful than we had thought before,' an expert on the 'Ndrangheta says</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Italian+probe+reveals+how+%27criminal+blockchain%27+gives+Toronto-area+mobsters+international+authority&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fitalian-probe-reveals-how-criminal-blockchain-gives-toronto-area-mobsters-international-authority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-times-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-times_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-times_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-times_47-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article1750008.ece">"Mafiosi move north to take over the shops and cafés of Milan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012205908/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article1750008.ece">Archived</a> 12 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, 5 May 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-time090311-48"><a href="#cite_ref-time090311_48-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2057944,00.html">"Italy's Brutal Export: The Mafia Goes Global"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726091837/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2057944,00.html">Archived</a> 26 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Time, 9 March 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-canada-is-on-the-frontline-of-a-new-war-against-the-rise-of-global/">"Canada is on the frontline of a new war against the rise of global organized crime"</a>. theglobeandmail.com. 29 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505202450/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-canada-is-on-the-frontline-of-a-new-war-against-the-rise-of-global/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canada+is+on+the+frontline+of+a+new+war+against+the+rise+of+global+organized+crime&rft.date=2018-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle-canada-is-on-the-frontline-of-a-new-war-against-the-rise-of-global%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrich2012" class="citation news cs1">Ulrich, Andreas (4 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/encounters-with-the-calabrian-mafia-inside-the-world-of-the-ndrangheta-a-806233.html">"Encounters with the Calabrian Mafia: Inside the World of the 'Ndrangheta"</a>. Spiegel Online. Spiegel.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121227082611/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/encounters-with-the-calabrian-mafia-inside-the-world-of-the-ndrangheta-a-806233.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Encounters+with+the+Calabrian+Mafia%3A+Inside+the+World+of+the+%27Ndrangheta&rft.date=2012-01-04&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Feurope%2Fencounters-with-the-calabrian-mafia-inside-the-world-of-the-ndrangheta-a-806233.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403104255/http://www.understandingitaly.com/profile-content/ndrangheta.html">"Italian mafia 'Ndrangheta, ndrangheta, calabria, John Paul Getty III, Gioia Tauro, Colombian drug trafficking, cocaine smuggling italy, vendetta of San Luca, Strangio-Nirta, Pelle-Vottari-Romeo, Maria Strangio, Giovanni Strangio, Duisberg killings"</a>. Understandingitaly.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.understandingitaly.com/profile-content/ndrangheta.html">the original</a> on 3 April 2012. 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Olive Oil Times. 16 February 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oliveoiltimes.com/olive-oil-business/italy-arrests-33-accused-olive-oil-fraud/55364">the original</a> on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olive+Oil+Times&rft.atitle=Italy+Arrests+33+Accused+of+Olive+Oil+Fraud&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oliveoiltimes.com%2Folive-oil-business%2Fitaly-arrests-33-accused-olive-oil-fraud%2F55364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/60-minutes-overtime-how-to-buy-olive-oil/">"Don't fall victim to olive oil fraud"</a>. CBS News. 3 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920045538/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/60-minutes-overtime-how-to-buy-olive-oil/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2018. 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Retrieved 1 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OCCRP&rft.atitle=What+is+the+%27Ndrangheta%3F&rft.au=OCCRP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.occrp.org%2Fen%2Fndrangheta%2Fwhat-is-the-ndrangheta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-obs240208-66"><a href="#cite_ref-obs240208_66-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/24/internationalcrime.italy">"Godfather's arrest fuels fear of bloody conflict"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201181934/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/24/internationalcrime.italy">Archived</a> 1 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Observer, 24 February 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-rep190208b-67"><a href="#cite_ref-rep190208b_67-0">^</a> (in Italian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/2008/02/sezioni/cronaca/arresto-condello/condello-storia/condello-storia.html">"Condello, leader pacato e spietato"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080402072322/http://www.repubblica.it/2008/02/sezioni/cronaca/arresto-condello/condello-storia/condello-storia.html">Archived</a> 2 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a>, 19 February 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> (in German) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/reportage-im-schattenreich-der-krake-1.916280">"Im Schattenreich der Krake"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130706034230/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/reportage-im-schattenreich-der-krake-1.916280">Archived</a> 6 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a>, 19 May 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters-2014-06-21-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters-2014-06-21_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullella2014" class="citation news cs1">Pullella, Philip (21 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140623010914/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/06/21/us-pope-mafia-idUKKBN0EW0FN20140621">"Pope lambasts mobsters, says mafiosi 'are excommunicated'"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-pope-mafia-idUKKBN0EW0FN20140621">the original</a> on 23 June 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2014. <q>Those who in their lives follow this path of evil, as mafiosi do, are not in communion with God. They are excommunicated," he said in impromptu comments at a Mass</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+lambasts+mobsters%2C+says+mafiosi+%27are+excommunicated%27&rft.date=2014-06-21&rft.aulast=Pullella&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-pope-mafia-idUKKBN0EW0FN20140621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6970067.stm">"Mafia suspects arrested in Italy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217181646/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6970067.stm">Archived</a> 17 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 30 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-OCCRP20120604-71"><a href="#cite_ref-OCCRP20120604_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608085307/http://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/1540-europe-dozens-arrested-in-international-cocaine-bust">"Europe: Dozens Arrested in International Cocaine Bust"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organized_Crime_and_Corruption_Reporting_Project" title="Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project">OCCRP</a>. 4 June 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/1540-europe-dozens-arrested-in-international-cocaine-bust">the original</a> on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OCCRP&rft.atitle=Europe%3A+Dozens+Arrested+in+International+Cocaine+Bust&rft.date=2012-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reportingproject.net%2Foccrp%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fccwatch%2Fcc-watch-briefs%2F1540-europe-dozens-arrested-in-international-cocaine-bust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc091012-72"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc091012_72-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19886631">"Italy sacks Reggio Calabria council over 'mafia ties'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422184828/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19886631">Archived</a> 22 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 9 October 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-rep091212-73"><a href="#cite_ref-rep091212_73-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2012/10/09/news/scioglimento-44197399/">"Il Viminale scioglie per mafia il comune di Reggio Calabria"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013054948/http://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2012/10/09/news/scioglimento-44197399/">Archived</a> 13 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, La Repubblica, 9 October 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2012/10/2012109205354822989.html">"Italy sacks city government over mafia links"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011070337/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2012/10/2012109205354822989.html">Archived</a> 11 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>, 9 October 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-rep230912-75"><a href="#cite_ref-rep230912_75-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2012/09/23/news/sprechi_e_mafia_caos_pdl_in_calabria-43080292/">"Sprechi e mafia, caos Pdl in Calabria"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013185143/http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2012/09/23/news/sprechi_e_mafia_caos_pdl_in_calabria-43080292/">Archived</a> 13 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, La Repubblica, 23 September 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-ft141012-76"><a href="#cite_ref-ft141012_76-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cc625766-160f-11e2-9a8c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2AUamRBZb">"Mafia probe claims political victim"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018000116/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cc625766-160f-11e2-9a8c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2AUamRBZb">Archived</a> 18 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Financial Times, 14 October 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-usa101012-77"><a href="#cite_ref-usa101012_77-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/10/10/milan-politician-mafia/1624249/">"Milan politician accused of mafia vote-buying"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227060631/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/10/10/milan-politician-mafia/1624249/">Archived</a> 27 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, USA Today, 10 October 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-cds101012-78"><a href="#cite_ref-cds101012_78-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corriere.it/International/english/articoli/2012/10/10/zambetti.shtml">"Formigoni's Cabinet Member Arrested for Election Fraud"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013232341/http://www.corriere.it/International/english/articoli/2012/10/10/zambetti.shtml">Archived</a> 13 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a>, 10 October 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansa.it/english/news/general_news/2017/12/12/huge-ndrangheta-operation-48-arrests-2_63f81103-f3fc-49cc-87f9-fa9de79c7762.html">"Huge 'Ndrangheta operation, 48 arrests"</a>. ANSA. 12 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051710/http://www.ansa.it/english/news/general_news/2017/12/12/huge-ndrangheta-operation-48-arrests-2_63f81103-f3fc-49cc-87f9-fa9de79c7762.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANSA&rft.atitle=Huge+%27Ndrangheta+operation%2C+48+arrests&rft.date=2017-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansa.it%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fgeneral_news%2F2017%2F12%2F12%2Fhuge-ndrangheta-operation-48-arrests-2_63f81103-f3fc-49cc-87f9-fa9de79c7762.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lastampa.it/2017/12/12/italia/cronache/blitz-contro-la-ndrangheta-arresti-e-sequestri-per-milioni-di-euro-nel-reggino-pLbetDGPl5AdhsPDS6pKkM/pagina.html">"Blitz against the 'Ndrangheta, 48 arrests and kidnappings for 25 million euros in Reggino"</a>. La Stampa Italy. 12 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231110250/http://www.lastampa.it/2017/12/12/italia/cronache/blitz-contro-la-ndrangheta-arresti-e-sequestri-per-milioni-di-euro-nel-reggino-pLbetDGPl5AdhsPDS6pKkM/pagina.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Stampa+Italy&rft.atitle=Blitz+against+the+%27Ndrangheta%2C+48+arrests+and+kidnappings+for+25+million+euros+in+Reggino&rft.date=2017-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastampa.it%2F2017%2F12%2F12%2Fitalia%2Fcronache%2Fblitz-contro-la-ndrangheta-arresti-e-sequestri-per-milioni-di-euro-nel-reggino-pLbetDGPl5AdhsPDS6pKkM%2Fpagina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.it/20180109/over-160-suspects-arrested-in-german-italian-anti-mafia-sweep">"Over 160 suspects arrested in German-Italian anti-mafia sweep"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Local_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Local Italy">The Local Italy</a>. 9 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180111165150/https://www.thelocal.it/20180109/over-160-suspects-arrested-in-german-italian-anti-mafia-sweep">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Local+Italy&rft.atitle=Over+160+suspects+arrested+in+German-Italian+anti-mafia+sweep&rft.date=2018-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.it%2F20180109%2Fover-160-suspects-arrested-in-german-italian-anti-mafia-sweep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-42618825">"Mafia raids: Police in Italy and Germany make 169 arrests"</a>. BBC News. 9 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180109235544/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-42618825">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2018. 