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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Previous_lives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_lives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Previous lives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previous_lives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attending_to_the_Buddha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attending_to_the_Buddha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Attending to the Buddha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attending_to_the_Buddha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resisting_temptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resisting_temptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Resisting temptations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resisting_temptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishing_the_nun's_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishing_the_nun's_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Establishing the nun's order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishing_the_nun's_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Buddha's_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Buddha's_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 The Buddha's death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Buddha's_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_First_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_First_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 The First Council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_First_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ban" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ban"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Ban </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ban-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Recitations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 Charges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.4 Historicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_and_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_and_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Role and character </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_and_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passing_on_the_teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passing_on_the_teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Passing on the teaching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passing_on_the_teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_relics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_relics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Death and relics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_relics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ānanda</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" > 49 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="أناندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أناندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda" title="Ananda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ananda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%81)" title="আনন্দ (বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আনন্দ (বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ананда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ананда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B" title="ཀུན་དགའ་བོ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀུན་དགའ་བོ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda" title="Ananda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ananda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nanda" title="Ánanda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ánanda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda" title="Ananda – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ananda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ānanda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda" title="Ananda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ananda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anando" title="Anando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda" title="Ananda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ananda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="آننده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آننده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_(bouddhisme)" title="Ananda (bouddhisme) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ananda (bouddhisme)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ānanda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%82%9C%EB%8B%A4" title="아난다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아난다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0)" title="आनंद (स्थविर) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आनंद (स्थविर)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ānanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(monaco)" title="Ānanda (monaco) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ānanda (monaco)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda" title="Ananda – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ananda" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_(budizmas)" title="Ananda (budizmas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ananda (budizmas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nanda" title="Ánanda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ánanda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nanda" title="Ánanda – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ánanda" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%BB" title="ആനന്ദ ബുദ്ധൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആനന്ദ ബുദ്ധൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF)" title="आनंद (बुद्धशिष्य) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आनंद (बुद्धशिष्य)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ānanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AC%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BA" title="အာနန္ဒာထေရ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာနန္ဒာထေရ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda" title="Ananda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ananda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3" title="阿難 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="阿難" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6_(%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%80)" title="ਆਨੰਦ (ਬੋਧੀ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਨੰਦ (ਬੋਧੀ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B" title="आनन्दो – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="आनन्दो" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="اناندا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اناندا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91" title="អានន្ទ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អានន្ទ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ānanda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_(disc%C3%ADpulo_de_Buda)" title="Ananda (discípulo de Buda) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ananda (discípulo de Buda)" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ananda_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ananda (disambiguation)">Ananda (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #D3D3D3; color:black;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">Venerable, the Elder (Thera)</div><div class="fn">Ānanda</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_the_Disciple_Ananda,_Hebei_province,_Fengfeng,_northern_Xiangtangshan_Cave_Temples,_South_Cave,_Northern_Qi_dynasty,_550-577_AD,_limestone_with_traces_of_pigment_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05697.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sculpture of head of smiling monk with East Asian traits, part of limestone sculpture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Head_of_the_Disciple_Ananda%2C_Hebei_province%2C_Fengfeng%2C_northern_Xiangtangshan_Cave_Temples%2C_South_Cave%2C_Northern_Qi_dynasty%2C_550-577_AD%2C_limestone_with_traces_of_pigment_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05697.JPG/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Head_of_the_Disciple_Ananda%2C_Hebei_province%2C_Fengfeng%2C_northern_Xiangtangshan_Cave_Temples%2C_South_Cave%2C_Northern_Qi_dynasty%2C_550-577_AD%2C_limestone_with_traces_of_pigment_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05697.JPG/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Head_of_the_Disciple_Ananda%2C_Hebei_province%2C_Fengfeng%2C_northern_Xiangtangshan_Cave_Temples%2C_South_Cave%2C_Northern_Qi_dynasty%2C_550-577_AD%2C_limestone_with_traces_of_pigment_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05697.JPG/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Head of Ānanda, once part of a limestone sculpture from the northern <a href="/wiki/Xiangtangshan_Caves" title="Xiangtangshan Caves">Xiangtangshan Caves</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a> dynasty, 550–577 CE.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data">Patriarch of the Dharma (Sanskrit traditions)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #D3D3D3; color:black;">Personal life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">5th–4th century BCE <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)" title="Kapilavastu (ancient city)">Kapilavatthu</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 years after <a href="/wiki/Parinibbana" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinibbana">the Buddha's death</a> <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">On the river <a href="/wiki/Rohni_River" title="Rohni River">Rohīni</a> near <a href="/wiki/Vesali" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesali">Vesālī</a>, or the Ganges</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">King Śuklodana or King Amitodana; Queen Mrgī (<a href="/wiki/Agama_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama (Buddhism)">Sanskrit traditions</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Being an attendant of the Buddha (aggupaṭṭhāyaka);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529-1">[1]</a> powers of memory; compassion to women</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Videhamuni; Dhamma-bhaṇḍāgārika ('Treasurer of the <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dhamma</a>')</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #D3D3D3; color:black;">Religious life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category">Buddhism</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">Mahākassapa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Initiation</th><td class="infobox-data">20th (Mūlasarvāstivāda) or 2nd (other traditions) year of the Buddha's ministry <a href="/wiki/Nigrodharama" title="Nigrodharama">Nigrodhārāma</a> or Anupiya, <a href="/wiki/Malla_(tribe)" title="Malla (tribe)">Malla</a> by Daśabāla Kāśyapa or Belaṭṭhasīsa</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #D3D3D3; color:black;">Senior posting</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Teacher</th><td class="infobox-data">The Buddha; <a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Mahākassapa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Majjhantika or Sāṇavāsī</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Students</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Majjhantika; <a href="/wiki/Shanavasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanavasa">Sāṇavāsī</a>, etc.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ānanda (<a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: आनंद; 5th–4th century BCE) was the primary attendant of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> and one of his <a href="/wiki/The_ten_principal_disciples" class="mw-redirect" title="The ten principal disciples">ten principal disciples</a>. Among the Buddha's many disciples, Ānanda stood out for having the best memory. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">texts</a> of the early Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutta Pitaka">Sutta-Piṭaka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: सुत्त पिटक; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: सूत्र-पिटक, Sūtra-Piṭaka) are attributed to his recollection of the Buddha's teachings during the <a href="/wiki/First_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Buddhist Council">First Buddhist Council</a>. For that reason, he is known as the Treasurer of the Dhamma, with <a href="/wiki/Dhamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma">Dhamma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: धर्म, dharma) referring to the Buddha's teaching. In <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Buddhist Texts</a>, Ānanda was the first cousin of the Buddha. Although the early texts do not agree on many parts of Ānanda's early life, they do agree that Ānanda was ordained as a monk and that <a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: पूर्ण मैत्रायणीपुत्र, Pūrṇa Maitrāyaṇīputra) became his teacher. Twenty years in the Buddha's ministry, Ānanda became the attendant of the Buddha, when the Buddha selected him for this task. Ānanda performed his duties with great devotion and care, and acted as an intermediary between the Buddha and the laypeople, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85gha" class="mw-redirect" title="Saṅgha">saṅgha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: संघ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: saṃgha, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'monastic community'). He accompanied the Buddha for the rest of his life, acting not only as an assistant, but also a secretary and a mouthpiece. Scholars are skeptical about the historicity of many events in Ānanda's life, especially the First Council, and consensus about this has yet to be established. A traditional account can be drawn from early texts, <a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">commentaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">post-canonical chronicles</a>. Ānanda had an important role in establishing the order of <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">bhikkhunīs</a> (Sanskrit: भिक्षुणी, romanized: bhikṣuṇī, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'female mendicant'), when he requested the Buddha on behalf of the latter's foster-mother <a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati">Mahāpajāpati Gotamī</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: महाप्रजापती गौतमी, Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī) to allow her to be ordained. Ānanda also accompanied the Buddha in the last year of his life, and therefore was witness to many tenets and principles that the Buddha conveyed before his death, including the well-known principle that the Buddhist community should take his teaching and discipline as their refuge, and that he would not appoint a new leader. The final period of the Buddha's life also shows that Ānanda was very much attached to the Buddha's person, and he saw the Buddha's passing with great sorrow. Shortly after the Buddha's death, the First Council was convened, and Ānanda managed to attain <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (Buddhism)">enlightenment</a> just before the council started, which was a requirement. He had a historical role during the council as the living memory of the Buddha, reciting many of the Buddha's discourses and checking them for accuracy. During the same council, however, he was chastised by <a href="/wiki/Mahakassapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahakassapa">Mahākassapa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: महाकाश्यप, Mahākāśyapa) and the rest of the saṅgha for allowing women to be ordained and failing to understand or respect the Buddha at several crucial moments. Ānanda continued to teach until the end of his life, passing on his spiritual heritage to his pupils <a href="/wiki/Shanavasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanavasa">Sāṇavāsī</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: शाणकवासी, Śāṇakavāsī) and Majjhantika (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: मध्यान्तिक, Madhyāntika), among others, who later assumed leading roles in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Buddhist Council">Second</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Buddhist Council">Third Councils</a>. Ānanda died 20 years after the Buddha, and <a href="/wiki/St%C5%ABpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Stūpa">stūpas</a> (monuments) were erected at the river where he died. Ānanda is one of the most loved figures in Buddhism. He was widely known for his memory, erudition and compassion, and was often praised by the Buddha for these matters. He functioned as a <a href="/wiki/Foil_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foil (literature)">foil</a> to the Buddha, however, in that he still had worldly attachments and was not yet enlightened, as opposed to the Buddha. In the <a href="/wiki/Agama_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama (Buddhism)">Sanskrit textual traditions</a>, Ānanda is considered the patriarch of the Dhamma who stood in a spiritual lineage, receiving the teaching from Mahākassapa and passing them on to his own pupils. Ānanda has been honored by bhikkhunīs since early medieval times for his merits in establishing the nun's order. In recent times, the composer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> and Indian poet <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> were inspired by stories about Ānanda in their work. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> The word ānanda (आनंद) means 'bliss, joy' in Pāli and in Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Larson-3">[3]</a> Pāli <a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">commentaries</a> explain that when Ānanda was born, his relatives were joyous about this. Texts from the <a href="/wiki/M%C5%ABlasarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Mūlasarvāstivāda">Mūlasarvāstivāda</a> tradition, however, state that since Ānanda was born on the day of the Buddha's enlightenment, there was great rejoicing in the city—hence the name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accounts">Accounts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Accounts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Previous_lives">Previous lives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Previous lives">edit</a>]</div> According to the texts, in a previous life, Ānanda made an aspiration to become a <a href="/wiki/Buddha_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha (title)">Buddha</a>'s attendant. He made this aspiration in the time of a previous Buddha called <a href="/wiki/Padumuttara" class="mw-redirect" title="Padumuttara">Padumuttara</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa (aeon)">eons</a> (Pali: kappa, Sanskrit: kalpa) before the present age. He met the attendant of Padumuttara Buddha and aspired to be like him in a future life. After having done many <a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">good deeds</a>, he made his resolution known to the Padumuttara Buddha, who confirmed that his wish will come true in a future life. After having been <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">born and reborn</a> throughout many lifetimes, and doing many good deeds, he was born as Ānanda in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">current Buddha Gotama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965535-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahajanapadas_(c._500_BCE).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of India with names of major areas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/310px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/465px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/620px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Map of India, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 BCE </figcaption></figure> Ānanda was born in the same time period as the Buddha (formerly Prince Siddhattha), which scholars place at 5th–4th centuries BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Sarao-5">[5]</a> Tradition says that Ānanda was the first cousin of the Buddha,<a href="#cite_note-Powers-6">[6]</a> his father being the brother of <a href="/wiki/Suddhodana" class="mw-redirect" title="Suddhodana">Suddhodana</a> (Sanskrit: Śuddhodana), the Buddha's father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200412-7">[7]</a> In the Pāli and Mūlasarvāstivāda textual traditions, his father was Amitodana (Sanskrit: Amṛtodana), but the <a href="/wiki/Mahavastu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavastu">Mahāvastu</a> states that his father was Śuklodana—both are brothers of Suddhodana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529-1">[1]</a> The Mahāvastu also mentions that Ānanda's mother's name was Mṛgī (Sanskrit; lit. 'little deer'; Pāli is unknown).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529-1">[1]</a> The Pāli tradition has it that Ānanda was born on the same day as Prince Siddhatta (Sanskrit: Siddhārtha),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a> but texts from the Mūlasarvāstivāda and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyāna</a> traditions state Ānanda was born at the same time the Buddha attained <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (Buddhism)">enlightenment</a> (when Prince Siddhattha was 35 years old), and was therefore much younger than the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-Mohr-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529-1">[1]</a> The latter tradition is corroborated by several instances in the Early Buddhist Texts, in which Ānanda appears younger than the Buddha, such as the passage in which the Buddha explained to Ānanda how old age was affecting him in body and mind.<a href="#cite_note-Mohr-9">[9]</a> It is also corroborated by a verse in the Pāli text called <a href="/wiki/Theragatha" title="Theragatha">Theragāthā</a>, in which Ānanda stated he was a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekha_(Buddhism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekha (Buddhism) (page does not exist)">"learner"</a> for 25 years, after which he attended to the Buddha for another 25 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa199385-10">[10]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_monk_2,_probably_Ananda,_China,_probably_Shanxi_province,_Tang_dynasty,_8th_century_AD,_sandstone,_remains_of_pigments_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet,_Stockholm_-_DSC09383.