CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Farhud - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d5e8f874-2d3c-4468-8984-23faf174613e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Farhud","wgTitle":"Farhud","wgCurRevisionId":1277062328,"wgRevisionId":1277062328,"wgArticleId":1079076,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from June 2021","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2023","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles needing additional references from May 2014","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021","Articles with incomplete citations from October 2023", "All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from October 2023","Articles lacking reliable references from June 2021","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2023","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2021","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2023","Webarchive template wayback links","Iraq articles missing geocoordinate data","All articles needing coordinates","Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata","1941 murders in Iraq","1941 in Judaism","1941 riots","Holocaust massacres and pogroms","Antisemitism in Iraq","Fascism in Iraq","Riots and civil disorder in Iraq","Iraqi war crimes","Islam and antisemitism","Jews and Judaism in Baghdad","Massacres in 1941","Massacres in Iraq","Massacres of Jews","Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Middle East","Baghdad in World War II","20th-century mass murder in Iraq","Mass murder in Baghdad","Arson in Iraq", "Attacks on religious buildings and structures during World War II","Looting in Iraq","Marketplace attacks in Baghdad","Art theft and looting during World War II","Attacks on religious buildings and structures in Iraq","Rape in Iraq","Gang rape in Asia","Sexual violence in Asia during World War II","Sexual violence during the Holocaust","Attacks on buildings and structures in 1941"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Farhud","wgRelevantArticleId":1079076,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true, "watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2352263","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles": "ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Farhud_mass_grave.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="707"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Farhud_mass_grave.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="471"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="377"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Farhud - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Farhud rootpage-Farhud skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Farhud" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Farhud" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Farhud" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Farhud" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independence_of_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_of_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Independence of Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_of_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq_in_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq_in_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Iraq in World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq_in_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_preceding_the_Farhud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_preceding_the_Farhud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Events preceding the Farhud</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Events_preceding_the_Farhud-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Events preceding the Farhud subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Events_preceding_the_Farhud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Golden_Square_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Golden_Square_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Golden Square coup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Golden_Square_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antisemitic_actions_preceding_the_Farhud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antisemitic_actions_preceding_the_Farhud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Antisemitic actions preceding the Farhud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antisemitic_actions_preceding_the_Farhud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farhud_(1–2_June_1941)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farhud_(1–2_June_1941)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Farhud (1–2 June 1941)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Farhud_(1–2_June_1941)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Farhud (1–2 June 1941) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Farhud_(1–2_June_1941)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iraqi_monarchist_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraqi_monarchist_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Iraqi monarchist response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraqi_monarchist_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-term_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-term_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Long-term impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-term_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remembrances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remembrances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Remembrances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remembrances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Farhud</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Farhud" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF" title="الفرهود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفرهود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Багдадски погром – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Багдадски погром" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Farhud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Farhud" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Farhud" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Farhud" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_(%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82)" title="فرهود (عراق) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهود (عراق)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhoud" title="Farhoud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Farhoud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Farhud" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93" title="הפרהוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפרהוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferh%C3%BBd" title="Ferhûd – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ferhûd" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Farhud" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Farhud" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Farhud" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Farhud" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Farhud" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_1941_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Багдадский погром 1941 года – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Багдадский погром 1941 года" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Farhud" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Farhud" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_1941_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Багдадський погром 1941 року – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Багдадський погром 1941 року" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Farhud" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%83%A1%E5%BE%B7" title="法胡德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法胡德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2352263#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Farhud" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Farhud"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Farhud"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Farhud" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Farhud" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&oldid=1277062328" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Farhud&id=1277062328&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFarhud"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFarhud"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Farhud&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Farhud" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2352263" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1941 anti-Jewish massacre in Baghdad, Iraq</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;"><i>Farhud</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of <a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Iraqi_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Iraqi War">Anglo–Iraqi War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Farhud_mass_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Farhud_mass_grave.jpg/220px-Farhud_mass_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Farhud_mass_grave.jpg/330px-Farhud_mass_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Farhud_mass_grave.jpg/440px-Farhud_mass_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="295" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mass grave for the victims, 1946</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">1–2 June 1941</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraqi Jews</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">~180 Jews killed<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_1993_p._113_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert_1993_p._113-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />~300–400 pogromists killed during suppression</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Injured</th><td class="infobox-data">1,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Kaylani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid Ali al-Kaylani">Rashid Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_Club#Yunis_al-Sabawi" title="Al-Muthanna Club">Yunis al-Sabawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futuwwa#Iraqi_Al-Futuwwa_(1930s_and_1940s)" title="Futuwwa">al-Futuwa</a> youths, and Iraqi mobs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi nationalism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Farhud</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الفرهود</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Farhūd</i></span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> carried out against the <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> population of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a>, on 1–2 June 1941 (coinciding with the Jewish holiday of <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>), immediately following the British victory in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a>. The riots occurred in a <a href="/wiki/Power_vacuum" title="Power vacuum">power vacuum</a> that followed the collapse of the pro-Nazi government of <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a> while the city was in a state of instability.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsimhoni_2001_pp._570–588_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsimhoni_2001_pp._570–588-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Green_2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust_Encyclopedia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust_Encyclopedia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violence came immediately after the rapid defeat of Rashid Ali by British forces, whose earlier coup had generated a short period of national euphoria, and was fueled by allegations that Iraqi Jews had aided the British.<sup id="cite_ref-Bashkin_p115_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bashkin_p115-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 180 Jews were killed<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_2014-04_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_2014-04-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1,000 injured, although some non-Jewish rioters were also killed in the attempt to quell the violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012121_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012121-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Looting of Jewish property took place and 900 Jewish homes were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_1993_p._113_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert_1993_p._113-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On account of the role of Axis and pro-Axis elements in inciting and eventually carrying out the pogrom, it is often argued to have constituted the extension of the <b>Shoah in Iraq</b>, though this classification, and even its inclusion as part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, have been disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-Wien_2006_p._108_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wien_2006_p._108-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012102_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012102-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, as with other <a href="/wiki/Jews_outside_Europe_under_Axis_occupation" title="Jews outside Europe under Axis occupation">persecutions of Jews outside of Europe</a>, it is often overlooked when compared to the Holocaust in Europe, especially outside of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (where the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraqi Jews</a>, as well as their descendants, currently live). </p><p>The event spurred a migration of Iraqi Jews out of the country, although a direct connection to the 1951–1952 <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Iraq">Jewish exodus from Iraq</a> is also disputed,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shatz_2008_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shatz_2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haddad_2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haddad_2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as many Jews who left Iraq immediately following the Farhud later returned to the country, and permanent Jewish emigration out of Iraq did not accelerate significantly until 1950–1951.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGat199723–24,_28p_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGat199723–24,_28p-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marqusee_2008_pp._211–250_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marqusee_2008_pp._211–250-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hayyim Cohen, the Farhud "was the only such instance of Jewish shops and synagogues destroyed, Jewish girls being gang raped, and mob violence<sup id="cite_ref-massacre1941_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-massacre1941-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known to the Jews of Iraq, at least during their last hundred years of life there".