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Euro News. 10 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180111165024/http://www.euronews.com/2018/01/10/eleven-mafia-suspects-arrested-in-germany-to-be-deported-to-italy">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euro+News&rft.atitle=Eleven+mafia+suspects+arrested+in+Germany+to+be+deported+to+Italy&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2018%2F01%2F10%2Feleven-mafia-suspects-arrested-in-germany-to-be-deported-to-italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.occrp.org/en/27-ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/8054-former-italian-mayor-gets-12-years-for-mafia-association">"Former Italian Mayor Gets 12 Years for Mafia Association"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OCCRP&rft.atitle=Former+Italian+Mayor+Gets+12+Years+for+Mafia+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.occrp.org%2Fen%2F27-ccwatch%2Fcc-watch-briefs%2F8054-former-italian-mayor-gets-12-years-for-mafia-association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tondo-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tondo_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tondo_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTondo2019" class="citation news cs1">Tondo, Lorenzo (19 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/19/italian-politicians-and-police-among-300-held-in-historic-mafia-bust">"Italian politicians and police among 300 held in mafia bust"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219160659/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/19/italian-politicians-and-police-among-300-held-in-historic-mafia-bust">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Italian+politicians+and+police+among+300+held+in+mafia+bust&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft.aulast=Tondo&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fdec%2F19%2Fitalian-politicians-and-police-among-300-held-in-historic-mafia-bust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/biggest-mafia-trial-in-decades-opens-in-italy-1.5264703">"Biggest Mafia trial in decades opens in Italy"</a>. ctvnews.ca. 13 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biggest+Mafia+trial+in+decades+opens+in+Italy&rft.pub=ctvnews.ca&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fworld%2Fbiggest-mafia-trial-in-decades-opens-in-italy-1.5264703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/more-than-100-arrested-in-european-anti-mafia-raids/a-65497944">"More than 100 arrested in European anti-mafia raids"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 3 May 2023. 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Retrieved 11 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=International+mafia+bust+shows+US-Italy+crime+links+still+strong&rft.date=2023-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-67387249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTondo2023" class="citation news cs1">Tondo, Lorenzo (20 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/20/more-than-200-mobsters-convicted-in-italian-mafia-maxi-trial">"More than 200 mobsters convicted in Italian mafia 'maxi trial'"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=More+than+200+mobsters+convicted+in+Italian+mafia+%27maxi+trial%27&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Tondo&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fnov%2F20%2Fmore-than-200-mobsters-convicted-in-italian-mafia-maxi-trial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/132-ndrangheta-mafia-members-arrested-after-investigation-belgium-italy-and-germany">"132 'Ndrangheta mafia members arrested after investigation by Belgium Italy and Germany"</a>. Europol. 3 May 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europol&rft.atitle=132+%27Ndrangheta+mafia+members+arrested+after+investigation+by+Belgium+Italy+and+Germany&rft.date=2023-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europol.europa.eu%2Fmedia-press%2Fnewsroom%2Fnews%2F132-ndrangheta-mafia-members-arrested-after-investigation-belgium-italy-and-germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insightcrime.org/investigations/cocaine-brokers-ndrangheta-south-america">"Cocaine Brokers: The 'Ndrangheta in South America"</a>. InSight Crime. 23 November 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InSight+Crime&rft.atitle=Cocaine+Brokers%3A+The+%27Ndrangheta+in+South+America&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsightcrime.org%2Finvestigations%2Fcocaine-brokers-ndrangheta-south-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBargent2021" class="citation web cs1">Bargent, James (6 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insightcrime.org/investigations/italian-mafia-move-upstream">"The Italian Mafia and the Move Upstream"</a>. InsiSght Crime. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsiSght+Crime&rft.atitle=The+Italian+Mafia+and+the+Move+Upstream&rft.date=2021-02-06&rft.aulast=Bargent&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsightcrime.org%2Finvestigations%2Fitalian-mafia-move-upstream&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaSusa2016" class="citation web cs1">LaSusa, Mike (30 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/massive-bust-highlights-italian-mafia-involvement-in-latam-drug-trade">"Massive Bust Shows Italian Mafia Role in LatAm Drug Trade"</a>. InSight Crime. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InSight+Crime&rft.atitle=Massive+Bust+Shows+Italian+Mafia+Role+in+LatAm+Drug+Trade&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft.aulast=LaSusa&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsightcrime.org%2Fnews%2Fbrief%2Fmassive-bust-highlights-italian-mafia-involvement-in-latam-drug-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.occrp.org/en/ndrangheta/armed-and-dangerous-inside-the-ndranghetas-intercontinental-cocaine-pipeline">"'Armed and Dangerous': Inside the 'Ndrangheta's Intercontinental Cocaine Pipeline"</a>. Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. 5 August 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Organized+Crime+and+Corruption+Reporting+Project&rft.atitle=%27Armed+and+Dangerous%27%3A+Inside+the+%27Ndrangheta%27s+Intercontinental+Cocaine+Pipeline&rft.date=2021-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.occrp.org%2Fen%2Fndrangheta%2Farmed-and-dangerous-inside-the-ndranghetas-intercontinental-cocaine-pipeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYagoub2016" class="citation web cs1">Yagoub, Mimi (5 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/colombia-to-extradite-italian-mafioso-back-to-italy-again">"Colombia to Extradite Mafioso Back to Italy, Again"</a>. InSight Crime. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InSight+Crime&rft.atitle=Colombia+to+Extradite+Mafioso+Back+to+Italy%2C+Again&rft.date=2016-08-05&rft.aulast=Yagoub&rft.aufirst=Mimi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsightcrime.org%2Fnews%2Fbrief%2Fcolombia-to-extradite-italian-mafioso-back-to-italy-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatPost20110214-96"><a href="#cite_ref-NatPost20110214_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphries2011" class="citation news cs1">Humphries, Adrian (14 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/posted-toronto/calabrian-mafia-boss-earned-mobs-respect">"Calabrian Mafia boss earned mob's respect"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a>. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved 21 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Calabrian+Mafia+boss+earned+mob%27s+respect&rft.date=2011-02-14&rft.aulast=Humphries&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fposted-toronto%2Fcalabrian-mafia-boss-earned-mobs-respect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gua-97"><a href="#cite_ref-gua_97-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/16/italy.germany1">Close family ties and bitter blood feuds</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924133648/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/16/italy.germany1">Archived</a> 24 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian, 16 August 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallPopham2007" class="citation news cs1">Hall, Allan; Popham, Peter (16 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101117025144/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/mafia-war-blamed-for-shooting-of-six-italian-men-in-germany-461761.html">"Mafia war blamed for shooting of six Italian men in Germany"</a>. The Independent. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/mafia-war-blamed-for-shooting-of-six-italian-men-in-germany-461761.html">the original</a> on 17 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Mafia+war+blamed+for+shooting+of+six+Italian+men+in+Germany&rft.date=2007-08-16&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft.au=Popham%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmafia-war-blamed-for-shooting-of-six-italian-men-in-germany-461761.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cla081106-99"><a href="#cite_ref-cla081106_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013044159/http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/11/08/policiales/g-04615.htm">"Mafia calabresa: cae una red que traficaba droga desde Argentina"</a>. Clarín. 8 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clarin.com/policiales/mafia-calabresa-cae-red-traficaba-droga-argentina_0_Hk6lreXkRFl.html">the original</a> on 13 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clar%C3%ADn&rft.atitle=Mafia+calabresa%3A+cae+una+red+que+traficaba+droga+desde+Argentina&rft.date=2006-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarin.com%2Fpoliciales%2Fmafia-calabresa-cae-red-traficaba-droga-argentina_0_Hk6lreXkRFl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/italian-mafia-kingpin-captured-argentina-police-2022-11-01/">"Italian mafia kingpin captured in Argentina – police"</a>. Reuters. 1 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+mafia+kingpin+captured+in+Argentina+%E2%80%93+police&rft.date=2022-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fitalian-mafia-kingpin-captured-argentina-police-2022-11-01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_3449655-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Stuff.co.nz_3449655_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenna,_Jo2010" class="citation web cs1">McKenna, Jo (15 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/australia/3449655/Mafia-deeply-entrenched-in-Australia">"Mafia deeply entrenched in Australia"</a>. New Zealand: Stuff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024082855/http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/australia/3449655/Mafia-deeply-entrenched-in-Australia">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mafia+deeply+entrenched+in+Australia&rft.place=New+Zealand&rft.pub=Stuff&rft.date=2010-03-15&rft.au=McKenna%2C+Jo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fworld%2Faustralia%2F3449655%2FMafia-deeply-entrenched-in-Australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230104249/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C897088%2C00.html">Omerta in the Antipodes</a>, Time Magazine, 31 January 1964 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altreitalie.it/ImagePub.aspx?id=79603">L'ascesa della 'Ndrangheta in Australia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615133803/http://www.altreitalie.it/ImagePub.aspx?id=79603">Archived</a> 15 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Pierluigi Spagnolo, Altreitalie, January–June 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,24147089-2,00.html">AFP lands 'world's biggest drug haul'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080808151217/http://www.news.com.au/story/0%2C23599%2C24147089-2%2C00.html">Archived</a> 8 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, news.com.au, 8 August 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Bob Bottom (1988). Shadow of Shame: How the mafia got away with the murder of Donald Mackay. Victoria, Australia: Sun Books. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cowan-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cowan_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cowan_106-1">b</a> Sean Cowan (10 March 2011). "Vallelonga 'met senior mafia man'". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/breaking/8982579/vallelonga-met-senior-mafia-men/">The West Australian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130105162847/http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/breaking/8982579/vallelonga-met-senior-mafia-men/">Archived</a> 5 January 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Nicole Cox et al. "Shocked former Stirling mayor Tony Vallelonga denies mafia connection". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/national/former-stirling-mayor-tony-vallelonga-wanted-in-italian-mafia-crackdown/story-e6frfkvr-1226018725604">News.com.au (9 March 2011).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514084000/http://www.news.com.au/national/former-stirling-mayor-tony-vallelonga-wanted-in-italian-mafia-crackdown/story-e6frfkvr-1226018725604">Archived</a> 14 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-smh120110-108"><a href="#cite_ref-smh120110_108-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/world/four-face-trial-over-mafiarun-drug-ring-20100110-m0tg.html">Four face trial over Mafia-run drug ring</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170518152544/http://www.smh.com.au/world/four-face-trial-over-mafiarun-drug-ring-20100110-m0tg.html">Archived</a> 18 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Sydney Morning Herald, 12 January 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/mvxzqx/a-brief-and-terrible-history-of-the-honourable-society-australias-calabrian-mafia">"Murder, Extortion, and Gelato: a History of the Calabrian Mafia in Australia"</a>. Vice Media. 19 March 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice+Media&rft.atitle=Murder%2C+Extortion%2C+and+Gelato%3A+a+History+of+the+Calabrian+Mafia+in+Australia&rft.date=2016-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fmvxzqx%2Fa-brief-and-terrible-history-of-the-honourable-society-australias-calabrian-mafia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-33306842">"Mafia 'linked to senior Australian politicians'"</a>. BBC News. 28 June 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2021. <q>'Ndrangheta mafia gang, the Honoured Society ... If this is true, it makes Acquaro the latest victim of one of the country's most secretive and brutal criminal groups, whose violent history stretches back almost a century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mafia+%27linked+to+senior+Australian+politicians%27&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2015-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-australia-33306842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italianinsider.it/?q=node/9006">"'Ndrangheta dealt personnel blow by thorough investigation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2021. <q>Italian Insider: Italy's Number 1 English language newspaper</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=%27Ndrangheta+dealt+personnel+blow+by+thorough+investigation&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italianinsider.it%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F9006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/audio/two-prominent-australians-named-in-ndrangheta-wiretapping">"Two prominent Australians named in 'ndrangheta wiretapping"</a>. SBS. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2021. <q>... in Calabria ... Two prominent Australians were mentioned in the order of custody, their names and roles in the criminal organisation revealed in a wiretapped conversation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBS&rft.atitle=Two+prominent+Australians+named+in+%27ndrangheta+wiretapping&rft.date=2020-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Flanguage%2Fenglish%2Faudio%2Ftwo-prominent-australians-named-in-ndrangheta-wiretapping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/two-australians-named-in-italian-court-as-alleged-leaders-of-the-mafia-20200226-p544nw.html">"Massive GTA Mafia bust collapses. Defence says York police accessed lawyers' communications"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Massive+GTA+Mafia+bust+collapses.+Defence+says+York+police+accessed+lawyers%27+communications&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Ftwo-australians-named-in-italian-court-as-alleged-leaders-of-the-mafia-20200226-p544nw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/police-alleged-madafferi-ordered-brighton-hit-on-underworld-money-man-20200814-p55ly0.html">"Police alleged Madafferi ordered Brighton hit on underworld money man"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>. 15 August 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Police+alleged+Madafferi+ordered+Brighton+hit+on+underworld+money+man&rft.date=2020-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Fvictoria%2Fpolice-alleged-madafferi-ordered-brighton-hit-on-underworld-money-man-20200814-p55ly0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rep050304-115"><a href="#cite_ref-rep050304_115-0">^</a> (in Italian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/2004/c/sezioni/cronaca/narcotra/narcotra/narcotra.html">"A Bruxelles un intero quartiere comprato dalla 'ndrangheta."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115054949/http://www.repubblica.it/2004/c/sezioni/cronaca/narcotra/narcotra/narcotra.html">Archived</a> 15 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> La Repubblica. 5 March 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-llb060304-116"><a href="#cite_ref-llb060304_116-0">^</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lalibre.be/index.php?view=article&art_id=156758">La mafia calabraise recycle à Bruxelles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611114139/http://www.lalibre.be/index.php?view=article&art_id=156758">Archived</a> 11 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, La Libre Belgique, 6 March 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-gitoc-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gitoc_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gitoc_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_Feltran,_Isabela_Vianna_Pinho_and_Lucia_Bird_Ruiz-Benitez_de_Lugo2023" class="citation web cs1">Gabriel Feltran, Isabela Vianna Pinho and Lucia Bird Ruiz-Benitez de Lugo (August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Gabriel-Feltran-Isabela-Vianna-Pinho-and-Lucia-Bird-Atlantic-connections-The-PCC-and-the-Brazil%E2%80%93West-Africa-cocaine-trade-GI-TOC-August-2022.pdf">"Atlantic Connections: The PCC and the Brazil-West Africa cocaine trade"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_Against_Transnational_Organized_Crime" title="Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime">Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231010075143/https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Gabriel-Feltran-Isabela-Vianna-Pinho-and-Lucia-Bird-Atlantic-connections-The-PCC-and-the-Brazil%E2%80%93West-Africa-cocaine-trade-GI-TOC-August-2022.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atlantic+Connections%3A+The+PCC+and+the+Brazil-West+Africa+cocaine+trade&rft.pub=Global+Initiative+Against+Transnational+Organized+Crime&rft.date=2023-08&rft.au=Gabriel+Feltran%2C+Isabela+Vianna+Pinho+and+Lucia+Bird+Ruiz-Benitez+de+Lugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalinitiative.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F08%2FGabriel-Feltran-Isabela-Vianna-Pinho-and-Lucia-Bird-Atlantic-connections-The-PCC-and-the-Brazil%25E2%2580%2593West-Africa-cocaine-trade-GI-TOC-August-2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diariodonordeste.verdesmares.com.br/cadernos/nacional/mafia-italiana-atua-com-traficantes-1.1022636">"Máfia italiana atua com traficantes – Nacional – Diário do Nordeste"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Di%C3%A1rio+do+Nordeste&rft.atitle=M%C3%A1fia+italiana+atua+com+traficantes+%E2%80%93+Nacional+%E2%80%93+Di%C3%A1rio+do+Nordeste&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiariodonordeste.verdesmares.com.br%2Fcadernos%2Fnacional%2Fmafia-italiana-atua-com-traficantes-1.1022636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-G1_25_July_2024-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G1_25_July_2024_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G1_25_July_2024_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2024/07/25/mafioso-italiano-que-foi-preso-no-brasil-decide-contar-as-autoridades-de-seu-pais-segredos-do-pcc.ghtml">"Mafioso italiano que foi preso no Brasil decide contar às autoridades de seu país segredos do PCC"</a> (in Portuguese). 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BBC News Brasil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619085317/https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/internacional-41196027">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+Brasil%3A+%27Narcosur%27%3A+as+conex%C3%B5es+da+m%C3%A1fia+italiana+com+o+PCC+e+os+cart%C3%A9is+latino-americanos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fportuguese%2Finternacional-41196027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noticias.uol.com.br/reportagens-especiais/os-negocios-do-pcc-com-a-mafia-italiana/#cover">"UOL: O PCC e a máfia italiana"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412133849/https://noticias.uol.com.br/reportagens-especiais/os-negocios-do-pcc-com-a-mafia-italiana/#cover">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UOL%3A+O+PCC+e+a+m%C3%A1fia+italiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.uol.com.br%2Freportagens-especiais%2Fos-negocios-do-pcc-com-a-mafia-italiana%2F%23cover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noticias.uol.com.br/colunas/josmar-jozino/2021/05/26/rocco-morabito.htm">"UOL/Josimar Jozino: Mafioso italiano preso no Brasil dava caixinha de R$100 em flat na Paraíba"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808164758/https://noticias.uol.com.br/colunas/josmar-jozino/2021/05/26/rocco-morabito.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UOL%2FJosimar+Jozino%3A+Mafioso+italiano+preso+no+Brasil+dava+caixinha+de+R%24100+em+flat+na+Para%C3%ADba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.uol.com.br%2Fcolunas%2Fjosmar-jozino%2F2021%2F05%2F26%2Frocco-morabito.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-portorio-123"><a href="#cite_ref-portorio_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfredo_Henrique2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alfredo Henrique (23 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metropoles.com/sao-paulo/como-o-pcc-montou-uma-rede-para-despachar-droga-pelo-porto-do-inimigo">"Como o PCC montou uma rede para despachar droga pelo porto do inimigo"</a> (in Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/Metr%C3%B3poles" title="Metrópoles">Metrópoles</a>. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Como+o+PCC+montou+uma+rede+para+despachar+droga+pelo+porto+do+inimigo&rft.pub=Metr%C3%B3poles&rft.date=2024-03-23&rft.au=Alfredo+Henrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metropoles.com%2Fsao-paulo%2Fcomo-o-pcc-montou-uma-rede-para-despachar-droga-pelo-porto-do-inimigo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-quimico-124"><a href="#cite_ref-quimico_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcelo_Godoy2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marcelo Godoy (4 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/marcelo-godoy/as-novas-ligacoes-do-pcc-e-da-ndrangheta-com-o-hezbollah-no-trafico-internacional-de-drogas/">"As novas ligações do PCC e da máfia 'Ndrangheta com o Hezbollah no tráfico internacional de drogas"</a> (in Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/O_Estado_de_S._Paulo" title="O Estado de S. Paulo">O Estado de S. Paulo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204140423/https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/marcelo-godoy/as-novas-ligacoes-do-pcc-e-da-ndrangheta-com-o-hezbollah-no-trafico-internacional-de-drogas/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+novas+liga%C3%A7%C3%B5es+do+PCC+e+da+m%C3%A1fia+%27Ndrangheta+com+o+Hezbollah+no+tr%C3%A1fico+internacional+de+drogas&rft.pub=O+Estado+de+S.+Paulo&rft.date=2023-12-04&rft.au=Marcelo+Godoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.estadao.com.br%2Fpolitica%2Fmarcelo-godoy%2Fas-novas-ligacoes-do-pcc-e-da-ndrangheta-com-o-hezbollah-no-trafico-internacional-de-drogas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys2018" class="citation news cs1">Humphreys, Adrian (1 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/feature/when-cops-cant-convict-a-top-mafia-boss-they-turn-to-desperate-measures">"When Cops Can't Convict a 'Top Mafia Boss,' They Turn to Desperate Measures"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=A+New+Mafia%3A+Crime+families+ruling+Toronto%2C+Italy+alleges&rft.date=2010-09-24&rft.aulast=Humphries&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fa-new-mafia-crime-families-ruling-toronto-italy-alleges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-carmine-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carmine_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-carmine_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.therecord.com/news-story/8349225-toronto-court-hears-testimony-on-inner-workings-of-ndrangheta-organized-crime-group/?s=n1">"Toronto court hears testimony on inner workings of 'Ndrangheta organized crime group"</a>. Waterloo Region Record. Kitchener, Ontario. 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Waterloo+Region+Record&rft.atitle=Toronto+court+hears+testimony+on+inner+workings+of+%27Ndrangheta+organized+crime+group&rft.date=2018-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.therecord.com%2Fnews-story%2F8349225-toronto-court-hears-testimony-on-inner-workings-of-ndrangheta-organized-crime-group%2F%3Fs%3Dn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Edwards2018" class="citation web cs1">Peter Edwards (10 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/04/10/ex-mobster-tells-court-24m-he-was-paid-for-working-as-police-agent-isnt-half-of-what-i-gave-up.html">"Ex-mobster tells court $2.4M he was paid for working as police agent 'isn't half of what I gave up'"</a>. Toronto Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918193734/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/04/10/ex-mobster-tells-court-24m-he-was-paid-for-working-as-police-agent-isnt-half-of-what-i-gave-up.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Ex-mobster+tells+court+%242.4M+he+was+paid+for+working+as+police+agent+%27isn%27t+half+of+what+I+gave+up%27&rft.date=2018-04-10&rft.au=Peter+Edwards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2F2018%2F04%2F10%2Fex-mobster-tells-court-24m-he-was-paid-for-working-as-police-agent-isnt-half-of-what-i-gave-up.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NathansonSociety-130"><a href="#cite_ref-NathansonSociety_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/nathanson/CurrentEvents/2005_Q2.htm#Italian">"Organized Crime in Canada: A Quarterly Summary"</a>. Nathanson Society. June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070330134720/http://www.yorku.ca/nathanson/CurrentEvents/2005_Q2.htm#Italian">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organized+Crime+in+Canada%3A+A+Quarterly+Summary&rft.pub=Nathanson+Society&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorku.ca%2Fnathanson%2FCurrentEvents%2F2005_Q2.htm%23Italian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CorriereCanadese20010624-131"><a href="#cite_ref-CorriereCanadese20010624_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicaso,_Antonio2001" class="citation news cs1">Nicaso, Antonio (24 June 2001). "The twisted code of silence: Part 4 – Murder, extortion and drug dealing exemplified organized crime in Toronto". Corriere Canadese.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+twisted+code+of+silence%3A+Part+4+%E2%80%93+Murder%2C+extortion+and+drug+dealing+exemplified+organized+crime+in+Toronto&rft.date=2001-06-24&rft.au=Nicaso%2C+Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> Viewed 7 April 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mobsters_free-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Mobsters_free_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130629210748/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=b9fa5e38-48cb-40a0-b390-cbcd989d6e37">"Unease as mobsters set free"</a>. National Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=b9fa5e38-48cb-40a0-b390-cbcd989d6e37">the original</a> on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Unease+as+mobsters+set+free&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3Db9fa5e38-48cb-40a0-b390-cbcd989d6e37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crimini-133"><a href="#cite_ref-crimini_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider1998" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Stephen (15 October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y0hBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">Canadian Organized Crime</a>. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press Inc. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1773380249" title="Special:BookSources/1773380249"><bdi>1773380249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Organized+Crime&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Canadian+Scholars%27+Press+Inc.