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of East Asian monk holding hands in front of belly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Buddhist_monk_2%2C_probably_Ananda%2C_China%2C_probably_Shanxi_province%2C_Tang_dynasty%2C_8th_century_AD%2C_sandstone%2C_remains_of_pigments_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09383.JPG/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Buddhist_monk_2%2C_probably_Ananda%2C_China%2C_probably_Shanxi_province%2C_Tang_dynasty%2C_8th_century_AD%2C_sandstone%2C_remains_of_pigments_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09383.JPG/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Buddhist_monk_2%2C_probably_Ananda%2C_China%2C_probably_Shanxi_province%2C_Tang_dynasty%2C_8th_century_AD%2C_sandstone%2C_remains_of_pigments_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09383.JPG/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>Chinese statue, identified as likely being Ānanda</figcaption></figure>Following the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahisasaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahisasaka">Mahīśasaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a> textual traditions, Ānanda <a href="/wiki/Pabbajja" class="mw-redirect" title="Pabbajja">became a monk</a> in the second year of the Buddha's ministry, during the Buddha's visit to Kapilavatthu (Sanskrit: Kapilavastu). He was <a href="/wiki/Upasampada" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasampada">ordained</a> by the Buddha himself, together with many other princes of <a href="/wiki/Sakiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakiya">the Buddha's clan</a> (Pali: Sākiya, Sanskrit: Śākya),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mohr-9">[9]</a> in the mango grove called Anupiya, part of <a href="/wiki/Malla_(tribe)" title="Malla (tribe)">Malla</a> territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529-1">[1]</a> According to a text from the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81sa%E1%B9%85ghika" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāsaṅghika">Mahāsaṅghika</a> tradition, King Suddhodana wanted the Buddha to have more followers of the <a href="/wiki/Ksatriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksatriya">khattiya</a> caste (Sanskrit: kṣatriyaḥ, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'warrior-noble, member of the ruling class'), and less from the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">brahmin</a> (priest) caste. He therefore ordered that any khattiya who had a brother to follow the Buddha as a monk, or have his brother do so. Ānanda used this opportunity, and asked his brother <a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta</a> to stay at home, so that he could leave for the monkhood.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The later timeline from the Mūlasarvāstivāda texts and the Pāli Theragāthā, however, have Ānanda ordain much later, about twenty-five years before the <a href="/wiki/Parinibbana" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinibbana">Buddha's death</a>—in other words, twenty years in the Buddha's ministry.<a href="#cite_note-Mohr-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529-1">[1]</a> Some Sanskrit sources have him ordain even later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965530-12">[12]</a> The Mūlasarvāstivāda texts on <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">monastic discipline</a> (Pāli and Sanskrit: Vinaya) relate that soothsayers predicted Ānanda would be the Buddha's attendant. In order to prevent Ānanda from leaving the palace to ordain, his father brought him to <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vesālī</a> (Sanskrit: Vaiśālī) during the Buddha's visit to Kapilavatthu, but later the Buddha met and taught Ānanda nonetheless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529–30-13">[13]</a> On a similar note, the Mahāvastu relates, however, that Mṛgī was initially opposed to Ānanda joining the holy life, because his brother Devadatta had already ordained and left the palace. Ānanda responded to his mother's resistance by moving to Videha (Sanskrit: Vaideha) and lived there, taking a vow of silence. This led him to gain the epithet Videhamuni (Sanskrit: Vaidehamuni), meaning 'the silent wise one from Videha'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529–30-13">[13]</a> When Ānanda did become ordained, his father had him ordain in Kapilavatthu in the <a href="/wiki/Nigrodharama" title="Nigrodharama">Nigrodhārāma</a> monastery (Sanskrit: Niyagrodhārāma) with much ceremony, Ānanda's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upajjhaya_(Buddhism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upajjhaya (Buddhism) (page does not exist)">preceptor</a> (Pali: upajjhāya; Sanskrit: upādhyāya) being a certain Daśabāla Kāśyapa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529–30-13">[13]</a> According to the Pāli tradition, Ānanda's first teachers were Belaṭṭhasīsa and <a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a>. It was Puṇṇa's teaching that led Ānanda to attain the stage of <a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">sotāpanna</a> (Sanskrit: śrotāpanna), an attainment preceding that of enlightenment. Ānanda later expressed his debt to Puṇṇa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw200635-14">[14]</a> Another important figure in the life of Ānanda was <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81riputta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sāriputta">Sāriputta</a> (Sanskrit: Śāriputra), one of the Buddha's main disciples. Sāriputta often taught Ānanda about the finer points of Buddhist doctrine;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003371–2-15">[15]</a> they were in the habit of sharing things with one another, and their relationship is described as a good friendship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965533-16">[16]</a> In some Mūlasarvāstivāda texts, an attendant of Ānanda is also mentioned who helped motivate Ānanda when he was banned from the <a href="/wiki/First_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Buddhist Council">First Buddhist Council</a>. He was a "Vajjiputta" (Sanskrit: Vṛjjiputra), i.e. someone who originated from the <a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">Vajji</a> confederacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965532-17">[17]</a> According to later texts, an enlightened monk also called Vajjiputta (Sanskrit: Vajraputra) had an important role in Ānanda's life. He listened to a teaching of Ānanda and realized that Ānanda was not enlightened yet. Vajjiputta encouraged Ānanda to talk less to laypeople and deepen his meditation practice by retreating in the forest, advice that very much affected Ānanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Vajraputra-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003372-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attending_to_the_Buddha">Attending to the Buddha</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Attending to the Buddha">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_60_76.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wooden sculpture of monk sitting in a mermaid pose, reclining" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MET_60_76.jpg/170px-MET_60_76.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MET_60_76.jpg/255px-MET_60_76.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MET_60_76.jpg/340px-MET_60_76.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>18th-century Burmese sculpture of Ānanda </figcaption></figure> In the first twenty years of the Buddha's ministry, the Buddha had several personal attendants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a> However, after these twenty years, when the Buddha was aged 55,<a href="#cite_note-Higham-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[note 1]</a> the Buddha announced that he had need for a permanent attendant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200412-7">[7]</a> The Buddha had been growing older, and his previous attendants had not done their job very well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a> Initially, several of the Buddha's foremost disciples responded to his request, but the Buddha did not accept them. All the while Ānanda remained quiet. When he was asked why, he said that the Buddha would know best whom to choose, upon which the Buddha responded by choosing Ānanda.<a href="#cite_note-22">[note 2]</a> Ānanda agreed to take on the position, on the condition that he did not receive any material benefits from the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200412-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a> Accepting such benefits would open him up to criticism that he chose the position because of ulterior motives. He also requested that the Buddha allow him to accept invitations on his behalf, allow him to ask questions about his doctrine, and repeat any teaching that the Buddha had taught in Ānanda's absence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200412-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a> These requests would help people trust Ānanda and show that the Buddha was sympathetic to his attendant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a> Furthermore, Ānanda considered these the real advantages of being an attendant, which is why he requested them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda-2">[2]</a> The Buddha agreed to Ānanda's conditions, and Ānanda became the Buddha's attendant, accompanying the Buddha on most of his wanderings. Ānanda took care of the Buddha's daily practical needs, by doing things such as bringing water and cleaning the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gandha_Ku%E1%B9%AD%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gandha Kuṭī (page does not exist)">Buddha's dwelling place</a>. He is depicted as observant and devoted, even guarding the dwelling place at night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda-2">[2]</a> Ānanda takes the part of <a href="/wiki/Interlocutor_(linguistics)" title="Interlocutor (linguistics)">interlocutor</a> in many of the recorded dialogues.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-23">[21]</a> He tended the Buddha for a total of 25 years,<a href="#cite_note-Powers-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a> a duty which entailed much work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003376-24">[22]</a> His relationship with the Buddha is depicted as warm and trusting:<a href="#cite_note-Mcneill-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003375-26">[24]</a> when the Buddha grew ill, Ānanda had a sympathetic illness;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a> when the Buddha grew older, Ānanda kept taking care of him with devotion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda-2">[2]</a> Ānanda sometimes literally risked his life for his teacher. At one time, the rebellious monk Devadatta tried to kill the Buddha by having a drunk and wild elephant released in the Buddha's presence. Ānanda stepped in front of the Buddha to protect him. When the Buddha told him to move, he refused, although normally he always obeyed the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a> Through a <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Addhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṛddhi">supernatural accomplishment</a> (Pali: iddhi; Sanskrit: ṛiddhi) the Buddha then moved Ānanda aside and subdued the elephant, by touching it and speaking to it with <a href="/wiki/Mett%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mettā">loving-kindness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesnnaalaagirihtm_Nālāgiri]-27">[25]</a> Ānanda often acted as an intermediary and secretary, passing on messages from the Buddha, informing the Buddha of news, invitations, or the needs of lay people, and advising lay people who wanted to provide gifts to the saṅgha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bodhi-28">[26]</a> At one time, <a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati">Mahāpajāpatī</a>, the Buddha's foster-mother, requested to offer robes for personal use for the Buddha. She said that even though she had raised the Buddha in his youth, she never gave anything in person to the young prince; she now wished to do so. The Buddha initially insisted that she give the robe to the community as a whole rather than to be attached to his person. However, Ānanda interceded and mediated, suggesting that the Buddha had better accept the robe. Eventually the Buddha did, but not without pointing out to Ānanda that good deeds like <a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">giving</a> should always be done for the sake of the action itself, not for the sake of the person.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003387-29">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Tham_Khao_Rup_Chang_-_065_47_pu_tuo_ye_pu_tuo_ye_(14663856064).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sculpture of a monk with East Asian traits, holding an alms bowl." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wat_Tham_Khao_Rup_Chang_-_065_47_pu_tuo_ye_pu_tuo_ye_%2814663856064%29.jpg/250px-Wat_Tham_Khao_Rup_Chang_-_065_47_pu_tuo_ye_pu_tuo_ye_%2814663856064%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wat_Tham_Khao_Rup_Chang_-_065_47_pu_tuo_ye_pu_tuo_ye_%2814663856064%29.jpg/330px-Wat_Tham_Khao_Rup_Chang_-_065_47_pu_tuo_ye_pu_tuo_ye_%2814663856064%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wat_Tham_Khao_Rup_Chang_-_065_47_pu_tuo_ye_pu_tuo_ye_%2814663856064%29.jpg/500px-Wat_Tham_Khao_Rup_Chang_-_065_47_pu_tuo_ye_pu_tuo_ye_%2814663856064%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of Ānanda from Wat Khao Rup Chang, <a href="/wiki/Songkhla" title="Songkhla">Songkhla</a>, Thailand </figcaption></figure> The texts say that the Buddha sometimes asked Ānanda to substitute for him as teacher,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw200618-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003368-31">[29]</a> and was often praised by the Buddha for his teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003377-32">[30]</a> Ānanda was often given important teaching roles, such as regularly teaching Queen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mallik%C4%81_(Buddhist_figure)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mallikā (Buddhist figure) (page does not exist)">Mallikā</a>, Queen <a href="/wiki/Samavati" title="Samavati">Sāmāvatī</a>, (Sanskrit: Śyāmāvatī) and other people from the ruling class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mallikā;_Śyāmāvatī-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Once Ānanda taught a number of King <a href="/wiki/Udayana_(king)" title="Udayana (king)">Udena</a> (Sanskrit: Udayana)'s concubines. They were so impressed by Ānanda's teaching, that they gave him five hundred robes, which Ānanda accepted. Having heard about this, King Udena criticized Ānanda for being greedy; Ānanda responded by explaining how every single robe was carefully used, reused and recycled by the monastic community, prompting the king to offer another five hundred robes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003389–90-35">[33]</a> Ānanda also had a role in the Buddha's visit to <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)#Visits_of_the_Buddha_to_Vaiśālī" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vesālī</a>. In this story, the Buddha taught the well-known text <a href="/wiki/Ratana_Sutta" title="Ratana Sutta">Ratana Sutta</a> to Ānanda, which Ānanda then recited in Vesālī, ridding the city from illness, drought and evil spirits in the process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ratanasutta-36">[34]</a> Another well-known passage in which the Buddha taught Ānanda is the passage about <a href="/wiki/Kalyanamitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyanamitta">spiritual friendship</a> (Pali: kalyāṇamittata). In this passage, Ānanda stated that spiritual friendship is half of the holy life; the Buddha corrected Ānanda, stating that such friendship is the entire holy life.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw200612-38">[36]</a> In summary, Ānanda worked as an assistant, intermediary and a mouthpiece, helping the Buddha in many ways, and learning his teachings in the process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003375,_377-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resisting_temptations">Resisting temptations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Resisting temptations">edit</a>]</div> Ānanda was attractive in appearance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a> A Pāli account related that a <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">bhikkhunī</a> (nun) became enamored with Ānanda, and pretended to be ill to have Ānanda visit her. When she realized the error of her ways, she confessed her mistakes to Ānanda.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Other accounts relate that a <a href="/wiki/Chandala" title="Chandala">low-caste</a> woman called Prakṛti (also known in China as <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%99%BB%E4%BC%BD%E5%A5%B3" class="extiw" title="zh:摩登伽女">摩登伽女</a>; Módēngqiénǚ) fell in love with Ānanda, and persuaded her mother Mātaṅgī to use a black magic spell to enchant him. This succeeded, and Ānanda was lured into her house, but came to his senses and called upon the help of the Buddha. The Buddha then taught Prakṛti to reflect on the <a href="/wiki/Asubha" class="mw-redirect" title="Asubha">repulsive qualities</a> of the human body, and eventually Prakṛti was ordained as a bhikkhunī, giving up her attachment for Ānanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbros2016243–4-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> In an East Asian version of the story in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Sūtra">Śūraṃgamasūtra</a>, the Buddha sent <a href="/wiki/Manjusri" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjusri">Mañjuśrī</a> to help Ānanda, who used <a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">recitation</a> to counter the magic charm. The Buddha then continued by teaching Ānanda and other listeners about the <a href="/wiki/Buddha_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha nature">Buddha nature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Śūraṅgamasūtra-43">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishing_the_nun's_order">Establishing the nun's order</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Establishing the nun's order">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%94%90_%E5%BD%A9%E7%B9%AA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3%E9%99%80%E5%83%8F%EF%BC%88%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9%EF%BC%89-Monk,_probably_Ananda_(Anantuo)_MET_DP170269.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colored limestone sculpture of monk holding an unidentified object" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%E5%94%90_%E5%BD%A9%E7%B9%AA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3%E9%99%80%E5%83%8F%EF%BC%88%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9%EF%BC%89-Monk%2C_probably_Ananda_%28Anantuo%29_MET_DP170269.jpg/250px-%E5%94%90_%E5%BD%A9%E7%B9%AA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3%E9%99%80%E5%83%8F%EF%BC%88%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9%EF%BC%89-Monk%2C_probably_Ananda_%28Anantuo%29_MET_DP170269.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%E5%94%90_%E5%BD%A9%E7%B9%AA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3%E9%99%80%E5%83%8F%EF%BC%88%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9%EF%BC%89-Monk%2C_probably_Ananda_%28Anantuo%29_MET_DP170269.jpg/330px-%E5%94%90_%E5%BD%A9%E7%B9%AA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3%E9%99%80%E5%83%8F%EF%BC%88%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9%EF%BC%89-Monk%2C_probably_Ananda_%28Anantuo%29_MET_DP170269.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%E5%94%90_%E5%BD%A9%E7%B9%AA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3%E9%99%80%E5%83%8F%EF%BC%88%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9%EF%BC%89-Monk%2C_probably_Ananda_%28Anantuo%29_MET_DP170269.jpg/500px-%E5%94%90_%E5%BD%A9%E7%B9%AA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3%E9%99%80%E5%83%8F%EF%BC%88%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9%EF%BC%89-Monk%2C_probably_Ananda_%28Anantuo%29_MET_DP170269.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="3880" /></a><figcaption>8th-century Chinese limestone sculpture of Ānanda</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">Bhikkhuni § History</a></div> In the role of mediator between the Buddha and the lay communities, Ānanda sometimes made suggestions to the Buddha for amendments in the monastic discipline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003379–80-44">[42]</a> Most importantly, the early texts attribute the inclusion of women in the early <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85gha" class="mw-redirect" title="Saṅgha">saṅgha</a> (monastic order) to Ānanda.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Fifteen years after the Buddha's enlightenment, his foster mother Mahāpajāpatī came to see him to ask him to be ordained as the first Buddhist bhikkhunī. Initially, the Buddha refused this. Five years later, Mahāpajāpatī came to request the Buddha again, this time with a following of other Sākiya women, including the Buddha's former wife <a href="/wiki/Yasodhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasodhara">Yasodharā</a> (Sanskrit: Yaśodarā). They had walked 500 kilometres (310 miles), looked dirty, tired and depressed, and Ānanda felt pity for them. Ānanda therefore confirmed with the Buddha whether women could become enlightened as well. Although the Buddha conceded this, he did not allow the Sākiya women to be ordained yet. Ānanda then discussed with the Buddha how Mahāpajāpatī took care of him during his childhood, after the death of <a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_Buddha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (mother of Buddha)">his real mother</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbros2016241-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2006862-47">[45]</a> Ānanda also mentioned that <a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">previous Buddhas</a> had also ordained bhikkhunīs.