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shenhav_2002_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shenhav_2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Edy Cohen writes that up until the Farhud, Jews had enjoyed relatively favorable conditions and coexistence with Muslims in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-European_Holocaust_Research_Infrastructure_2014_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_Holocaust_Research_Infrastructure_2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_2022_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen_2022-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_of_Iraq">Independence of Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Independence of Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was defeated in World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>I, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> granted the <a href="/wiki/British_mandate_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="British mandate of Iraq">mandate of Iraq</a> to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>. After King <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_of_Iraq" title="Ghazi of Iraq">Ghazi</a> who inherited the throne of <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal<span class="nowrap"> </span>I</a>, died in a 1939 car accident, Britain installed <a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-Ilah" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abd al-Ilah">'Abd al-Ilah</a> as Iraq's governing regent. </p><p>By 1941 the approximately 150,000 Iraqi Jews played active roles in many aspects of Iraqi life, including farming, banking, commerce and the government bureaucracy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq_in_World_War_II">Iraq in World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iraq in World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iraqi nationalist <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a> was appointed prime minister again in 1940, and attempted to ally with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> in order to remove the remaining British influence in the country. </p><p>Much of the population had retained significant anti-British sentiments since the <a href="/wiki/1920_Iraqi_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1920 Iraqi revolt">1920 Iraqi revolt</a>, although the Jewish population was viewed as pro-British during World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II, contributing to the separation of the Muslim and Jewish communities. </p><p>In addition, between 1932 and 1941, the German embassy in Iraq, headed by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Grobba" title="Fritz Grobba">Fritz Grobba</a>, significantly supported antisemitic and fascist movements. Intellectuals and army officers were invited to Germany as guests of the Nazi party, and antisemitic material was published in the newspapers. The German embassy purchased the newspaper <i>Al-alam Al-arabi</i> ("The Arab world") which published, in addition to antisemitic propaganda, a translation of <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> in Arabic. The German embassy also supported the establishment of Al-Fatwa, a youth organization based upon the model of the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_preceding_the_Farhud">Events preceding the Farhud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Events preceding the Farhud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Farhud" title="Special:EditPage/Farhud">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Golden_Square_coup">The Golden Square coup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Golden Square coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iraq_coup_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq coup (1941)">Iraq coup (1941)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_7886_quot;prayerquot;_in_ramat-gan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/PikiWiki_Israel_7886_quot%3Bprayerquot%3B_in_ramat-gan.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_7886_quot%3Bprayerquot%3B_in_ramat-gan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/PikiWiki_Israel_7886_quot%3Bprayerquot%3B_in_ramat-gan.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_7886_quot%3Bprayerquot%3B_in_ramat-gan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/PikiWiki_Israel_7886_quot%3Bprayerquot%3B_in_ramat-gan.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_7886_quot%3Bprayerquot%3B_in_ramat-gan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Monument "Prayer" in <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Gan" title="Ramat Gan">Ramat Gan</a> in memory of the <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> who were killed in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a> "Farhud" (1941) and in the 1960s</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1941 a group of pro-<a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> Iraqi officers, known as the "Golden Square" and led by <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali</a>, overthrew <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a> <a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-Ilah" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abd al-Ilah">Abdul Ilah</a> on April 1 after staging a successful coup. The coup had significant popular support, particularly in Baghdad. Historian <a href="/wiki/Orit_Bashkin" title="Orit Bashkin">Orit Bashkin</a> writes that "All, apparently, yearned for the departure of the British after two long decades of interference in Iraqi affairs".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012113_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012113-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iraq's new government then was quickly involved in confrontation with the British over the terms of the military treaty forced on Iraq at independence. The treaty gave the British unlimited rights to base troops in Iraq and transit troops through Iraq. The British arranged to land large numbers of soldiers from India in Iraq to force the country to show its intentions. Iraq refused to let them land and confrontations afterward occurred both near Basra in the south and to the west of Baghdad near the British base complex and airfield. The Germans dispatched a <a href="/wiki/Fliegerf%C3%BChrer_Irak" title="Fliegerführer Irak">group of 26 heavy fighters</a> to aid in a futile air attack on the British airbase at Habbaniya which accomplished nothing. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> sent a telegram to US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, warning him that if the Middle East fell to Germany, victory against the Nazis would be a "hard, long and bleak proposition" given that Hitler would have access to the <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> there. The telegram dealt with the larger issues of war in the Middle East rather than Iraq exclusively. </p><p>On 25 May Hitler issued his <i>Order 30</i>, stepping up German offensive operations: "The Arab Freedom Movement in the Middle East is our natural ally against England. In this connection special importance is attached to the liberation of Iraq<span class="nowrap"> </span>... I have therefore decided to move forward in the Middle East by supporting Iraq." </p><p>On 30 May the British-organized force called <i><a href="/wiki/Kingcol" title="Kingcol">Kingcol</a></i> led by <a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">Brigadier</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Kingstone" title="James Joseph Kingstone">J.J. Kingstone</a> reached <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, causing the "Golden Square" and their supporters to escape via <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. <i>Kingcol</i> included some elements of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Bagot_Glubb" title="John Bagot Glubb">John Bagot Glubb</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Glubb_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Glubb Pasha">Glubb Pasha</a>. </p><p>On 31 May Regent Abdul Illah prepared to fly back into Baghdad to reclaim his leadership. To avoid the impression of a British-organized countercoup, the regent entered Baghdad without a British escort.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Michael Eppel, in his book "The Palestinian Conflict in Modern Iraq", blames the Farhud on the influence of German ideology on the Iraqi people, as well as extreme nationalism, both of which were heightened by the Golden Square coup. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antisemitic_actions_preceding_the_Farhud">Antisemitic actions preceding the Farhud</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Antisemitic actions preceding the Farhud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sami_Michael" title="Sami Michael">Sami Michael</a>, a witness to the Farhud, testified: "Antisemite propaganda was broadcast routinely by the local radio and Radio Berlin in Arabic. Various anti-Jewish slogans were written on walls on the way to school, such as "Hitler was killing the Jewish germs". Shops owned by Muslims had 'Muslim' written on them, so they would not be damaged in the case of anti-Jewish riots." </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shalom_Darwish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shalom Darwish (page does not exist)">Shalom Darwish</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A9" class="extiw" title="he:שלום דרוויש">he</a>]</span>, the secretary of the Jewish community in Baghdad, testified that several days before the Farhud, the homes of Jews were marked with a red palm print ("Hamsa"), by <a href="/wiki/Futuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Futuwa">al-Futuwa</a> youth. Al-Sabawi also instructed Jews in Baghdad to pack suitcases and to wait to be taken to "detention camps" "for their own safety".<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_2010_p._189_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert_2010_p._189-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two days before the Farhud, <a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_Club#Yunis_al-Sabawi" title="Al-Muthanna Club">Yunis al-Sabawi</a>, a government minister who proclaimed himself the governor of Baghdad, summoned Rabbi Sasson Khaduri, the community leader, and recommended to him that Jews stay in their homes for the next three days as a protective measure. He had planned for a larger massacre, preparing to broadcast a call for the Baghdad public to massacre Jews. However, the broadcast was never made since al-Sabawi was forced to flee the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012116_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012116-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_2010_p._189_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert_2010_p._189-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid Ali">Rashid Ali</a> government, false rumors were circulated that Jews used radios to signal the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> and distributed British propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012114_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012114-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Farhud_(1–2_June_1941)"><span id="Farhud_.281.E2.80.932_June_1941.29"></span>Farhud (1–2 June 1941)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Farhud (1–2 June 1941)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqis_Massacre_Jews_of_Baghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Iraqis_Massacre_Jews_of_Baghdad.jpg/220px-Iraqis_Massacre_Jews_of_Baghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Iraqis_Massacre_Jews_of_Baghdad.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="173" /></a><figcaption>Picture taken during the Farhud</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Iraqi government and British historical sources violence started when a delegation of Jewish Iraqis arrived at the Palace of Flowers (Qasr al Zuhur) to meet with the Regent Abdullah, and were attacked en route by an Iraqi Arab mob as they crossed Al Khurr Bridge. Iraqi Arab civil disorder and violence then swiftly spread to the Al Rusafa and Abu Sifyan districts, and got worse the next day when elements of the Iraqi police began joining in with the attacks upon the Jewish population, involving shops belonging to it being set on fire and a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> being destroyed. Many Jewish girls were gang-raped and children maimed and killed in front of their families.<sup id="cite_ref-massacre1941_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-massacre1941-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Zvi Yehuda, a professor of Jewish Studies, has suggested that the event that set off the rioting was anti-Jewish preaching in the Jami-Al-Gaylani <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>, and that the violence was premeditated rather than a spontaneous outburst.<sup id="cite_ref-Yehuda_Winter_2005–2006_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yehuda_Winter_2005–2006-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Ben-Porat" title="Mordechai Ben-Porat">Mordechai Ben-Porat</a>, who later became the leader of the Iraqi Zionists, described his experience as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>We were mostly cut off from the center of the Jewish community and our Muslim neighbors became our friends. It was because of one Muslim neighbor, in fact, that we survived the Farhoud. We had no weapons to defend ourselves and were utterly helpless. We put furniture up against the doors and windows to prevent the rioters from breaking in. Then, Colonel Arif's wife came rushing out of her house with a grenade and a pistol and shouted at the rioters, 'If you don’t leave, I will explode this grenade right here!' Her husband was apparently not home and she had either been instructed by him to defend us or decided on her own to help. They dispersed, and that was that – she saved our lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Morad_Shasha_Shasha_2008_pp._134–135_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morad_Shasha_Shasha_2008_pp._134–135-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In some instances, common criminals came to the help of the Jews. In one case, a young Muslim woman, who, ironically, had been looting with her sister, saw a pogromist attacking a young Jewish man. The attacker responded by stabbing her to death. He was later convicted of murder and hanged. A man known to be a thief protected roughly 100 Jews in his neighborhood, forcing the local baker and grocery store owner to give them food. Jews themselves also fought back, using knives, rocks, pistols, and clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012123–124_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012123–124-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_2010_p._189_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert_2010_p._189-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dean of <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Bet_Zilkha" title="Midrash Bet Zilkha">Midrash Bet Zilkha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Mutzafi" title="Yaakov Mutzafi">Yaakov Mutzafi</a>, raced to open up the gates of the yeshiva to shelter the victims of the Farhud who were displaced from their homes, and secured money for their upkeep from philanthropists in the community.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Civil order was restored after two days of violence in the afternoon of 2 June, when Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jamil_Al_Midfai" title="Jamil Al Midfai">Jamil Al Midfai</a> imposed a <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a> and shot violators on sight. An investigation conducted by British journalist Tony Rocca of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Times">Sunday Times</a></i> attributed the delay to a personal decision by <a href="/wiki/Kinahan_Cornwallis" title="Kinahan Cornwallis">Kinahan Cornwallis</a>, the British Ambassador to Iraq, who failed to immediately carry out orders he received from the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> in the matter, and initially denied requests from <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Imperial</a> military and civil officers on the scene for permission to act against the attacking Arab mobs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British also delayed their entry into Baghdad for 48 hours, which some testimonies suggest was due to having ulterior motives in allowing a clash to happen between Muslims and Jews in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShenhav200230_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShenhav200230-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact number of victims is uncertain. With respect to Jewish victims, some sources say that about 180 Jewish Iraqis were killed and about 240 were wounded, 586 Jewish-owned businesses were looted and 99 Jewish houses were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Levin_p6_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin_p6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other accounts state that nearly 200 were killed and more than 2,000 injured, while 900 Jewish homes and hundreds of Jewish-owned shops destroyed and looted. The Israeli-based <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Jewry_Heritage_Center" title="Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center">Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center</a> maintains that in addition to 180 identified victims, around another 600 unidentified ones were buried in a mass grave.<sup id="cite_ref-farhudmemories_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farhudmemories-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zvi Zameret of Israel's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Education (Israel)">Education Ministry</a> says 180 were killed and 700 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Alwaya_2005_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alwaya_2005-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This is an editorial. (October 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bashkin writes that "a constant element that appears in most accounts of the Farhud is a narrative relating to a good neighbor [...] Judging by the lists of the Jewish dead, it seems that Jews in mixed neighborhoods stood a better chance of surviving the riots than those in uniformly Jewish areas."