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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">19th-century event in the Levant</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_aus_der_Vogelschau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jerusalem_aus_der_Vogelschau.jpg/220px-Jerusalem_aus_der_Vogelschau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jerusalem_aus_der_Vogelschau.jpg/330px-Jerusalem_aus_der_Vogelschau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jerusalem_aus_der_Vogelschau.jpg/440px-Jerusalem_aus_der_Vogelschau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9920" data-file-height="7264" /></a><figcaption>Jerusalem in 1873, shown in three dimensions.</figcaption></figure> <p>The expansion of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> outside of the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a> walls, which included shifting the city center to the new neighborhoods, started in the mid-19th century and by the early 20th century had entirely transformed the city. Prior to the 19th century, the main built up areas outside the walls were the complex around King <a href="/wiki/David%27s_Tomb" title="David's Tomb">David's Tomb</a> on the southern <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Zion</a>, and the village of <a href="/wiki/Silwan" title="Silwan">Silwan</a>. </p><p>In the mid-19th century, with an area of only one square kilometer, the Old City had become overcrowded and unsanitary, with rental prices on a constant rise.<sup id="cite_ref-valero_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valero-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1850s, following the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, institutions including the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Compound" title="Russian Compound">Russian Compound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerem_Avraham" title="Kerem Avraham">Kerem Avraham</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Schneller_Orphanage" title="Schneller Orphanage">Schneller Orphanage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_University_College" title="Jerusalem University College">Bishop Gobat school</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mishkenot_Sha%27ananim" title="Mishkenot Sha'ananim">Mishkenot Sha'ananim</a> compound, marked the beginning of permanent settlement outside Jerusalem's Old City walls.<sup id="cite_ref-valero_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valero-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kark2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kark2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expansion_of_Jerusalem_in_the_19th_century&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1855, Johann Ludwig Schneller, a Lutheran missionary who came to Jerusalem at the age of 34, bought a plot of land outside the Old City walls when the area was a complete wilderness. He built a house there but was forced to move his family back inside the walls after several attacks by marauders. When the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> erected outposts along <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Road" title="Jaffa Road">Jaffa Road</a>, between Jerusalem and the port city of <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, and armed guards on horseback patrolled the road, the family returned.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The public institutions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2020)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> were followed by the development of two philanthropically supported Jewish neighborhoods, <a href="/wiki/Mishkenot_Sha%E2%80%99ananim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishkenot Sha’ananim">Mishkenot Sha’ananim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahane_Israel" title="Mahane Israel">Mahane Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-valero_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valero-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handbook_map_of_Jerusalem_Reduced_from_the_Ordnance_Survey_-_Edwd._Weller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Handbook_map_of_Jerusalem_Reduced_from_the_Ordnance_Survey_-_Edwd._Weller.jpg/220px-Handbook_map_of_Jerusalem_Reduced_from_the_Ordnance_Survey_-_Edwd._Weller.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Handbook_map_of_Jerusalem_Reduced_from_the_Ordnance_Survey_-_Edwd._Weller.jpg/330px-Handbook_map_of_Jerusalem_Reduced_from_the_Ordnance_Survey_-_Edwd._Weller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Handbook_map_of_Jerusalem_Reduced_from_the_Ordnance_Survey_-_Edwd._Weller.jpg/440px-Handbook_map_of_Jerusalem_Reduced_from_the_Ordnance_Survey_-_Edwd._Weller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>1865 map of Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mishkenot_Sha%E2%80%99ananim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishkenot Sha’ananim">Mishkenot Sha’ananim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">משכנות שאננים</span>) was the first <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> neighborhood built outside the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem, on a hill directly across from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Zion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary-mishkenot_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary-mishkenot-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was built