&rft.date=1998-10-15&rft.isbn=1773380249&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy0hBDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torontosun.com/2016/01/30/the-life-and-death-of-rocco-zito">"The life and death of Rocco Zito"</a>. torontosun.com. 30 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102075702/http://www.torontosun.com/2016/01/30/the-life-and-death-of-rocco-zito/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+life+and+death+of+Rocco+Zito&rft.pub=torontosun.com&rft.date=2016-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torontosun.com%2F2016%2F01%2F30%2Fthe-life-and-death-of-rocco-zito&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-style-135"><a href="#cite_ref-style_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/news/youd-never-guess-he-was-a-mafia-chieftain-longtime-toronto-mob-boss-rocco-zito-killed-in-violent-attack">"You'd never guess he was a Mafia chieftain': Longtime mob boss killed in violent attack in Toronto home"</a>. nationalpost.com. 30 January 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You%27d+never+guess+he+was+a+Mafia+chieftain%27%3A+Longtime+mob+boss+killed+in+violent+attack+in+Toronto+home&rft.pub=nationalpost.com&rft.date=2016-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fyoud-never-guess-he-was-a-mafia-chieftain-longtime-toronto-mob-boss-rocco-zito-killed-in-violent-attack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-schneider310-136"><a href="#cite_ref-schneider310_136-0">^</a> Schneider, Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada, pp. 310 </li> <li id="cite_note-np160808-137"><a href="#cite_ref-np160808_137-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/story.html?id=727759">Life of luxury on hold</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], National Post, 16 August 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-np160909-138"><a href="#cite_ref-np160909_138-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/Reputed+Mafia+boss+wants+police+allegations+barred+from+hearing/2001514/story.html">Reputed Mafia boss wants police allegations barred from hearing</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], National Post, 16 September 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/police-lose-track-of-alleged-soldier-in-the-mob-until-canadian-tire-tussle">Police lose track of alleged soldier in the mob, until Canadian Tire tussle</a>, National Post, 17 February 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/03/27/court-hears-details-of-mob-killings-in-secret-recordings.html">"Court hears details of mob killings in secret recordings"</a>. The Star. 27 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150609/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/03/27/court-hears-details-of-mob-killings-in-secret-recordings.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Court+hears+details+of+mob+killings+in+secret+recordings&rft.date=2018-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2F2018%2F03%2F27%2Fcourt-hears-details-of-mob-killings-in-secret-recordings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2011/02/14/calabrian-mafia-boss-earned-mobs-respect/">Calabrian Mafia boss earned mob's respect</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130129122009/http://news.nationalpost.com/2011/02/14/calabrian-mafia-boss-earned-mobs-respect/">Archived</a> 29 January 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, The National Post, 14 February 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-deport-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deport_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deport_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys2015" class="citation news cs1">Humphreys, Adrian (10 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/toronto-area-grandfather-accused-of-being-italian-mob-boss-ordered-deported-to-face-trial">"Toronto-area grandfather accused of being Italian mob boss ordered deported to face trial"</a>. National Post. nationalpost.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Toronto-area+grandfather+accused+of+being+Italian+mob+boss+ordered+deported+to+face+trial&rft.date=2015-08-10&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ftoronto-area-grandfather-accused-of-being-italian-mob-boss-ordered-deported-to-face-trial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-land-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-land_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-land_143-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/deportation-of-suspected-mafia-boss-seen-as-start-of-renewed-push-between-canada-and-italy-against-the-mob">"Suspected Mafia boss deported in renewed push from Canada and Italy against the mob"</a>. nationalpost.com. 3 October 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suspected+Mafia+boss+deported+in+renewed+push+from+Canada+and+Italy+against+the+mob.&rft.pub=nationalpost.com&rft.date=2015-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fdeportation-of-suspected-mafia-boss-seen-as-start-of-renewed-push-between-canada-and-italy-against-the-mob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-144"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_Humphreys2018" class="citation news cs1">Adrian Humphreys (18 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/world/heavy-prison-sentence-in-italy-against-mobster-ends-his-yearning-to-return-to-canada">"Heavy prison sentence in Italy against mobster likely ends his yearning to return to Canada"</a>. National Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Heavy+prison+sentence+in+Italy+against+mobster+likely+ends+his+yearning+to+return+to+Canada&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft.au=Adrian+Humphreys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fheavy-prison-sentence-in-italy-against-mobster-ends-his-yearning-to-return-to-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2018" class="citation news cs1">Edwards, Peter (2 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/07/02/man-killed-in-woodbridge-shooting-had-family-ties-to-organized-crime.html">"Man killed in Woodbridge shooting had family ties to organized crime – The Star"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708220810/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/07/02/man-killed-in-woodbridge-shooting-had-family-ties-to-organized-crime.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Man+killed+in+Woodbridge+shooting+had+family+ties+to+organized+crime+%E2%80%93+The+Star&rft.date=2018-07-02&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2F2018%2F07%2F02%2Fman-killed-in-woodbridge-shooting-had-family-ties-to-organized-crime.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys2018" class="citation news cs1">Humphreys, Adrian (29 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/the-less-you-know-the-better-it-is-mob-links-to-shocking-murder-of-man-woman-on-quiet-woodbridge-street">"'The less you know the better it is': Mob links in murder of man, woman on quiet Woodbridge street"</a>. National Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=%27The+less+you+know+the+better+it+is%27%3A+Mob+links+in+murder+of+man%2C+woman+on+quiet+Woodbridge+street&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fthe-less-you-know-the-better-it-is-mob-links-to-shocking-murder-of-man-woman-on-quiet-woodbridge-street&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-np300705-147"><a href="#cite_ref-np300705_147-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/national/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=9af45529-0622-4e8e-be40-ebfc4c7a4f2b">Back to the 'wolves'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080323104911/http://www.canada.com/national/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=9af45529-0622-4e8e-be40-ebfc4c7a4f2b">Archived</a> 23 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, National Post 30 July 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2018/03/24/toronto-court-hears-testimony-on-inner-workings-of-ndrangheta-organized-crime-group.html">"Toronto court hears testimony on inner workings of 'Ndrangheta organized crime group"</a>. The Star. 24 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516103642/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2018/03/24/toronto-court-hears-testimony-on-inner-workings-of-ndrangheta-organized-crime-group.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Toronto+court+hears+testimony+on+inner+workings+of+%27Ndrangheta+organized+crime+group&rft.date=2018-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2F2018%2F03%2F24%2Ftoronto-court-hears-testimony-on-inner-workings-of-ndrangheta-organized-crime-group.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-million-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-million_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-million_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/03/28/i-was-starting-to-lose-my-mind-former-mobster-tells-cocaine-trafficking-trial.html">"'I was starting to lose my mind,' former mobster tells cocaine trafficking trial"</a>. The Star. 28 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329173826/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/03/28/i-was-starting-to-lose-my-mind-former-mobster-tells-cocaine-trafficking-trial.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=%27I+was+starting+to+lose+my+mind%2C%27+former+mobster+tells+cocaine+trafficking+trial&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2F2018%2F03%2F28%2Fi-was-starting-to-lose-my-mind-former-mobster-tells-cocaine-trafficking-trial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2019/01/09/crown-calling-for-lengthy-prison-sentences-in-gta-mafia-drug-importing-trial.html">Crown calling for lengthy prison sentences in GTA Mafia drug-importing trial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111055040/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2019/01/09/crown-calling-for-lengthy-prison-sentences-in-gta-mafia-drug-importing-trial.html">Archived</a> 11 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Toronto Star, 9 January 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/no-excuses-besides-being-stupid-drug-smuggler-in-landmark-mafia-trial-tells-judge-at-sentencing-hearing">No excuses 'besides being stupid,' drug smuggler in landmark Mafia trial tells judge at sentencing hearing</a>, The National Post, 9 January 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428144926/https://www.simcoe.com/news-story/9201189-judge-sentences-ndrangheta-crime-boss-to-11-1-2-years-for-cocaine-conspiracy/">"Judge sentences 'Ndrangheta crime boss to 11-1/2 years for cocaine conspiracy"</a>. Simcoe News. 1 March 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simcoe.com/news-story/9201189-judge-sentences-ndrangheta-crime-boss-to-11-1-2-years-for-cocaine-conspiracy/">the original</a> on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judge+sentences+%27Ndrangheta+crime+boss+to+11-1%2F2+years+for+cocaine+conspiracy&rft.pub=Simcoe+News&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.simcoe.com%2Fnews-story%2F9201189-judge-sentences-ndrangheta-crime-boss-to-11-1-2-years-for-cocaine-conspiracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2019/02/28/toronto-judge-sentences-ndrangheta-crime-boss-to-11-years-for-cocaine-conspiracy.html">"Toronto judge sentences 'Ndrangheta crime boss to 11 1/2 years for cocaine conspiracy"</a>. Toronto Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190301130900/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2019/02/28/toronto-judge-sentences-ndrangheta-crime-boss-to-11-years-for-cocaine-conspiracy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Toronto+judge+sentences+%27Ndrangheta+crime+boss+to+11+1%2F2+years+for+cocaine+conspiracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2F2019%2F02%2F28%2Ftoronto-judge-sentences-ndrangheta-crime-boss-to-11-years-for-cocaine-conspiracy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428150327/https://www.stratfordbeaconherald.com/news/membership-in-mafia-better-than-gold-landmark-trial-of-two-mobsters-hears/wcm/166b9787-1da6-4d14-bac2-c1663bf63c10">"Membership in Mafia 'better than gold,' landmark trial of two mobsters hears"</a>. stratfordbeaconherald.com. 8 November 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stratfordbeaconherald.com/news/membership-in-mafia-better-than-gold-landmark-trial-of-two-mobsters-hears/wcm/166b9787-1da6-4d14-bac2-c1663bf63c10">the original</a> on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Membership+in+Mafia+%27better+than+gold%2C%27+landmark+trial+of+two+mobsters+hears&rft.pub=stratfordbeaconherald.com&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratfordbeaconherald.com%2Fnews%2Fmembership-in-mafia-better-than-gold-landmark-trial-of-two-mobsters-hears%2Fwcm%2F166b9787-1da6-4d14-bac2-c1663bf63c10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thestar.com-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thestar.com_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thestar.com_155-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2020" class="citation news cs1">Edwards, Peter (13 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2020/07/13/pat-musitano-killing-opens-the-door-for-turnover-in-hamilton-mafia-underworld-expert-says.html">"Pat Musitano killing opens the door for turnover in Hamilton Mafia underworld, expert says"</a>. Toronto Star.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Pat+Musitano+killing+opens+the+door+for+turnover+in+Hamilton+Mafia+underworld%2C+expert+says&rft.date=2020-07-13&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2F2020%2F07%2F13%2Fpat-musitano-killing-opens-the-door-for-turnover-in-hamilton-mafia-underworld-expert-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718174002/https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/largest-mafia-bust-in-ontario-history-15-arrests-35-million-worth-of-homes-seized-1.4513261">"Largest mafia bust in Ontario history: 15 arrests, $35 million worth of homes seized"</a>. toronto.ctvnews.ca. 18 July 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/largest-mafia-bust-in-ontario-history-15-arrests-35-million-worth-of-homes-seized-1.4513261">the original</a> on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+mafia+bust+in+Ontario+history%3A+15+arrests%2C+%2435+million+worth+of+homes+seized&rft.pub=toronto.ctvnews.ca&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoronto.ctvnews.ca%2Flargest-mafia-bust-in-ontario-history-15-arrests-35-million-worth-of-homes-seized-1.4513261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718174049/https://www.yrp.ca/en/Modules/News/index.aspx?newsId=c94c9faa-fe0c-4971-a310-7448e82659ef">"Charges List- Organized Crime Charges Laid and Proceeds of Crime Seized"</a>. yrp.ca. 18 July 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yrp.ca/en/Modules/News/index.aspx?newsId=c94c9faa-fe0c-4971-a310-7448e82659ef">the original</a> on 18 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charges+List-+Organized+Crime+Charges+Laid+and+Proceeds+of+Crime+Seized&rft.pub=yrp.ca&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yrp.ca%2Fen%2FModules%2FNews%2Findex.aspx%3FnewsId%3Dc94c9faa-fe0c-4971-a310-7448e82659ef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/figliomeni-crime-family-ndrangheta-vaughan-york-police-1.5216270">"Project Sindacato ends in arrests of 9 members of alleged crime family in Vaughan"</a>. cbc.ca. 18 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719084248/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/figliomeni-crime-family-ndrangheta-vaughan-york-police-1.5216270">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+Sindacato+ends+in+arrests+of+9+members+of+alleged+crime+family+in+Vaughan&rft.pub=cbc.ca&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ftoronto%2Ffigliomeni-crime-family-ndrangheta-vaughan-york-police-1.5216270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/following-dirty-money-leads-police-to-alleged-mafia-clan-north-of-toronto-living-life-of-luxury">"Following dirty money leads police to alleged Mafia clan north of Toronto living life of luxury"</a>. National Post. 18 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019. <q>Also charged are Emilio Zannuti, 48, of Vaughan, alleged to play a senior role in the organization; Vito Sili, 37, of Vaughan, alleged to help move the group's money; Erica Quintal, 30, of Bolton, alleged to be a bookkeeper with the group; Nicola Martino, 52, of Vaughan, alleged to be another money man; Giuseppe Ciurleo, 30, of Toronto, alleged to help Zanutti run gambling; Rafael Lepore, 59, of Vaughan, alleged to be a gambling machine operator; and Francesco Vitucci, 44, of Vaughan, alleged to be Figlimoeni's former driver who moved up to help run a café.