<a href="#cite_note-Powers_2015-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2006872–3-49">[47]</a> In the end, the Buddha allowed the Sākiya women to be ordained, being the start of the bhikkhunī order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbros2016241-46">[44]</a> Ānanda had Mahāpajāpati ordained by her acceptance of a set of rules, set by the Buddha. These came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Eight_Garudhammas" title="Eight Garudhammas">the garudhamma</a>, and they describe the subordinate relation of the bhikkhunī community to that of the <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhus">bhikkhus</a> or monks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinüber2007230–1-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2006862-47">[45]</a> Scholar of Asian religions Reiko Ohnuma argues that the debt the Buddha had toward his foster-mother Mahāpajāpati may have been the main reason for his concessions with regard to the establishment of a bhikkhunī order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2006871-51">[49]</a> Many scholars interpret this account to mean that the Buddha was reluctant in allowing women to be ordained, and that Ānanda successfully persuaded the Buddha to change his mind. For example, Indologist and translator <a href="/wiki/I.B._Horner" class="mw-redirect" title="I.B. Horner">I.B. Horner</a> wrote that "this is the only instance of his [the Buddha] being over-persuaded in argument".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2006865-52">[50]</a> However, some scholars interpret the Buddha's initial refusal rather as a test of resolve, following a widespread pattern in the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a> and in monastic procedure of repeating a request three times before final acceptance.<a href="#cite_note-Krey-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2006865_n.9-54">[52]</a> Some also argue that the Buddha was believed by Buddhists to be <a href="/wiki/Omniscience#Buddhism" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a>, and therefore is unlikely to have been depicted as changing his mind. Other scholars argue that other passages in the texts indicate the Buddha intended all along to establish a bhikkhunī order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2006865-52">[50]</a> Regardless, during the acceptance of women into the monastic order, the Buddha told Ānanda that the <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Dispensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha's Dispensation">Buddha's Dispensation</a> would last shorter because of this.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinüber2007230–1-50">[48]</a> At the time, the Buddhist monastic order consisted of wandering celibate males, without many monastic institutions. Allowing women to join the Buddhist celibate life might have led to dissension, as well as temptation between the sexes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers200753-56">[54]</a> The garudhamma, however, were meant to fix these problems, and prevent the dispensation from being curtailed.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Bhiksuni_Taiwan_Vesak_Festival.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Taiwanese nun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chinese_Bhiksuni_Taiwan_Vesak_Festival.jpeg/170px-Chinese_Bhiksuni_Taiwan_Vesak_Festival.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chinese_Bhiksuni_Taiwan_Vesak_Festival.jpeg/255px-Chinese_Bhiksuni_Taiwan_Vesak_Festival.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chinese_Bhiksuni_Taiwan_Vesak_Festival.jpeg/340px-Chinese_Bhiksuni_Taiwan_Vesak_Festival.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2466" data-file-height="3438" /></a><figcaption>The early texts attribute the inclusion of women in the early monastic order to Ānanda. </figcaption></figure> There are some chronological discrepancies in the traditional account of the setting up of the bhikkhunī order. According to the Pāli and Mahīśasaka textual traditions, the bhikkhunī order was set up five years after the Buddha's enlightenment, but, according to most textual traditions, Ānanda only became attendant twenty years after the Buddha's enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-Krey-53">[51]</a> Furthermore, Mahāpajāpati was the Buddha's foster mother, and must therefore have been considerably older than him. However, after the bhikkhunī order was established, Mahāpajāpati still had many audiences with the Buddha, as reported in Pāli and Chinese Early Buddhist Texts. Because of this and other reasons, it could be inferred that establishment of the bhikkhunī order actually took place early in the Buddha's ministry. If this is the case, Ānanda's role in establishing the order becomes less likely.<a href="#cite_note-Mohr-9">[9]</a> Some scholars therefore interpret the names in the account, such as Ānanda and Mahāpajāpati, as symbols, representing groups rather than specific individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Krey-53">[51]</a> According to the texts, Ānanda's role in founding the bhikkhunī order made him popular with the bhikkhunī community. Ānanda often taught bhikkhunīs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003384-58">[56]</a> often encouraged women to ordain, and when he was criticized by the monk <a href="/wiki/Mahakassapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahakassapa">Mahākassapa</a>, several bhikkhunīs tried to defend him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbros2016209-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinüber2007233–4-60">[58]</a> According to Indologist <a href="/wiki/Oskar_von_Hin%C3%BCber" title="Oskar von Hinüber">Oskar von Hinüber</a>, Ānanda's pro-bhikkhunī attitude may well be the reason why there was frequent discussion between Ānanda and Mahākassapa, eventually leading Mahākasapa to charge Ānanda with several <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apatti_(Buddhist_monastic_discipline)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apatti (Buddhist monastic discipline) (page does not exist)">offenses</a> during the First Buddhist Council. Von Hinüber further argues that the establishment of the bhikkhunī order may have well been initiated by Ānanda after the Buddha's death, and the introduction of Mahāpajāpati as the person requesting to do so is merely a literary device to connect the ordination of women with the person of the Buddha, through his foster mother. Von Hinüber concludes this based on several patterns in the early texts, including the apparent distance between the Buddha and the bhikkhunī order, and the frequent discussions and differences of opinion that take place between Ānanda and Mahākassapa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinüber2007235–7-61">[59]</a> Some scholars have seen merits in von Hinüber's argument with regard to the pro- and anti-factions,<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly1992253–4-63">[61]</a> but as of 2017, no definitive evidence has been found for the theory of establishment of the bhikkhuni order after the Buddha's death.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Buddhist studies scholar <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Analayo" title="Bhikkhu Analayo">Bhikkhu Anālayo</a> has responded to most of von Hinuber's arguments, writing: "Besides requiring too many assumptions, this hypothesis conflicts with nearly 'all the evidence preserved in the texts together'",<a href="#cite_note-65">[note 3]</a> arguing that it was monastic discipline that created a distance between the Buddha and the bhikkhunīs, and even so, there were many places in the early texts where the Buddha did address bhikkhunīs directly.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Buddha's_death">The Buddha's death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Buddha's death">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81parinibb%C4%81na_Sutta" title="Mahāparinibbāna Sutta">Mahāparinibbāna Sutta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Consolation_of_Ananda_at_Gijjhakuta,_Jamalgarhi_(9220852218).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sculpture of the Buddha holding hand on head monk at the right side of the Buddha, the latter monk smiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Consolation_of_Ananda_at_Gijjhakuta%2C_Jamalgarhi_%289220852218%29.jpg/170px-Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Consolation_of_Ananda_at_Gijjhakuta%2C_Jamalgarhi_%289220852218%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Consolation_of_Ananda_at_Gijjhakuta%2C_Jamalgarhi_%289220852218%29.jpg/255px-Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Consolation_of_Ananda_at_Gijjhakuta%2C_Jamalgarhi_%289220852218%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Consolation_of_Ananda_at_Gijjhakuta%2C_Jamalgarhi_%289220852218%29.jpg/340px-Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Consolation_of_Ananda_at_Gijjhakuta%2C_Jamalgarhi_%289220852218%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4292" data-file-height="2587" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture at <a href="/wiki/Vulture_Peak" title="Vulture Peak">Vulture Peak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">Rajgir</a>, India, depicting the Buddha consoling Ānanda </figcaption></figure>Despite his long association with and close proximity to the Buddha, the texts describe that Ānanda had not become enlightened yet. Because of that, a fellow monk Udāyī (Sanskrit: Udāyin) ridiculed Ānanda. However, the Buddha reprimanded Udāyī in response, saying that Ānanda would certainly be enlightened in this life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Udāyin-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[note 4]</a> The Pāli Mahā-parinibbāna Sutta related the last year-long trip the Buddha took with Ānanda from <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81jagaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rājagaha">Rājagaha</a> (Sanskrit: Rājagṛha) to the small town of <a href="/wiki/Kusinara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusinara">Kusinārā</a> (Sanskrit: Kuśinagara) before the Buddha died there. Before reaching Kusinārā, the Buddha spent the <a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">retreat during the monsoon</a> (Pali: vassa, Sanskrit: varṣā) in Veḷugāma (Sanskrit: Veṇugrāmaka), getting out of the Vesālī area which suffered from famine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mahāparinibbānasuttanta;_Veṇugrāmaka-69">[65]</a> Here, the eighty-year old Buddha expressed his wish to speak to the saṅgha once more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mahāparinibbānasuttanta;_Veṇugrāmaka-69">[65]</a> The Buddha had grown seriously ill in Vesālī, much to the concern of some of his disciples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers200754-70">[66]</a> Ānanda understood that the Buddha wished to leave final instructions before his death. The Buddha stated, however, that he had already taught everything needed, without withholding anything secret as a teacher with a "closed fist" would. He also impressed upon Ānanda that he did not think the saṅgha should be reliant too much on a leader, not even himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mahāparinibbānasuttanta-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201326-72">[68]</a> He then continued with the well-known statement to take his teaching as a refuge, and oneself as a refuge, without relying on any other refuge, also after he would be gone.<a href="#cite_note-Obeyesekere-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez201788-74">[70]</a> Bareau argued that this is one of the most ancient parts of the text, found in slight variation in five early textual traditions: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"Moreover, this very beautiful episode, touching with nobility and psychological verisimilitude with regard to both Ānanda and the Buddha, seems to go back very far, at the time when the authors, like the other disciples, still considered the Blessed One [the Buddha] a man, an eminently respectable and undefiled master, to whom behavior and utterly human words were lent, so that one is even tempted to see there the memory of a real scene which Ānanda reportedly told to the Community in the months following the Parinirvāṇa [death of the Buddha]."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBareau197980-75">[71]</a></blockquote> The same text contains an account in which the Buddha, at numerous occasions, gave a hint that he could prolong his life to a full <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa (aeon)">eon</a> through a supernatural accomplishment, but this was a power that he would have to be asked to exercise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Māra-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[note 5]</a> Ānanda was distracted, however, and did not take the hint. Later, Ānanda did make the request, but the Buddha replied that it was already too late, as he would die soon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez201788-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers200755-79">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mara_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mara (Buddhism)">Māra</a>, the Buddhist personification of evil, had visited the Buddha, and the Buddha had decided to die in three months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson200533-80">[75]</a> When Ānanda heard this, he wept. The Buddha consoled him, however, pointing out that Ānanda had been a great attendant, being sensitive to the needs of different people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mohr-9">[9]</a> If he was earnest in his efforts, he would attain enlightenment soon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a> He then pointed out to Ānanda that all <a href="/wiki/Sankhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankhara">conditioned things</a> are <a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">impermanent</a>: all people must die.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200845,_51-81">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Warder-82">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[note 6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:040_Ananda_worships_Buddha_(25595318747).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Metal relief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/040_Ananda_worships_Buddha_%2825595318747%29.jpg/290px-040_Ananda_worships_Buddha_%2825595318747%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/040_Ananda_worships_Buddha_%2825595318747%29.jpg/435px-040_Ananda_worships_Buddha_%2825595318747%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/040_Ananda_worships_Buddha_%2825595318747%29.jpg/580px-040_Ananda_worships_Buddha_%2825595318747%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5496" data-file-height="2897" /></a><figcaption>East Javanese relief depicting the Buddha in his final days, and Ānanda </figcaption></figure> In the final days of the Buddha's life, the Buddha traveled to Kusinārā.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Kuśingarī-84">[78]</a> The Buddha had Ānanda prepare a place for lying down between two <a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta#Buddhism" title="Shorea robusta">sal trees</a>, the same type of tree under which the mother of the Buddha gave birth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson200534-85">[79]</a> The Buddha then had Ānanda invite the <a href="/wiki/Malla_(tribe)" title="Malla (tribe)">Malla</a> clan from Kusinārā to pay their final respects.<a href="#cite_note-Warder-82">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994361-86">[80]</a> Having returned, Ānanda asked the Buddha what should be done with his body after his death, and he replied that it should be cremated, giving detailed instructions on how this should be done.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez201788-74">[70]</a> Since the Buddha prohibited Ānanda from being involved himself, but rather had him instruct the Mallas to perform the rituals, these instructions have by many scholars been interpreted as a prohibition that monastics should not be involved in funerals or worship of <a href="/wiki/St%C5%ABpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Stūpa">stūpas</a> (structures with relics). Buddhist studies scholar <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Schopen" title="Gregory Schopen">Gregory Schopen</a> has pointed out, however, that this prohibition only held for Ānanda, and only with regard to the Buddha's funeral ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994339,_359-88">[82]</a> It has also been shown that the instructions on the funeral are quite late in origin, in both composition and insertion into the text, and are not found in parallel texts, apart from the Mahāparinibbāna Sutta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBareau197967,_71,_73-89">[83]</a> Ānanda then continued by asking how devotees should honor the Buddha after his death. The Buddha responded by listing four important places in his life that people could pay their respects to, which later became <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage#Four_main_pilgrimage_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">the four main places of Buddhist pilgrimage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez20173,_88–9-90">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mahāparinibbānasuttanta-71">[67]</a> Before the Buddha died, Ānanda recommended the Buddha to move to a more meaningful city instead, but the Buddha pointed out that the town was once a great capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Kuśingarī-84">[78]</a> Ānanda then asked who will be next teacher after the Buddha would be gone, but the Buddha replied that his teaching and discipline would be the teacher instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez201788-74">[70]</a> This meant that decisions should be made by reaching consensus within the saṅgha,<a href="#cite_note-Powers_2015-48">[46]</a> and more generally, that now the time had come for the Buddhist monastics and devotees to take the Buddhist texts as authority, now that the Buddha was dying.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994363–4-91">[85]</a> The Buddha gave several instructions before his death, including a directive that his former charioteer <a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a> (Sanskrit: Chandaka) be shunned by his fellow monks, to humble his pride.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mahāparinibbānasuttanta-71">[67]</a> In his final moments, the Buddha asked if anyone had any questions they wished to pose to him, as a final chance to allay any doubts. When no-one responded, Ānanda expressed joy that all of the Buddha's disciples present had attained a level beyond doubts about the Buddha's teaching. However, the Buddha pointed out that Ānanda spoke out of <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">faith</a> and not out of <a href="/wiki/Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana">meditative insight</a>—a final reproach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly1992256-92">[86]</a> The Buddha added that, of all the five hundred monks that are surrounding him now, even the "latest" or "most backward" (Pali: pacchimaka) had attained the initial stage of sotapanna. Meant as an encouragement, the Buddha was referring to Ānanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman197726–7-93">[87]</a> During the Buddha's <a href="/wiki/Parinibb%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinibbāna">final Nirvana</a>, Anuruddha was able to use his meditative powers to understand which stages the Buddha underwent before attaining final Nirvana. However, Ānanda was unable to do so, indicating his lesser spiritual maturity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994369,_392_n.80-94">[88]</a> After the Buddha's death, Ānanda recited several verses, expressing a <a href="/wiki/Samvega" class="mw-redirect" title="Samvega">sense of urgency</a> (Pali: saṃvega), deeply moved by the events and their bearing: "Terrible was the quaking, men's hair stood on end, / When the all-accomplished Buddha passed away."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200853-95">[89]</a> Shortly after the council, Ānanda brought the message with regard to the Buddha's directive to Channa personally. Channa was humbled and changed his ways, attained enlightenment, and the penalty was withdrawn by the saṅgha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish2005226-96">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1994466-97">[91]</a> Ānanda traveled to <a href="/wiki/Savatthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Savatthi">Sāvatthī</a> (Sanskrit: Śrāvastī), where he was met with a sad populace, who he consoled with teachings on impermanence. After that, Ānanda went to the quarters of the Buddha and went through the motions of the routine he formerly performed when the Buddha was still alive, such as preparing water and cleaning the quarters. He then saluted and talked to the quarters as though the Buddha was still there. The Pāli commentaries state that Ānanda did this out of devotion, but also because he was "not yet free from the <a href="/wiki/Asava" title="Asava">passions</a>".<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_First_Council">The First Council</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The First Council">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanti_Stupa,_Rajgir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stupa, located at present-day Rajgir, at that time called Rajagaha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Shanti_Stupa%2C_Rajgir.jpg/250px-Shanti_Stupa%2C_Rajgir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Shanti_Stupa%2C_Rajgir.jpg/330px-Shanti_Stupa%2C_Rajgir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Shanti_Stupa%2C_Rajgir.jpg/500px-Shanti_Stupa%2C_Rajgir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>According to Buddhist texts, the First Buddhist Council was held in <a href="/wiki/Rajagaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajagaha">Rājagaha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thorp-99">[93]</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Buddhist Council">First Buddhist Council</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ban">Ban</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ban">edit</a>]</div> According to the texts, the First Buddhist Council was held in Rājagaha.