by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Moses_Montefiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Moses Montefiore">Sir Moses Montefiore</a> in 1860 as an almshouse, paid for by the estate of a wealthy Jew from <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judah_Touro" title="Judah Touro">Judah Touro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-People_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-People-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since it was outside the walls and open to <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> raids, pillage and general banditry rampant in the region at the time, the Jews were reluctant to move in, even though the housing was luxurious compared to the derelict and overcrowded houses in the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an incentive, people were paid to live there, and a wall was built around the compound with a heavy door that was locked at night.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the neighborhood was taken from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> 32:18: "My people will abide in <i>peaceful habitation</i>, in secure dwellings and in quiet resting places."<sup id="cite_ref-People_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-People-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mahane_Israel" title="Mahane Israel">Mahane Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>: מחנה ישראל), founded in 1867, was the second Jewish neighborhood to be built outside the walls of the Old City.<sup id="cite_ref-Rennert_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rennert-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahane Israel was a "communal neighborhood" and was built by and for <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi Jews</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nahalat_Shiv%27a" title="Nahalat Shiv'a">Nahalat Shiv'a</a> was the third residential neighborhood built outside the city walls. It was founded in 1869 as a cooperative effort by seven Jerusalem families who pooled their funds to purchase the land and build homes. Lots were cast and <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Rivlin" title="Yosef Rivlin">Yosef Rivlin</a> won the right to build the first house in the neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-Rennert_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rennert-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The neighborhoods that make up the <a href="/wiki/Nachlaot" title="Nachlaot">Nachlaot</a> district were established outside the walls in the late 1870s. The first was Mishkenot Yisrael, built in 1875. The name comes from a biblical verse (Numbers 24:5): "How goodly are thy tents, O Jacob/Thy dwellings, O Israel." <a href="/wiki/Mazkeret_Moshe" title="Mazkeret Moshe">Mazkeret Moshe</a> was founded by Sir <a href="/wiki/Moses_Montefiore" title="Moses Montefiore">Moses Montefiore</a> in 1882 as an <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> neighborhood. <a href="/wiki/Nachlaot" title="Nachlaot">Ohel Moshe</a> is a Sephardi neighborhood established alongside it.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1875, <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Beck" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Beck">Nissan Beck</a> founded the Jewish neighborhood <a href="/wiki/Kirya_Ne%27emana" title="Kirya Ne'emana">Kirya Ne'emana</a>, popularly known as <i>Batei Nissan Bak</i> ("Nissan Beck Houses").<sup id="cite_ref-Streets_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Streets-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beck bought the land and paid for the construction of the neighborhood, opposite the <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Gate" title="Damascus Gate">Damascus Gate</a> of the Old City, under the auspices of Kollel Vohlin.<sup id="cite_ref-arieh_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arieh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The neighborhood was originally intended for <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> Jews, but due to lack of financing, only 30 of the planned 60 houses were constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-arieh_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arieh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder of the land was apportioned to several other groups: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Jews">Iraqi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1890s another neighborhood, Eshel Avraham, was erected next to Kirya Ne'emana for <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Caucasian Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nahalat_Shimon" title="Nahalat Shimon">Nahalat Shimon</a> was founded in 1891 by <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> Jewish <a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollels</a>, to house poor Yemenite and Sephardic Jews. The land was purchased in 1890 and the first homes were built soon after, housing 20 impoverished families.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cornerstone of the neighborhood was laid in 1890, near the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Simeon_the_Just" title="Tomb of Simeon the Just">Tomb of Simeon the Just</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expansion_of_Jerusalem_in_the_19th_century&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on <i>Jerusalem and Its Environs: Quarters, Neighborhoods, Villages, 1800–1948</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kark" title="Ruth Kark">Ruth Kark</a> and Michal Oren-Nordheim (2001). The years refer to the time the neighbourhoods actually started being inhabited, not the land purchase and construction phase.