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012122_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012122-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to documents discovered from the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Jewish_Archive" title="Iraqi Jewish Archive">Iraqi Jewish Archive</a>, more than a thousand Jews were murdered or disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-Basri_2021-06-02_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basri_2021-06-02-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When the forces loyal to the regent entered to restore order, many rioters were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012121_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012121-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iraqi Commission Report noted that: "After some delay the Regent<span class="nowrap"> </span>... arranged for the dispatch of troops to take control<span class="nowrap"> </span>... There was no more aimless firing into the air; their machine guns swept the streets clear of people and quickly put a stop to looting and rioting."<sup id="cite_ref-Iraqi_Commission_of_Inquiry_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iraqi_Commission_of_Inquiry-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Ambassador noted that the second day was more violent than the first, and that "Iraqi troops killed as many rioters as the rioters killed Jews."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012121_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012121-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iraqi Commission Report estimated the total number of Jews and Muslims killed at 130.<sup id="cite_ref-Iraqi_Commission_of_Inquiry_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iraqi_Commission_of_Inquiry-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eliahu_Eilat" title="Eliahu Eilat">Eliahu Eilat</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency</a> agent estimated 1,000 as the total number of Jews and Muslims who died, with other similar accounts estimating 300–400 pogromists killed by the Regent's army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012121_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012121-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraqi_monarchist_response">Iraqi monarchist response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Iraqi monarchist response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within a week of the riots, on 7 June, the reinstated monarchist Iraqi government set up a committee of inquiry to investigate the events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGat199723_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGat199723-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Peter Wien, the regime "made every effort to present the followers of the Rashid 'Ali movement as proxies of Nazism".<sup id="cite_ref-Tejel_2012_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tejel_2012-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The monarchist government acted quickly to suppress supporters of Rashid Ali. Many Iraqis were exiled as a result, and hundreds were jailed. Military courts were convened to try the rioters and those responsible for the coup. A number of men, including Yunis al-Sabawi and multiple <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a> officers and policemen, were legally sentenced to death in consequence of the violence by the newly established pro-British Iraqi government.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-term_impact">Long-term impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Long-term impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Category:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg/220px-Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg/330px-Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg/440px-Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3387" data-file-height="2267" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">History of the Jews under Muslim rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Antisemitism in the Arab world</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Farhud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aden" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Oujda_and_Jerada" title="1948 anti-Jewish riots in Oujda and Jerada">Oujda and Jerada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" title="1948 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Cairo_bombings" title="1948 Cairo bombings">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950%E2%80%931951_Baghdad_bombings" title="1950–1951 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Tripoli_pogrom" title="1967 Tripoli pogrom">Tripoli</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Exodus by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_of_Moroccan_Jews_to_Israel" title="Migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadima" title="Cadima">Cadima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mural" title="Operation Mural">Operation Mural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yachin" title="Operation Yachin">Operation Yachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egoz_(ship)" title="Egoz (ship)"><i>Egoz</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_(Yemen)" title="Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ezra_and_Nehemiah" title="Operation Ezra and Nehemiah">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956%E2%80%931957_exodus_and_expulsions_from_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="1956–1957 exodus and expulsions from Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_migration_from_Lebanon_post-1948" title="Jewish migration from Lebanon post-1948">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Iranian_Jews" title="Exodus of Iranian Jews">Iran</a></li> <li>Tunisia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurum_air_disaster" title="Hurum air disaster">Hurum air disaster</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Remembrance</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_to_Mark_the_Departure_and_Expulsion_of_Jews_from_the_Arab_Countries_and_Iran" title="Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran">Awareness day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_Indigenous_to_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Jews Indigenous to the Middle East and North Africa">JIMENA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_for_Jews_from_Arab_Countries" title="Justice for Jews from Arab Countries">JJAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Organization_of_Jews_from_Arab_Countries" title="World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries">WOJAC</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_Refugees" title="The Forgotten Refugees">The Forgotten Refugees</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions and exoduses of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical Jewish population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islamic–Jewish relations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Template:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Template talk:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries</a></div> <p>In some accounts the <i>Farhud</i> marked the turning point for Iraq's Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Stillman_2010_Farhūd_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stillman_2010_Farhūd-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Simon_2003_p._350_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon_2003_p._350-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meir-Glitzenstein_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meir-Glitzenstein-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other historians, however, see the pivotal moment for the Iraqi Jewish community much later, between 1948 and 1951, since Jewish communities prospered along with the rest of the country throughout most of the 1940s,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGat199723–24,_28p_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGat199723–24,_28p-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shatz_2008_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shatz_2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haddad_2014_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haddad_2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and many Jews who left Iraq following the Farhud returned to the country shortly thereafter and permanent emigration did not accelerate significantly until 1950–1951.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGat199723–24,_28p_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGat199723–24,_28p-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marqusee_2008_pp._211–250_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marqusee_2008_pp._211–250-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bashkin writes that "In the context of Jewish-Iraqi history, moreover, a distinction should be made between an analysis of the Farhud and the Farhudization of Jewish Iraqi history – viewing the Farhud as typifying the history of the relationship between Jews and greater Iraqi society. The Jewish community strived for integration in Iraq before and after the Farhud. In fact, the attachment of the community to Iraq was so tenacious that even after such a horrible event, most Jews continued to believe that Iraq was their homeland."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012138–139_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012138–139-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Either way, the Farhud is broadly understood to mark the start of a process of politicization of the Iraqi Jews in the 1940s, primarily amongst the younger population, especially as a result of the impact it had on hopes of long term integration into Iraqi society. In the direct aftermath of the Farhud, many joined the Iraqi Communist Party in order to protect the Jews of Baghdad, yet they did not want to leave the country and rather sought to fight for better conditions in Iraq itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012141–182_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012141–182-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time the Iraqi government which had taken over after the Farhud reassured the Iraqi Jewish community, and normal life soon returned to Baghdad, which saw a marked betterment of its economic situation during World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGat199723–24_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGat199723–24-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012189–190_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012189–190-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hillel_1988_p._47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillel_1988_p.-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It was only after the Iraqi government initiated a policy shift towards the Iraqi Jews in 1948, curtailing their civil rights and firing many Jewish state employees, that the Farhud began to be regarded as more than just an outburst of violence instigated by foreign influences, namely Nazi propaganda. </p><p>On 23 October 1948, <a href="/wiki/Shafiq_Ades" title="Shafiq Ades">Shafiq Ades</a>, a respected Jewish businessman, was publicly hanged in <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> on charges of selling weapons to Israel and the Iraqi Communist Party, despite the fact he was an outspoken anti-Zionist. The event increased the sense of insecurity among Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGat199736_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGat199736-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish community general sentiment was that if a man as well connected and powerful as Ades could be eliminated by the state, other Jews would not be protected any longer,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin201290_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin201290-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Farhud was no longer seen as an isolated incident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012189–190_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012189–190-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the Iraqi Jewish community became increasingly fearful.<sup id="cite_ref-Tripp_2001_p._142_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tripp_2001_p._142-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remembrances">Remembrances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Remembrances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A monument, called <i>Prayer</i>, located in <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Gan" title="Ramat Gan">Ramat Gan</a>, is in memory of the Jews who were killed in Iraq during the Farhud and in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1 June 2015, was the first <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Farhud_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Farhud Day (page does not exist)">International Farhud Day</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_2015_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_2015-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.standwithus.com_2015_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.standwithus.com_2015-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1945_Anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" class="mw-redirect" title="1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Aden_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Aden riots">1947 Aden riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_Club" title="Al-Muthanna Club">Al-Muthanna Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950%E2%80%931951_Baghdad_bombings" title="1950–1951 Baghdad bombings">1950–1951 Baghdad bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Antisemitism in the Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and antisemitism">Islam and antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Iraq" title="List of massacres in Iraq">List of massacres in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafiq_Ades" title="Shafiq Ades">Shafiq Ades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Legacy_of_Islamic_Antisemitism" title="The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism">The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Baghdad_hangings" title="1969 Baghdad hangings">1969 Baghdad hangings</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian Moshe Gat writes, "On his first visit to Baghdad, <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Sereni" title="Enzo Sereni">Enzo Sereni</a> noted that '[...] The Jews have adapted to the new situation with the British occupation, which has again given them the possibility of free movement after months of detention and fear.' It is not surprising, in light of the economic boom and the security granted by the government, that Jews who left Iraq immediately after the riots, later returned [...] Their dream of integration into Iraqi society had been dealt a severe blow by the <i>farhud</i> but as the years passed self-confidence was restored, since the state continued to protect the Jewish community and they continued to prosper."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGat199723–24,_28p_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGat199723–24,_28p-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Gat, "The government – particularly after Nuri as-Said came to power in October 1941 – took swift action to suppress pro-Nazi elements and other supporters of Rashid Ali. They were placed on trial, many of them were exiled, hundreds were incarcerated in concentration camps and a very small minority were even executed. In parallel, the government acted swiftly to defend Jewish quarters and was resolved to prevent any similar events from occurring in the future. On the decision of the Iraqi government, a committee of enquiry was set up on 7 June a few days after the pogrom, to examine the facts and find who was culpable."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGat199723_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGat199723-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert_1993_p._113-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert_1993_p._113_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert_1993_p._113_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1993) [1969]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofjewishhis00mart"><i>The Atlas of Jewish History</i></a></span>. New York: Morrow. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofjewishhis00mart/page/114/mode/2up">113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-12264-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-12264-5"><bdi>978-0-688-12264-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/813666695">813666695</a> – via Internet Archive. <q><b>June 1941</b> During riots following collapse of pro- Nazi Government of Rashid Ali, 175 Jews killed and 1000 injured. Much looting of Jewish property. 900 Jewish houses destroyed. Many Jews tortured</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+Jewish+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F813666695&rft.isbn=978-0-688-12264-5&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlasofjewishhis00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsimhoni_2001_pp._570–588-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tsimhoni_2001_pp._570–588_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsimhoni2001" class="citation book cs1">Tsimhoni, Daphne (2001). "The Pogrom (Farhud) against the Jews of Baghdad in 1941". In Roth, J. K.; Maxwell, E.; Levy, M.; Whitworth, W. (eds.). <i>Remembering for the Future</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. <span class="nowrap">570–</span>588. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-66019-3_37">10.1007/978-1-349-66019-3_37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-80486-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-80486-5"><bdi>978-0-333-80486-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1086547441">1086547441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pogrom+%28Farhud%29+against+the+Jews+of+Baghdad+in+1941&rft.btitle=Remembering+for+the+Future&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E570-%3C%2Fspan%3E588&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1086547441&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-66019-3_37&rft.isbn=978-0-333-80486-5&rft.aulast=Tsimhoni&rft.aufirst=Daphne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green_2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green_2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2013" class="citation web cs1">Green, David B. (2 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2013-06-02/ty-article/.premium/1941-pogrom-sends-iraqs-jews-fleeing/0000017f-f0c6-d8a1-a5ff-f0ced3eb0000">"1941: The Beginning of the End of Iraq's Jewish Community — Jewish World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=1941%3A+The+Beginning+of+the+End+of+Iraq%27s+Jewish+Community+%E2%80%94+Jewish+World&rft.date=2013-06-02&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2F2013-06-02%2Fty-article%2F.premium%2F1941-pogrom-sends-iraqs-jews-fleeing%2F0000017f-f0c6-d8a1-a5ff-f0ced3eb0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holocaust_Encyclopedia-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust_Encyclopedia_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-farhud">"The Farhud"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Farhud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-farhud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bashkin_p115-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bashkin_p115_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashkin2012">Bashkin 2012</a>, p. 115 "The quick defeat of Rashid 'Ali, after a short period of national euphoria, and the allegations that the Jews had aided the British, made for a volatile situation, which exploded violently on the first and second days of June."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlantic_2014-04-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_2014-04_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Kaplan, Robert D. (April 2014). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/04/in-defense-of-empire/358645/">"In Defense of Empire"</a></span>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=In+Defense+of+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2014-04&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2014%2F04%2Fin-defense-of-empire%2F358645%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012121-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012121_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012121_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012121_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012121_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashkin2012">Bashkin 2012</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wien_2006_p._108-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wien_2006_p._108_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWien2006" class="citation book cs1">Wien, Peter (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iraqiarabnationa0000wien"><i>Iraqi Arab Nationalism: Authoritarian, Totalitarian, and Pro-fascist Inclinations, 1932-1941</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iraqiarabnationa0000wien/page/108/mode/2up">108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-02886-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-02886-5"><bdi>978-0-203-02886-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212623474">212623474</a> – via Internet Archive. <q>The presence of German troops on the war scene, however, gave way to interpretations of the pogrom as a racial anti-Semitic endeavor 'in the fringes of the Shoah, the Jewish Holocaust.' While this is surely an exaggeration in its comparative perspective, the apologetic approach of several Arab authors is insufficient as well. According to them, the outbreak of violence resulted from the anti-Zionist zeal of the public<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Arab+Nationalism%3A+Authoritarian%2C+Totalitarian%2C+and+Pro-fascist+Inclinations%2C+1932-1941&rft.place=London&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F212623474&rft.isbn=978-0-203-02886-5&rft.aulast=Wien&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firaqiarabnationa0000wien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012102-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012102_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashkin2012">Bashkin 2012</a>, p. 102: "As is to be expected, both Arab and Zionist national memories have silenced important aspects of the Farhud<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Zionist historiography<span class="nowrap"> </span>... has highlighted the Farhud as a watershed in the history of the Iraqi-Jewish community. From the Zionist standpoint, the Farhud was the outcome of the anti-Semitism and Iraqi nationalist rhetoric in the 1930s. It was also viewed as having galvanized the Zionist movement in Iraq and ultimately as causing Iraq's Jews to recognize that their country had rejected their attempts at integration and assimilation. In some Zionist circles, the event came to be understood as an extension of the European Holocaust into the Middle East. This connection is made manifest today by the archiving of certain documents relating to the Farhud in Yad Va-Shem, the Israeli Holocaust Museum in Jerusalem."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGat199723–24,_28p-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGat199723–24,_28p_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGat199723–24,_28p_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGat199723–24,_28p_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGat199723–24,_28p_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGat1997">Gat 1997</a>, pp. 23–24, 28p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shatz_2008-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shatz_2008_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shatz_2008_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShatz2008" class="citation journal cs1">Shatz, Adam (6 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v30/n21/adam-shatz/leaving-paradise">"Leaving Paradise"</a>. <i>London Review of Books</i>. <b>30</b> (21). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>. <q>Yet Sasson Somekh insists that the <i>farhud</i> was not 'the beginning of the end'. Indeed, he claims it was soon 'almost erased from the collective Jewish memory', washed away by 'the prosperity experienced by the entire city from 1941 to 1948'. Somekh, who was born in 1933, remembers the 1940s as a 'golden age' of 'security', 'recovery' and 'consolidation', in which the 'Jewish community had regained its full creative drive'. Jews built new homes, schools and hospitals, showing every sign of wanting to stay. They took part in politics as never before; at Bretton Woods, Iraq was represented by Ibrahim al-Kabir, the Jewish finance minister. Some joined the Zionist underground, but many more waved the red flag. Liberal nationalists and Communists rallied people behind a conception of national identity far more inclusive than the Golden Square's Pan-Arabism, allowing Jews to join ranks with other Iraqis – even in opposition to the British and Nuri al-Said, who did not take their ingratitude lightly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Leaving+Paradise&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=21&rft.date=2008-11-06&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Shatz&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv30%2Fn21%2Fadam-shatz%2Fleaving-paradise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haddad_2014-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haddad_2014_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haddad_2014_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddad2014" class="citation web cs1">Haddad, Heskel M. (8 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810011431/http://jewishvoiceny.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2165:world-organization-of-jews-from-arab-countries-wojac-history-and-purpose&catid=113:oped&Itemid=296">"World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries (WOJAC): History and Purpose"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i>. Brooklyn. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishvoiceny.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2165:world-organization-of-jews-from-arab-countries-wojac-history-and-purpose&catid=113:oped&Itemid=296">the original</a> on 10 August 2017. <q>The turning point for the Jews in Iraq was not the Farhood, as it is wrongly assumed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Voice&rft.atitle=World+Organization+of+Jews+from+Arab+Countries+%28WOJAC%29%3A+History+and+Purpose&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft.aulast=Haddad&rft.aufirst=Heskel+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishvoiceny.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D2165%3Aworld-organization-of-jews-from-arab-countries-wojac-history-and-purpose%26catid%3D113%3Aoped%26Itemid%3D296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marqusee_2008_pp._211–250-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marqusee_2008_pp._211–250_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marqusee_2008_pp._211–250_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarqusee2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Marqusee" title="Mike Marqusee">Marqusee, Mike</a> (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ifiamnotformysel0000marq/page/210/mode/2up">"Diasporic Dimensions"</a></span>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ifiamnotformysel0000marq"><i>If I am Not for Myself: Journey of an Anti-Zionist Jew</i></a></span>. London: Verso. pp. <span class="nowrap">211–</span>250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844672141" title="Special:BookSources/9781844672141"><bdi>9781844672141</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607271749">607271749</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diasporic+Dimensions&rft.btitle=If+I+am+Not+for+Myself%3A+Journey+of+an+Anti-Zionist+Jew&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F607271749&rft.isbn=9781844672141&rft.aulast=Marqusee&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fifiamnotformysel0000marq%2Fpage%2F210%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-massacre1941-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-massacre1941_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-massacre1941_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcolumnist2015" class="citation web cs1">columnist, Edwin Black/Guest (31 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalnow.com/opinion/columnists/edwin-black-remembering-the-farhud-massacre-of-june-1941/article_8c241c06-062c-11e5-b8dd-7f5856f9fa31.html">"Edwin Black: Remembering the Farhud massacre of June 1941"</a>. <i>Winston-Salem Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Winston-Salem+Journal&rft.atitle=Edwin+Black%3A+Remembering+the+Farhud+massacre+of+June+1941&rft.date=2015-05-31&rft.aulast=columnist&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Black%2FGuest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournalnow.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fedwin-black-remembering-the-farhud-massacre-of-june-1941%2Farticle_8c241c06-062c-11e5-b8dd-7f5856f9fa31.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1966" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Hayyim (October 1966). "The Anti-Jewish <i>Farhūd</i> in Baghdad, 1941". <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206608700059">10.1080/00263206608700059</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-7881">1743-7881</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282184">4282184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Anti-Jewish+Farh%C5%ABd+in+Baghdad%2C+1941&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=1966-10&rft.issn=1743-7881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4282184%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206608700059&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Hayyim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shenhav_2002-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shenhav_2002_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenhav2002" class="citation journal cs1">Shenhav, Yehouda (May 2002). "Ethnicity and National Memory: The World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries (WOJAC) in the Context of the Palestinian National Struggle". <i>British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530190220124052">10.1080/13530190220124052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-0194">1353-0194</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/826147">826147</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144466568">144466568</a>. <q>In 1941 a two-day pogrom (known as the <i>farhud</i>) was perpetrated in Baghdad. It was the only pogrom in the history of Iraqi Jews and it did not spread to other cities: it was confined to Baghdad alone. Historians agree that this was an exceptional event in the history of Jewish-Muslim relations in Iraq.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+National+Memory%3A+The+World+Organization+of+Jews+from+Arab+Countries+%28WOJAC%29+in+the+Context+of+the+Palestinian+National+Struggle&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2002-05&rft.issn=1353-0194&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144466568%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F826147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13530190220124052&rft.aulast=Shenhav&rft.aufirst=Yehouda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-European_Holocaust_Research_Infrastructure_2014-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-European_Holocaust_Research_Infrastructure_2014_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ehri-project.eu/Edy-Cohen">"Shoah Memorial, Paris"</a>. <i>European Holocaust Research Infrastructure</i>. 12 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Holocaust+Research+Infrastructure&rft.atitle=Shoah+Memorial%2C+Paris&rft.date=2014-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehri-project.eu%2FEdy-Cohen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen_2022-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_2022_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2022" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Edy (1 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israeltoday.co.il/read/this-day-in-history-the-nazi-arab-massacre-of-iraqi-jews/">"This Day in History: The Nazi-Arab Massacre of Iraqi Jews"</a>. <i>Israel Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Today&rft.atitle=This+Day+in+History%3A+The+Nazi-Arab+Massacre+of+Iraqi+Jews&rft.date=2022-10-01&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Edy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israeltoday.co.il%2Fread%2Fthis-day-in-history-the-nazi-arab-massacre-of-iraqi-jews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012113-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012113_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashkin2012">Bashkin 2012</a>, p. 113: "The government seemed to have enjoyed a great deal of popular support in Baghdad, and was hailed by many intellectuals, who saw in the Kaylani movement a national and patriotic act of defiance against Britain and its influence in Iraq. Groups and individuals ranging from the communists to Haj Amin al-Husayni, who disagreed on almost every political issue, all backed the regime. Their reasons for doing so naturally varied greatly: some saw the Kaylani government as leading the fight against colonialism, while others hoped for a more sympathetic attitude toward Germany. All, apparently, yearned for the departure of the British after two long decades of interference in Iraqi affairs."