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Following+dirty+money+leads+police+to+alleged+Mafia+clan+north+of+Toronto+living+life+of+luxury&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Ffollowing-dirty-money-leads-police-to-alleged-mafia-clan-north-of-toronto-living-life-of-luxury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2019/08/09/several-gta-residents-arrested-in-italy-following-mafia-sweep.html">"Several GTA residents arrested in Italy following Mafia sweep"</a>. The Star. 9 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190811144541/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2019/08/09/several-gta-residents-arrested-in-italy-following-mafia-sweep.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Several+GTA+residents+arrested+in+Italy+following+Mafia+sweep&rft.date=2019-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2F2019%2F08%2F09%2Fseveral-gta-residents-arrested-in-italy-following-mafia-sweep.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys2019" class="citation news cs1">Humphreys, Adrian (11 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/italian-mafia-boss-visiting-canada-unwitting-carried-a-police-wiretap-to-his-meetings">"Italian Mafia boss visiting Canada unwittingly carried a police wiretap to his meetings"</a>. National Post. nationalpost.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Italian+Mafia+boss+visiting+Canada+unwittingly+carried+a+police+wiretap+to+his+meetings&rft.date=2019-08-11&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fitalian-mafia-boss-visiting-canada-unwitting-carried-a-police-wiretap-to-his-meetings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespec.com/news/ontario/2020/01/27/mafia-boss-with-ties-to-gta-arrests-found-dead-in-italian-prison-cell.html">"Mafia boss with ties to GTA arrests found dead in Italian prison cell"</a>. Hamilton Spectator. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021. <q>York police at the time said they considered Angelo Figliomini as the head of an international 'Ndrangheta group with a base in York Region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hamilton+Spectator&rft.atitle=Mafia+boss+with+ties+to+GTA+arrests+found+dead+in+Italian+prison+cell&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespec.com%2Fnews%2Fontario%2F2020%2F01%2F27%2Fmafia-boss-with-ties-to-gta-arrests-found-dead-in-italian-prison-cell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/sindacato-charges-stayed-mob-york-police-1.5925133">"Charges stayed in one of Ontario's largest Mob busts after alleged illegal conduct by investigators"</a>. CBC News. 24 February 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021. <q>All property seized by police must now be returned – with the exception of illegal possessions, such as the gambling machines</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Charges+stayed+in+one+of+Ontario%27s+largest+Mob+busts+after+alleged+illegal+conduct+by+investigators&rft.date=2021-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ftoronto%2Fsindacato-charges-stayed-mob-york-police-1.5925133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2021/02/24/massive-gta-mafia-bust-collapses-defence-says-york-police-accessed-lawyers-communications.html">"Massive GTA Mafia bust collapses. Defence says York police accessed lawyers' communications"</a>. Toronto Star. 24 February 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Massive+GTA+Mafia+bust+collapses.+Defence+says+York+police+accessed+lawyers%27+communications&rft.date=2021-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2F2021%2F02%2F24%2Fmassive-gta-mafia-bust-collapses-defence-says-york-police-accessed-lawyers-communications.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uni150407-165"><a href="#cite_ref-uni150407_165-0">^</a> (in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/418741.html">"Tiene Italia indicios sobre presencia de cárteles mexicanos en Europa"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824202926/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/418741.html">Archived</a> 24 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Universal_(Mexico_City)" title="El Universal (Mexico City)">El Universal</a>, 15 April 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-uni301007-166"><a href="#cite_ref-uni301007_166-0">^</a> (in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noticias.eluniversal.com/2007/10/30/int_art_la-mafia-calabresa-p_566264.shtml">"La mafia calabresa produce su cocaína en Colombia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209091312/https://noticias.eluniversal.com/2007/10/30/int_art_la-mafia-calabresa-p_566264.shtml">Archived</a> 9 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, El Universal (Caracas), 30 October 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-dw131106-167"><a href="#cite_ref-dw131106_167-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2237523,00.html">"Italian Mafia Invests Millions in Germany"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028064921/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2237523,00.html">Archived</a> 28 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Deutsche Welle, 13 November 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-bz111106-168"><a href="#cite_ref-bz111106_168-0">^</a> (in German) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2006/1111/politik/0049/index.html">"Mafia setzt sich in Deutschland fest"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013161340/http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2006/1111/politik/0049/index.html">Archived</a> 13 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("Mafia sets firmly in Germany"), Berliner Zeitung, 11 November 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-spi200807-169"><a href="#cite_ref-spi200807_169-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,500785,00.html">"A Mafia Wake-Up Call"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020182738/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,500785,00.html">Archived</a> 20 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Der Spiegel, 20 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6949274.stm">"A mafia family feud spills over"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025032111/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6949274.stm">Archived</a> 25 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>, 16 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2265889.ece">"How the tentacles of the Calabrian Mafia spread from Italy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906105229/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2265889.ece">Archived</a> 6 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">Times Online</a>, 15 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,500016,00.html">"Six Italians Killed in Duisburg"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013054947/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,500016,00.html">Archived</a> 13 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Spiegel Online</a>, 15 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/281181,report-germany-losing-battle-against-calabrian-mafia.html">"Report: Germany losing battle against Calabrian mafia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905081345/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/281181,report-germany-losing-battle-against-calabrian-mafia.html">Archived</a> 5 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Earth Times, 12 August 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> (in German) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/online/2009/33/vorab-mafia-deutschland">"Italienische Mafia wird in Deutschland heimisch"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090814204924/http://www.zeit.de/online/2009/33/vorab-mafia-deutschland">Archived</a> 14 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("Italian Mafia makes home in Germany"), Die Zeit, 12 August 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessghana.com/portal/news/index.php?op=getNews&news_cat_id=1&id=177252">"One in two crime gangs in Germany are Italian, police boss says"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603022907/http://www.businessghana.com/portal/news/index.php?op=getNews&news_cat_id=1&id=177252">Archived</a> 3 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Business Ghana, 8 January 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-rep281005-176"><a href="#cite_ref-rep281005_176-0">^</a> (in Italian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/2005/i/sezioni/cronaca/ndrangheta/strangio/strangio.html">"'Ndrangheta, preso ad Amsterdam il boss Sebastiano Strangio"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070815134022/http://www.repubblica.it/2005/i/sezioni/cronaca/ndrangheta/strangio/strangio.html">Archived</a> 15 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a>, 28 October 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-rep270306-177"><a href="#cite_ref-rep270306_177-0">^</a> (in Italian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/2006/c/sezioni/cronaca/strangiorientra/strangiorientra/strangiorientra.html">"'Ndrangheta, estradato dall'Olanda il boss Sebastiano Strangio"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110220125559/http://www.repubblica.it/2006/c/sezioni/cronaca/strangiorientra/strangiorientra/strangiorientra.html">Archived</a> 20 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a>, 27 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-tel190807-178"><a href="#cite_ref-tel190807_178-0">^</a> (in Dutch) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraaf.nl/binnenland/69258311/Maffiakillers_zijn_hier.html?p=2,1">"Maffiakillers Duisburg zijn hier"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125300/http://www.telegraaf.nl/binnenland/69258311/Maffiakillers_zijn_hier.html?p=2,1">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Telegraaf" title="De Telegraaf">De Telegraaf</a>, 19 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-sol180807-179"><a href="#cite_ref-sol180807_179-0">^</a> (in Italian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110728113233/http://www.articolo21.info/rassegne/generale18082007/Art00149.htm">"Olanda, Paese-rifugio dei killer"</a>, Il Sole 24 Ore, 18 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-NOS20120310-180"><a href="#cite_ref-NOS20120310_180-0">^</a> (in Dutch) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nos.nl/artikel/349969-recherche-onderzoekt-ndrangheta.html">"Recherche onderzoekt 'Ndrangheta"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311143422/http://nos.nl/artikel/349969-recherche-onderzoekt-ndrangheta.html">Archived</a> 11 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting" title="Nederlandse Omroep Stichting">NOS</a>, 10 March 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609120055/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2016-06-08/local-news/Lawyer-consultant-exonerated-from-list-of-potential-suspects-in-Ndrangheta-gaming-bust-6736159058">"Lawyer, consultant exonerated from list of potential suspects in 'Ndrangheta gaming bust"</a>. The Malta Independent. 8 June 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2016-06-08/local-news/Lawyer-consultant-exonerated-from-list-of-potential-suspects-in-Ndrangheta-gaming-bust-6736159058">the original</a> on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Malta+Independent&rft.atitle=Lawyer%2C+consultant+exonerated+from+list+of+potential+suspects+in+%27Ndrangheta+gaming+bust&rft.date=2016-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.com.mt%2Farticles%2F2016-06-08%2Flocal-news%2FLawyer-consultant-exonerated-from-list-of-potential-suspects-in-Ndrangheta-gaming-bust-6736159058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Sansone, Kurt (29 July 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150729/local/updated-david-gonzi-being-investigated-in-mafia-betting-probe.578438">"Updated: David Gonzi being investigated in Mafia betting probe. Insists role was limited to providing fiduciary services"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223113506/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150729/local/updated-david-gonzi-being-investigated-in-mafia-betting-probe.578438">Archived</a> 23 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Malta" title="Times of Malta">Times of Malta</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Balzan, Jurden (2 August 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/55728/david_gonzi_brushes_off_european_arrest_warrant_threat">"David Gonzi brushes off European arrest warrant threat"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224060904/http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/55728/david_gonzi_brushes_off_european_arrest_warrant_threat">Archived</a> 24 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta_Today" title="Malta Today">Malta Today</a>, </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Orland, Kevin Schembri (10 October 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2015-10-05/local-news/Ndrangheta-links-to-companies-Malta-Gaming-Authority-effective-regulator-Jose-Herrera-6736143072">"'Ndrangheta links to companies: Malta Gaming Authority 'effective regulator' – Jose Herrera"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222223903/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2015-10-05/local-news/Ndrangheta-links-to-companies-Malta-Gaming-Authority-effective-regulator-Jose-Herrera-6736143072">Archived</a> 22 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Malta_Independent" title="The Malta Independent">The Malta Independent</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181114141717/http://ildispaccio.it/reggio-calabria/112557-ndrangheta-e-gioco-online-chiuse-indagini-per-113-nomi">"'Ndrangheta e gioco online: chiuse indagini per 113 (NOMI)"</a>. Il Dispaccio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ildispaccio.it/reggio-calabria/112557-ndrangheta-e-gioco-online-chiuse-indagini-per-113-nomi">the original</a> on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Il+Dispaccio&rft.atitle=%27Ndrangheta+e+gioco+online%3A+chiuse+indagini+per+113+%28NOMI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fildispaccio.it%2Freggio-calabria%2F112557-ndrangheta-e-gioco-online-chiuse-indagini-per-113-nomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-exc121008-186"><a href="#cite_ref-exc121008_186-0">^</a> (in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alertaperiodistica.com.mx/los-zetas-toman-el-control-por-la-forza-nicola-gratteri.html">"Los Zetas toman el control por la 'Forza': Nicola Gratteri"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722223011/http://alertaperiodistica.com.mx/los-zetas-toman-el-control-por-la-forza-nicola-gratteri.html">Archived</a> 22 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Excelsior, 12 October 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-kuciak_investigated-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kuciak_investigated_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kuciak_investigated_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20769558/kuciak-investigated-links-between-politicians-and-mafia.html">"Kuciak investigated links between politicians and mafia"</a>. The Slovak Spectator. 