<sup id="cite_ref-Kark2001_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kark2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1853: the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Gobat_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop Gobat School">Bishop Gobat School</a> (est. 1847) moves to a building next to the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion_Cemetery,_Jerusalem" title="Mount Zion Cemetery, Jerusalem">Protestant Mount Zion Cemetery</a></li> <li>1855: British Consul <a href="/wiki/James_Finn" title="James Finn">James Finn</a> builds the main house at Abraham's Vineyard (Hebrew: <a href="/wiki/Kerem_Avraham" title="Kerem Avraham">Kerem Avraham</a>), the farm he established for Jewish Jerusalemites</li> <li>1855–1856: Johann Ludwig Schneller builds himself a family house, the nucleus of the Syrian Orphanage or <a href="/wiki/Schneller_Orphanage" title="Schneller Orphanage">Schneller Orphanage</a>, which would take shape in 1860–61</li> <li>1860: the <a href="/wiki/Mishkenot_Sha%27ananim" title="Mishkenot Sha'ananim">Mishkenot Sha'ananim</a> Jewish neighbourhood is built by Moses Montefiore</li> <li>1860–1864: the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Compound" title="Russian Compound">Russian Compound</a>'s first building, the women's hospice is being built, followed until 1903 by all the rest</li> <li>1864: Aga Rashid <a href="/wiki/Nashashibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashashibi">Nashashibi</a> builds his residence, now known as <a href="/wiki/Ticho_House" title="Ticho House">Ticho House</a></li> <li>1865–1879: the <a href="/wiki/Mahane_Israel" title="Mahane Israel">Mahaneh Yisra'el</a> Jewish neighbourhood</li> <li>1865–1890s: the Husaini Neighborhood, Muslim Arab, starting in 1865–76 with the villa of Rabbah Effendi al-Husaini</li> <li>1869: the <a href="/wiki/Nahalat_Shiv%27a" title="Nahalat Shiv'a">Nahalat Shiv'a</a> Jewish neighbourhood</li> <li>1870s: the Mas'udiya Muslim Arab neighbourhood</li> <li>1872–1876: the "Georgian Houses" Jewish neighbourhood facing <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Gate" title="Damascus Gate">Damascus Gate</a></li> <li>1873: the <a href="/wiki/German_Colony,_Jerusalem" title="German Colony, Jerusalem">German Colony</a> gets started with individual houses; the Templer colony follows in 1878</li> <li>1873: the <a href="/wiki/Beit_David" title="Beit David">Beit David</a> Jewish neighbourhood (Yanover Houses)</li> <li>1874–1875: the <a href="/wiki/Mea_Shearim" title="Mea Shearim">Mea Shearim</a> Jewish neighbourhood</li> <li>1875: the <a href="/wiki/Even_Yisrael_(neighborhood)" title="Even Yisrael (neighborhood)">Even Yisrael</a> Jewish neighbourhood, now part of <a href="/wiki/Nachlaot" title="Nachlaot">Nachlaot</a></li> <li>1875–1876: the Mishkenot Yisrael Jewish neighbourhood, now part of Nachlaot</li> <li>1880s: the Deir <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tor" title="Abu Tor">Abu Tor</a> mixed Arab neighbourhood</li> <li>1880s: the Catholic "French Colony": Saint-Louis Hospital (1881–1883), <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Our_Lady_of_Jerusalem" title="Chapel of Our Lady of Jerusalem">Notre Dame de France Hospice</a> (1888–1904)</li> <li>1882: the <a href="/wiki/American_Colony,_Jerusalem" title="American Colony, Jerusalem">American-Swedish Colony</a>, Christian Protestant</li> <li>1882: the <a href="/wiki/Mazkeret_Moshe" title="Mazkeret Moshe">Mazkeret Moshe</a> Jewish neighbourhood, now part of Nachlaot</li> <li>1882: the Ohel Moshe Jewish neighbourhood, now part of Nachlaot</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expansion_of_Jerusalem_in_the_19th_century&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mishkenot_Sha%27ananim_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mishkenot Sha'ananim guesthouse, restored historical building"><img alt="Mishkenot Sha'ananim guesthouse, restored historical building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mishkenot_Sha%27ananim_1.jpg/120px-Mishkenot_Sha%27ananim_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mishkenot_Sha%27ananim_1.jpg/180px-Mishkenot_Sha%27ananim_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mishkenot_Sha%27ananim_1.jpg/240px-Mishkenot_Sha%27ananim_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mishkenot_Sha%27ananim" title="Mishkenot Sha'ananim">Mishkenot Sha'ananim</a> guesthouse, restored historical building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_3988_stairs_street_jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nachlaot, Street of the Stairs, Nahalat Ahim"><img alt="Nachlaot, Street of the Stairs, Nahalat Ahim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/PikiWiki_Israel_3988_stairs_street_jerusalem.jpg/120px-PikiWiki_Israel_3988_stairs_street_jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/PikiWiki_Israel_3988_stairs_street_jerusalem.jpg/180px-PikiWiki_Israel_3988_stairs_street_jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/PikiWiki_Israel_3988_stairs_street_jerusalem.jpg/240px-PikiWiki_Israel_3988_stairs_street_jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nachlaot" title="Nachlaot">Nachlaot</a>, Street of the Stairs, Nahalat Ahim</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerem_Avraham,_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kerem Avraham, The Christian entrance, founded in 1855."