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert_2010_p._189-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert_2010_p._189_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert_2010_p._189_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert_2010_p._189_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inishmaelshouseh0000gilb"><i>In Ishmael's House: A History of Jews in Muslim Lands</i></a></span>. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inishmaelshouseh0000gilb/page/188/mode/2up">189</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17080-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17080-1"><bdi>978-0-300-17080-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/890477060">890477060</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Ishmael%27s+House%3A+A+History+of+Jews+in+Muslim+Lands&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F890477060&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17080-1&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finishmaelshouseh0000gilb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012116-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012116_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashkin2012">Bashkin 2012</a>, p. 116: "The most convincing evidence, though, was Sab‘awi's warning to Rabbi Sasun Khaduri shortly before the Farhud that Jews should not leave their homes for three days and should have enough food to do so<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Sab‘awi may well have intended to harm Jews, but it is also possible that he was indirectly expressing his fear that something bad might happen to the Jewish community because of the anti-Jewish atmosphere that was prevalent in Baghdad."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012114-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012114_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashkin2012">Bashkin 2012</a>, p. 114: "Worse yet, it was thought that Jews were actively aiding the British war effort, despite the fact that they were serving in the Iraqi military. Jews, rumor had it, used their radios to broadcast information and to signal to British airplanes, and distributed British propaganda, especially the leaflets that the British dropped from their airplanes on Baghdad. There was no truth to these rumors, but they nonetheless circulated in the city."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yehuda_Winter_2005–2006-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yehuda_Winter_2005–2006_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYehuda2005–2006" class="citation journal cs1">Yehuda, Zvi (Winter 2005–2006) [1941]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810004655/http://babylonjewry.org.il/new/english/nehardea/15/4.htm">"The Outbreak of the Progom (Farhud) of June 1941 in Baghdad"</a>. <i>Nehardea Journal</i> (15). Or Yehuda, Israel: The Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0333-6905">0333-6905</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/176790061">176790061</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babylonjewry.org.il/new/english/nehardea/15/4.htm">the original</a> on 10 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nehardea+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Outbreak+of+the+Progom+%28Farhud%29+of+June+1941+in+Baghdad&rft.ssn=winter&rft.issue=15&rft.date=2005%2F2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F176790061&rft.issn=0333-6905&rft.aulast=Yehuda&rft.aufirst=Zvi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.babylonjewry.org.il%2Fnew%2Fenglish%2Fnehardea%2F15%2F4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morad_Shasha_Shasha_2008_pp._134–135-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morad_Shasha_Shasha_2008_pp._134–135_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoradShashaShasha2008" class="citation book cs1">Morad, Tamar; Shasha, Dennis Elliott; Shasha, Robert (2008). "Our Country No More". <i>Iraq's last Jews: Stories of Daily Life, Upheaval, and Escape from Modern Babylon</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">134–</span>135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230616233_4">10.1057/9780230616233_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61623-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61623-3"><bdi>978-0-230-61623-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/314828538">314828538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Our+Country+No+More&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+last+Jews%3A+Stories+of+Daily+Life%2C+Upheaval%2C+and+Escape+from+Modern+Babylon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F314828538&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230616233_4&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61623-3&rft.aulast=Morad&rft.aufirst=Tamar&rft.au=Shasha%2C+Dennis+Elliott&rft.au=Shasha%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012123–124-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012123–124_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashkin2012">Bashkin 2012</a>, pp. 123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hakhmei Bavel, Yeshivath Hod Yosef Publishing House, pp. 229–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Segev" class="citation web cs1">Tom Segev. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080330000809/https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/966686.html">"Memories of Eden"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/966686.html">the original</a> on 30 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Memories+of+Eden&rft.au=Tom+Segev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F966686.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShenhav200230-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShenhav200230_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShenhav2002">Shenhav 2002</a>, p. 30: "For unclear reasons, the British themselves delayed their entry into the city by 48 hours. According to some testimonies, it is possible that the British wanted passions to boil over in the city and actually had an interest in a clash between Jews and Muslims."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levin_p6-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levin_p6_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2001" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Itamar (30 August 2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9717056M/Locked_Doors"><i>Locked Doors</i></a></span>. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lockeddoorsseizu0000levi/page/6/mode/2up">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97134-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97134-2"><bdi>978-0-275-97134-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1200491197">1200491197</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9717056M">9717056M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Locked+Doors&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2001-08-30&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1200491197&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9717056M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97134-2&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Itamar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9717056M%2FLocked_Doors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-farhudmemories-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-farhudmemories_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13610702">"Farhud memories: Baghdad's 1941 slaughter of the Jews"</a>. BBC News. June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Farhud+memories%3A+Baghdad%27s+1941+slaughter+of+the+Jews&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-13610702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alwaya_2005-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alwaya_2005_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlwaya2005" class="citation news cs1">Alwaya, Semha (28 March 2005). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/article/The-vanishing-Jews-of-the-Arab-world-Baghdad-2694221.php">"The vanishing Jews of the Arab world / Baghdad native tells the story of being a Middle East refugee"</a></span>. Opinion. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+vanishing+Jews+of+the+Arab+world+%2F+Baghdad+native+tells+the+story+of+being+a+Middle+East+refugee&rft.date=2005-03-28&rft.aulast=Alwaya&rft.aufirst=Semha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfchronicle.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle%2FThe-vanishing-Jews-of-the-Arab-world-Baghdad-2694221.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span> Reprinted as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlwaya2010" class="citation web cs1">Alwaya, Semha (13 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514033838/http://www.aish.com/jw/me/48914692.html">"The Middle East's Forgotten Refugees"</a>. <i>aish.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/jw/me/48914692.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aish.com&rft.atitle=The+Middle+East%27s+Forgotten+Refugees&rft.date=2010-08-13&rft.aulast=Alwaya&rft.aufirst=Semha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fjw%2Fme%2F48914692.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012122-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012122_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashkin2012">Bashkin 2012</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basri_2021-06-02-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Basri_2021-06-02_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasri2021" class="citation web cs1">Basri, Carole (2 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-farhud-the-2-stage-ethnic-cleansing-of-iraqi-jewry/">"First came the Farhud: The 2-stage ethnic cleansing of Iraqi Jewry"</a>. <i>The Times of Israel</i>. <q>The height of the slaughter occurred at the local hospital where poison injections were administered, causing the deaths of 120 Jewish patients<span class="nowrap"> </span>... The hospital director in charge had his privileges to treat patients as a doctor taken away for five years. Based on estimates, the number of murdered and disappeared is over 1,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=First+came+the+Farhud%3A+The+2-stage+ethnic+cleansing+of+Iraqi+Jewry&rft.date=2021-06-02&rft.aulast=Basri&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofisrael.com%2Fthe-farhud-the-2-stage-ethnic-cleansing-of-iraqi-jewry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iraqi_Commission_of_Inquiry-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iraqi_Commission_of_Inquiry_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iraqi_Commission_of_Inquiry_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Iraqi Commission of Inquiry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGat199723-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGat199723_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGat199723_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGat1997">Gat 1997</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tejel_2012-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tejel_2012_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTejel2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Tejel" title="Jordi Tejel">Tejel, Jordi</a> (2012). <i>Writing the Modern History of Iraq: Historiographical and Political Challenges</i>. Singapore: World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4390-55-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4390-55-2"><bdi>978-981-4390-55-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/814318765">814318765</a>. <q>This is not surprising if we consider that the Old Regime, once reinstalled after the war of May 1941, made every effort to present the followers of the Rashid 'Ali movement as proxies of Nazism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+the+Modern+History+of+Iraq%3A+Historiographical+and+Political+Challenges&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F814318765&rft.isbn=978-981-4390-55-2&rft.aulast=Tejel&rft.aufirst=Jordi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stillman_2010_Farhūd-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stillman_2010_Farhūd_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStillman2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stillman" title="Norman Stillman">Stillman, Norman A.</a> (2010). "Farhūd". <i>Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic world</i>. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1878-9781_ejiw_com_0007660">10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_com_0007660</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1878-9781">1878-9781</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/613355404">613355404</a>. <q>Either way, the farhūd was a significant turning-point for the Jewish community. In addition to its effect on relations between Iraqi Muslims and Jews, it exacerbated the tensions between the pro-British Jewish notables and the younger elements of the community, who now looked to the Communist Party and Zionism and began to consider emigration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Farh%C5%ABd&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+the+Islamic+world&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F613355404&rft.issn=1878-9781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1878-9781_ejiw_com_0007660&rft.aulast=Stillman&rft.aufirst=Norman+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simon_2003_p._350-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simon_2003_p._350_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2003" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Reeva S. (2003). "19: Iraq". In Simon, Reeva S.; Laskier, Michael M.; Reguer, Sara (eds.). <i>The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VxEJrEY22egC&pg=350">350</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50759-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50759-2"><bdi>978-0-231-50759-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/simo10796.25">simo10796.25</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/614998544">614998544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=19%3A+Iraq&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa+in+Modern+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F614998544&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsimo10796.25%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50759-2&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Reeva+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meir-Glitzenstein-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meir-Glitzenstein_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeir-Glitzenstein2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Esther_Meir-Glitzenstein" title="Esther Meir-Glitzenstein">Meir-Glitzenstein, Esther</a> (2004). <i>Zionism in an Arab Country</i>. London: Routledge. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203344064">10.4324/9780203344064</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76862-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76862-1"><bdi>978-1-135-76862-1</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/275261268">275261268</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/252734372">252734372</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/814291885">814291885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zionism+in+an+Arab+Country&rft.place=London&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203344064&rft.isbn=978-1-135-76862-1&rft.aulast=Meir-Glitzenstein&rft.aufirst=Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashkin2012">Bashkin 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012138–139-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012138–139_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashkin2012">Bashkin 2012</a>, pp. 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012141–182-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012141–182_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashkin2012">Bashkin 2012</a>, pp. 141–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGat199723–24-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGat199723–24_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGat1997">Gat 1997</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012189–190-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012189–190_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin2012189–190_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashkin2012">Bashkin 2012</a>, pp. 189–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillel_1988_p.