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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-例子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#例子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>例子</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-例子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-熱力學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#熱力學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>熱力學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-熱力學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carnelley法則" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carnelley法則"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Carnelley法則</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carnelley法則-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-預測物質的熔點（林德曼準則）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#預測物質的熔點（林德曼準則）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>預測物質的熔點（林德曼準則）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-預測物質的熔點（林德曼準則）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-熔點預測" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#熔點預測"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>熔點預測</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-熔點預測-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">熔点</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。96种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltpunt" title="Smeltpunt – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Smeltpunt" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmelzpunkt" title="Schmelzpunkt – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schmelzpunkt" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_de_fusi%C3%B3n" title="Punto de fusión – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Punto de fusión" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نقطة الانصهار – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقطة الانصهار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntu_de_fusi%C3%B3n" title="Puntu de fusión – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Puntu de fusión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Frim%C9%99_n%C3%B6qt%C9%99si" title="Ərimə nöqtəsi – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərimə nöqtəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Titik lebur" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_kan_pagkatunaw" title="Punto kan pagkatunaw – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Punto kan pagkatunaw" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Тэмпература плаўлення – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэмпература плаўлення" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Тэмпэратура плаўленьня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэмпэратура плаўленьня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Температура на топене – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Температура на топене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="গলনাঙ্ক – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গলনাঙ্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tali%C5%A1te" title="Talište – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Talište" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_de_fusi%C3%B3" title="Punt de fusió – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Punt de fusió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teplota_t%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Teplota tání – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teplota tání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Шăрану температури – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шăрану температури" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymdoddbwynt" title="Ymdoddbwynt – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymdoddbwynt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltepunkt" title="Smeltepunkt – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Smeltepunkt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmelzpunkt" title="Schmelzpunkt – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schmelzpunkt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Σημείο τήξης – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σημείο τήξης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Melting point" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandopunkto" title="Fandopunkto – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fandopunkto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_de_fusi%C3%B3n" title="Punto de fusión – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Punto de fusión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulamistemperatuur" title="Sulamistemperatuur – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sulamistemperatuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtze-puntu" title="Urtze-puntu – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urtze-puntu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87_%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%A8" title="نقطه ذوب – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقطه ذوب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulamispiste" title="Sulamispiste – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sulamispiste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_de_fusion" title="Point de fusion – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Point de fusion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raanpunt" title="Raanpunt – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Raanpunt" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%A1phointe" title="Leáphointe – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leáphointe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_de_fusi%C3%B3n" title="Punto de fusión – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Punto de fusión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poynt_lheie" title="Poynt lheie – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Poynt lheie" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%94" title="נקודת התכה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נקודת התכה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="गलनांक – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गलनांक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tali%C5%A1te" title="Talište – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Talište" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwen_konjelasyon" title="Pwen konjelasyon – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwen konjelasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olvad%C3%A1spont" title="Olvadáspont – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olvadáspont" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հալման ջերմաստիճան – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հալման ջերմաստիճան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puncto_de_fusion" title="Puncto de fusion – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Puncto de fusion" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Titik lebur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A6%C3%B0slumark" title="Bræðslumark – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bræðslumark" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_di_fusione" title="Punto di fusione – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Punto di fusione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9E%8D%E7%82%B9" title="融点 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="融点" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/selrunme" title="selrunme – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="selrunme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Titik lebur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="დნობის ტემპერატურა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დნობის ტემპერატურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Балқу температурасы – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Балқу температурасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಕರಗುವ ತಾಪಮಾನ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕರಗುವ ತಾಪಮಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%8A%94%EC%A0%90" title="녹는점 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="녹는점" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xala_hel%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Xala helînê – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xala helînê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctum_liquefactionis" title="Punctum liquefactionis – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Punctum liquefactionis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_de_f%C3%BCsiun" title="Punt de füsiun – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Punt de füsiun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydymosi_temperat%C5%ABra" title="Lydymosi temperatūra – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lydymosi temperatūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1anas_temperat%C5%ABra" title="Kušanas temperatūra – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kušanas temperatūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Точка на топење – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Точка на топење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ദ്രവണാങ്കം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദ്രവണാങ്കം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Хайлах температур – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хайлах температур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="उत्कलन बिंदू – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उत्कलन बिंदू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takat_lebur" title="Takat lebur – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Takat lebur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="အရည်ပျော်မှတ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အရည်ပျော်မှတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%B6ltpunkt" title="Smöltpunkt – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Smöltpunkt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="नाइगु फुति – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नाइगु फुति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltpunt" title="Smeltpunt – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Smeltpunt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltepunkt" title="Smeltepunkt – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Smeltepunkt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltepunkt" title="Smeltepunkt – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Smeltepunkt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponch_de_fusion" title="Ponch de fusion – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ponch de fusion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabxii_baqinaa" title="Qabxii baqinaa – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qabxii baqinaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪਿਘਲਣ ਦਰਜਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿਘਲਣ ਦਰਜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura_topnienia" title="Temperatura topnienia – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Temperatura topnienia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="پگلن نمبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پگلن نمبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponto_de_fus%C3%A3o" title="Ponto de fusão – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ponto de fusão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puriqchana_i%C3%B1u" title="Puriqchana iñu – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Puriqchana iñu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punct_de_topire" title="Punct de topire – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Punct de topire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Температура плавления – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Температура плавления" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83" title="गलनाङ्कः – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गलनाङ्कः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tali%C5%A1te" title="Talište – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Talište" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA" title="ද්‍රවාංකය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ද්‍රවාංකය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Melting point" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teplota_topenia" title="Teplota topenia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Teplota topenia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tali%C5%A1%C4%8De" title="Tališče – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tališče" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pika_e_shkrirjes" title="Pika e shkrirjes – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pika e shkrirjes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Тачка топљења – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тачка топљења" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%A4ltpunkt" title="Smältpunkt – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Smältpunkt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="உருகுநிலை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருகுநிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="ద్రవీభవన