><img alt="Kerem Avraham, The Christian entrance, founded in 1855." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kerem_Avraham%2C_entrance.jpg/120px-Kerem_Avraham%2C_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kerem_Avraham%2C_entrance.jpg/180px-Kerem_Avraham%2C_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kerem_Avraham%2C_entrance.jpg/240px-Kerem_Avraham%2C_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="985" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kerem_Avraham" title="Kerem Avraham">Kerem Avraham</a>, The Christian entrance, founded in 1855.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1971-04-28_Jeruzalem_-_Meah_Shearim_foto_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Meah Shearim, The fifth neighberhood built outside of the old city."><img alt="Meah Shearim, The fifth neighberhood built outside of the old city." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/1971-04-28_Jeruzalem_-_Meah_Shearim_foto_4.jpg/80px-1971-04-28_Jeruzalem_-_Meah_Shearim_foto_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/1971-04-28_Jeruzalem_-_Meah_Shearim_foto_4.jpg/120px-1971-04-28_Jeruzalem_-_Meah_Shearim_foto_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/1971-04-28_Jeruzalem_-_Meah_Shearim_foto_4.jpg/161px-1971-04-28_Jeruzalem_-_Meah_Shearim_foto_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3325" data-file-height="4965" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mea_Shearim" title="Mea Shearim">Meah Shearim</a>, The fifth neighberhood built outside of the old city.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expansion_of_Jerusalem_in_the_19th_century&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-valero-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-valero_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-valero_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-valero_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGlassKark2007" class="citation book cs1">Glass, Joseph B.; <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kark" title="Ruth Kark">Kark, Ruth</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b7s2IVZe3dQC&pg=PA174"><i>Sephardi entrepreneurs in Jerusalem: the Valero family 1800-1948</i></a>. Jerusalem: <a href="/wiki/Gefen_Publishing_House" title="Gefen Publishing House">Gefen Publishing House</a>. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789652293961" title="Special:BookSources/9789652293961"><bdi>9789652293961</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sephardi+entrepreneurs+in+Jerusalem%3A+the+Valero+family+1800-1948&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Gefen+Publishing+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789652293961&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Joseph+B.&rft.au=Kark%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db7s2IVZe3dQC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpansion+of+Jerusalem+in+the+19th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kark2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kark2001_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kark2001_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarkOren-Nordheim2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kark" title="Ruth Kark">Kark, Ruth</a>; Oren-Nordheim, Michal (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KzOAxmHDzHUC&pg=PA74"><i>Jerusalem and Its Environs: Quarters, Neighborhoods, Villages, 1800-1948</i></a>. Israel studies in historical geography. <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press" title="Wayne State University Press">Wayne State University Press</a>. pp. 74, table on p.82-86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814329092" title="Special:BookSources/9780814329092"><bdi>9780814329092</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>The beginning of construction outside the Jerusalem Old City in the mid-19th century was linked to the changing relations between the Ottoman government and the European powers. After the Crimean War, various rights and privileges were extended to non-Muslims who now enjoyed greater tolerance and more security of life and property. All of this directly influenced the expansion of Jerusalem beyond the city walls. From the mid-1850s to the early 1860s, several new buildings rose outside the walls, among them the mission house of the English consul, <a href="/wiki/James_Finn" title="James Finn">James Finn</a>, in what came to be known as Abraham's Vineyard (<a href="/wiki/Kerem_Avraham" title="Kerem Avraham">Kerem Avraham</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_University_College" title="Jerusalem University College">Protestant school built</a> by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gobat" title="Samuel Gobat">Samuel Gobat</a> on Mount Zion; the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Compound" title="Russian Compound">Russian Compound</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Mishkenot_Sha%27ananim" title="Mishkenot Sha'ananim">Mishkenot Sha'ananim</a> houses; and the Schneller Orphanage complex. These complexes were all built by foreigners, with funds from abroad, as semi-autonomous compounds encompassed by walls and with gates that were closed at night. Their appearance was European, and they stood out against the Middle-Eastern-style buildings of Palestine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+and+Its+Environs%3A+Quarters%2C+Neighborhoods%2C+Villages%2C+1800-1948&rft.series=Israel+studies+in+historical+geography&rft.pages=74%2C+table+on+p.82-86&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780814329092&rft.aulast=Kark&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Oren-Nordheim%2C+Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKzOAxmHDzHUC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpansion+of+Jerusalem+in+the+19th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224040407/http://www.jposttravel.com/jerusalem_tours/Aguide-Jerusalem1108.html">"A guide to buildings in Jerusalem"</a>. Aviva Bar-Am for <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jposttravel.com/jerusalem_tours/Aguide-Jerusalem1108.