<a href="#cite_note-Thorp-99">[93]</a> In the first vassa after the Buddha had died, the presiding monk Mahākassapa (Sanskrit: Mahākāśyapa) called upon Ānanda to recite the discourses he had heard, as a representative on this council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200412-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thorp-99">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[note 7]</a> There was a rule issued that only enlightened disciples (<a href="/wiki/Arahant" class="mw-redirect" title="Arahant">arahants</a>) were allowed to attend the council, to prevent <a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">mental afflictions</a> from clouding the disciples' memories. Ānanda had, however, not attained enlightenment yet, in contrast with the rest of the council, consisting of 499 arahants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers200756-102">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish2005225–6-103">[96]</a> Mahākassapa therefore did not allow Ānanda to attend yet. Although he knew that Ānanda's presence in the council was required, he did not want to be biased by allowing an exception to the rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965532-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mahākāśyapa-104">[97]</a> The Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition adds that Mahākassapa initially allowed Ānanda to join as a sort of servant assisting during the council, but then was forced to remove him when the disciple <a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a> saw that Ānanda was not yet enlightened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965532-17">[17]</a> Ānanda felt humiliated, but was prompted to focus his efforts to reach enlightenment before the council started.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Īryāpatha;_Mahākāśyapa-105">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiligenzi2006271-106">[99]</a> The Mūlasarvāstivāda texts add that he felt motivated when he remembered the Buddha's words that he should be his own refuge, and when he was consoled and advised by Anuruddha and Vajjiputta, the latter being his attendant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965532-17">[17]</a> On the night before the event, he tried hard to attain enlightenment. After a while, Ānanda took a break and decided to lie down for a rest. He then attained enlightenment right there, right then, halfway between standing and lying down. Thus, Ānanda was known as the disciple who attained awakening "in none of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%AAry%C4%81patha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Īryāpatha (page does not exist)">four traditional poses</a>" (walking, standing, sitting, or lying down).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda;_Īryāpatha-107">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw200617–8-108">[101]</a> The next morning, to prove his enlightenment, Ānanda performed a supernatural accomplishment by diving into the earth and appearing on his seat at the council (or, according to some sources, by flying through the air).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965532-17">[17]</a> Scholars such as Buddhologist <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bareau" title="André Bareau">André Bareau</a> and scholar of religion <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellison_Banks_Findly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellison Banks Findly (page does not exist)">Ellison Banks Findly</a> have been skeptical about many details in this account, including the number of participants on the council, and the account of Ānanda's enlightenment just before the council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish2005231-109">[102]</a> Regardless, today, the story of Ānanda's struggle on the evening before the council is still told among Buddhists as a piece of advice in the practice of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">meditation</a>: neither to give up, nor to interpret the practice too rigidly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw200617–8-108">[101]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nava_Jetavana_Temple_-_Shravasti_-_013_First_Council_at_Rajagaha_(9241729223).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Nava_Jetavana_Temple_-_Shravasti_-_013_First_Council_at_Rajagaha_%289241729223%29.jpg/330px-Nava_Jetavana_Temple_-_Shravasti_-_013_First_Council_at_Rajagaha_%289241729223%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Nava_Jetavana_Temple_-_Shravasti_-_013_First_Council_at_Rajagaha_%289241729223%29.jpg/500px-Nava_Jetavana_Temple_-_Shravasti_-_013_First_Council_at_Rajagaha_%289241729223%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Nava_Jetavana_Temple_-_Shravasti_-_013_First_Council_at_Rajagaha_%289241729223%29.jpg/960px-Nava_Jetavana_Temple_-_Shravasti_-_013_First_Council_at_Rajagaha_%289241729223%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3399" data-file-height="1977" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">Jetavana temple in Rājagṛiha</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Wall painting depicting the <a href="/wiki/First_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Buddhist Council">First Buddhist Council</a>, during which Ānanda is said to have pronounced the formula:"evaṃ me sutaṃ" (<a href="/wiki/Thus_have_I_heard" title="Thus have I heard">Thus have I heard</a>.) as an introduction to each of the Buddha's discourses that he recited from memory.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recitations">Recitations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Recitations">edit</a>]</div> The First Council began when Ānanda was consulted to recite the discourses and to determine which were authentic and which were not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004164-110">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacQueen2005314-111">[104]</a> Mahākassapa asked of each discourse that Ānanda listed where, when, and to whom it was given,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a> and at the end of this, the assembly agreed that Ānanda's memories and recitations were correct,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers200757–8-113">[106]</a> after which the <a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutta Pitaka">discourse collection</a> (Pali: Sutta Piṭaka, Sanskrit: Sūtra Piṭaka) was considered finalized and closed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacQueen2005314-111">[104]</a> Ānanda therefore played a crucial role in this council,<a href="#cite_note-Powers-6">[6]</a> and texts claim he remembered 84,000 teaching topics, among which 82,000 taught by the Buddha and another 2,000 taught by disciples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Council,_1st-114">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamotte1988148-115">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[note 8]</a> Many early Buddhist discourses started with the words "<a href="/wiki/Thus_have_I_heard" title="Thus have I heard">Thus have I heard</a>" (Pali: Evaṃ me sutaṃ, Sanskrit: Evaṃ mayā śrutam), which according to most Buddhist traditions, were Ānanda's words,<a href="#cite_note-Gwynne-116">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[note 9]</a> indicating that he, as the person reporting the text (Sanskrit: saṃgītikāra), had first-hand experience and did not add anything to it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Saṃgītikāra-120">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamotte2005a190-121">[112]</a> Thus, the discourses Ānanda remembered later became the collection of discourses of the Canon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200412-7">[7]</a> and according to the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81%C5%9Byap%C4%ABya" title="Kāśyapīya">Haimavāta</a>, Dharmaguptaka and <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivāda</a> textual traditions (and implicitly, post-canonical Pāli chronicles), the collection of <a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidhamma">Abhidhamma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidhamma Pitaka">Abhidhamma Piṭaka</a>) as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Council,_1st-114">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish2005230-100">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman19838-122">[113]</a> Scholar of religion Ronald Davidson notes, however, that this is not preceded by any account of Ānanda learning Abhidhamma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1990305-123">[114]</a> According to some later Mahāyāna accounts, Ānanda also assisted in reciting Mahāyāna texts, held in a different place in Rājagaha, but in the same time period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamotte2005b256-124">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1990308-125">[116]</a> The Pāli commentaries state that after the council, when the tasks for <a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81%E1%B9%87aka" title="Bhāṇaka">recitation and memorizing</a> the texts were divided, Ānanda and his pupils were given the task to remember the <a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABgha_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Dīgha Nikāya">Dīgha Nikāya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965532-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman19838-122">[113]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Two <a href="/wiki/Companion_statues:_Kashyapa_and_Ananda" title="Companion statues: Kashyapa and Ananda">companion statues</a>, 8th century, China</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashyapa_and_Ananda,_Southeast_Asia_Gallery,_Royal_Ontario_Museum,_Ananda_front.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kashyapa_and_Ananda%2C_Southeast_Asia_Gallery%2C_Royal_Ontario_Museum%2C_Ananda_front.JPG/250px-Kashyapa_and_Ananda%2C_Southeast_Asia_Gallery%2C_Royal_Ontario_Museum%2C_Ananda_front.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kashyapa_and_Ananda%2C_Southeast_Asia_Gallery%2C_Royal_Ontario_Museum%2C_Ananda_front.JPG/330px-Kashyapa_and_Ananda%2C_Southeast_Asia_Gallery%2C_Royal_Ontario_Museum%2C_Ananda_front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="4608" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mahakassapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahakassapa">Mahākassapa</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashyapa_and_Ananda,_Southeast_Asia_Gallery,_Royal_Ontario_Museum,_Kashyapa_front.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kashyapa_and_Ananda%2C_Southeast_Asia_Gallery%2C_Royal_Ontario_Museum%2C_Kashyapa_front.JPG/250px-Kashyapa_and_Ananda%2C_Southeast_Asia_Gallery%2C_Royal_Ontario_Museum%2C_Kashyapa_front.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kashyapa_and_Ananda%2C_Southeast_Asia_Gallery%2C_Royal_Ontario_Museum%2C_Kashyapa_front.JPG/330px-Kashyapa_and_Ananda%2C_Southeast_Asia_Gallery%2C_Royal_Ontario_Museum%2C_Kashyapa_front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="4608" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ānanda</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/First_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Buddhist Council">First Buddhist Council</a> began when Mahākassapa asked Ānanda to recite the discourses.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charges">Charges</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Charges">edit</a>]</div> During the same council, Ānanda was charged for an offense by members of the saṅgha for having enabled women to join the monastic order.<a href="#cite_note-The_Social_Dimensions_of_Early_Buddhism-126">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004164-110">[103]</a> Besides this, he was charged for having forgotten to request the Buddha to specify which offenses of monastic discipline could be disregarded;<a href="#cite_note-127">[note 10]</a> for having stepped on the Buddha's robe; for having allowed women to honor the Buddha's body after his death, which was not properly dressed, and during which his body was sullied by their tears; and for having failed to ask the Buddha to continue to live on. Ānanda did not acknowledge these as offenses, but he conceded to do a formal confession anyway, "... in faith of the opinion of the venerable elder monks"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda;_Cāpālacaitya;_Council,_1st-128">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinüber2007235–6-129">[119]</a>—Ānanda wanted to prevent disruption in the saṅgha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman1977470-130">[120]</a> With regard to having women ordained, Ānanda answered that he had done this with great effort, because Mahāpajāpati was the Buddha's foster-mother who had long provided for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2006867-131">[121]</a> With regard to not requesting the Buddha to continue to live, many textual traditions have Ānanda respond by saying he was distracted by Māra,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Cāpālacaitya-132">[122]</a> though one early Chinese text has Ānanda reply he did not request the Buddha to prolong his life, for fear that this would interfere with the next Buddha <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>'s ministry.<a href="#cite_note-Ch'en-133">[123]</a> According to the Pāli tradition, the charges were laid after Ānanda had become enlightened and done all the recitations; but the Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition has it that the charges were laid before Ānanda became enlightened and started the recitations. In this version, when Ānanda heard that he was banned from the council, he objected that he had not done anything that went against the teaching and discipline of the Buddha. Mahākassapa then listed seven charges to counter Ānanda's objection. The charges were similar to the five given in Pāli.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965532-17">[17]</a> Other textual traditions list slightly different charges, amounting to a combined total of eleven charges, some of which are only mentioned in one or two textual traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsukamoto1963820-134">[124]</a> Considering that an enlightened disciple was seen to have overcome all faults, it seems more likely that the charges were laid before Ānanda's attainment than after.<a href="#cite_note-Ch'en-133">[123]</a> Indologists von Hinüber and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Przyluski" title="Jean Przyluski">Jean Przyluski</a> argue that the account of Ānanda being charged with offenses during the council indicate tensions between competing <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhist schools</a>, i.e. schools that emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">discourses</a> (Pali: sutta, Sanskrit: sūtra) and schools that emphasized monastic discipline. These differences have affected the scriptures of each tradition: e.g. the Pāli and Mahīśāsaka textual traditions portray a Mahākassapa that is more critical of Ānanda than that the Sarvāstivāda tradition depicts him,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly1992253–4-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsukamoto1963821-135">[125]</a> reflecting a preference for discipline above discourse on the part of the former traditions, and a preference for discourse for the latter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly1992254-136">[126]</a> Another example is the recitations during the First Council. The Pāli texts state that <a href="/wiki/Upali" class="mw-redirect" title="Upali">Upāli</a>, the person who was responsible for the recitation of the monastic discipline, recited before Ānanda does: again, monastic discipline above discourse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman1977487-137">[127]</a> Analyzing six recensions of different textual traditions of the Mahāparinibbāna Sutta extensively, Bareau distinguished two layers in the text, an older and a newer one, the former belonging to the compilers that emphasized discourse, the latter to the ones that emphasized discipline; the former emphasizing the figure of Ānanda, the latter Mahākassapa. He further argued that the passage on Māra obstructing the Buddha was inserted in the fourth century BCE, and that Ānanda was blamed for Māra's doing by inserting the passage of Ānanda's forgetfulness in the third century BCE. The passage in which the Buddha was ill and reminded Ānanda to be his own refuge, on the other hand, Bareau regarded as very ancient, pre-dating the passages blaming Māra and Ānanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBareau197970,_79–80-138">[128]</a> In conclusion, Bareau, Przyluski and Horner argued that the offenses Ānanda were charged with were a later interpolation. Findly disagrees, however, because the account in the texts of monastic discipline fits in with the Mahāparinibbāna Sutta and with Ānanda's character as generally depicted in the texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly1992268-139">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historicity">Historicity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historicity">edit</a>]</div> Tradition states that the First Council lasted for seven months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Council,_1st-114">[107]</a> Scholars doubt, however, whether the entire canon was really recited during the First Council,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201388-140">[130]</a> because the early texts contain different accounts on important subjects such as meditation.<a href="#cite_note-141">[131]</a> It may be, though, that early versions were recited of what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya-pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinaya-pitaka">Vinaya-piṭaka</a> and Sutta-piṭaka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa199369-142">[132]</a> Nevertheless, many scholars, from the late 19th century onward, have considered the historicity of the First Council improbable. Some scholars, such as orientalists <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_La_Vall%C3%A9e-Poussin" title="Louis de La Vallée-Poussin">Louis de La Vallée-Poussin</a> and D.P. Minayeff, thought there must have been assemblies after the Buddha's death, but considered only the main characters and some events before or after the First Council historical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish2005226-96">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1994453-143">[133]</a> Other scholars, such as Bareau and Indologist <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Oldenberg" title="Hermann Oldenberg">Hermann Oldenberg</a>, considered it likely that the account of the First Council was written after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Buddhist Council">Second Council</a>, and based on that of the Second, since there were not any major problems to solve after the Buddha's death, or any other need to organize the First Council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish2005231-109">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1994454–6-144">[134]</a> Much material in the accounts, and even more so in the more developed later accounts, deal with Ānanda as the unsullied intermediary who passes on the legitimate teaching of the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacQueen2005314–5-145">[135]</a> On the other hand, archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Finot_(archaeologist)" title="Louis Finot (archaeologist)">Louis Finot</a>, Indologist E. E. Obermiller and to some extent Indologist Nalinaksha Dutt thought the account of the First Council was authentic, because of the correspondences between the Pāli texts and the <a href="/wiki/Agama_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama (Buddhism)">Sanskrit traditions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1994457-146">[136]</a> Indologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Richard Gombrich</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Sujato" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhu Sujato">Bhikkhu Sujato</a> and Bhikkhu Brahmali's arguments, states that "it makes good sense to believe ... that large parts of the Pali Canon do preserve for us the <a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddha-vacana</a>, 'the Buddha's words', transmitted to us via his disciple Ānanda and the First Council".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich201873-147">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_and_character">Role and character</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Role and character">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">The attendant</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "He served the Buddha following him everywhere like a shadow, bringing him tooth wood and water, washing his feet, rubbing his body, cleaning his cell and fulfilling all his duties with the greatest care. By day he was at hand forestalling the slightest wish of the Buddha. At night, staff and torch in hand, he went nine times round the Buddha's cell and never put them down lest he would fall asleep and fail to answer a call to the Buddha." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">transl. by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellison_Banks_Findly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellison Banks Findly (page does not exist)">Ellison Banks Findly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">Manorathapūranī</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003376–7-148">[138]</a></cite></div> </div> Ānanda was recognized as one of the most important disciples of the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-149">[139]</a> In the lists of the disciples given in the <a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">Aṅguttara Nikāya</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[note 11]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">Saṃyutta Nikāya</a>, each of the disciples is declared to be foremost in some quality. Ānanda is mentioned more often than any other disciple: he is named foremost in conduct, in attention to others, in power of memory, in erudition and in resoluteness.<a href="#cite_note-Sarao-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[140]</a> Ānanda was the subject of a sermon of praise delivered by the Buddha just before the Buddha's death, as described in the Mahāparinibbāna Sutta:<a href="#cite_note-152">[note 12]</a> it is a sermon about a man who is kindly, unselfish, popular, and thoughtful toward others.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-23">[21]</a> In the texts he is depicted as compassionate in his relations with lay people, a compassion he learnt from the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003395-153">[141]</a> The Buddha relays that both monastics and lay people were pleased to see Ānanda, and were pleased to hear him <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">recite</a> and teach the Buddha's teaching.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200851-154">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003378-155">[143]</a> Moreover, Ānanda was known for his organizational skills, assisting the Buddha with secretary-like duties.