స్థానం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ద్రవీభవన స్థానం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7" title="จุดหลอมเหลว – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จุดหลอมเหลว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_ng_pagkatunaw" title="Punto ng pagkatunaw – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Punto ng pagkatunaw" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erime_noktas%C4%B1" title="Erime noktası – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Erime noktası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Температура плавлення – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Температура плавлення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%DB%82_%D9%BE%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A4" title="نقطۂ پگھلاؤ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نقطۂ پگھلاؤ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erish_harorati" title="Erish harorati – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Erish harorati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_n%C3%B3ng_ch%E1%BA%A3y" title="Nhiệt độ nóng chảy – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiệt độ nóng chảy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_hin_pagkatunaw" title="Punto hin pagkatunaw – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Punto hin pagkatunaw" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="熔点" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%BB%E2%81%BF-ti%C3%A1m" title="Iûⁿ-tiám – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iûⁿ-tiám" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%94%E9%BB%9E" title="熔點 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="熔點" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15318#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-5f97c608" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>「<b>冰点</b>」重定向至此。关于其他用法，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E7%82%B9_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E6%8A%A5)" title="冰点 (中国青年报)">冰点 (中国青年报)</a></b>」。</div> <div id="noteTA-5f97c608" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg/220px-Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg/330px-Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg/440px-Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption>放在水中的冰，當其溫度到達甚熔點0 °C時，冰就會熔化</figcaption></figure> <p><b>熔點（凝固點）</b>（M.P.）是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大气压">大氣壓</a>下<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93" title="晶体">晶体</a>將其<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="物態">物態</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="固態">固態</a>轉變為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="液態">液態</a>的过程中固液共存状态的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫度</a>；各种晶体的熔点不同，对同一种晶体，熔点又与所受<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="压强">压强</a>有关，壓強越大，熔點越高。物質的熔點取決於壓力，通常在1個大氣壓或100 kPa等標準壓力下指定。不過，與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="沸點">沸點</a>不同，熔點受壓强的影響很小，因爲由固態轉變（熔化）為液態的过程中，物質的體積幾乎不變化。 </p><p>進行相反動作（即由液態轉為固態）的溫度，稱之為<b>凝固点</b>、結晶點（對水而言也称為<b>冰点</b>），在一定大氣壓下，任何晶体的凝固点和熔点相同。習慣上，根據常溫（25℃）時物質的狀態使用凝固点或熔点稱呼這一個溫度：對於常溫下為固態的物質，這個溫度稱爲凝固点；對於常溫下為液態的物質，這個溫度稱爲熔点。 </p><p>因為物質可能會<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E5%86%B7" title="过冷">过冷</a>，可能會在溫度低於凝固点時才凝固。可以確認物質的「特徵凝固点」，而實際量測熔点的方式是觀察到物質如何開始變成液態，該溫度即為熔点<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一般的，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="非晶体">非晶体</a>并没有固定的熔点和凝固点。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="例子"><span id=".E4.BE.8B.E5.AD.90"></span>例子</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：例子"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carboxylic.Acids.Melting.%26.Boiling.Points.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Carboxylic.Acids.Melting.%26.Boiling.Points.jpg/290px-Carboxylic.Acids.Melting.%26.Boiling.Points.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Carboxylic.Acids.Melting.%26.Boiling.Points.jpg/435px-Carboxylic.Acids.Melting.%26.Boiling.Points.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Carboxylic.Acids.Melting.%26.Boiling.Points.jpg/580px-Carboxylic.Acids.Melting.%26.Boiling.Points.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>碳原子從一個到八個的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8" title="羧酸">羧酸</a>，其熔點（藍色）和沸點（粉紅色）的圖，單位為°C</figcaption></figure> <p>大部份物質的熔點和凝固點是一樣的。例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">汞</a>的熔点和凝固点都是234.32 <a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E6%BA%AB%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學溫標">K</a>（−38.83 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">°C</a>；−37.89 <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%8F%E6%BA%AB%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="華氏溫標">°F</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不過有些物質的熔点和凝固點不同，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E8%8F%9C" title="洋菜">洋菜</a>熔點是85 °C（185 °F；358 K），凝固點是31 °C（88 °F；304 K），這種差異稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B2%E6%BB%AF%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="遲滯現象">遲滯現象</a>。冰在一大氣壓下力下的熔點很接近<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>0 °C（32 °F；273 K），這也稱為冰點。但因為<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E6%A0%B8" title="成核">成核</a>物質的影響，水的熔點和凝固点不一定相同。若沒有成核物質，水可以<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E5%86%B7" title="过冷">过冷</a>到−48.3 °C（−54.9 °F；224.8 K）才結冰。 </p><p>熔點最高的化學元素是<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">钨</a>，熔點是3,414 °C（6,177 °F；3,687 K）<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，因此钨適合用在<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%86%BE%E7%87%88" title="白熾燈">白熾燈</a>的燈絲上。碳在常壓下不會熔化，而是會在3,700 °C（6,700 °F；4,000 K）直接<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%87%E5%8D%8E" title="升华">升华</a>，只有在壓力10 MPa（99 atm），溫度到4,030—4,430 °C（7,290—8,010 °F；4,300—4,700 K）時才會變液態。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E9%92%BD%E9%93%AA" title="碳化钽铪">碳化钽铪</a>（Ta<sub>4</sub>HfC<sub>5</sub>）是<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%90%E7%81%AB%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="耐火材料">耐火材料</a>，熔點可以到4,215 K（3,942 °C；7,127 °F）<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。量子機械電腦的模擬預測合金HfN<sub>0.38</sub>C<sub>0.51</sub>的熔點更高（約4400 K）<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，是常壓下熔點最高的物質。此估計後來也經由實驗證實<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。