-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hillel_1988_p._47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillel1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Hillel" title="Shlomo Hillel">Hillel, Shlomo</a> (1988) [1985]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operationbabylon00hill"><i>Operation Babylon</i></a></span>. Translated by Friedman, Ina. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-217984-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-217984-3"><bdi>978-0-00-217984-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1330620329">1330620329</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Babylon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1330620329&rft.isbn=978-0-00-217984-3&rft.aulast=Hillel&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foperationbabylon00hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGat199736-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGat199736_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGat1997">Gat 1997</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashkin201290-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashkin201290_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashkin2012">Bashkin 2012</a>, p. 90: "The general sentiment was that if a man as well connected and powerful as Adas could be eliminated by the state, other Jews would not be protected any longer."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tripp_2001_p._142-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tripp_2001_p._142_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTripp2001">Tripp 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warforpalestiner0000unse/page/142/mode/2up">142</a> "During this time, the Iraqi Jewish community became increasingly fearful [...]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokol2015" class="citation web cs1">Sokol, Sam (2 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/At-UN-Jewish-organizations-mark-seminal-Iraqi-pogrom-404767">"At UN, Jewish organizations mark seminal Iraqi pogrom"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=At+UN%2C+Jewish+organizations+mark+seminal+Iraqi+pogrom&rft.date=2015-06-02&rft.aulast=Sokol&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FDiaspora%2FAt-UN-Jewish-organizations-mark-seminal-Iraqi-pogrom-404767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_2015-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Black_2015_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Black, Edwin</a> (17 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jweekly.com/2015/07/17/farhud-day-marks-forgotten-pogrom-of-jews-in-arab-lands/">"Farhud Day marks forgotten pogrom of Jews in Arab lands"</a>. <i>J. The Jewish News of Northern California</i>. San Francisco<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=J.+The+Jewish+News+of+Northern+California&rft.atitle=Farhud+Day+marks+forgotten+pogrom+of+Jews+in+Arab+lands&rft.date=2015-07-17&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjweekly.com%2F2015%2F07%2F17%2Ffarhud-day-marks-forgotten-pogrom-of-jews-in-arab-lands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRambam_Mesivta2015" class="citation web cs1">Rambam Mesivta (11 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejewishstar.com/stories/Rambam-students-join-Farhud-Day-at-UN,6111?page=1&content_source=">"Rambam students join Farhud Day at U.N."</a> <i>The Jewish Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Star&rft.atitle=Rambam+students+join+Farhud+Day+at+U.N.&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft.au=Rambam+Mesivta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejewishstar.com%2Fstories%2FRambam-students-join-Farhud-Day-at-UN%2C6111%3Fpage%3D1%26content_source%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.standwithus.com_2015-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-www.standwithus.com_2015_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721045525/https://www.standwithus.com/news/article.asp?id=3978">"International Farhud Day Declared at the United Nations on June 1, 2015"</a>. <a href="/wiki/StandWithUs" title="StandWithUs">StandWithUs</a>. 1 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standwithus.com/news/article.asp?id=3978">the original</a> on 21 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Farhud+Day+Declared+at+the+United+Nations+on+June+1%2C+2015&rft.pub=StandWithUs&rft.date=2015-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standwithus.com%2Fnews%2Farticle.asp%3Fid%3D3978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashkin2012" class="citation book cs1">Bashkin, Orit (1 January 2012). <i>New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780804782012">10.1515/9780804782012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8201-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8201-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-8201-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/811502389">811502389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Babylonians%3A+A+History+of+Jews+in+Modern+Iraq&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F811502389&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780804782012&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8201-2&rft.aulast=Bashkin&rft.aufirst=Orit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGat1997" class="citation book cs1">Gat, Moshe (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL991630M/The_Jewish_exodus_from_Iraq_1948-1951"><i>The Jewish exodus from Iraq, 1948-1951</i></a></span>. London: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-299-73041-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-299-73041-0"><bdi>978-1-299-73041-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/853240584">853240584</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL991630M">991630M</a> – via The Open Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+exodus+from+Iraq%2C+1948-1951&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F853240584&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL991630M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-299-73041-0&rft.aulast=Gat&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL991630M%2FThe_Jewish_exodus_from_Iraq_1948-1951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripp2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Tripp, Charles R. H.</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warforpalestiner0000unse/page/124/mode/2up">"The Jewish community in Iraq and 1948"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Rogan" title="Eugene Rogan">Rogan, Eugene L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Shlaim, Avi</a> (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warforpalestiner0000unse"><i>The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948</i></a></span>. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">125–</span>150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79139-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79139-7"><bdi>978-0-521-79139-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1259662821">1259662821</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+community+in+Iraq+and+1948&rft.btitle=The+War+for+Palestine%3A+Rewriting+the+History+of+1948&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1259662821&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79139-7&rft.aulast=Tripp&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarforpalestiner0000unse%2Fpage%2F124%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarhud" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kedouri Elie (1974) <i>The Sack of Basra and the Farhud in Baghdad</i> (Arabic Political Memoirs. London), pp. 283–314.</li> <li>Shamash, Violette (2008, 2010) <i>Memories of Eden: A Journey Through Jewish Baghdad</i> (Forum Books, London; Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Ill.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9557095-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9557095-0-0">978-0-9557095-0-0</a>.</li> <li>Zvi Yehuda and Shmuel Moreh (ed.): <i>Al-Farhud: the 1941 Pogrom in Iraq</i> (Magnes Press and The <a href="/wiki/Vidal_Sassoon_International_Center_for_the_Study_of_Antisemitism" title="Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism">Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism</a>), 1992 Hebrew, 2010 English: plus the Babylonian Jewish Heritage Center as editor; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-493-490-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-493-490-9">978-965-493-490-9</a>, e-book: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-493-491-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-493-491-6">978-965-493-491-6</a></li> <li>Nissim Kazzaz, "Report of the Governmental Commission of Inquiry on the Events of June 1–2, 1941," Pe’amim 8 (1981), pp. 46–59 [Hebrew].</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhud&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midrash.org/articles/farhud/">The Farhud of 1941 in Iraq</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/iraqijews.html">The Jews of Iraq</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bankingonbaghdad.com/archive/JewishTimes20041005/International%20News.htm">Baghdad & Forgotten Pogrom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181030044647/https://bankingonbaghdad.com/archive/JewishTimes20041005/International%20News.htm">Archived</a> 2018-10-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Edwin Black (<i>The Jewish Times</i>) October 5, 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/1427687/The-terror-behind-Iraqs-Jewish-exodus.html">The terror behind Iraq's Jewish exodus</a>, <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>, 16 April 2003.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jimena.org">JIMENA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babylonjewry.org.il/">Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqijews.org/">The Iraqi Jews</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720080913/http://www.flix.co.il/tapuz/showVideo.asp?m=1940442">Hebrew documentary video about the Farhud</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13610702">Farhud memories: Baghdad's 1941 slaughter of the Jews</a>, BBC News, 1 June 2011.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-expulsion-that-backfired-when-iraq-kicked-out-its-jews/">The expulsion that backfired: When Iraq kicked out its Jews</a>, <i>The Times of Israel</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://farhudinfo.com">Remembering The Farhud</a></li></ul> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Template:Massacres or pogroms against Jews"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Template talk:Massacres or pogroms against Jews"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massacres or pogroms against Jews"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacres</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> against <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st – 13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1–999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_riots_(38_CE)" title="Alexandrian riots (38 CE)">Alexandrian pogrom</a> (38)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_riot_(66)" title="Alexandria riot (66)">2nd Alexandrian pogrom</a> (66)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jewish_revolts14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">The Great Revolt</a> (66–73)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt#Aftermath" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> (132–136)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus</a> (351–352)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius#Massacre_of_the_Jews" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Jewish revolt against Heraclius</a> (614–617)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a> (628 CE)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1000–1299</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sacks_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(1009%E2%80%931013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacks of Córdoba (1009–1013)">Córdoba massacre</a> (1013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1033_Fez_massacre" title="1033 Fez massacre">Fez massacre</a> (1033)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1066_Granada_massacre" title="1066 Granada massacre">Granada massacre</a> (1066)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Worms_massacre_(1096)" title="Worms massacre (1096)">Worms</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Speyer#Massacres_of_1096" title="History of the Jews in Speyer">Speyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Mainz </a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism#Twelfth_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Ham massacre</a> (1143)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England_(1066%E2%80%931290)#Massacres_at_London_and_York_(1189–1190)" title="History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)">Massacres at London and York</a> (1189–1190)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rintfleisch_massacres" title="Rintfleisch massacres">Rintfleisch massacres</a> (1298)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th – 19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1300–1599</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1320)">Shepherds' Crusade</a> (1320)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navarre_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navarre pogrom (page does not exist)">Navarre pogrom</a> (1328)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armleder_persecutions" title="Armleder persecutions">Armleder persecutions</a> (1336–1339)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death_(1348–1350)60" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Persecution of Jews during the Black Death</a> (1348–1350)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_massacre_(1349)" title="Erfurt massacre (1349)">Erfurt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Basel_Massacre" title="Basel Massacre">Basel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Speyer#Pogroms_and_expulsions_beginning_1195" title="History of the Jews in Speyer">Speyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_massacre" title="Strasbourg massacre">Strasbourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zurich_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurich Massacre">Zurich</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain#1300–1391" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Toledo massacre</a> (1355)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brussels_massacre" title="Brussels massacre">Brussels massacre</a> (1370)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">1391 pogroms</a> (1391)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaffhausen Massacre">Schaffhausen Massacre</a> (1401)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1465_Moroccan_revolution" title="1465 Moroccan revolution">Moroccan revolution</a> (1465)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1473_C%C3%B3rdoba_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1473 Córdoba pogrom (page does not exist)">Córdoba pogrom</a> (1473)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Modica#History" title="Modica">Massacre of the Assumption</a> (1474)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> (1478)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Arles#Fourteenth_and_fifteenth_centuries" title="History of the Jews in Arles">Arles pogrom</a> (1484)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_massacre" title="Lisbon massacre">Lisbon massacre</a> (1506)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1517_Hebron_attacks" title="1517 Hebron attacks">Hebron pogrom</a> (1517)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1517_Safed_attacks" title="1517 Safed attacks">Safed pogrom</a> (1517)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a> (1536)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1600–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Chmielnicki massacres</a> (1648–1657)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1660_destruction_of_Safed" title="1660 destruction of Safed">Safed massacre</a> (1660)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mawza_Exile" title="Mawza Exile">Mawza Exile</a> (1679)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Uman" title="Massacre of Uman">Massacre of Uman</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9touan_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tétouan