<a href="#cite_note-Pasadika-156">[144]</a> In many ways, Ānanda did not only serve the personal needs of the Buddha, but also the needs of the still young, growing institute of the saṅgha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003370-157">[145]</a> Moreover, because of his ability to remember the many teachings of the Buddha, he is described as foremost in "having heard much" (Pali: bahussuta, Sanskrit: bahuśruta, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Duowen Diyi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003375-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013-158">[146]</a> Ānanda was known for his exceptional memory,<a href="#cite_note-Mohr-9">[9]</a> which is essential in helping him to remember the Buddha's teachings. He also taught other disciples to memorize Buddhist doctrine. For these reasons, Ānanda became known as the "Treasurer of the <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dhamma</a>" (Pali: Dhamma-bhaṇḍāgārika, Sanskrit: Dharma-bhaṇḍāgārika),<a href="#cite_note-Sarao-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiligenzi2006271-106">[99]</a> Dhamma (Sanskrit: Dharma) referring to the doctrine of the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-Bodhi-28">[26]</a> Being the person who had accompanied the Buddha throughout a great part of his life, Ānanda was in many ways the living memory of the Buddha, without which the saṅgha would be much worse off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiligenzi2006271-106">[99]</a> Besides his memory skills, Ānanda also stood out in that, as the Buddha's cousin, he dared to ask the Buddha direct questions. For example, after the death of <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahāvira</a> and the depicted subsequent conflicts among the <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> community, Ānanda asked the Buddha how such problems could be prevented after the Buddha's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClasquin20137-159">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin2001232-160">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[note 13]</a> However, Findly argues that Ānanda's duty to memorize the Buddha's teachings accurately and without distortion, was "both a gift and a burden". Ānanda was able to remember many discourses verbatim, but this also went hand-in-hand with a habit of not reflecting on those teachings, being afraid that reflection might distort the teachings as he heard them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003375–6-163">[150]</a> At multiple occasions, Ānanda was warned by other disciples that he should spend less time on conversing to lay people, and more time on his own practice. Even though Ānanda regularly practiced meditation for long hours, he was less experienced in <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">meditative concentration</a> than other leading disciples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003372,_390–1-164">[151]</a> Thus, judgment of Ānanda's character depends on whether one judges his accomplishments as a monk or his accomplishments as an attendant, and person memorizing the discourses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003375–6-163">[150]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:039_Ananda_(25595327227).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Monk in forest rubbing in his eye." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/039_Ananda_%2825595327227%29.jpg/260px-039_Ananda_%2825595327227%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/039_Ananda_%2825595327227%29.jpg/390px-039_Ananda_%2825595327227%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/039_Ananda_%2825595327227%29.jpg/520px-039_Ananda_%2825595327227%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3370" /></a><figcaption>East Javanese relief of Ānanda, depicted weeping </figcaption></figure> From a literary and didactic point of view, Ānanda often functioned as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Foil_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foil (literature)">foil</a> in the texts, being an unenlightened disciple attending to an enlightened Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2006115-165">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[153]</a> Because the run-of the-mill person could identify with Ānanda, the Buddha could through Ānanda convey his teachings to the mass easily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2006115-165">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003379-167">[154]</a> Ānanda's character was in many ways a contradiction to that of the Buddha: being unenlightened and someone who made mistakes. At the same time, however, he was completely devoted to service to the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiligenzi2006270–1-168">[155]</a> The Buddha is depicted in the early texts as both a father and a teacher to Ānanda, stern but compassionate. Ānanda was very fond of and attached to the Buddha, willing to give his life for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003375-26">[24]</a> He mourned the deaths of both the Buddha and Sāriputta, with whom he enjoyed a close friendship: in both cases Ānanda was very shocked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965533-16">[16]</a> Ānanda's faith in the Buddha, however, constituted more of a faith in a person, especially the Buddha's person, as opposed to faith in the Buddha's teaching. This is a pattern which comes back in the accounts which lead to the offenses Ānanda was charged with during the First Council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly1992261–3-169">[156]</a> Moreover, Ānanda's weaknesses described in the texts were that he was sometimes slow-witted and lacked mindfulness, which became noticeable because of his role as attendant to the Buddha: this involved minor matters like deportment, but also more important matters, such as ordaining a man with no future as a pupil, or disturbing the Buddha at the wrong time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003378–9-170">[157]</a> For example, one time Mahākassapa chastised Ānanda in strong words, criticizing the fact that Ānanda was travelling with a large following of young monks who appeared untrained and who had built up a bad reputation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a> In another episode described in a Sarvāstivāda text, Ānanda is the only disciple who was willing to teach <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Addhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṛddhi">psychic powers</a> to Devadatta, who later would use these in an attempt to destroy the Buddha. According to a Mahīśāsaka text, however, when Devadatta had turned against the Buddha, Ānanda was not persuaded by him, and voted against him in a formal meeting.<a href="#cite_note-171">[158]</a> Ānanda's late spiritual growth is much discussed in Buddhist texts, and the general conclusion is that Ānanda was slower than other disciples due to his worldly attachments and his attachment to the person of the Buddha, both of which were rooted in his mediating work between the Buddha and the lay communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003373-172">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passing_on_the_teaching">Passing on the teaching</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Passing on the teaching">edit</a>]</div> After the Buddha's death, some sources say Ānanda stayed mostly in the West of India, in the area of <a href="/wiki/Kosambi" title="Kosambi">Kosambī</a> (Sanskrit: Kausambī), where he taught most of his pupils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaruah200010-173">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa199385-10">[10]</a> Other sources say he stayed in the monastery at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ve%E1%B8%B7uvana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veḷuvana (page does not exist)">Veḷuvana</a> (Sanskrit: Veṇuvana).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Veṇuvanavihāra-174">[161]</a> Several pupils of Ānanda became well-known in their own right. According to post-canonical Sanskrit sources such as the <a href="/wiki/Divyavadana" title="Divyavadana">Divyavadāna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Asokavadana" class="mw-redirect" title="Asokavadana">Aśokavadāna</a>, before the Buddha's death, the Buddha confided to Ānanda that the latter's student Majjhantika (Sanskrit: Madhyāntika) would travel to Udyāna, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, to bring the teaching of the Buddha there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Madhyāntika-175">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaruah20008-176">[163]</a> Mahākassapa made a prediction that later would come true that another of Ānanda's future pupils, <a href="/wiki/Shanavasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanavasa">Sāṇavāsī</a> (Sanskrit: Śāṇakavāsī, Śāṇakavāsin or Śāṇāvasika), would make many gifts to the saṅgha at <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathurā</a>, during a feast held from profits of successful business. After this event, Ānanda would successfully persuade Sāṇavāsī to become ordained and be his pupil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong199465-177">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaruah20008,_453-178">[165]</a> Ānanda later persuaded Sāṇavāsī by pointing out that the latter had now made many material gifts, but had not given "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhammad%C4%81na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhammadāna (page does not exist)">the gift of the Dhamma</a>". When asked for explanation, Ānanda replied that Sāṇavāsī would give the gift of Dhamma by <a href="/wiki/Pabbajja" class="mw-redirect" title="Pabbajja">becoming ordained as a monk</a>, which was reason enough for Sāṇavāsī to make the decision to get ordained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong199465-177">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_relics">Death and relics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Death and relics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%80nanda%27s_p%C4%81ranibb%C4%81na.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Relief with monk meditating at the right, and on the left, half of a skeleton, a kneeling crowned figure and a second figure holding a parasol above the crowned figure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%C4%80nanda%27s_p%C4%81ranibb%C4%81na.png/330px-%C4%80nanda%27s_p%C4%81ranibb%C4%81na.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%C4%80nanda%27s_p%C4%81ranibb%C4%81na.png/495px-%C4%80nanda%27s_p%C4%81ranibb%C4%81na.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/%C4%80nanda%27s_p%C4%81ranibb%C4%81na.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Partially recovered Indian bas-relief depicting the death of Ānanda. The traditional Buddhist accounts relate that he attained <a href="/wiki/Parinibbana" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinibbana">final Nirvana</a> in mid-air above the river <a href="/wiki/Rohni_River" title="Rohni River">Rohīni</a>, leaving relics for followers on both sides of the river.</figcaption></figure> Though no Early Buddhist Text provides a date for Ānanda's death, according to the Chinese pilgrim monk <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> (337–422 CE), Ānanda went on to live 120 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda-2">[2]</a> Following the later timeline, however, Ānanda may have lived to 75–85 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaruah200010-173">[160]</a> Buddhist studies scholar <a href="/wiki/L._S._Cousins" title="L. S. Cousins">L. S. Cousins</a> dated Ānanda's death twenty years after the Buddha's.<a href="#cite_note-Cousins-179">[166]</a> Ānanda was teaching till the end of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200412-7">[7]</a> According to Mūlasarvāstivāda sources, Ānanda heard a young monk recite a verse incorrectly, and advised him. When the monk reported this to his teacher, the latter objected that "Ānanda has grown old and his memory is impaired ..." This prompted Ānanda to attain final Nirvana. He passed on the "custody of the [Buddha's] doctrine" to his pupil Sāṇavāsī and left for the river Ganges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965534–5-180">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[168]</a> However, according to Pāli sources, when Ānanda was about to die, he decided to spend his final moments in Vesālī instead, and traveled to the river <a href="/wiki/Rohni_River" title="Rohni River">Rohīni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda-2">[2]</a> The Mūlasarvāstivāda version expands and says that before reaching the river, he met with a <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">seer</a> called Majjhantika (following the prediction earlier) and five hundred of his followers, who converted to Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965535-4">[4]</a> Some sources add that Ānanda passed the Buddha's message on to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong199465-177">[164]</a> When Ānanda was crossing the river, he was followed by King <a href="/wiki/Ajatashatru" title="Ajatashatru">Ajātasattu</a> (Sanskrit: Ajātaśatrū), who wanted to witness his death and was interested in his remains as relics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965535-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda-2">[2]</a> Ānanda had once promised Ajāsattu that he would let him know when he would die, and accordingly, Ānanda had informed him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994109-182">[169]</a> On the other side of the river, however, a group of <a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (tribe)">Licchavis</a> from Vesālī awaited him for the same reason. In the Pāli, there were also two parties interested, but the two parties were the Sākiyan and the <a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliyan</a> clans instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965535-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda-2">[2]</a> Ānanda realized that his death on either side of the river could anger one of the parties involved.<a href="#cite_note-Vogel-183">[170]</a> Through a supernatural accomplishment, he therefore surged into the air to levitate and <a href="/wiki/Kasina" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasina">meditate</a> in mid-air, making his body go up in fire, with his relics landing on both banks of the river,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965535-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda-2">[2]</a> or in some versions of the account, splitting in four parts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong199466-184">[171]</a> In this way, Ānanda had pleased all the parties involved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965535-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda-2">[2]</a> In some other versions of the account, including the Mūlasarvāstivāda version, his death took place on a barge in the middle of the river, however, instead of in mid-air. The remains were divided in two, following the wishes of Ānanda.<a href="#cite_note-Higham-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965535-4">[4]</a> Majjhantika later successfully carried out the mission following the Buddha's prediction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Madhyāntika-175">[162]</a> The latter's pupil <a href="/wiki/Upagupta" title="Upagupta">Upagupta</a> was described to be the teacher of King <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Aśoka</a> (3rd century BCE). Together with four or five other pupils of Ānanda, Sāṇavāsī and Majjhantika formed the majority of the Second Council,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaruah20008–10-185">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa199385-10">[10]</a> with Majjhantika being Ānanda's last pupil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaruah200011-186">[173]</a> Post-canonical Pāli sources add that Sāṇavāsī had a leading role in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Buddhist Council">Third Buddhist Council</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-187">[174]</a> Although little is historically certain, Cousins thought it likely at least one of the leading figures on the Second Council was a pupil of Ānanda, as nearly all the textual traditions mention a connection with Ānanda.<a href="#cite_note-Cousins-179">[166]</a> Ajāsattu is said to have built a stūpa on top of the Ānanda's relics, at the river Rohīni, or according to some sources, the Ganges; the Licchavis had also built a stūpa at their side of the river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamotte198893,_210-188">[175]</a> The Chinese pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Xuan_Zang" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuan Zang">Xuan Zang</a> (602–64 CE) later visited stūpas on both sides of the river Rohīni.<a href="#cite_note-Sarao-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Higham-20">[20]</a> Faxian also reported having visited stūpas dedicated to Ānanda at the river Rohīni,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamotte1988210-189">[176]</a> but also in Mathurā.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini2001361-190">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vogel-183">[170]</a> Moreover, according to the Mūlasarvāstivāda version of the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Buddhism)" title="Āgama (Buddhism)">Saṃyukta Āgama</a>, King Aśoka visited and made the most lavish <a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">offerings</a> he ever made to a stūpa:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Who in the <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Norm</a> is widely versed, <dl><dd>And bears its doctrines in his heart—</dd> <dd>Of the great Master's treasure Ward—</dd> <dd>An eye was he for all the world,</dd> <dd>Ānanda, who is passed away."</dd></dl> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="center-aligned" style="">transl. by <a href="/wiki/C._A._F._Rhys_Davids" class="mw-redirect" title="C. A. F. Rhys Davids">C. A. F. Rhys Davids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theragatha" title="Theragatha">Theragāthā</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965536-191">[178]</a></cite></div> </div> He explained to his ministers that he did this because "[t]he body of the Tathāgata is the body of dharma(s), pure in nature. He [Ānanda] was able to retain it/them all; for this reason the offerings [to him] surpass [all others]"—<a href="/wiki/Dharmakaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmakaya">body of dharma</a> here referred to the Buddha's teachings as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-192">[179]</a> In Early Buddhist Texts, Ānanda had reached final Nirvana and would no longer be reborn. But, in contrast with the early texts, according to the Mahāyāna <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sūtra</a>, Ānanda would be born as a Buddha in the future. He would accomplish this slower than the present Buddha, <a href="/wiki/Gotama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotama Buddha">Gotama Buddha</a>, had accomplished this, because Ānanda aspired to becoming a Buddha by applying "great learning". Because of this long trajectory and great efforts, however, his enlightenment would be extraordinary and with great splendor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965535-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B9%9D%E5%A4%A9%E7%A6%85%E9%99%A2_%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Temple with Buddha image, flanked by Ānanda and Mahākassapa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%E4%B9%9D%E5%A4%A9%E7%A6%85%E9%99%A2_%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B.jpg/330px-%E4%B9%9D%E5%A4%A9%E7%A6%85%E9%99%A2_%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%E4%B9%9D%E5%A4%A9%E7%A6%85%E9%99%A2_%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B.jpg/500px-%E4%B9%9D%E5%A4%A9%E7%A6%85%E9%99%A2_%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%E4%B9%9D%E5%A4%A9%E7%A6%85%E9%99%A2_%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B.jpg/960px-%E4%B9%9D%E5%A4%A9%E7%A6%85%E9%99%A2_%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>In Mahāyāna iconography, Ānanda is often depicted flanking the Buddha at the right side, together with Mahākassapa at the left. </figcaption></figure> Ānanda is depicted as an eloquent speaker,<a href="#cite_note-Bodhi-28">[26]</a> who often taught about the self and about meditation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003381-193">[180]</a> There are numerous Buddhist texts attributed to Ānanda, including the Atthakanāgara Sutta, about meditation methods to attain Nirvana; a version of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhaddekaratta_Sutta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhaddekaratta Sutta (page does not exist)">Bhaddekaratta Sutta</a> (Sanskrit: Bhadrakārātrī, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: shanye), about living in the present moment;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Atthakanāgarasutta;_Bhaddekarattasutta-194">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198348-195">[182]</a> the Sekha Sutta, about the higher training of a disciple of the Buddha; the Subha Suttanta, about the practices the Buddha inspired others to follow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Sekhasutta;_Subhasuttanta-196">[183]</a> In the Gopaka-Mogallānasutta, a conversation took place between Ānanda, the brahmin Gopaka-Mogallāna and the minister Vassakara, the latter being the highest official of the <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClasquin201310-197">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijayaratna1990153-198">[185]</a> During this conversation, which occurred shortly after the Buddha's death, Vassakara asked whether it was decided yet who would succeed the Buddha. Ānanda replied that no such successor had been appointed, but that the Buddhist community took the Buddha's teaching and discipline as a refuge instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClasquin201310–11-199">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijayaratna1990153-198">[185]</a> Furthermore, the saṅgha did not have the Buddha as a master anymore, but they would honor those monks who were virtuous and trustworthy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijayaratna1990153-198">[185]</a> Besides these suttas, a section of the Theragāthā is attributed to Ānanda.