若考慮低凝固點的物質，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦</a>在常壓下，就算溫度低到接近<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E9%9B%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="绝对零度">绝对零度</a>也不會凝固，需要壓力超過20大氣壓才能使其凝固。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="熱力學"><span id=".E7.86.B1.E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.B8"></span>熱力學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：熱力學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melting_curve_of_water.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Melting_curve_of_water.svg/320px-Melting_curve_of_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Melting_curve_of_water.svg/480px-Melting_curve_of_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Melting_curve_of_water.svg/640px-Melting_curve_of_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>水的熔點和壓力的關係</figcaption></figure> <p>固體要熔化，需要加熱使其溫度到達熔點。之後還要再繼續加熱才會熔化，使其熔化所加的熱是<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="熔化热">熔化热</a>，因為過程中溫度不變，屬於<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E7%86%B1" title="潛熱">潛熱</a>。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="压强">压力</a>的大幅變化下，熔點也會變化，但熔點相對压力的靈敏度比<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E7%82%B9" title="沸点">沸点</a>要低，因為固態到液態的相變其體積變化不大<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。大部份的情形下，固態的物質密度會比液態的要大，因此其熔點會因為壓力增加而上昇。否則，其熔點會因為壓力增加而下降。水就是後者著名的例子，在右圖中有相關的說明，而矽、鍺、鎵、鉍也有類似的特性。在特別大的壓力變化下，會看到熔點的顯著變化。例如，矽在常壓（0.1 MPa）下的熔點是1415 °C，但若壓力超過10 GPa，其熔點會降到1000 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carnelley法則"><span id="Carnelley.E6.B3.95.E5.89.87"></span>Carnelley法則</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：Carnelley法則"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机化学">有机化学</a>中的Carnelley法則是由Thomas Carnelley在1882年提出的，其中提到「高<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E6%80%A7" title="分子对称性">分子对称性</a>和高熔點有關。」<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Carnelley依其法則檢驗了一萬五千種化合物。例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%BC%8F" title="化学式">化学式</a>都是C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub>的三種<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%BC%82%E6%9E%84" title="结构异构">结构异构</a>物中，<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%88%8A%E7%83%B7" title="新戊烷">新戊烷</a>的熔點最高，是−16.4 °C (256.8 K)，再來是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%88%8A%E7%83%B7" title="正戊烷">正戊烷</a>的 −129.8 °C (143 K)，最低的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E6%88%8A%E7%83%B7" title="异戊烷">异戊烷</a>的 −160 °C (113 K) <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。類似的情形出現在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%B2%E8%8B%AF" title="二甲苯">二甲苯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF%E8%8B%AF" class="mw-disambig" title="二氯苯">二氯苯</a>，間異構物熔點最低，再來是鄰異構物，對異構物熔點最高。<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A1%E5%95%B6" title="吡啶">吡啶</a>的對稱性比<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF" title="苯">苯</a>要低，因此其熔點也比較低，而<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%97%AA" title="二嗪">二嗪</a>熔點就比較高，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%97%AA" title="三嗪">三嗪</a>熔點就更高。許多籠狀化合物（例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%88%9A%E7%83%B7" title="金刚烷">金刚烷</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B9%E7%83%B7" title="立方烷">立方烷</a>）有高對稱性，其熔點也很高。 </p><p>高熔點對應高<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="熔化热">熔化热</a>，低<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="熔化熵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="entropy of fusion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96%E7%86%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熔化熵（页面不存在）">熔化熵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/entropy_of_fusion" class="extiw" title="en:entropy of fusion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">entropy of fusion</span></a></span>）</span></span>。高度對稱的分子，其晶相緊密，有許多的分子間作用力，因此熔化的焓變比較大。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Si(tms)4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Si%28tms%294.png/180px-Si%28tms%294.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Si%28tms%294.png/270px-Si%28tms%294.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Si%28tms%294.png/360px-Si%28tms%294.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B(%E4%B8%89%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%85%E5%9F%BA)%E7%A1%85%E7%83%B7" title="四(三甲基硅基)硅烷">四(三甲基矽基)矽烷</a>類似其他高對稱性的化合物，熔點很高，為319-321°。此化合物很容易升華，因此檢測熔點時需將其密封在容器內<sup id="cite_ref-Gilman_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilman-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="預測物質的熔點（林德曼準則）"><span id=".E9.A0.90.E6.B8.AC.E7.89.A9.E8.B3.AA.E7.9A.84.E7.86.94.E9.BB.9E.EF.BC.88.E6.9E.97.E5.BE.B7.E6.9B.BC.E6.BA.96.E5.89.87.EF.BC.89"></span>預測物質的熔點（林德曼準則）</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：預測物質的熔點（林德曼準則）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="弗雷德里克·林德曼">弗雷德里克·林德曼</a>在1910年就想要預測晶體物質的熔點，是最早有此想法的人<sup id="cite_ref-Lindemann1910_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindemann1910-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。其理論背後的概念是觀察在溫度上昇時，熱振動的平均振幅也會上昇。當振幅大到鄰近原子開始要佔據同一個空間時，熔化就開始了。林德曼準則認為當振動均方根<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AF%E5%B9%85" title="振幅">振幅</a>超過一定值時，就開始熔化了。 </p><p>假設在晶體中的所有原子都以相同的頻率<i>ν</i>振動，其平均熱能可以用<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%9D%87%E5%88%86%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="能量均分定理">能量均分定理</a>估計<sup id="cite_ref-Sorkin_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorkin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}~u^{2}=k_{\rm {B}}T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}~u^{2}=k_{\rm {B}}T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e12c9ac6f2bf557083217d86fceed2670c5638d5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:23.083ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}~u^{2}=k_{\rm {B}}T}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中<i>m</i>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量">原子量</a>，<i>ν</i>是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="頻率 (物理學)">頻率</a>，<i>u</i>是平均振動振幅，<i>k</i><sub>B</sub>是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B2%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" title="波茲曼常數">波茲曼常數</a>，<i>T</i>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="热力学温度">热力学温度</a>。