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+guide+to+buildings+in+Jerusalem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jposttravel.com%2Fjerusalem_tours%2FAguide-Jerusalem1108.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpansion+of+Jerusalem+in+the+19th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary-mishkenot-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary-mishkenot_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716180640/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_%26_Culture/geo/mishkenot.html">"Mishkenot Sha'ananim"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_%26_Culture/geo/mishkenot.html">the original</a> on 2012-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mishkenot+Sha%27ananim&rft.pub=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FSociety_%2526_Culture%2Fgeo%2Fmishkenot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpansion+of+Jerusalem+in+the+19th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-People-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-People_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-People_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudman1982" class="citation book cs1">Dudman, Helga (1982). <i>Street People</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>/<a href="/wiki/Carta_Jerusalem" title="Carta Jerusalem">Carta</a> (1st ed.), <a href="/wiki/Hippocrene_Books" title="Hippocrene Books">Hippocrene Books</a> (2nd ed.). pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-220-039-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-220-039-6"><bdi>978-965-220-039-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Street+People&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=The+Jerusalem+Post%2FCarta+%281st+ed.%29%2C+Hippocrene+Books+%282nd+ed.%29&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-965-220-039-6&rft.aulast=Dudman&rft.aufirst=Helga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpansion+of+Jerusalem+in+the+19th+century" class="Z3988"></span> Not available on Google Books as of August 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120803010830/http://www.islamic-architecture.info/A-HIST-JER5.htm">"Jerusalem architectural history"</a>. islamic-architecture.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-architecture.info/A-HIST-JER5.htm">the original</a> on 2012-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+architectural+history&rft.pub=islamic-architecture.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-architecture.info%2FA-HIST-JER5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpansion+of+Jerusalem+in+the+19th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091222184743/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/noar/sites/yeminmosh.htm">"Yemin Moshe and Mishkenot Sha'ananim"</a>. Pinhas Baraq for <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish Agency for Israel">The Jewish Agency for Israel</a>'s Department for Jewish Zionist Education. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jafi.org.il/education/noar/sites/yeminmosh.htm">the original</a> on 2009-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemin+Moshe+and+Mishkenot+Sha%27ananim&rft.pub=Pinhas+Baraq+for+The+Jewish+Agency+for+Israel%27s+Department+for+Jewish+Zionist+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jafi.org.il%2Feducation%2Fnoar%2Fsites%2Fyeminmosh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpansion+of+Jerusalem+in+the+19th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rennert-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rennert_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rennert_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_11.html">"The Dawn of Modernity - The Beginnings of the New City"</a>. <i>Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City (course outline)</i>. Ramat Gan: Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies, Bar-Ilan University. 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem%3A+Life+Throughout+the+Ages+in+a+Holy+City+%28course+outline%29&rft.atitle=The+Dawn+of+Modernity+-+The+Beginnings+of+the+New+City&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.biu.ac.il%2Fjs%2Frennert%2Fhistory_11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpansion+of+Jerusalem+in+the+19th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Archaeology/jerott.html">"Jerusalem Architecture in the late Ottoman Period"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+Architecture+in+the+late+Ottoman+Period&rft.pub=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FArchaeology%2Fjerott.