27 February 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Slovak+Spectator&rft.atitle=Kuciak+investigated+links+between+politicians+and+mafia&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectator.sme.sk%2Fc%2F20769558%2Fkuciak-investigated-links-between-politicians-and-mafia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuciak2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kuciak, Ján (27 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/568007/talianska-mafia-na-slovensku-jej-chapadla-siahaju-aj-do-politiky/">"Talianska mafia na Slovensku. Jej chápadlá siahajú aj do politiky"</a>. Aktuality.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 1 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aktuality.sk&rft.atitle=Talianska+mafia+na+Slovensku.+Jej+ch%C3%A1padl%C3%A1+siahaj%C3%BA+aj+do+politiky&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft.aulast=Kuciak&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aktuality.sk%2Fclanok%2F568007%2Ftalianska-mafia-na-slovensku-jej-chapadla-siahaju-aj-do-politiky%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20770917/troskova-and-jasan-are-leaving-their-posts-at-governments-office.html">"Trošková and Jasaň are leaving their posts at Government's Office"</a>. The Slovak Spectator. Retrieved 1 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slovak+Spectator&rft.atitle=Tro%C5%A1kov%C3%A1+and+Jasa%C5%88+are+leaving+their+posts+at+Government%27s+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectator.sme.sk%2Fc%2F20770917%2Ftroskova-and-jasan-are-leaving-their-posts-at-governments-office.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/schweiz/standard/die-ndrangheta-kann-sich-in-der-schweiz-nicht-mehr-sicher-fuehlen/story/29238487">"Die 'Ndrangheta kann sich in der Schweiz nicht mehr sicher fühlen"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806164116/http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/schweiz/standard/die-ndrangheta-kann-sich-in-der-schweiz-nicht-mehr-sicher-fuehlen/story/29238487">Archived</a> 6 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-Interview with A. De Bernardo- (in German). Tages Anzeiger online. Retrieved 8 August 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/schweiz/standard/schweiz-liefert-ersten-frauenfelder-mafioso-aus/story/19279372">"Schweiz liefert ersten Frauenfelder Mafioso aus"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806171353/http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/schweiz/standard/Schweiz-liefert-ersten-Frauenfelder-Mafioso-aus/story/19279372">Archived</a> 6 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in German). Tages Anzeiger online. Retrieved 8 August 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/unstoppable-spread-of-calabrias-ndrangheta-mafia-sees-outposts-established-in-uk-and-ireland-7876558.html">"'Unstoppable' spread of Calabria's 'ndrangheta mafia sees outposts established in UK and Ireland"</a>. The Independent. 22 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227061937/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/unstoppable-spread-of-calabrias-ndrangheta-mafia-sees-outposts-established-in-uk-and-ireland-7876558.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=%27Unstoppable%27+spread+of+Calabria%27s+%27ndrangheta+mafia+sees+outposts+established+in+UK+and+Ireland&rft.date=2012-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fcrime%2Funstoppable-spread-of-calabrias-ndrangheta-mafia-sees-outposts-established-in-uk-and-ireland-7876558.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL1577828120070815">"Who are the 'Ndrangheta"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200914220726/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL1577828120070815">Archived</a> 14 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, 15 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Laura_Smith-Spark-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laura_Smith-Spark_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laura_Smith-Spark_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Smith-SparkHada_Messia2014" class="citation web cs1">Laura Smith-Spark; Hada Messia (11 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2014/02/11/world/europe/us-italy-mafia-raids/">"Gambino, Bonanno family members held in joint US-Italy anti-mafia raid"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141226214532/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/02/11/world/europe/us-italy-mafia-raids">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gambino%2C+Bonanno+family+members+held+in+joint+US-Italy+anti-mafia+raid&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2014-02-11&rft.au=Laura+Smith-Spark&rft.au=Hada+Messia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2014%2F02%2F11%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fus-italy-mafia-raids%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torontosun.com/2014/02/11/anti-mafia-raids-in-us-and-italy">"Anti-mafia raids in U.S. and Italy"</a>. Toronto Sun. 11 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722061509/http://www.torontosun.com/2014/02/11/anti-mafia-raids-in-us-and-italy">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Sun&rft.atitle=Anti-mafia+raids+in+U.S.+and+Italy&rft.date=2014-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torontosun.com%2F2014%2F02%2F11%2Fanti-mafia-raids-in-us-and-italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/rocco-morabito-prison-escape-mafia-italy-uruguay-ndrangheta-calabria-a8972501.html">"Rocco Morabito: Italian mafia boss escapes prison in Uruguay"</a>. The Independent. 24 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624183615/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/rocco-morabito-prison-escape-mafia-italy-uruguay-ndrangheta-calabria-a8972501.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Rocco+Morabito%3A+Italian+mafia+boss+escapes+prison+in+Uruguay&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Frocco-morabito-prison-escape-mafia-italy-uruguay-ndrangheta-calabria-a8972501.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/programs/atc/features/2002/oct/mafiamusic/">"Songs of the Criminal Life"</a>, NPR, 2 October 2002. Retrieved 8 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100210185537/http://www.npr.org/programs/atc/features/2002/oct/mafiamusic/">Archived</a> 10 September 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerd_Ribbeck" class="citation web cs1">Gerd Ribbeck. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903234225/http://www.malavita.com/">"La musica della Mafia"</a> [The music of the Mafia]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malavita.com/">the original</a> on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+musica+della+Mafia&rft.au=Gerd+Ribbeck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.malavita.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittock2023" class="citation web cs1">Whittock, Jesse (16 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2023/01/berlinale-series-award-deadline-cooperation-world-premieres-1235223384/">"Berlinale Series Unveils Eight World Premieres & TV Jury"</a>. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.atitle=Berlinale+Series+Unveils+Eight+World+Premieres+%26+TV+Jury&rft.date=2023-01-16&rft.aulast=Whittock&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2023%2F01%2Fberlinale-series-award-deadline-cooperation-world-premieres-1235223384%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Behan, Tom (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C_xCyNEQpQQC">The Camorra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105035656/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_xCyNEQpQQC">Archived</a> 5 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, London: Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09987-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-09987-0">0-415-09987-0</a></li> <li>Dickie, John (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd8ctqMyE3EC">Mafia Republic: Italy's Criminal Curse. Cosa Nostra, 'Ndrangheta and Camorra from 1946 to the Present</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105035656/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd8ctqMyE3EC">Archived</a> 5 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, London: Hodder & Stoughton, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444726435" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444726435">978-1444726435</a></li> <li>Gratteri, Nicola & Antonio Nicaso (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TTUWeZBiBrUC">Fratelli di sangue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105035656/https://books.google.com/books?id=TTUWeZBiBrUC">Archived</a> 5 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cosenza: Pellegrini Editore, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8101-373-8" title="Special:BookSources/88-8101-373-8">88-8101-373-8</a> (in Italian)</li> <li>Paoli, Letizia (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mafiabrotherhood0000paol">Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style</a>, New York: Oxford University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515724-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515724-9">0-19-515724-9</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.organized-crime.de/revpao01mafiandrangheta.htm">Review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215127/http://www.organized-crime.de/revpao01mafiandrangheta.htm">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Klaus Von Lampe) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026131902/https://www.ccja-acjp.ca/en/cjcr/cjcr68.html">Review</a> by Alexandra V. Orlova)</li> <li>Truzzolillo, Fabio. "The 'Ndrangheta: the current state of historical research," Modern Italy (August 2011) 16#3 pp. 363–383.</li> <li>Varese, Federico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904043556/http://www.sociology.ox.ac.uk/documents/people/materials/varesef/mafiasmigratelsr_260.pdf">"How Mafias Migrate: The Case of the 'Ndrangheta in Northern Italy."</a> Law & Society Review, June 2006.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicasoLamothe1995" class="citation book cs1">Nicaso, Antonio; Lamothe, Lee (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001206014200/http://www.alternatives.com/crime/ITALMAF.HTML">The Global Mafia: The New World Order of Organized Crime</a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_of_Canada" title="Macmillan of Canada">Macmillan of Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7715-7311-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7715-7311-1"><bdi>0-7715-7311-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternatives.com:80/crime/ITALMAF.HTML">the original</a> on 6 December 2000. Retrieved 21 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Mafia%3A+The+New+World+Order+of+Organized+Crime&rft.pub=Macmillan+of+Canada&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7715-7311-1&rft.aulast=Nicaso&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Lamothe%2C+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alternatives.com%3A80%2Fcrime%2FITALMAF.HTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%27Ndrangheta" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:%27Ndrangheta" title="Template talk:'Ndrangheta"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:%27Ndrangheta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:'Ndrangheta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="&#039;Ndrangheta448" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">'Ndrangheta</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Power_structure">Ranks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capocrimine" title="Capocrimine">Capocrimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capobastone" title="Capobastone">Capobastone</a></li> <li>Trequartino</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangelo" title="Vangelo">Vangelista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Santa" title="La Santa">Santista</a></li> <li>Sgarrista</li> <li>Camorrista</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picciotto_(Mafia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Picciotto (Mafia)">Picciotto</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Regione_Calabria_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Regione_Calabria_3.svg/100px-Regione_Calabria_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Regione_Calabria_3.svg/150px-Regione_Calabria_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Regione_Calabria_3.svg/200px-Regione_Calabria_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Organizational_structure">Organizational structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimine" title="Crimine">Crimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_di_Controllo" title="Camera di Controllo">Camera di Controllo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locale_(%27Ndrangheta)" title="Locale ('Ndrangheta)">Locale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ndrina" title="'Ndrina">'Ndrina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Codes and <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Mafia-related_words" title="Glossary of Mafia-related words">Terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Made_man" title="Made man">Made man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omert%C3%A0" title="Omertà">Omertà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">Faida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_racket" title="Protection racket">Pizzo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%27Ndrina" title="'Ndrina">'Ndrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy/Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbaro_%27ndrina" title="Barbaro 'ndrina">Barbaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellocco_%27ndrina" title="Bellocco 'ndrina">Bellocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataldo_%27ndrina" title="Cataldo 'ndrina">Cataldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commisso_%27ndrina" title="Commisso 'ndrina">Commisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord%C3%AC_%27ndrina" title="Cordì 'ndrina">Cordì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stefano_%27ndrina" title="De Stefano 'ndrina">De Stefano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mancuso_%27ndrina" title="Mancuso 'ndrina">Mancuso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazzaferro_%27ndrina" title="Mazzaferro 