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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Raymond Thayer Birge</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Raymond_T._Birge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Portrait_of_Raymond_T._Birge.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Raymond_T._Birge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Portrait_of_Raymond_T._Birge.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Raymond_T._Birge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Portrait_of_Raymond_T._Birge.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Raymond_T._Birge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Birge in 1954</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">March 13, 1887<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 22, 1980<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1980-03-23</span>)</span> (aged 93)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Raymond Thayer Birge</b> (March 13, 1887 – March 22, 1980) was an American <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Thayer_Birge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a>, into a family of academic scientists, Birge obtained his doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin</a> in 1913. In the same year he married Irene A. Walsh. The Birges had two children, Carolyn Elizabeth (Mrs. E. D. Yocky) and Robert Walsh,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Associate Director of the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a> in 1973-1981. After five years as an instructor at <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a>, he became a member of the physics department at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, where he remained until he retired, as chairman, in 1955. </p><p>On his arrival at Berkeley, Birge sought collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_College_of_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkeley College of Chemistry">Berkeley College of Chemistry</a>, then under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Gilbert N. Lewis</a>. However, Birge's championing of the <a href="/wiki/Bohr_model" title="Bohr model">Bohr atom</a> led him into conflict with the chemists who defended <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Lewis</a>' earlier theory of the <a href="/wiki/Cubical_atom" title="Cubical atom">cubical atom</a>. Birge was unafraid of scientific controversy and persevered with his course on atomic structure, attracting future <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Laureate">Nobel Laureates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Giauque" class="mw-redirect" title="William Francis Giauque">William Francis Giauque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Clayton_Urey" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Clayton Urey">Harold Clayton Urey</a>. His work on <a href="/wiki/Molecular_spectra" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular spectra">molecular spectra</a> included the development of the <a href="/wiki/Birge-Sponer_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Birge-Sponer method">Birge-Sponer method</a>, which was later generalized by the <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._LeRoy" title="Robert J. LeRoy">LeRoy-Bernstein theory</a>. </p><p>Birge's later work arose from his initial bewilderment at the variety and inconsistency among measurements of the <a href="/wiki/Dimensionless_physical_constant" title="Dimensionless physical constant">fundamental physical constants</a>. His interest led to a broad mastery of all branches of the physical sciences and gave fruit with many publications, in particular, a 1929 paper in <i><a href="/wiki/Reviews_of_Modern_Physics" title="Reviews of Modern Physics">Reviews of Modern Physics</a></i> that recommended a standard set of values for the constants based on earlier published results. There ensued a frustration with the conventional methods of <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> as applied in <a href="/wiki/Physical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical science">physical science</a> which led to a collaboration with <a href="/wiki/W._Edwards_Deming" title="W. Edwards Deming">W. Edwards Deming</a>. Following their 1934 joint paper<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <i>Reviews of Modern Physics</i>, their approaches diverged with <a href="/wiki/W._Edwards_Deming" title="W. Edwards Deming">Deming</a> following the work of <a href="/wiki/Walter_A._Shewhart" title="Walter A. Shewhart">Walter A. Shewhart</a> while Birge became interested in the more conventional statistical approaches of <a href="/wiki/Least_squares" title="Least squares">least squares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maximum_likelihood" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum likelihood">maximum likelihood</a>. Birge's interest in <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> led him to the investigation of <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a> in which he conducted many experiments without finding any conclusive results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership_of_Berkeley_Physics_Department">Leadership of Berkeley Physics Department</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Thayer_Birge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Leadership of Berkeley Physics Department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birge was an active administrator and was the architect of the department's prestige, seeking out physicists such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a> and guiding the department through its golden years of the 1930s and through the changes brought on by <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, and the birth of "<a href="/wiki/Big_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Science">Big Science</a>." </p><p>In the late 1930s, Birge opposed the creation of an assistant professorship for <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer's</a> associate <a href="/wiki/Robert_Serber" title="Robert Serber">Robert Serber</a>, writing another colleague that "one Jew in the department is enough."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Oppenheimer and Serber were Jewish. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/McCarthy_era" class="mw-redirect" title="McCarthy era">McCarthy era</a> in 1949, the <a href="/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Regents of the University of California">Regents of the University of California</a> enforced an anti-<a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> oath to be signed by all employees. Though an outspoken critic of the oath,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> after much searching of conscience, Birge decided that his loyalty to the department and the university demanded that he sign and fight from within for <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>. Many of his colleagues did not sign and were dismissed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_honors">Death and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Thayer_Birge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Death and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birge died in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>. His honors include: </p> <ul><li>President of the <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a>;</li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>Honorary degree of LLD from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.</li></ul> <p>In December 1964, the new physics building on <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkeley campus">Berkeley campus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Birge_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birge Hall (page does not exist)">Birge Hall</a>, was dedicated to Raymond Birge.<sup id="cite_ref-mcmilan_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcmilan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Thayer_Birge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHelmholz,_A._Carl1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._Carl_Helmholz" title="A. Carl Helmholz">Helmholz, A. Carl</a> (August 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2914232">"Obituary: Raymond Thayer Birge"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>33</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">68–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980PhT....33h..68H">1980PhT....33h..68H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2914232">10.1063/1.2914232</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Raymond+Thayer+Birge&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1980-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2914232&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980PhT....33h..68H&rft.au=Helmholz%2C+A.+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1063%252F1.2914232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Thayer+Birge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbl.gov/publicinfo/newscenter/tabl/2010/august/08-31-10/jump.html">"Robert Walsh Birge (1924–2010)"</a>. <i>Today at Berkeley Lab</i>. Aug 31, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Today+at+Berkeley+Lab&rft.atitle=Robert+Walsh+Birge+%281924%E2%80%932010%29&rft.date=2010-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbl.gov%2Fpublicinfo%2Fnewscenter%2Ftabl%2F2010%2Faugust%2F08-31-10%2Fjump.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Thayer+Birge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeming,_W._EdwardsBirge,_Raymond_T.1934" class="citation journal cs1">Deming, W. Edwards; Birge, Raymond T. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/327281/files/GradSchoolTheoryErrors.pdf">"On the Statistical Theory of Errors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rev. Mod. Phys</i>. <b>6</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">119–</span>161. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1934RvMP....6..119D">1934RvMP....6..119D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.6.119">10.1103/RevModPhys.6.119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rev.+Mod.+Phys.&rft.atitle=On+the+Statistical+Theory+of+Errors&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.6.119&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1934RvMP....6..119D&rft.au=Deming%2C+W.+Edwards&rft.au=Birge%2C+Raymond+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fageconsearch.umn.edu%2Frecord%2F327281%2Ffiles%2FGradSchoolTheoryErrors.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Thayer+Birge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird, Kai and Sherwin, Martin T., "American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer", Vintage Books, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-72626-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-72626-2">978-0-375-72626-2</a>; page 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/member-search-results.html?last_name_for_filter=birge">"Member Search Results"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Member+Search+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fmember-search-results.html%3Flast_name_for_filter%3Dbirge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Thayer+Birge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Raymond+Birge&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DRaymond%2BBirge%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Thayer+Birge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcmilan-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcmilan_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcMillan" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">McMillan, E. M.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quantum-chemistry-history.com/Birge1.htm#yyy">"Raymond T. Birge - Biography"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raymond+T.+Birge+-+Biography&rft.aulast=McMillan&rft.aufirst=E.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quantum-chemistry-history.com%2FBirge1.htm%23yyy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Thayer+Birge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Thayer_Birge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quantum-chemistry-history.com/Birge1.htm">Berkeley biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf0q2n985c/">Guide to the Raymond Thayer Birge Papers</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Bancroft_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bancroft Library">The Bancroft Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/birge-raymond-t-1.pdf">National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Gordon_Webster" title="Arthur Gordon Webster">Arthur Gordon Webster</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Barus" title="Carl Barus">Carl Barus</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leamington_Nichols" title="Edward Leamington Nichols">Edward Leamington Nichols</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crew" title="Henry Crew">Henry Crew</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Magie" title="William Francis Magie">William Francis Magie</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Osgood_Peirce" title="Benjamin Osgood Peirce">Benjamin Osgood Peirce</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Merritt" title="Ernest Merritt">Ernest Merritt</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Bumstead" title="Henry A. Bumstead">Henry A. Bumstead</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sweetman_Ames" title="Joseph Sweetman Ames">Joseph Sweetman Ames</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Lyman_IV" title="Theodore Lyman IV">Theodore Lyman</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin_Mendenhall" title="Thomas Corwin