<a href="#cite_note-Sarao-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[187]</a> Even in the texts attributed to the Buddha himself, Ānanda is sometimes depicted giving a name to a particular text, or suggesting a simile to the Buddha to use in his teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a> In East Asian Buddhism, Ānanda is considered one of <a href="/wiki/The_ten_principal_disciples" class="mw-redirect" title="The ten principal disciples">the ten principal disciples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[188]</a> In many Indian Sanskrit and East Asian texts, Ānanda is considered the second patriarch of the lineage which transmitted the teaching of the Buddha, with Mahākassapa being the first and Majjhantika<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Damoduoluo_chan_jing;_Madhyāntika-202">[189]</a> or Saṇavāsī<a href="#cite_note-203">[190]</a> being the third. There is an account dating back from the Sarvāstivāda and Mūlasarvāstivāda textual traditions which states that before Mahākassapa died, he bestowed the Buddha's teaching on Ānanda as a formal passing on of authority, telling Ānanda to pass the teaching on to Ānanda's pupil Saṇavāsī.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaruah20009,_453-204">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong199462-205">[192]</a> Later, just before Ānanda died, he did as Mahākassapa had told him to.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965532-17">[17]</a> Buddhist studies scholars <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akira_Hirakawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akira Hirakawa (page does not exist)">Akira Hirakawa</a> and Bibhuti Baruah have expressed skepticism about the teacher–student relationship between Mahākassapa and Ānanda, arguing that there was discord between the two, as indicated in the early texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaruah200010-173">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa199385-10">[10]</a> Regardless, it is clear from the texts that a relationship of transmission of teachings is meant, as opposed to an upajjhāya–student relationship in a lineage of ordination: no source indicates Mahākassapa was Ānanda's upajjhāya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa199386-206">[193]</a> In Mahāyāna iconography, Ānanda is often depicted flanking the Buddha at the right side, together with Mahākassapa at the left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Er_xieshi-207">[194]</a> In Theravāda iconography, however, Ānanda is usually not depicted in this manner,<a href="#cite_note-208">[195]</a> and the motif of transmission of the Dhamma through a list of patriarchs is not found in Pāli sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamotte1988210-189">[176]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting with two monks, one with Central Asian traits, holding his index finger against his thumb; one with East Asian traits, holding his hands folded in front." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/250px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/330px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/340px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>8th–9th century Chinese painting, depicting two monks dressed in <a href="/wiki/Civara" class="mw-redirect" title="Civara">robes</a> made of pieces. Pāli tradition has it that Ānanda designed the Buddhist monk's robe, based on the structure of rice fields.</figcaption></figure> Because Ānanda was instrumental in founding the bhikkhunī community, he has been honored by bhikkhunīs for this throughout Buddhist history. The earliest traces of this can be found in the writings of Faxian and Xuan Zang,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbros2016209-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mohr-9">[9]</a> who reported that bhikkhunīs made offerings to a stūpa in Ānanda's honor during celebrations and <a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">observance days</a>. On a similar note, in 5th–6th-century China and 10th-century Japan, Buddhist texts were composed recommending women to uphold the semi-monastic <a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">eight precepts</a> in honor and gratitude of Ānanda. In Japan, this was done through the format of a penance ritual called keka (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 悔過). By the 13th century, in Japan a cult-like interest for Ānanda had developed in a number of convents, in which images and stūpas were used and ceremonies were held in his honor. Presently, opinion among scholars is divided as to whether Ānanda's cult among bhikkhunīs was an expression of their dependence on male monastic tradition, or the opposite, an expression of their legitimacy and independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbros2016210–12,_214,_216–8,_245–6-209">[196]</a> Pāli Vinaya texts attribute the design of the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Civara" class="mw-redirect" title="Civara">monk's robe</a> to Ānanda. As Buddhism prospered, more laypeople started to donate expensive cloth for robes, which put the monks at risk for theft. To decrease its commercial value, monks therefore cut up the cloth offered, before they sew a robe from it. The Buddha asked Ānanda to think of a model for a Buddhist robe, made from small pieces of cloth. Ānanda designed a standard robe model, based on the rice fields of Magadha, which were divided in sections by banks of earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijayaratna199036-210">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a> Another tradition that is connected to Ānanda is <a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">paritta</a> recitation. Theravāda Buddhists explain that the custom of sprinkling water during paritta chanting originates in Ānanda's visit to Vesālī, when he recited the Ratana Sutta and sprinkled water from his alms bowl.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ratanasutta-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[198]</a> A third tradition sometimes attributed to Ānanda is the use of <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi trees</a> in Buddhism. It is described in the text <a href="/wiki/Jataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Jataka">Kāliṅgabodhi Jātaka</a> that Ānanda planted a Bodhi tree as a symbol of the Buddha's enlightenment, to give people the chance to pay their respects to the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gutman-212">[199]</a> This tree and shrine came to be known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda_Bodhi_Tree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ānanda Bodhi Tree (page does not exist)">Ānanda Bodhi Tree</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">[8]</a> said to have grown from a seed from the original Bodhi Tree under which the Buddha is depicted to have attained enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-Svasti-213">[200]</a> Many of this type of Bodhi Tree shrines in Southeast Asia were erected following this example.<a href="#cite_note-Gutman-212">[199]</a> Presently, the Ānanda Bodhi Tree is sometimes identified with a tree at the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Jetavana" title="Jetavana">Jetavana</a>, Sāvatthi, based on the records of Faxian.<a href="#cite_note-Svasti-213">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art">In art</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In art">edit</a>]</div> Between 1856 and 1858 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> wrote a draft for an opera <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> based on the legend about Ānanda and the low-caste girl Prakṛti. He left only a fragmentary prose sketch of a work to be called <a href="/wiki/Die_Sieger" title="Die Sieger">Die Sieger</a>, but the topic inspired his later opera <a href="/wiki/Parsifal_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsifal (opera)">Parsifal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner-214">[201]</a> Furthermore, the draft was used by composer <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Harvey_(composer)" title="Jonathan Harvey (composer)">Jonathan Harvey</a> in his 2007 opera <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Dream" title="Wagner Dream">Wagner Dream</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApp201142–3-216">[203]</a> In Wagner's version of the legend, which he based on orientalist <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Burnouf" title="Eugène Burnouf">Eugène Burnouf</a>'s translations, the magical spell of Prakṛti's mother does not work on Ānanda, and Prakṛti turns to the Buddha to explain her desires for Ānanda. The Buddha replies that a union between Prakṛti and Ānanda is possible, but Prakṛti must agree to the Buddha's conditions. Prakṛti agrees, and it is revealed that the Buddha means something else than she does: he asks Prakṛti to ordain as a bhikkhunī, and live the celibate life as a kind of sister to Ānanda. At first, Prakṛti weeps in dismay, but after the Buddha explains that her current situation is a result of <a href="/wiki/Karma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karma (Buddhism)">karma</a> from her previous life, she understands and rejoices in the life of a bhikkhunī.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApp201133–4,_43-217">[204]</a> Apart from the spiritual themes, Wagner also addresses the faults of the caste system by having the Buddha criticize it.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner-214">[201]</a> Drawing from <a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a>'s philosophy, Wagner contrasts desire-driven salvation and true spiritual salvation: by seeking deliverance through the person she loves, Prakṛti only affirms her <a href="/wiki/Will_to_live" title="Will to live">will to live</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Wille zum Leben), which is blocking her from attaining deliverance. By being ordained as a bhikkhunī she strives for her spiritual salvation instead. Thus, the early Buddhist account of Mahāpajāpati's ordination is replaced by that of Prakṛti. According to Wagner, by allowing Prakṛti to become ordained, the Buddha also completes his own aim in life: "[H]e regards his existence in the world, whose aim was to benefit all beings, as completed, since he had become able to offer deliverance—without mediation—also to woman."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApp201134–5-218">[205]</a> The same legend of Ānanda and Prakṛti was made into a short prose play by the Indian poet <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, called Chandalika. Chandalika deals with the themes of spiritual conflict, caste and social equality, and contains a strong critique of Indian society. Just like in the traditional account, Prakṛti falls in love with Ānanda, after he gives her self-esteem by accepting a gift of water from her. Prakṛti's mother casts a spell to enchant Ānanda. In Tagore's play, however, Prakṛti later regrets what she has done and has the spell revoked.<a href="#cite_note-219">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/M%C5%ABlasarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Mūlasarvāstivāda">Mūlasarvāstivāda</a> tradition, the Buddha was 50.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965530-12">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> According to the Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition, Ānanda was born at the same time the Buddha became enlightened, and was therefore younger than the other leading disciples. The reason that the other disciples were not chosen may be because they were too old for the task.<a href="#cite_note-Mohr-9">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Anālayo cites von Hinüber with this phrase. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">AN</a> 3.80 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> There was some debate between the <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhist schools</a> as to what eon means in this context, some schools arguing it meant a full human lifespan, others that an enlightened being was capable of producing a "new life-span by the sole power of his meditation".<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/John_Powers_(academic)" title="John Powers (academic)">John Powers</a>, the Buddha only left Vesālī at this point, and not earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers200755-79">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> This is the most well-known version of the account. However, the texts of the <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivāda</a>, Mūlasarvāstivāda, and <a href="/wiki/Mahisasaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahisasaka">Mahīśāsaka</a> traditions relate that this was <a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Añña Koṇḍañña</a> (Sanskrit: Ājñāta Kauṇḍinya) instead, as Koṇḍañña was the most senior disciple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish2005230-100">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Other sources say he remembered 60,000 words and 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanzas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Council,_1st-114">[107]</a> or 10,000 words.<a href="#cite_note-Gwynne-116">[109]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyāna</a> commentators held that in some cases these were the words of a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> (someone striving to become a <a href="/wiki/Buddha_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha (title)">Buddha</a>) like <a href="/wiki/Manjusri" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjusri">Mañjuśrī</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Evaṃ_mayā_śrutam-118">[110]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> The Buddha mentioned to Ānanda that "minor rules" could be abolished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers200755-79">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Page i. xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Digha_Nik%C4%81ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikāya">DN</a> 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> The Buddha responded with a discussion of the role of a teacher, a student and the teaching, and concluded that he himself had proclaimed his teaching well. He continued that disputes about <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">monastic discipline</a> were not so much a problem, but disputes about "the path and the way" were.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin2001232–4-161">[149]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529_1-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitanachchi1965">Witanachchi 1965</a>, p. 529. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda_2-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, Ānanda. </li> <li id="cite_note-Larson-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Larson_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLarson" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Larson, Paul. "Ananda". In Leeming, David A.; Madden, Kathryn; Marlan, Stanton (eds.). Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-71802-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-71802-6"><bdi>978-0-387-71802-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ananda&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Psychology+and+Religion&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.isbn=978-0-387-71802-6&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965535-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965535_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965535_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965535_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965535_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965535_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965535_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965535_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965535_4-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitanachchi1965">Witanachchi 1965</a>, p. 535. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarao-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarao_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarao_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarao_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarao_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarao_5-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarao2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sarao, K. T. S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aWXWtAEACAAJ">"Ananda"</a>. In Jestice, Phyllis G. (ed.). Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-649-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-649-3"><bdi>1-85109-649-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ananda&rft.btitle=Holy+People+of+the+World%3A+A+Cross-cultural+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85109-649-3&rft.aulast=Sarao&rft.aufirst=K.+T.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaWXWtAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powers-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Powers_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powers_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powers_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowers2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Powers_(academic)" title="John Powers (academic)">Powers, John</a> (2013). "Ānanda". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZycAwAAQBAJ">A Concise Encyclopedia of Buddhism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-476-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-476-6"><bdi>978-1-78074-476-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%80nanda&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-476-6&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkZycAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200412-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown200412_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown200412_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown200412_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown200412_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown200412_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown200412_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown200412_7-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2004">Keown 2004</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]_8-20">u</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalalasekera1960">Malalasekera 1960</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/aa/aananda.htm">Ānanda</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohr-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mohr_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohr_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohr_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohr_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohr_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohr_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohr_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohr_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohr_9-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGyatso2014" class="citation book cs1">Gyatso, Janet (2014). 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"Les débuts de la prédication du Buddha selon l'Ekottara-Āgama" [The Beginning of the Buddha's Ministry According to the <a href="/wiki/Ekottara_%C4%80gama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekottara Āgama">Ekottara Āgama</a>]. <a href="/wiki/Ecole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient">Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient</a> (in French). 77 (1): 94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.1988.1742">10.3406/befeo.1988.1742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=Les+d%C3%A9buts+de+la+pr%C3%A9dication+du+Buddha+selon+l%27Ekottara-%C4%80gama&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.1988.1742&rft.aulast=Bareau&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965530-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965530_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965530_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitanachchi1965">Witanachchi 1965</a>, p. 530. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529–30-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529–30_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529–30_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965529–30_13-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitanachchi1965">Witanachchi 1965</a>, pp. 529–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw200635-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw200635_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw2006">Shaw 2006</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003371–2-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindly2003371–2_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFindly2003">Findly 2003</a>, pp. 371–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965533-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965533_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965533_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitanachchi1965">Witanachchi 1965</a>, p. 533. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965532-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965532_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965532_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965532_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965532_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965532_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965532_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965532_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965532_17-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitanachchi1965">Witanachchi 1965</a>, p. 532. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Vajraputra-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Vajraputra_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, Vajraputra. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003372-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindly2003372_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFindly2003">Findly 2003</a>, p. 372. </li> <li id="cite_note-Higham-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Higham_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higham_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higham_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHigham2004" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Charles F. 