若<i>u<sup>2</sup></i>的閾值是<i>c<sup>2</sup>a<sup>2</sup></i>，其中<i>c</i>是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="林德曼因子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lindemann index"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="林德曼因子（页面不存在）">林德曼因子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindemann_index" class="extiw" title="en:Lindemann index"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lindemann index</span></a></span>）</span></span>，而<i>a</i>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%96%93%E8%B7%9D" title="原子間距">原子間距</a>，熔點估計是 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}c^{2}a^{2}}{k_{\rm {B}}}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt"> <mrow /> </mpadded> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow> <mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt"> <mrow /> </mpadded> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}c^{2}a^{2}}{k_{\rm {B}}}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/56d716d0d8830dca710761c96594a2158875b2fe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:19.788ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}c^{2}a^{2}}{k_{\rm {B}}}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>依照平均熱能的估計方式不同，也有許多其他的估計公式。另一個常用的公式是<sup id="cite_ref-Hofmann_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofmann-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}c^{2}a^{2}}{2k_{\rm {B}}}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt"> <mrow /> </mpadded> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow> <mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt"> <mrow /> </mpadded> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}c^{2}a^{2}}{2k_{\rm {B}}}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/708d6f8ba805ab2b7ea261eb12209bd25f40f763" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:19.788ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}c^{2}a^{2}}{2k_{\rm {B}}}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>從<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="德拜模型">德拜模型</a><i>ν</i>的表示式，可以得到 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {2\pi mc^{2}a^{2}\theta _{\rm {D}}^{2}k_{\rm {B}}}{h^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt"> <mrow /> </mpadded> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msubsup> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow> <mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt"> <mrow /> </mpadded> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {2\pi mc^{2}a^{2}\theta _{\rm {D}}^{2}k_{\rm {B}}}{h^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/536f4777e49d12b25f48f9262f81e70702388d17" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:20.959ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {2\pi mc^{2}a^{2}\theta _{\rm {D}}^{2}k_{\rm {B}}}{h^{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中<i>θ</i><sub>D</sub>是德拜溫度，<i>h</i>是<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B0" title="普朗克常数">普朗克常数</a>。針對大部份的材料，<i>c</i>的值範圍從0.15到0.3<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="熔點預測"><span id=".E7.86.94.E9.BB.9E.E9.A0.90.E6.B8.AC"></span>熔點預測</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：熔點預測"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%9F%83%E8%8E%8E" title="阿法埃莎">阿法埃莎</a>在2011年2月在釋放了超過一萬個其型錄上物質的熔點作為<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99" title="開放資料">開放資料</a>。此資料集可以創建熔點預測的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97" title="随机森林">随机森林</a>模型，而且可以免費取得<sup id="cite_ref-LangGuha_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LangGuha-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在《Nature Precedings》中也可以取得開放的熔點資料<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。Tetko等人從專利中找到高品質的資料<sup id="cite_ref-OCHEM_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCHEM-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，以該資料的模型也已發表<sup id="cite_ref-Tetko_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tetko-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite 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Journal of Experimental Biology. 1 May 1949, <b>26</b> (1): 57–64. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15406812"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 15406812</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.26.1.57"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1242/jeb.26.1.57</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9&rft.atitle=A+New+Method+of+Freezing-Point+Determination+for+Small+Quantities&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.aulast=Ramsay&rft.date=1949-05-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.pages=57-64&rft.volume=26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15406812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.26.1.57&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15406812&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haynes, p. 4.122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">純水的熔點是0.002519 ± 0.000002 °C，參考<cite class="citation journal">Feistel, R.; Wagner, W. 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(2005) <i>Phase Transformations of Elements Under High Pressure</i>, CRC Press, Boca Raton, p. 98 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8493-3367-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-8493-3367-9">0-8493-3367-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Brown, R. 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Journal of Chemical Education. 2000, <b>77</b> (6): 724. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JChEd..77..724B"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2000JChEd..77..724B</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed077p724"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1021/ed077p724</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9&rft.atitle=Melting+Point+and+Molecular+Symmetry&rft.au=Brown%2C+R.+J.+C.&rft.au=R.+F.+C.&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.pages=724&rft.volume=77&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-chemical-education_2000-06_77_6%2Fpage%2Fn55&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JChEd..77..724B&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed077p724&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haynes, pp. 6.153–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilman-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilman_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gilman, H.; Smith, C. L. Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)silane. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 1967, <b>8</b> (2): 245–253. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-328X%2800%2991037-4"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/S0022-328X(00)91037-4</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9&rft.atitle=Tetrakis%28trimethylsilyl%29silane&rft.au=Gilman%2C+H.&rft.au=Smith%2C+C.+L.