pogrom (page does not exist)">Tétouan pogrom</a> (1790)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algiers massacre (page does not exist)">Algiers massacre</a> (1805)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots" title="Hep-Hep riots">Hep-Hep riots</a> (1819)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1821_pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">First Odessa pogrom</a> (1821)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1828_Baghdad_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1828 Baghdad massacre (page does not exist)">Baghdad massacre</a> (1828)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1834_looting_of_Safed" title="1834 looting of Safed">Tzfat pogrom</a> (1834)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hebron" title="Battle of Hebron">Hebron pogrom</a> (1834)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_attack_on_Safed" title="1838 Druze attack on Safed">Safed massacre</a> (1838)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allahdad" title="Allahdad">Allahdad</a> (1839)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Damascus_affair" title="Damascus affair">Damascus affair</a> (1840)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1859_pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">Second Odessa pogrom</a> (1859)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9touan_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tétouan massacre (page does not exist)">Tétouan massacre</a> (1860)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1871_pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">Third Odessa pogrom</a> (1871)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Russian_Empire_(1881–1884)62" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1881–1884)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogrom_(1881)" title="Kiev pogrom (1881)">Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_pogrom_(1881)" title="Warsaw pogrom (1881)">Warsaw</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1881–1906_period" title="Odessa pogroms">Fourth Odessa pogrom</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1891_Corfu_riots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1891 Corfu riots (page does not exist)">Corfu pogrom</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1898_Algerian_riots" title="1898 Algerian riots">1898 Algerian riots</a> (1898)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1900–1937</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_pogrom_(1902)" title="Częstochowa pogrom (1902)">Częstochowa pogrom</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">First Kishinev pogrom</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zabolotiv#History" title="Zabolotiv">Zablotov pogrom</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogrom_(1905)" title="Kiev pogrom (1905)">Kiev pogrom</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1905_Pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">Fifth Odessa pogrom</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Kishinev_pogrom" title="Second Kishinev pogrom">Second Kishinev pogrom</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_pogrom" title="Białystok pogrom">Białystok pogrom</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siedlce_pogrom" title="Siedlce pogrom">Siedlce pogrom</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_blood_libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiraz blood libel">Shiraz pogrom</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_Fez_riots" title="1912 Fez riots">The Tritl</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1914)" title="Lwów pogrom (1914)">Lwów pogrom</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Skvyra#History" title="Skvyra">Skver pogrom</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1917_Jaffa_deportation" title="1917 Jaffa deportation">Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom_(1918)" title="Kielce pogrom (1918)">Kielce pogrom</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1918)" title="Lwów pogrom (1918)">Lwów pogrom</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)">Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">1920 Nebi Musa riots</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Russian_Civil_War_(1918–1920)68" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms of the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1918–1920)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lida#Jewish_Community" title="Lida">Lida</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radomyshl#History" title="Radomyshl">Radomyshl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justingrad" title="Justingrad">Justingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Skvyra#History" title="Skvyra">Skver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zviahel#History" title="Zviahel">Zviahel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pinsk_massacre" title="Pinsk massacre">Pinsk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fastov_massacre" title="Fastov massacre">Fastov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Proskurov_pogrom" title="Proskurov pogrom">Proskurov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogroms_(1919)" title="Kiev pogroms (1919)">Kiev</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zawiercie#History" title="Zawiercie">Zavirtcha pogrom</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927_Oradea_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1927 Oradea pogrom (page does not exist)">Oradea pogrom</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927-es_nagyv%C3%A1radi_pogrom" class="extiw" title="hu:1927-es nagyváradi pogrom">hu</a>]</span> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">Safed massacre</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">Hebron massacre</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Campbell_pogrom" title="Campbell pogrom">Campbell pogrom</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1934_Constantine_riots" title="1934 Constantine riots">Constantine riots</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1934_Thrace_pogroms" title="1934 Thrace pogroms">Thrace pogroms</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots_(April_1936)" title="Jaffa riots (April 1936)">The Bloody Day in Jaffa</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Przytyk_pogrom" title="Przytyk pogrom">Przytyk pogrom</a> (1936) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brest pogrom (page does not exist)">Brest pogrom</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom_von_Brest_(1937)" class="extiw" title="de:Pogrom von Brest (1937)">de</a>; <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaj%C5%9Bcia_anty%C5%BCydowskie_w_Brze%C5%9Bciu_nad_Bugiem" class="extiw" title="pl:Zajścia antyżydowskie w Brześciu nad Bugiem">pl</a>]</span> (1937)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">1938–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="19384" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1938</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1938_Tiberias_massacre" title="1938 Tiberias massacre">Tiberias massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1939</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_massacre" title="Częstochowa massacre">Częstochowa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krasnosielc#History" title="Krasnosielc">Krasnosielc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin#World_War_II" title="Będzin">Będzin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wyszk%C3%B3w,_Wyszk%C3%B3w_County#History" title="Wyszków, Wyszków County">Wyszków</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%BAmice_Wielkie" title="Koźmice Wielkie">Koźmice Wielkie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Dyn%C3%B3w" title="Massacre in Dynów">Dynów</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Mazowiecka_massacre" title="Ostrów Mazowiecka massacre">Ostrów Mazowiecka</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi pogrom</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1941</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom#The_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp pogrom">Antwerp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1941_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Gab%C3%A8s" title="1941 anti-Jewish riots in Gabès">Gabès</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas (June)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dobromyl#History" title="Dobromyl">Dobromil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1941_Bia%C5%82ystok_massacres" title="1941 Białystok massacres">Białystok</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Farhud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mass_murders_in_Tykocin" title="Mass murders in Tykocin">Tykocin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odessa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ven%C4%8Dion%C4%97liai_massacre" title="Švenčionėliai massacre">Švenčionėliai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_massacre_of_October_29,_1941" title="Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941">Kaunas (October)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1942</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action" title="Dünamünde Action">Dünamünde Action</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzyatlava_massacre" title="Dzyatlava massacre">Dzyatlava</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luzhki,_Sharkawshchyna_District#History" title="Luzhki, Sharkawshchyna District">Łużki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivyanyets#World_War_II" title="Ivyanyets">Iwieniec</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Markava,_Maladzyechna_District#History" title="Markava, Maladzyechna District">Marków</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haradzyeya#History" title="Haradzyeya">Horodziej</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mereczowszczyzna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mereczowszczyzna">Mereczowszczyzna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sarny_massacre" title="Sarny massacre">Sarny</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1943</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kielce_cemetery_massacre" title="Kielce cemetery massacre">Kielce cemetery massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Operation Harvest Festival</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ardeatine_massacre" title="Ardeatine massacre">Ardeatine massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludu%C8%99_massacre" title="Luduș massacre">Luduș massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C4%83rma%C8%99u_massacre" title="Sărmașu massacre">Sărmașu massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kremni%C4%8Dka_and_Nemeck%C3%A1_massacres" title="Kremnička and Nemecká massacres">Kremnička and Nemecká massacres</a> (1944–1945)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stary_Jaromierz" title="Stary Jaromierz">Stary Jaromierz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le%C5%9Bno,_Chojnice_County" title="Leśno, Chojnice County">Leśno</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deutsch_Sch%C3%BCtzen_massacre" title="Deutsch Schützen massacre">Deutsch Schützen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_pogrom" title="Kraków pogrom">Kraków</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Topo%C4%BE%C4%8Dany_pogrom" title="Topoľčany pogrom">Topoľčan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1945_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Egypt" title="1945 anti-Jewish riots in Egypt">Cairo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1945_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" title="1945 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1946–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="19464" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1946</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kunmadaras_pogrom" title="Kunmadaras pogrom">Kunmadaras</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miskolc_pogrom" title="Miskolc pogrom">Miskolc</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1947</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fajja_bus_attacks" title="Fajja bus attacks">Fajja bus attacks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Oil_Refinery_massacre" title="Haifa Oil Refinery massacre">Haifa Oil Refinery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aden" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aden">Aden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">Aleppo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Manama" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Manama">Manama</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1948</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">Tripoli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Anti-Jewish_riots_in_Oujda_and_Jerada" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Anti-Jewish riots in Oujda and Jerada">Djerada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Ben Yehuda Street bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Cairo_bombings" title="1948 Cairo bombings">Cairo bombings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Etzion_massacre" title="Kfar Etzion massacre">Kfar Etzion massacre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1949_Menarsha_synagogue_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="1949 Menarsha synagogue attack">Menarsha synagogue attack</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s–1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ale_Akrabim_massacre" title="Ma'ale Akrabim massacre">Scorpion Pass massacre</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shafrir_synagogue_shooting_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafrir synagogue shooting attack">Shafrir synagogue shooting</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1967_Tripoli_pogrom" title="1967 Tripoli pogrom">Tripoli pogrom</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis#Emigration_of_Polish_citizens_of_Jewish_origin" title="1968 Polish political crisis">Purge of Polish Jews</a> (1968)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Avivim_school_bus_bombing" title="Avivim school bus bombing">Avivim school bus bombing</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lod_Airport_massacre" title="Lod Airport massacre">Lod Airport massacre</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre" title="Ma'alot massacre">Ma'alot massacre</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona_massacre" title="Kiryat Shmona massacre">Kiryat Shmona massacre</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings#1975" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Ben Yehuda Street bombing</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Road massacre">Coastal Road massacre</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1979_Nahariya_attack" title="1979 Nahariya attack">Nahariya massacre</a> (1979)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Paris_synagogue_bombing" title="1980 Paris synagogue bombing">Paris synagogue bombing</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Antwerp_attack" title="1980 Antwerp attack">Antwerp summer camp attack</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Antwerp_synagogue_bombing" title="1981 Antwerp synagogue bombing">Antwerp bombing</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Vienna_synagogue_attack" title="1981 Vienna synagogue attack">Vienna synagogue attack</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chez_Jo_Goldenberg_restaurant_attack" title="Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack">Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ras_Burqa_massacre" title="Ras Burqa massacre">Ras Burqa massacre</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neve_Shalom_Synagogue_massacre" title="Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre">Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1989_Purim_stabbing_attack" title="1989 Purim stabbing attack">Purim stabbing</a> (1989)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Cairo_bus_attack" title="1990 Cairo bus attack">Cairo bus attack</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">Crown Heights riot</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/AMIA_bombing" title="AMIA bombing">AMIA bombing</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dizengoff_Street_bus_bombing" title="Dizengoff Street bus bombing">Dizengoff Street bus bombing</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beit_Lid_suicide_bombing" title="Beit Lid suicide bombing">Beit Lid massacre</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dizengoff_Center_suicide_bombing" title="Dizengoff Center suicide bombing">Purim massacre</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Peace_massacre" title="Island