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpansion+of+Jerusalem+in+the+19th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Streets-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Streets_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yqXXD_74yAEC"><i>The Streets of Jerusalem: Who, What, why</i></a>. Devora Publishing. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1932687548" title="Special:BookSources/1932687548"><bdi>1932687548</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Streets+of+Jerusalem%3A+Who%2C+What%2C+why&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Devora+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1932687548&rft.aulast=Eisenberg&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyqXXD_74yAEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpansion+of+Jerusalem+in+the+19th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arieh-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arieh_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arieh_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Arieh1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ben-Arieh, Yehoshua (1979). <bdi lang="he">עיר בראי תקופה: ירושלים החדשה בראשיתה</bdi> [<i>A City Reflected in its Times: New Jerusalem – The Beginnings</i>] (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Publications. p. 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99+%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94%3A+%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%94&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Yad+Izhak+Ben-Zvi+Publications&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Ben-Arieh&rft.aufirst=Yehoshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpansion+of+Jerusalem+in+the+19th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossoff2001" class="citation book cs1">Rossoff, Dovid (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zhdp9btWGWQC"><i>Where Heaven Touches Earth: Jewish life in Jerusalem from medieval times to the present</i></a>. Feldheim Publishers. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87306-879-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87306-879-3"><bdi>0-87306-879-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Heaven+Touches+Earth%3A+Jewish+life+in+Jerusalem+from+medieval+times+to+the+present&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Feldheim+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-87306-879-3&rft.aulast=Rossoff&rft.aufirst=Dovid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzhdp9btWGWQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpansion+of+Jerusalem+in+the+19th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben-Arieh (1979), p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben-Arieh (1979), p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/142186">"13 New Jewish Homes in Jerusalem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arutz_Sheva" title="Arutz Sheva">Arutz Sheva</a>. 7 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=13+New+Jewish+Homes+in+Jerusalem&rft.date=2011-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F142186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpansion+of+Jerusalem+in+the+19th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaggerKerem2006" class="citation book cs1">Tagger, Mathilde A.; Kerem, Yitzchak (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MlRmAAAAMAAJ&q=Nahalat"><i>Guidebook for Sephardic and Oriental genealogical sources in Israel</i></a>. Bergenfield, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Avotaynu_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotaynu (magazine)">Avotaynu Inc.</a> p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781886223288" title="Special:BookSources/9781886223288"><bdi>9781886223288</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidebook+for+Sephardic+and+Oriental+genealogical+sources+in+Israel&rft.place=Bergenfield%2C+NJ&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Avotaynu+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781886223288&rft.aulast=Tagger&rft.aufirst=Mathilde+A.&rft.au=Kerem%2C+Yitzchak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMlRmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DNahalat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpansion+of+Jerusalem+in+the+19th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glass & Kark (2007), p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b7s2IVZe3dQC&pg=PA254">254</a> (as of 23 August 2021 not accessible via Google Books)</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expansion_of_Jerusalem_in_the_19th_century&oldid=1253384117">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expansion_of_Jerusalem_in_the_19th_century&oldid=1253384117</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Ottoman_Palestine" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in Ottoman Palestine">Jews and Judaism in Ottoman Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_Jerusalem" title="Category:19th century in Jerusalem">19th century in Jerusalem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_Ottoman_Syria" title="Category:19th century in Ottoman Syria">19th century in Ottoman Syria</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Hebrew-language_script_(he)" title="Category:CS1 uses Hebrew-language script (he)">CS1 uses Hebrew-language script (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)">CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2020">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 18:10<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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