&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.pages=245-253&rft.volume=8&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-328X%2800%2991037-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindemann1910-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lindemann1910_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Lindemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Lindemann（页面不存在）">Lindemann FA</a>. The calculation of molecular vibration frequencies. Phys. Z. 1910, <b>11</b>: 609–612.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9&rft.atitle=The+calculation+of+molecular+vibration+frequencies&rft.au=Lindemann+FA&rft.date=1910&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Z.&rft.pages=609-612&rft.volume=11&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorkin-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sorkin_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sorkin, S., (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phycomp.technion.ac.il/~phsorkin/thesis/thesis.html">Point defects, lattice structure, and melting</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20161005221157/http://phycomp.technion.ac.il/~phsorkin/thesis/thesis.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Thesis, Technion, Israel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hofmann-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hofmann_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Philip Hofmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XfIpxi4kcM4C&pg=PA67">Solid state physics: an introduction</a>. Wiley-VCH. 2008: 67 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2011]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-527-40861-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-527-40861-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-527-40861-0</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321072209/http://books.google.com/books?id=XfIpxi4kcM4C&pg=PA67">存档</a>于2015-03-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9&rft.au=Philip+Hofmann&rft.btitle=Solid+state+physics%3A+an+introduction&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-527-40861-0&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXfIpxi4kcM4C%26pg%3DPA67&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, D. R., (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YtYFAqswRzUC&printsec=frontcover">Defects and geometry in condensed matter physics</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210728023330/https://books.google.com/books?id=YtYFAqswRzUC&printsec=frontcover">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-00400-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-00400-4">0-521-00400-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LangGuha-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LangGuha_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qsardb.org/repository/predictor/10967/104?model=rf">Predict melting point from SMILES</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20211127072048/http://www.qsardb.org/repository/predictor/10967/104?model=rf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Qsardb.org. Retrieved on 13 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bradley, Jean-Claude; Lang, Andrew; Williams, Antony; Curtin, Evan. ONS Open Melting Point Collection. Nature Precedings. 11 August 2011. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpre.2011.6229.1"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/npre.2011.6229.1</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9&rft.atitle=ONS+Open+Melting+Point+Collection&rft.au=Curtin%2C+Evan&rft.au=Lang%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Williams%2C+Antony&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Precedings&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnpre.2011.6229.1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCHEM-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OCHEM_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ochem.eu/article/99826">OCHEM melting point models</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup>. ochem.eu. Retrieved on 18 June 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tetko-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tetko_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tetko, Igor V; m. Lowe, Daniel; Williams, Antony J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724158">The development of models to predict melting and pyrolysis point data associated with several hundred thousand compounds mined from PATENTS</a>. Journal of Cheminformatics. 2016, <b>8</b>: 2. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724158"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 4724158</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26807157"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 26807157</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13321-016-0113-y"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1186/s13321-016-0113-y</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9&rft.atitle=The+development+of+models+to+predict+melting+and+pyrolysis+point+data+associated+with+several+hundred+thousand+compounds+mined+from+PATENTS&rft.au=Williams%2C+Antony+J&rft.au=m.+Lowe%2C+Daniel&rft.aufirst=Igor+V&rft.aulast=Tetko&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cheminformatics&rft.pages=2&rft.volume=8&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4724158&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4724158&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13321-016-0113-y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26807157&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E7%82%B9" title="沸点">沸点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8%E7%82%B9" title="三相点">三相点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E5%9B%BA%E7%82%B9%E9%99%8D%E4%BD%8E" title="凝固点降低">凝固點降低</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E9%87%8F" title="熱量">熱量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E7%9B%B8%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="液相線">液相線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96" title="熔化">熔化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%BE" title="相图">相图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)" title="相 (物质)">相 (物质)</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Simon–Glatzel方程" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Simon–Glatzel equation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon%E2%80%93Glatzel%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon–Glatzel方程（页面不存在）">Simon–Glatzel方程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%E2%80%93Glatzel_equation" class="extiw" title="en:Simon–Glatzel equation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Simon–Glatzel