'ndrina">Mazzaferro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammoliti_%27ndrina" title="Mammoliti 'ndrina">Mammoliti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papalia_crime_family" title="Papalia crime family">Papalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelle_%27ndrina" title="Pelle 'ndrina">Pelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesce_%27ndrina" title="Pesce 'ndrina">Pesce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piromalli_%27ndrina" title="Piromalli 'ndrina">Piromalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serraino_%27ndrina" title="Serraino 'ndrina">Serraino</a></li> <li>for others see <a href="/wiki/List_of_%27ndrine" title="List of 'ndrine">List of 'ndrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honoured_Society_(Australia)" title="Honoured Society (Australia)">Honoured Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luppino_crime_family" title="Luppino crime family">Luppino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderno_Group" title="Siderno Group">Siderno Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musitano_crime_family" title="Musitano crime family">Musitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papalia_crime_family" title="Papalia crime family">Papalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members (<a href="/wiki/Category:%27Ndranghetisti" title="Category:'Ndranghetisti">Category</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_%27Ndrangheta" title="List of members of the 'Ndrangheta">List of members of the 'Ndrangheta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_%27Ndrangheta_war" title="First 'Ndrangheta war">First 'Ndrangheta war</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_%27Ndrangheta_war" title="Second 'Ndrangheta war">Second 'Ndrangheta war</a> (1985–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste_dumping_by_the_%27Ndrangheta" title="Toxic waste dumping by the 'Ndrangheta">Toxic waste dumping by the 'Ndrangheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luca_feud" title="San Luca feud">San Luca feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Gioia_Tauro" title="Port of Gioia Tauro">Port of Gioia Tauro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antimafia (<a href="/wiki/Category:Antimafia" title="Category:Antimafia">Category</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimafia_Commission" title="Antimafia Commission">Antimafia Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammazzateci_tutti" title="Ammazzateci tutti">Ammazzateci tutti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentito" title="Pentito">Pentito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_victims_of_the_%27Ndrangheta" title="List of victims of the 'Ndrangheta">List of victims of the 'Ndrangheta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:%27Ndrine" title="Template:'Ndrine">'Ndrine Template</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Italy" title="Organized crime in Italy">Organized crime in Italy</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italian-American_Mafia358" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Mafia" title="Template:American Mafia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Mafia" title="Template talk:American Mafia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Mafia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Mafia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italian-American_Mafia358" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">Italian-American Mafia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_Mafia_crime_families" title="List of Italian Mafia crime families">List of Mafia crime families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_bibliography" title="Mafia bibliography">Mafia bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crime_family" title="Crime family">Families</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Five_Families" title="Five Families">Five Families</a> of New York City</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bonanno_crime_family" title="Bonanno crime family">Bonanno</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotroni_crime_family" title="Cotroni crime family">Calabrian group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Motion_Lounge" title="The Motion Lounge">Motion Lounge crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Springville_Boys" title="New Springville Boys">New Springville Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizzuto_crime_family" title="Rizzuto crime family">Sicilian group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colombo_crime_family" title="Colombo crime family">Colombo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Colombo_crime_family" title="Colombo crime family">Colombo</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gambino_crime_family" title="Gambino crime family">Gambino</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Crew" title="Baltimore Crew">Baltimore Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_Park_Boys" title="Ozone Park Boys">Ozone Park Boys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genovese_crime_family" title="Genovese crime family">Genovese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/116th_Street_Crew" title="116th Street Crew">116th Street Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadway_Mob" title="Broadway Mob">Broadway Mob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village_Crew" title="Greenwich Village Crew">Greenwich Village Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genovese_crime_family_New_Jersey_faction" title="Genovese crime family New Jersey faction">New Jersey faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genovese_crime_family_Springfield_faction" title="Genovese crime family Springfield faction">Springfield faction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family" title="Lucchese crime family">Lucchese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family_Brooklyn_faction" title="Lucchese crime family Brooklyn faction">Brooklyn faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family_New_Jersey_faction" title="Lucchese crime family New Jersey faction">New Jersey faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanglewood_Boys" title="Tanglewood Boys">Tanglewood Boys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">East Coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_crime_family" title="Buffalo crime family">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeCavalcante_crime_family" title="DeCavalcante crime family">DeCavalcante</a> (Northern New Jersey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarca_crime_family" title="Patriarca crime family">Patriarca</a> (New England) (<a href="/wiki/Angiulo_brothers" title="Angiulo brothers">Angiulo's Boston crew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_crime_family" title="Philadelphia crime family">Philadelphia</a> (<a href="/wiki/10th_%26_Oregon_Crew" title="10th & Oregon Crew">10th & Oregon Crew</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Midwestern/Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Outfit" title="Chicago Outfit">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Partnership" title="Detroit Partnership">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_crime_family" title="Kansas City crime family">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_crime_family" title="Los Angeles crime family">Los Angeles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Mostly defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bufalino_crime_family" title="Bufalino crime family">Bufalino</a> (Northeastern Pennsylvania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_crime_family" title="Cleveland crime family">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_crime_family" title="Colorado crime family">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_crime_family" title="Dallas crime family">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genna_crime_family" title="Genna crime family">Genna</a> (Chicago)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lanzetta_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lanzetta Brothers">Lanzetta</a> (Philadelphia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morello_crime_family" title="Morello crime family">Morello</a> (Italian Harlem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Aquila_crime_family" title="D'Aquila crime family">D'Aquila</a> (Little Italy, Manhattan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_crime_family" title="New Orleans crime family">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_crime_family" title="Milwaukee crime family">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_crime_family" title="Pittsburgh crime family">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_crime_family" title="Rochester crime family">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_crime_family" title="Rockford crime family">Rockford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_crime_family" title="San Francisco crime family">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_crime_family" title="San Jose crime family">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_crime_family" title="St. Louis crime family">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafficante_crime_family" title="Trafficante crime family">Trafficante</a> (Tampa)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chain of command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Commission_(American_Mafia)" title="The Commission (American Mafia)">The Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_boss" title="Crime boss">Boss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underboss" title="Underboss">Underboss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consigliere" title="Consigliere">Consigliere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caporegime" title="Caporegime">Caporegime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldato" title="Soldato">Soldato</a></li> <li>Associate</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Members (<a href="/wiki/Made_man" title="Made man">made men</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian-American_mobsters" title="List of Italian-American mobsters">List of Italian-American mobsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian-American_mobsters_by_organization" title="List of Italian-American mobsters by organization">List of Italian-American mobsters by organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Mafia-related_words" title="Glossary of Mafia-related words">Terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Initiation_ritual_(mafia)" title="Initiation ritual (mafia)">Initiation ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Made_man" title="Made man">Made man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagman" title="Bagman">Bagman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hand_(extortion)" title="Black Hand (extortion)">Black Hand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hand_(Chicago)" title="Black Hand (Chicago)">Black Hand in Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">Vendetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capo_dei_capi" title="Capo dei capi">Capo dei capi</a> (boss of bosses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustache_Pete" title="Mustache Pete">Mustache Pete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omert%C3%A0" title="Omertà">Omertà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-way_ride" title="One-way ride">One-way ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Family" title="Sixth Family">Sixth Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zips" title="Zips">Zips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City_Conference" title="Atlantic City Conference">Atlantic City Conference</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_Conference" title="Havana Conference">Havana Conference</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachin_meeting" title="Apalachin meeting">Apalachin meeting</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Hotel_et_des_Palmes_Mafia_meeting" title="Grand Hotel et des Palmes Mafia meeting">Palermo Mafia summit</a> (1957)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Hearings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Special_Committee_to_Investigate_Crime_in_Interstate_Commerce" title="United States Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce">Kefauver Committee</a> (1950–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valachi_hearings" title="Valachi hearings">Valachi hearings</a> (1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mafia%E2%80%93Camorra_War" title="Mafia–Camorra War">Mafia–Camorra War</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellammarese_War" title="Castellammarese War">Castellammarese War</a> (1929–1931)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pizza_Connection_Trial" title="Pizza Connection Trial">Pizza Connection Trial</a> (1985–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_Commission_Trial" title="Mafia Commission Trial">Mafia Commission Trial</a> (1985–1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closely related and affiliated organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colacurcio_Organization" title="Colacurcio Organization">Colacurcio Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commisso_%27ndrina" title="Commisso 'ndrina">Commisso 'ndrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotroni_crime_family" title="Cotroni crime family">Cotroni crime family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuntrera-Caruana_Mafia_clan" title="Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan">Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inzerillo_Mafia_clan" title="Inzerillo Mafia clan">Inzerillo Mafia clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-American_organized_crime" title="Jewish-American organized crime">Jewish Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luppino_crime_family" title="Luppino crime family">Luppino crime family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musitano_crime_family" title="Musitano crime family">Musitano crime family</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">'Ndrangheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papalia_crime_family" title="Papalia crime family">Papalia crime family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Greek_Mob" title="Philadelphia Greek Mob">Philadelphia Greek Mob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizzuto_crime_family" title="Rizzuto crime family">Rizzuto crime family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacra_Corona_Unita" title="Sacra Corona Unita">Sacra Corona Unita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderno_Group" title="Siderno Group">Siderno Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stidda" title="Stidda">Stidda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velentzas_Organization" title="Velentzas