Mendenhall">Thomas Corwin Mendenhall</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Miller" title="Dayton Miller">Dayton Miller</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Taylor_Compton" title="Karl Taylor Compton">Karl Taylor Compton</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gale_(astrophysicist)" title="Henry Gale (astrophysicist)">Henry Gale</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Gray_Swann" title="William Francis Gray Swann">William Francis Gray Swann</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Foote" title="Paul D. Foote">Paul D. Foote</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Wood" title="Robert W. Wood">Robert W. Wood</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_K._Richtmyer" title="Floyd K. Richtmyer">Floyd K. Richtmyer</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_M._Randall" title="Harrison M. Randall">Harrison M. Randall</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_James_Briggs" title="Lyman James Briggs">Lyman James Briggs</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Torrence_Tate_Sr." title="John Torrence Tate Sr.">John Torrence Tate Sr.</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zeleny" title="John Zeleny">John Zeleny</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Stewart" title="George W. Stewart">George Stewart</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hull" title="Albert W. Hull">Albert W. Hull</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jeffrey_Dempster" title="Arthur Jeffrey Dempster">Arthur Jeffrey Dempster</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Fletcher" title="Harvey Fletcher">Harvey Fletcher</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Condon" title="Edward Condon">Edward Condon</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Alvin_DuBridge" title="Lee Alvin DuBridge">Lee Alvin DuBridge</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wheeler_Loomis" title="Francis Wheeler Loomis">Francis Wheeler Loomis</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Christian_Lauritsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Christian Lauritsen">Charles Christian Lauritsen</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">John Hasbrouck Van Vleck</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">H. Bethe</a> (1954)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raymond Thayer Birge</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">E. Wigner</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Beams" title="Jesse Beams">Jesse Beams</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_V._Houston" title="William V. Houston">William V. Houston</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harry_Williams" title="John Harry Williams">John Harry Williams</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Felix Bloch</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Walter Alvarez</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Mills Purcell</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Serber" title="Robert Serber">Robert Serber</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_M._Morse" title="Philip M. Morse">Philip M. Morse</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Mayer" title="Joseph Edward Mayer">Joseph Edward Mayer</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pief_Panofsky" title="Pief Panofsky">Pief Panofsky</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William A. Fowler</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pake" title="George Pake">George Pake</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_M._Branscomb" title="Lewis M. Branscomb">Lewis M. Branscomb</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Arthur Leonard Schawlow</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Marshak" title="Robert Marshak">Robert Marshak</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert R. Wilson</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Drell" title="Sidney Drell">Sidney Drell</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Logsdon Fitch</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Krumhansl" title="James A. Krumhansl">James A. Krumhansl</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Merzbacher" title="Eugen Merzbacher">Eugen Merzbacher</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_M._Henley" title="Ernest M. Henley">Ernest M. Henley</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_N._Langenberg" title="Donald N. Langenberg">Donald N. Langenberg</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Kumar_N._Patel" title="C. Kumar N. Patel">C. Kumar Patel</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">J.R. Schrieffer</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Allan_Bromley" title="D. Allan Bromley">D. Allan Bromley</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sessler" title="Andrew Sessler">Andrew Sessler</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Jerome Isaac Friedman</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Langer" title="James S. Langer">James S. Langer</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Trilling" title="George Trilling">George Trilling</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Brinkman" title="William F. Brinkman">William F. Brinkman</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Sarachik" title="Myriam Sarachik">Myriam Sarachik</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Quinn" title="Helen Quinn">Helen Quinn</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Cohen" title="Marvin L. Cohen">Marvin L. Cohen</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">John Hopfield</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bienenstock" title="Arthur Bienenstock">Arthur Bienenstock</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_A._Murray" title="Cherry A. Murray">Cherry A. Murray</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Callan" title="Curtis Callan">Curtis Callan</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barry Barish</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Byer" title="Robert L. Byer">Robert L. Byer</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Turner" title="Michael S. Turner">Michael S. Turner</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Beasley" title="Malcolm Beasley">Malcolm R. Beasley</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Aronson" title="Sam Aronson">Sam Aronson</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Neal" title="Homer Neal">Homer Neal</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Greene_(physicist)" title="Laura Greene (physicist)">Laura Greene</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Falcone" title="Roger Falcone">Roger Falcone</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">David Gross</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Bucksbaum" title="Philip H. Bucksbaum">Philip H. 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