equation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="滴點" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Slip melting point"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%B4%E9%BB%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="滴點（页面不存在）">滴點</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_melting_point" class="extiw" title="en:Slip melting point"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Slip melting point</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E7%9B%B8%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="固相線">固相線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8%E7%82%B9" title="三相点">三相点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F%E7%86%94%E7%85%89" title="區域熔煉">區域熔煉</a></li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="物质状态" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="Template:物质状态"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="Template talk:物质状态"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:物质状态"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="物质状态" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="物质状态">物质状态</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">状态</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93" title="固体">固体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93" title="液体">液体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="气体">气体</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3" title="蒸氣">蒸氣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93" title="等离子体">等离子体</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phase_change_-_zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Phase_change_-_zh.svg/200px-Phase_change_-_zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Phase_change_-_zh.svg/300px-Phase_change_-_zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Phase_change_-_zh.svg/400px-Phase_change_-_zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="429" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">低能量</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E2%80%93%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A" title="玻色–爱因斯坦凝聚">玻色–爱因斯坦凝聚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A" title="费米凝聚">费米凝聚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%B9%B6%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="简并态物质">简并态物质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="量子霍尔效应">量子霍尔效应</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="里德伯物質" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rydberg matter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里德伯物質（页面不存在）">里德伯物質</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydberg_matter" class="extiw" title="en:Rydberg matter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rydberg matter</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="里德伯極化子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rydberg polaron"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%A5%B5%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里德伯極化子（页面不存在）">里德伯極化子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydberg_polaron" class="extiw" title="en:Rydberg polaron"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rydberg polaron</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="奇異物質">奇异物质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93" title="超流体">超流体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93" title="超固体">超固体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="光子分子">光子分子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%B9%B6%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="简并态物质">简并态物质</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="超金属">超金属</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">高能量</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="夸克物质" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="QCD matter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="夸克物质（页面不存在）">夸克物质</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QCD_matter" class="extiw" title="en:QCD matter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">QCD matter</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Lattice夸克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lattice QCD"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lattice%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lattice夸克（页面不存在）">Lattice夸克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_QCD" class="extiw" title="en:Lattice QCD"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lattice QCD</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B-%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E6%BC%BF" title="夸克-膠子電漿">夸克-膠子漿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="奇異物質">奇異物質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%87%A8%E7%95%8C%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94" title="超臨界流體">超臨界流體</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="色荷玻璃冷凝物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Color-glass condensate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E8%8D%B7%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E5%86%B7%E5%87%9D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="色荷玻璃冷凝物（页面不存在）">色荷玻璃冷凝物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color-glass_condensate" class="extiw" title="en:Color-glass condensate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Color-glass condensate</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他物态</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E9%AB%94" title="膠體">膠體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93" title="晶体">晶体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%99%B6" title="液晶">液晶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%9A%E5%BD%A2%E4%BD%93" title="无定形体">无定形体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃">玻璃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" title="時間晶體">時間晶體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%86%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93" title="准晶体">準晶体</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="柔粘性結晶" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Plastic crystal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%94%E7%B2%98%E6%80%A7%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柔粘性結晶（页面不存在）">柔粘性結晶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_crystal" class="extiw" title="en:Plastic crystal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Plastic crystal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>磁狀態 