Organization">Velentzas Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadway_Mob" title="Broadway Mob">Broadway Mob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugs_and_Meyer_Mob" title="Bugs and Meyer Mob">Bugs and Meyer Mob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumpy_Johnson" title="Bumpy Johnson">Bumpy Johnson gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camorra_in_New_York_City" title="Camorra in New York City">New York Camorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Battle_Sr." title="José Miguel Battle Sr.">The Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Council_(drug_syndicate)" title="The Council (drug syndicate)">The Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Schultz" title="Dutch Schultz">Dutch Schultz Mob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Harlem_Purple_Gang" title="East Harlem Purple Gang">East Harlem Purple Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Points_Gang" title="Five Points Gang">Five Points Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty-Two_Gang" title="Forty-Two Gang">Forty-Two Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_National_Union" title="Italian-American National Union">Italian-American National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceo_Organization" title="Maceo Organization">Maceo Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marat_Balagula" title="Marat Balagula">Marat Balagula gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder,_Inc." title="Murder, Inc.">Murder, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Syndicate" title="National Crime Syndicate">National Crime Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Springville_Boys" title="New Springville Boys">New Springville Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaj_Organization" title="Rudaj Organization">Rudaj Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Brooklyn_Boys" title="South Brooklyn Boys">South Brooklyn Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanglewood_Boys" title="Tanglewood Boys">Tanglewood Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unione_Corse" title="Unione Corse">Unione Corse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westies" title="Westies">Westies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Hill_Gang" title="Winter Hill Gang">Winter Hill Gang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Government operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborations_between_the_United_States_government_and_Italian_Mafia" title="Collaborations between the United States government and Italian Mafia">Collaborations between the United States government and Italian Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Family_Secrets" title="Operation Family Secrets">Operation Family Secrets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Old_Bridge" title="Operation Old Bridge">Operation Old Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Solare" title="Operation Solare">Operation Solare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Underworld" title="Operation Underworld">Operation Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wasteland" title="Operation Wasteland">Operation Wasteland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Connection" title="French Connection">French Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hired_Truck_Program" title="Hired Truck Program">Hired Truck Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_heist" title="Lufthansa heist">Lufthansa heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine%27s_Day_Massacre" title="Saint Valentine's Day Massacre">Saint Valentine's Day Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_bombings" title="Rochester bombings">Rochester bombings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_murder" title="Barrel murder">Barrel murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buster_from_Chicago" title="Buster from Chicago">Buster from Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cement_shoes" title="Cement shoes">Cement shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_Man" title="Shotgun Man">Shotgun Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Mafia" title="Category:American Mafia">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organized_crime_groups_in_Europe444" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organized_crime_groups_in_Europe" title="Template:Organized crime groups in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organized_crime_groups_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Organized crime groups in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organized_crime_groups_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organized crime groups in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organized_crime_groups_in_Europe444" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">Organized crime</a> groups in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Balkans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Albanian mafia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_%C3%87ole" title="Gang of Çole">Gang of Çole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Gaxhai" title="Gang of Gaxhai">Gang of Gaxhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Pusi_i_Mezinit" title="Gang of Pusi i Mezinit">Gang of Pusi i Mezinit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_mafia" title="Bulgarian mafia">Bulgarian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Organized crime in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mafia" title="Greek mafia">Greek mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_mafia" title="Montenegrin mafia">Montenegrin mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_mafia" title="Romanian mafia">Romanian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_mafia" title="Serbian mafia">Serbian mafia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zemun_Clan" title="Zemun Clan">Zemun Clan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gangs in the United Kingdom">British Isles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Angels_Motorcycle_Club" title="Blue Angels Motorcycle Club">Blue Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_firms_(organised_crime)" title="British firms (organised crime)">British firms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerkenwell_crime_syndicate" title="Clerkenwell crime syndicate">Clerkenwell crime syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kray_twins" title="Kray twins">Kray firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Crime_Family" title="Lyons Crime Family">Lyons Crime Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Street_Gang" title="Quality Street Gang">Quality Street Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardson_Gang" title="Richardson Gang">Richardson Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_gang" title="Whitney gang">Whitney gang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mob" title="Irish Mob">Irish Mob</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutch_Organized_Crime_Gang" title="Hutch Organized Crime Gang">Hutch Organized Crime Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keane-Collopy" title="Keane-Collopy">Keane-Collopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinahan_Organised_Crime_Group" title="Kinahan Organised Crime Group">Kinahan Organised Crime Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthy-Dundon" title="McCarthy-Dundon">McCarthy-Dundon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Westies_(Irish_gang)" title="The Westies (Irish gang)">Westies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satans_Slaves_Motorcycle_Club" title="Satans Slaves Motorcycle Club">Satans Slaves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Crime in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radovan_Krej%C4%8D%C3%AD%C5%99" title="Radovan Krejčíř">Krejčíř organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Mr%C3%A1zek" title="František Mrázek">Mrázek organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Denmark" title="Crime in Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AK81" title="AK81">AK81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Cobra_(gang)" title="Black Cobra (gang)">Black Cobra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_to_Familia" title="Loyal to Familia">Loyal to Familia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Team" title="X-Team">X-Team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Finland" title="Crime in Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannonball_Motorcycle_Club" title="Cannonball Motorcycle Club">Cannonball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_France" title="Organized crime in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_mafia" title="Corsican mafia">Corsican mafia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_de_la_Brise_de_Mer" title="Gang de la Brise de Mer">Gang de la Brise de Mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Bar_Gang" title="Petit Bar Gang">Petit Bar Gang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieu_(organized_crime_in_France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milieu (organized crime in France)">Milieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_R%C3%A9gional_d%27Action_Viticole" title="Comité Régional d'Action Viticole">Comité Régional d'Action Viticole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized crime in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/36_Boys" title="36 Boys">36 Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zein_crime_family" title="Al-Zein crime family">Al-Zein crime family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jackets" title="Black Jackets">Black Jackets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremium_Motorcycle_Club" title="Gremium Motorcycle Club">Gremium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miri-Clan" title="Miri-Clan">Miri-Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanen_Germania" title="Osmanen Germania">Osmanen Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringvereine" title="Ringvereine">Ringvereine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Italy" title="Organized crime in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banda_della_Magliana" title="Banda della Magliana">Banda della Magliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_della_Comasina" title="Banda della Comasina">Banda della Comasina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilischi" title="Basilischi">Basilischi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamonica_clan" title="Casamonica clan">Casamonica clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala_del_Brenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mala del Brenta">Mala del Brenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_Capitale" title="Mafia Capitale">Mafia Capitale</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">'Ndrangheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacra_Corona_Unita" title="Sacra Corona Unita">Sacra Corona Unita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriati_clan" title="Capriati clan">Capriati clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strisciuglio_clan" title="Strisciuglio clan">Strisciuglio clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_banditry" title="Sardinian banditry">Sardinian banditry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonima_sarda" title="Anonima sarda">Anonima sarda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_foggiana" title="Società foggiana">Società foggiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stidda" title="Stidda">Stidda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Uno_Gang" title="White Uno Gang">White Uno Gang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_the_Netherlands" title="Organized crime in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_Boys" title="Hopi Boys">Hopi Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Surrender_Motorcycle_Club" title="No Surrender Motorcycle Club">No Surrender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penose" class="mw-redirect" title="Penose">Penose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satudarah" title="Satudarah">Satudarah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Poland" title="Crime in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w_mafia" title="Pruszków mafia">Pruszków mafia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slovakia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_mafia" title="Slovak mafia">Slovak mafia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician mafia">Galician mafia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Charlines" title="Los Charlines">Los Charlines</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Sweden" title="Organized crime in Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B6draskapet" title="Brödraskapet">Brödraskapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6dspatrullen" title="Dödspatrullen">Dödspatrullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxtrot_(criminal_network)" title="Foxtrot (criminal network)">Foxtrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fucked_For_Life" title="Fucked For Life">Fucked For Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naserligan" title="Naserligan">Naserligan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_Gangsters_(gang)" title="Original Gangsters (gang)">Original Gangsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4ljen%C3%A4tverket" title="Södertäljenätverket">Södertäljenätverket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Soviet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mafia" title="Armenian mafia">Armenian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_mafia" title="Azerbaijani mafia">Azerbaijani mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_mafia" title="Chechen mafia">Chechen mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mafia" title="Georgian mafia">Georgian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_mafia" title="Russian mafia">Russian mafia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brothers%27_Circle" title="Brothers' Circle">Brothers' Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orekhovskaya_gang" title="Orekhovskaya gang">Orekhovskaya gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solntsevskaya_Bratva" title="Solntsevskaya Bratva">Solntsevskaya Bratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambovskaya_Bratva" title="Tambovskaya Bratva">Tambovskaya Bratva</a></li> <li><a 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0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/187147118205026341238">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/793687/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4332249-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2016039015">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12387172f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12387172f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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