of Peace massacre">Island of Peace massacre</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1997_Mahane_Yehuda_Market_bombings" title="1997 Mahane Yehuda Market bombings">Mahane Yehuda Market bombings</a> (1997)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2000–2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="20014" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium_discotheque_massacre" title="Dolphinarium discotheque massacre">Dolphinarium discotheque massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sbarro_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing">Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghriba_synagogue_bombing" title="Ghriba synagogue bombing">Ghriba synagogue bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Hadera_attack" title="2002 Hadera attack">Hadera attack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Beit_Yisrael_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre">Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Passover_massacre" title="Passover massacre">Passover massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matza_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Matza restaurant suicide bombing">Matza restaurant suicide bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_bombing" title="Hebrew University bombing">Hebrew University bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Rishon_LeZion_bombing" title="2002 Rishon LeZion bombing">Rishon LeZion bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matzuva_attack" title="Matzuva attack">Matzuva attack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Hebron_ambush" title="2002 Hebron ambush">Hebron ambush</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Istanbul_bombings" title="2003 Istanbul bombings">Istanbul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Central_bus_station_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre">Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Davidka_Square_bus_bombing" title="Davidka Square bus bombing">Davidka Square bus bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Hillel_bombing" title="Café Hillel bombing">Café Hillel bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxim_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Maxim restaurant suicide bombing">Maxim restaurant suicide bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_HaNavi_bus_bombing" title="Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing">Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_bus_37_suicide_bombing" title="Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing">Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2004–200911" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004–2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beersheba_bus_bombings" title="Beersheba bus bombings">Beersheba bus bombings</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Ashdod_Port_bombings" title="2004 Ashdod Port bombings">Ashdod Port bombings</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2nd_Rosh_Ha%27ir_restaurant_bombing" title="2nd Rosh Ha'ir restaurant bombing">Tel Aviv shawarma bombing</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Jerusalem_yeshiva_attack" title="2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack">Jerusalem yeshiva attack</a> (2008)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2010–2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Itamar_attack" title="2011 Itamar attack">Itamar attack</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Burgas_bus_bombing" title="2012 Burgas bus bombing">Burgas bus bombing</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_and_Montauban_shootings" title="Toulouse and Montauban shootings">Toulouse and Montauban shootings</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Jerusalem_synagogue_attack" title="2014 Jerusalem synagogue attack">Jerusalem synagogue massacre</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Overland_Park_Jewish_Community_Center_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting">Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Belgium_shooting" title="Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting">Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/January_2015_%C3%8Ele-de-France_attacks" title="January 2015 Île-de-France attacks">January 2015 Île-de-France attacks</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hypercacher_kosher_supermarket_siege" title="Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege">Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_2016_Tel_Aviv_shooting" title="June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting">Tel Aviv shooting</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Halamish_stabbing_attack" title="2017 Halamish stabbing attack">Halamish stabbing</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poway_synagogue_shooting" title="Poway synagogue shooting">Poway synagogue shooting</a> (2019) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Jersey_City_shooting" title="2019 Jersey City shooting">Jersey City shooting</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Monsey_Hanukkah_stabbing" title="Monsey Hanukkah stabbing">Monsey Hanukkah stabbing</a> (2019)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2020–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis#Arab_communities_in_Israel" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">Israel riots</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Beersheba_attack" title="2022 Beersheba attack">Beersheba attack</a> (2022)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel40" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Be%27eri_massacre" title="Be'eri massacre">Be'eri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ein_HaShlosha_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein HaShlosha massacre">Ein HaShlosha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Holit_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Holit massacre">Holit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Aza_massacre" title="Kfar Aza massacre">Kfar Aza</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kissufim_massacre" title="Kissufim massacre">Kissufim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Oz_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahal Oz massacre">Nahal Oz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Netiv_HaAsara_massacre" title="Netiv HaAsara massacre">Netiv HaAsara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nir_Oz_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nir Oz massacre">Nir Oz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nirim_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirim massacre">Nirim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Re%27im_music_festival_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Re'im music festival massacre">Re'im</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yakhini_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakhini massacre">Yakhini</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_antisemitic_riots_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="2023 antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus">Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Dagestan_attacks" title="2024 Dagestan attacks">Dagestan attacks</a> (2024)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/November_2024_Amsterdam_riots" title="November 2024 Amsterdam riots">Amsterdam riots</a> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox508" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2352263#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2016001185">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007396391305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farhud&oldid=1277062328">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farhud&oldid=1277062328</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1941_murders_in_Iraq" title="Category:1941 murders in Iraq">1941 murders in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1941_in_Judaism" title="Category:1941 in Judaism">1941 in Judaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1941_riots" title="Category:1941 riots">1941 riots</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_massacres_and_pogroms" title="Category:Holocaust massacres and pogroms">Holocaust massacres and pogroms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism_in_Iraq" title="Category:Antisemitism in Iraq">Antisemitism in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism_in_Iraq" title="Category:Fascism in Iraq">Fascism in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Riots_and_civil_disorder_in_Iraq" title="Category:Riots and civil disorder in Iraq">Riots and civil disorder in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iraqi_war_crimes" title="Category:Iraqi war crimes">Iraqi war crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Category:Islam and antisemitism">Islam and antisemitism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Baghdad" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in Baghdad">Jews and Judaism in Baghdad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_1941" title="Category:Massacres in 1941">Massacres in 1941</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_Iraq" title="Category:Massacres in Iraq">Massacres in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_of_Jews" title="Category:Massacres of Jews">Massacres of Jews</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Jewish_pogroms_in_the_Middle_East" title="Category:Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Middle East">Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Middle East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baghdad_in_World_War_II" title="Category:Baghdad in World War II">Baghdad in World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_mass_murder_in_Iraq" title="Category:20th-century mass murder in Iraq">20th-century mass murder in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_murder_in_Baghdad" title="Category:Mass murder in Baghdad">Mass murder in Baghdad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arson_in_Iraq" title="Category:Arson in Iraq">Arson in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attacks_on_religious_buildings_and_structures_during_World_War_II" title="Category:Attacks on religious buildings and structures during World War II">Attacks on religious buildings and structures during World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Looting_in_Iraq" title="Category:Looting in Iraq">Looting in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marketplace_attacks_in_Baghdad" title="Category:Marketplace attacks in Baghdad">Marketplace attacks in Baghdad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_theft_and_looting_during_World_War_II" title="Category:Art theft and looting during World War II">Art theft and looting during World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attacks_on_religious_buildings_and_structures_in_Iraq" title="Category:Attacks on religious buildings and structures in Iraq">Attacks on religious buildings and structures in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rape_in_Iraq" title="Category:Rape in Iraq">Rape in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gang_rape_in_Asia" title="Category:Gang rape in Asia">Gang rape in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_violence_in_Asia_during_World_War_II" title="Category:Sexual violence in Asia during World War II">Sexual violence in Asia during World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_violence_during_the_Holocaust" title="Category:Sexual violence during the Holocaust">Sexual violence during the Holocaust</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attacks_on_buildings_and_structures_in_1941" title="Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1941">Attacks on buildings and structures in 1941</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from June 2021">Articles with incomplete citations from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2023">Use dmy dates from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2014" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2014">Articles needing additional references from May 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from October 2023">Articles with incomplete citations from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from October 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from June 2021">Articles lacking reliable references from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2023">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2021">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2023">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq_articles_missing_geocoordinate_data" title="Category:Iraq articles missing geocoordinate data">Iraq articles missing geocoordinate data</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_coordinates" title="Category:All articles needing coordinates">All articles needing coordinates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_missing_coordinates_without_coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata">Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 February 2025, at 12:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farhud&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><i>Farhud</i></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>23 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-grcdn","wgBackendResponseTime":126,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.154","walltime":"1.400","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7955,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":298680,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10567,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":183590,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1230.260 1 -total"," 25.81% 317.559 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.21% 174.865 31 Template:Navbox"," 12.87% 158.285 14 Template:Cite_book"," 11.19% 137.712 25 Template:Sfn"," 8.55% 105.129 1 Template:Transliteration"," 8.44% 103.811 1 Template:Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries"," 8.17% 100.475 1 Template:Sidebar"," 7.79% 95.861 1 Template:Massacres_of_Jews"," 5.88% 72.329 8 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.738","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21023674,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlwaya2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlwaya2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBashkin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasri2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGat1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaddad2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillel1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarqusee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeir-Glitzenstein2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoradShashaShasha2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRambam_Mesivta2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShatz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenhav2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSokol2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStillman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTejel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_Segev\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTripp2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsimhoni2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWien2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYehuda2005–2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFcolumnist2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Also\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"Coord missing\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"GBurl\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox civilian attack\"] = 1,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Massacres of Jews\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbs\"] = 12,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 2,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 25,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 5,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-lmwfw","timestamp":"20250222121801","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Farhud","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Farhud","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2352263","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2352263","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-10-18T08:01:01Z","dateModified":"2025-02-22T12:17:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/84\/Farhud_mass_grave.jpg","headline":"anti-Jewish massacres (pogroms) that took place in Baghdad (Iraq) in 1941"}</script> </body> </html>