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%93%81%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="反铁磁性">反铁磁性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%93%81%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="亚铁磁性">亚铁磁性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="铁磁性">铁磁性</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81#弦狀網液態" title="物质状态">弦狀網液態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="超玻璃">超玻璃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="暗物质">暗物质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="反物质">反物质</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E8%AE%8A" title="相變">相變</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E8%85%BE" title="沸腾">沸腾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E7%82%B9" title="沸点">沸点</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="临界线_(热力学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Critical line (thermodynamics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B4%E7%95%8C%E7%BA%BF_(%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="临界线 (热力学)（页面不存在）">临界线</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_line_(thermodynamics)" class="extiw" title="en:Critical line (thermodynamics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Critical line (thermodynamics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E7%95%8C%E7%82%B9_(%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)" title="临界点 (热力学)">临界点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%99%B6" title="结晶">结晶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E5%8D%8E" title="凝华">凝华</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E5%8F%91" title="蒸发">蒸发</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E8%92%B8" title="闪蒸">闪蒸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E5%9B%BA" title="凝固">凝固</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9B%E7%82%B9" title="Λ点">λ点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96" title="熔化">熔化</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">熔点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E5%86%B0%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="復冰現象">復冰現象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E6%B6%B2%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="氣液平衡">饱和流体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%87%E5%8D%8E" title="升华">升华</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E5%86%B7" title="过冷">过冷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8%E7%82%B9" title="三相点">三相点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%99%B0%E9%BB%9E" title="清晰點">清晰點</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%99%B6%E5%8C%96%E9%BB%9E" title="液晶化點">液晶化點</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%A7%E7%9B%B8%E5%8F%98" title="二级相变">二级相变</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">數量</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="熔化热">熔化热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%87%E5%8D%8E%E7%83%AD" title="升华热">升华热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="汽化热">汽化热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E7%86%B1" title="潛熱">潛熱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E5%85%A7%E8%83%BD" title="潛內能">潜内能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E9%AD%AF%E9%A0%93%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87" title="特魯頓規則">特魯頓規則</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%AE%E7%99%BC%E6%80%A7" title="揮發性">揮發性</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="双结点" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Binodal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E7%BB%93%E7%82%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双结点（页面不存在）">双结点</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binodal" class="extiw" title="en:Binodal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Binodal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="压缩流体" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Compressed fluid"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%8B%E7%BC%A9%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="压缩流体（页面不存在）">压缩流体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_fluid" class="extiw" title="en:Compressed fluid"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Compressed fluid</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="冷卻曲線">冷卻曲線‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="状态方程">狀態方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E9%A1%BF%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="莱顿弗罗斯特现象">莱顿弗罗斯特现象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%86%E6%BD%98%E5%B7%B4%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="姆潘巴现象">姆潘巴现象</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有序与无序_(物理)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Order and disorder (physics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E5%BA%8F%E4%B8%8E%E6%97%A0%E5%BA%8F_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有序与无序 (物理)（页面不存在）">有序与无序</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_and_disorder_(physics)" class="extiw" title="en:Order and disorder (physics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Order and disorder (physics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="调幅分解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spinodal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%83%E5%B9%85%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="调幅分解（页面不存在）">调幅分解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinodal" class="extiw" title="en:Spinodal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spinodal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%AF%BC%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="超导现象">超导现象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E7%86%B1%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD" title="過熱蒸汽">过热蒸汽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E7%83%AD" title="过热">过热</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="热-电介质效应" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thermo-dielectric effect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD-%E7%94%B5%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热-电介质效应（页面不存在）">热-电介质效应</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermo-dielectric_effect" class="extiw" title="en:Thermo-dielectric effect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thermo-dielectric effect</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%80%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="相态列表">相态列表</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=熔点&oldid=84225380">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=熔点&oldid=84225380</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:大气热力学">大气热力学</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" 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