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(2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/Encyclopedia-of-ancient-asian-civilzations/encyclopedia-of-ancient-asian-civilizations1.pdf">Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Facts_On_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Facts On File">Facts On File</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4640-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4640-9"><bdi>0-8160-4640-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://archive.org/download/Encyclopedia-of-ancient-asian-civilzations/encyclopedia-of-ancient-asian-civilizations1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Asian+Civilizations&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8160-4640-9&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2FEncyclopedia-of-ancient-asian-civilzations%2Fencyclopedia-of-ancient-asian-civilizations1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_23-2">c</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRhys_Davids1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rhys_Davids" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Rhys Davids">Rhys Davids, Thomas William</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/%C4%80nanda" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ānanda">Ānanda</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%80nanda&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=913&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rhys+Davids&rft.aufirst=Thomas+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003376-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindly2003376_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFindly2003">Findly 2003</a>, p. 376. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mcneill-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Mcneill_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcneill2011" class="citation book cs1">Mcneill, William (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PpdgrgEACAAJ">Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Publishing_Group" title="Berkshire Publishing Group">Berkshire Publishing Group</a>. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61472-904-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61472-904-4"><bdi>978-1-61472-904-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berkshire+Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.pages=270&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Berkshire+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61472-904-4&rft.aulast=Mcneill&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpdgrgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003375-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindly2003375_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindly2003375_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindly2003375_26-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFindly2003">Findly 2003</a>, p. 375. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesnnaalaagirihtm_Nālāgiri]-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesnnaalaagirihtm_Nālāgiri]_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalalasekera1960">Malalasekera 1960</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/n/naalaagiri.htm">Nālāgiri</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodhi-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bodhi_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodhi_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodhi_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBodhi2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bodhi, Bhikkhu</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iepJAgAAQBAJ">"Early Buddhist Disciples"</a>. In Johnston, William M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Monasticism. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78716-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78716-4"><bdi>978-1-136-78716-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Buddhist+Disciples&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Monasticism&rft.pages=389&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78716-4&rft.aulast=Bodhi&rft.aufirst=Bhikkhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiepJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003387-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindly2003387_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFindly2003">Findly 2003</a>, p. 387. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw200618-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw200618_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw2006">Shaw 2006</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003368-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindly2003368_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFindly2003">Findly 2003</a>, p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003377-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindly2003377_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFindly2003">Findly 2003</a>, p. 377. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mallikā;_Śyāmāvatī-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mallikā;_Śyāmāvatī_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, Mallikā; Śyāmāvatī. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaileyMabbett2003" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Greg; Mabbett, Ian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/the_sociology_of_early_buddhism_baileymabbett.pdf">The Sociology of Early Buddhism</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-06296-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-06296-4"><bdi>978-0-511-06296-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215105731/http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/the_sociology_of_early_buddhism_baileymabbett.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociology+of+Early+Buddhism&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-511-06296-4&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Mabbett%2C+Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khamkoo.com%2Fuploads%2F9%2F0%2F0%2F4%2F9004485%2Fthe_sociology_of_early_buddhism_baileymabbett.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003389–90-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindly2003389–90_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFindly2003">Findly 2003</a>, pp. 389–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ratanasutta-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ratanasutta_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ratanasutta_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, Ratanasutta. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBodhi2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bodhi, Bhikkhu</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iepJAgAAQBAJ">"Discourses"</a>. 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Journal of Buddhist Ethics: 286. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-9005">1076-9005</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911044821/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242321681">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Buddhist+Ethics&rft.atitle=Did+King+Aj%C4%81tasattu+Confess+to+the+Buddha%2C+and+did+the+Buddha+Forgive+Him%3F&rft.pages=286&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.issn=1076-9005&rft.aulast=Attwood&rft.aufirst=Jayarava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F242321681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbros2016243–4-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbros2016243–4_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmbros2016">Ambros 2016</a>, pp. 243–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson1996" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Liz (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rTwdkBXBz7sC">Charming Cadavers: Horrific Figurations of the Feminine in Indian Buddhist Hagiographic Literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 107–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-90054-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-90054-4"><bdi>978-0-226-90054-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charming+Cadavers%3A+Horrific+Figurations+of+the+Feminine+in+Indian+Buddhist+Hagiographic+Literature&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-226-90054-4&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrTwdkBXBz7sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Śūraṅgamasūtra-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Śūraṅgamasūtra_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, Śūraṅgamasūtra. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003379–80-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindly2003379–80_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFindly2003">Findly 2003</a>, pp. 379–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFViolatti2013" class="citation web cs1">Violatti, Cristian (9 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Siddhartha_Gautama/">"Siddhartha Gautama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140825002210/http://www.ancient.eu/Siddhartha_Gautama">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Siddhartha+Gautama&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft.aulast=Violatti&rft.aufirst=Cristian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FSiddhartha_Gautama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbros2016241-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbros2016241_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbros2016241_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmbros2016">Ambros 2016</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2006862-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2006862_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2006862_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOhnuma2006">Ohnuma 2006</a>, p. 862. </li> <li id="cite_note-Powers_2015-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Powers_2015_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powers_2015_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowers2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Powers, John (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XeuoCgAAQBAJ">"Buddhas and Buddhisms"</a>. 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Ānanda after Ven. Mahāpajāpati Gotamī's Ordination] (PDF). Journal of Buddhist Studies, Chulalongkorn University (in Thai). 16 (3): 88. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubs.chula.ac.th/images/journal_Thai/v16_3.pdf#page=88">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 October 2018. 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Journal of the Centre for Buddhist Studies. 6: 125. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911044941/https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/5-personen/analayo/theories-foundation.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Centre+for+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=Theories+on+the+Foundation+of+the+Nuns%27+Order%3A+A+Critical+Evaluation&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=125&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=An%C4%81layo&rft.aufirst=Bhikkhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de%2Fpdf%2F5-personen%2Fanalayo%2Ftheories-foundation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Udāyin-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Udāyin_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, Udāyin. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mahāparinibbānasuttanta;_Veṇugrāmaka-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mahāparinibbānasuttanta;_Veṇugrāmaka_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mahāparinibbānasuttanta;_Veṇugrāmaka_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, Mahāparinibbānasuttanta; Veṇugrāmaka. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers200754-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers200754_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mahāparinibbānasuttanta-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mahāparinibbānasuttanta_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mahāparinibbānasuttanta_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mahāparinibbānasuttanta_71-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, Mahāparinibbānasuttanta. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201326-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201326_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2013">Harvey 2013</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Obeyesekere-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Obeyesekere_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFObeyesekere2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gananath_Obeyesekere" title="Gananath Obeyesekere">Obeyesekere, Gananath</a> (2017). "The Death of the Buddha: A Restorative Interpretation". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRIwDwAAQBAJ">The Buddha in Sri Lanka: Histories and Stories</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-59225-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-59225-3"><bdi>978-1-351-59225-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+the+Buddha%3A+A+Restorative+Interpretation&rft.btitle=The+Buddha+in+Sri+Lanka%3A+Histories+and+Stories&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-59225-3&rft.aulast=Obeyesekere&rft.aufirst=Gananath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZRIwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez201788-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez201788_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez201788_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez201788_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez201788_74-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLopez2017">Lopez 2017</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBareau197980-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBareau197980_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBareau1979">Bareau 1979</a>, p. 80:"En outre, cet épisode très beau, touchant de noblesse et de vraisemblance psychologique tant en ce qui regarde Ânanda qu'en ce qui concerne le Buddha, paraît bien remonter très loin, à l'époque où les auteurs, comme les autres disciples, considéraient encore le Bienheureux comme un homme, un maître éminemment respectable mais nullement divinisé, auquel on prêtait un comportement et des paroles tout à fait humaines, de telle sorte qu'on est même tenté de voir là le souvenir d'une scène réelle qu'Ânanda aurait racontée à la Communauté dans les mois qui suivirent le Parinirvâna." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Māra-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Māra_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, Māra. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaini1958" class="citation journal cs1">Jaini, P. 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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 21 (3): 547–8, 550. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X0006016X">10.1017/S0041977X0006016X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170582903">170582903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Buddha%27s+Prolongation+of+Life&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E547-%3C%2Fspan%3E8%2C+550&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X0006016X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170582903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=P.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers200755-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers200755_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers200755_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers200755_79-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson200533-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson200533_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlson2005">Olson 2005</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200845,_51-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200845,_51_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHansen2008">Hansen 2008</a>, pp. 45, 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-Warder-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warder_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warder_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarder2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._K._Warder" title="A. K. Warder">Warder, A. K.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911080535/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Indian%20Buddhism_Warder_1970-2004.pdf">Indian Buddhism</a> (PDF) (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Motilal Banarsidass Publishers">Motilal Banarsidass Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0818-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0818-5"><bdi>81-208-0818-5</bdi></a>. 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The Buddhist Forum Volume II: Seminar Papers 1988–90. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-75237-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-75237-8"><bdi>978-1-135-75237-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917215430/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tadeusz_Skorupski/publication/288181045_The_Buddhist_Forum_Volume_II/links/567eba1308aebccc4e05d9f3/The-Buddhist-Forum-Volume-II.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27Five+Points%27+and+the+Origins+of+the+Buddhist+Schools&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Forum+Volume+II%3A+Seminar+Papers+1988%E2%80%9390&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-135-75237-8&rft.aulast=Cousins&rft.aufirst=L.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F288181045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965534–5-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965534–5_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitanachchi1965">Witanachchi 1965</a>, pp. 534–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_S._Strong2007" class="citation book cs1">John S. 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"Le Parinirvàna d'Ânanda, d'après un bas-relief gréco-bouddhique" [Ānanda's Parinirvāna, According to a Greco-Buddhist Bas-relief]. <a href="/wiki/Ecole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient">Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient</a> (in French). 5 (1): 418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.1905.2660">10.3406/befeo.1905.2660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=Le+Parinirv%C3%A0na+d%27%C3%82nanda%2C+d%27apr%C3%A8s+un+bas-relief+gr%C3%A9co-bouddhique&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=418&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.1905.2660&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Jean-Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong199466-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong199466_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrong1994">Strong 1994</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaruah20008–10-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaruah20008–10_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaruah2000">Baruah 2000</a>, pp. 8–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaruah200011-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaruah200011_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaruah2000">Baruah 2000</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBechert2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Bechert" title="Heinz Bechert">Bechert, Heinz</a> (2005) [1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151020042656/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhism_Critical%20Concepts%20in%20Religious%20Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_1.pdf">"The Date of the Buddha Reconsidered"</a> (PDF). In Williams, Paul (ed.). Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies. Vol. 1: Early History in South and Southeast Asia. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-33227-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-33227-3"><bdi>0-415-33227-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhism_Critical%20Concepts%20in%20Religious%20Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+the+Buddha+Reconsidered&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+Critical+Concepts+in+Religious+Studies&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-33227-3&rft.aulast=Bechert&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2FBuddhism_Critical%2520Concepts%2520in%2520Religious%2520Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamotte198893,_210-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamotte198893,_210_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamotte1988">Lamotte 1988</a>, pp. 93, 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamotte1988210-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamotte1988210_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamotte1988210_189-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamotte1988">Lamotte 1988</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini2001361-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini2001361_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaini2001">Jaini 2001</a>, p. 361. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965536-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965536_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitanachchi1965">Witanachchi 1965</a>, p. 536. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harrison, Paul (2005) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151020042443/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhism_Critical%20Concepts%20in%20Religious%20Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_3.pdf">"Is the Dharma-Kaya the Real "Phantom Body"?"</a> (PDF). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhism_Critical%20Concepts%20in%20Religious%20Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+the+Dharma-Kaya+the+Real+%22Phantom+Body%22%3F&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+Critical+Concepts+in+Religious+Studies%2C+3%3A+The+Origins+and+Nature+of+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+Buddhism&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-33229-X&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2FBuddhism_Critical%2520Concepts%2520in%2520Religious%2520Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003381-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindly2003381_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFindly2003">Findly 2003</a>, p. 381. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Atthakanāgarasutta;_Bhaddekarattasutta-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Atthakanāgarasutta;_Bhaddekarattasutta_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, Atthakanāgarasutta; Bhaddekarattasutta. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198348-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198348_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorman1983">Norman 1983</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Sekhasutta;_Subhasuttanta-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Sekhasutta;_Subhasuttanta_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, Sekhasutta; Subhasuttanta. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClasquin201310-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClasquin201310_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClasquin2013">Clasquin 2013</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijayaratna1990153-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijayaratna1990153_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijayaratna1990153_198-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijayaratna1990153_198-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWijayaratna1990">Wijayaratna 1990</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClasquin201310–11-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClasquin201310–11_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClasquin2013">Clasquin 2013</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsShirkey2006" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Frank; Shirkey, Jeff (2006). Safra, Jacob E.; Aguilar-Cauz, Jorge (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/271551819/Britannica-Encyclopedia-of-World-Religions-pdf">Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-491-2"><bdi>978-1-59339-491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britannica+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-491-2&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Shirkey%2C+Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F271551819%2FBritannica-Encyclopedia-of-World-Religions-pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNishijimaCross2008" class="citation book cs1">Nishijima, Gudo Wafu; Cross, Shodo (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdkamerica.org/system/files/pdf/dBET_T2582_Shobogenzo4_2008_0.pdf">Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-Eye Treasury</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Numata_Center_for_Buddhist_Translation_and_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research (page does not exist)">Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research</a>. p. 32 n.119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886439-38-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-886439-38-2"><bdi>978-1-886439-38-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802212016/http://www.bdkamerica.org/system/files/pdf/dBET_T2582_Shobogenzo4_2008_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sh%C5%8Db%C5%8Dgenz%C5%8D%3A+The+True+Dharma-Eye+Treasury&rft.pages=32+n.119&rft.pub=Numata+Center+for+Buddhist+Translation+and+Research&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-886439-38-2&rft.aulast=Nishijima&rft.aufirst=Gudo+Wafu&rft.au=Cross%2C+Shodo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdkamerica.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2FdBET_T2582_Shobogenzo4_2008_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Damoduoluo_chan_jing;_Madhyāntika-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Damoduoluo_chan_jing;_Madhyāntika_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, Damoduoluo chan jing; Madhyāntika. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelter2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Welter, Albert (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912051354/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Encyclopedia%20of%20Buddhism_2%20Vols_%20Buswell.pdf">"Lineage"</a> (PDF). In Buswell, Robert E. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Vol. 2. Macmillan Reference USA, <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Gale" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson Gale">Thomson Gale</a>. pp. 462–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865720-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865720-9"><bdi>0-02-865720-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Encyclopedia%20of%20Buddhism_2%20Vols_%20Buswell.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lineage&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E462-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA%2C+Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-02-865720-9&rft.aulast=Welter&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2FEncyclopedia%2520of%2520Buddhism_2%2520Vols_%2520Buswell.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaruah20009,_453-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaruah20009,_453_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaruah2000">Baruah 2000</a>, pp. 9, 453. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong199462-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong199462_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrong1994">Strong 1994</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa199386-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirakawa199386_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHirakawa1993">Hirakawa 1993</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Er_xieshi-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Er_xieshi_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, Er xieshi. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdkins2013" class="citation book cs1">Edkins, Joseph (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RVH_AQAAQBAJ">Chinese Buddhism: A Volume of Sketches, Historical, Descriptive and Critical</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 42–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-37881-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-37881-2"><bdi>978-1-136-37881-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Buddhism%3A+A+Volume+of+Sketches%2C+Historical%2C+Descriptive+and+Critical&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-37881-2&rft.aulast=Edkins&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRVH_AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbros2016210–12,_214,_216–8,_245–6-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbros2016210–12,_214,_216–8,_245–6_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmbros2016">Ambros 2016</a>, pp. 210–12, 214, 216–8, 245–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijayaratna199036-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijayaratna199036_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWijayaratna1990">Wijayaratna 1990</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGombrich1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Gombrich, Richard</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V3Z-dHpBsBsC">Buddhist Precept and Practice: Traditional Buddhism in the Rural Highlands of Ceylon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0444-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0444-5"><bdi>978-0-7103-0444-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Precept+and+Practice%3A+Traditional+Buddhism+in+the+Rural+Highlands+of+Ceylon&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0444-5&rft.aulast=Gombrich&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV3Z-dHpBsBsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gutman-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gutman_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutman_212-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGutmanHudson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gutman, Pamela; Hudson, Bob (2012). "A First-Century Stele from Sriksetra". <a href="/wiki/Ecole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient">Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient</a>. 99 (1): 29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.2012.6151">10.3406/befeo.2012.6151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=A+First-Century+Stele+from+Sriksetra&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.2012.6151&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Svasti-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Svasti_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svasti_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSvasti2017" class="citation news cs1">Svasti, Pichaya (4 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/travel/tourists-and-expats/1243338/the-path-to-nirvana">"The Path to Nirvana"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20181001223111/https://www.bangkokpost.com/travel/tourists-and-expats/1243338/the-path-to-nirvana">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=The+Path+to+Nirvana&rft.date=2017-05-04&rft.aulast=Svasti&rft.aufirst=Pichaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Ftravel%2Ftourists-and-expats%2F1243338%2Fthe-path-to-nirvana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_214-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWagner1889" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner, R.</a> (10 August 1889) [1856]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001222537/https://search.proquest.com/openview/3cbd37e266b00c7d">"Sketch of Wagner's 'Die Sieger'"</a>. 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May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107035632/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01hdjz9">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Jonathan+Harvey%27s+Wagner+Dream%2C+Opera+on+3%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+-+%3C%2Fspan%3EBBC+Radio+3&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb01hdjz9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApp201142–3-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApp201142–3_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFApp2011">App 2011</a>, pp. 42–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApp201133–4,_43-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApp201133–4,_43_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFApp2011">App 2011</a>, pp. 33–4, 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApp201134–5-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApp201134–5_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFApp2011">App 2011</a>, pp. 34–5:"... und somit seine erlösenden, allen Wesen zugewendeten Weltlauf als volendet ansieht, da er auch dem Weibe—unmittelbar—die Erlösung zusprechen konnte." </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJain2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jain, R. 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Retrieved 24 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Quenching+Prakriti%27s+Thirst...&rft.date=2017-04-27&rft.aulast=Chowdurie&rft.aufirst=Tapati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fentertainment%2Fdance%2Fquenching-prakritis-thirst%2Farticle18261076.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmbros2016" class="citation cs2">Ambros, Barbara R (27 June 2016), "A Rite of Their Own: Japanese Buddhist Nuns and the Anan kōshiki", Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 43 (1): 207–50, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.43.1.2016.207-250">10.18874/jjrs.43.1.2016.207-250</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Rite+of+Their+Own%3A+Japanese+Buddhist+Nuns+and+the+Anan+k%C5%8Dshiki&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2016-06-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18874%2Fjjrs.43.1.2016.207-250&rft.aulast=Ambros&rft.aufirst=Barbara+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFApp2011" class="citation cs2">App, Urs (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nm0Q5F85PSAC">Richard Wagner and Buddhism</a>, UniversityMedia, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906000-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-906000-00-8"><bdi>978-3-906000-00-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Wagner+and+Buddhism&rft.pub=UniversityMedia&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-906000-00-8&rft.aulast=App&rft.aufirst=Urs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnm0Q5F85PSAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBareau1979" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bareau" title="André Bareau">Bareau, André</a> (1979), "III. 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Jr.; <a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez_Jr." title="Donald S. Lopez Jr.">Lopez, Donald S. Jr.</a> (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daophatngaynay.com/vn/files/file-nen/Princeton_Dictionary_of_Buddhism_890707662.pdf">Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3"><bdi>978-0-691-15786-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144307/http://www.daophatngaynay.com/vn/files/file-nen/Princeton_Dictionary_of_Buddhism_890707662.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15786-3&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.+Jr.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald+S.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daophatngaynay.com%2Fvn%2Ffiles%2Ffile-nen%2FPrinceton_Dictionary_of_Buddhism_890707662.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClasquin2013" class="citation cs2">Clasquin, Michel (1 March 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286311723">"On the Death of the Charismatic Founder: Re-viewing Some Buddhist Sources"</a>, Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 12: 3–18, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1583-0039">1583-0039</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180908015709/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286311723">archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Religions+and+Ideologies&rft.atitle=On+the+Death+of+the+Charismatic+Founder%3A+Re-viewing+Some+Buddhist+Sources&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft.issn=1583-0039&rft.aulast=Clasquin&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F286311723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1990" class="citation cs2">Davidson, R.M. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Standards+of+Scriptural+Authenticity+in+Indian+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Chinese+Buddhist+Apocrypha&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E325&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2FAn%2520Introduction%2520to%2520the%2520Standards%2520of%2520Scriptural%2520Authenticity%2520in%2520Indian%2520Buddhism_Davidson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFiligenzi2006" class="citation cs2">Filigenzi, Anna (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818211735/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Gandharan%20Buddhism_Archaeology_Art_Texts_Brancaccio-Behrendt_Asian%20Religions%20and%20Society%20Series%20IV.pdf">"Ananda and Vajrapāṇi: An Inexplicable Absence and a Mysterious Presence in Gandhāran Art"</a> (PDF), in Brancaccio, Pia; Behrendt, Kurt (eds.), Gandhāran Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, and Texts, <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia_Press" title="University of British Columbia Press">University of British Columbia Press</a>, pp. 270–85, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1080-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1080-7"><bdi>978-0-7748-1080-7</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Gandharan%20Buddhism_Archaeology_Art_Texts_Brancaccio-Behrendt_Asian%20Religions%20and%20Society%20Series%20IV.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 August 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ananda+and+Vajrap%C4%81%E1%B9%87i%3A+An+Inexplicable+Absence+and+a+Mysterious+Presence+in+Gandh%C4%81ran+Art&rft.btitle=Gandh%C4%81ran+Buddhism%3A+Archaeology%2C+Art%2C+and+Texts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E270-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1080-7&rft.aulast=Filigenzi&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2FGandharan%2520Buddhism_Archaeology_Art_Texts_Brancaccio-Behrendt_Asian%2520Religions%2520and%2520Society%2520Series%2520IV.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFindly1992" class="citation cs2">Findly, Ellison Banks (September 1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917215715/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Articles/Ananda%E2%80%99s%20Hindrance_Faith%20in%20Early%20Buddhism_JIP_1992_Findly.pdf">"Ānanda's Hindrance: Faith (saddhā) in Early Buddhism"</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indian_Philosophy" title="Journal of Indian Philosophy">Journal of Indian Philosophy</a>, 20 (3): 253–73, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00157758">10.1007/BF00157758</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169332149">169332149</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Articles/Ananda%E2%80%99s%20Hindrance_Faith%20in%20Early%20Buddhism_JIP_1992_Findly.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 September 2018, retrieved 17 September 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=%C4%80nanda%27s+Hindrance%3A+Faith+%28saddh%C4%81%29+in+Early+Buddhism&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1992-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00157758&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169332149%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Findly&rft.aufirst=Ellison+Banks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2FArticles%2FAnanda%25E2%2580%2599s%2520Hindrance_Faith%2520in%2520Early%2520Buddhism_JIP_1992_Findly.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFindly2003" class="citation cs2">Findly, Ellison Banks (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=88HcN_9muXcC">Dāna: Giving and Getting in Pāli Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Motilal Banarsidass Publishers">Motilal Banarsidass Publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1956-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1956-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1956-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C4%81na%3A+Giving+and+Getting+in+P%C4%81li+Buddhism&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1956-6&rft.aulast=Findly&rft.aufirst=Ellison+Banks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D88HcN_9muXcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreedman1977" class="citation cs2">Freedman, Michael (June 1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/handle/11375/15547">The Characterization of Ānanda in the Pāli Canon of the Theravāda: A Hagiographic Study</a> (PhD thesis), <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Characterization+of+%C4%80nanda+in+the+P%C4%81li+Canon+of+the+Therav%C4%81da%3A+A+Hagiographic+Study&rft.pub=McMaster+University&rft.date=1977-06&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmacsphere.mcmaster.ca%2Fhandle%2F11375%2F15547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGethin2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gethin" title="Rupert 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Path+to+Awakening&rft.edition=2nd.&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85168-285-6&rft.aulast=Gethin&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzodml.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F%255BR_M_Gethin%255D_The_Buddhist_Path_to_Awakening_A_Stu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGombrich2018" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Gombrich, R.</a> (2018), Buddhism and Pali, Mud Pie Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9934770-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9934770-4-1"><bdi>978-0-9934770-4-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Pali&rft.pub=Mud+Pie+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-9934770-4-1&rft.aulast=Gombrich&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHansen2008" class="citation cs2">Hansen, Anne (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:857291/FULLTEXT01.pdf">"Modernism and Morality in Colonial Cambodia"</a> (PDF), in Kent, Alexandra; Chandler, David (eds.), People of Virtue: Reconfiguring Religion, Power and Moral Order in Cambodia Today, <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Institute_of_Asian_Studies" title="Nordic Institute of Asian Studies">Nordic Institute of Asian Studies</a>, pp. 35–61, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7694-036-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7694-036-2"><bdi>978-87-7694-036-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180824071655/https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:857291/FULLTEXT01.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 August 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modernism+and+Morality+in+Colonial+Cambodia&rft.btitle=People+of+Virtue%3A+Reconfiguring+Religion%2C+Power+and+Moral+Order+in+Cambodia+Today&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Nordic+Institute+of+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-87-7694-036-2&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A857291%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2013" class="citation cs2">Harvey, Peter (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://toleratedindividuality.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/an-introduction-to-buddhism-teachings-history-and-practices.pdf">An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</a> (PDF) (2nd ed.), New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85942-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143735/https://toleratedindividuality.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/an-introduction-to-buddhism-teachings-history-and-practices.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85942-4&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoleratedindividuality.files.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F10%2Fan-introduction-to-buddhism-teachings-history-and-practices.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHinüber2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_von_Hin%C3%BCber" title="Oskar von Hinüber">Hinüber, O. von</a> (5 November 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910094500/http://echo-lab.ddo.jp/Libraries/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%AD%A6%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%AD%A6%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%20No.%2012%20(2008)/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%AD%A6%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%20No.%2012%20(2008)%20007O.%20v%20Hinuber%E3%80%8C%20The%20Advent%20of%20the%20First%20Nuns%20in%20Early%20Buddhism%E3%80%8D.pdf">"The Advent of the First Nuns in Early Buddhism"</a> (PDF), Indogaku Chibettogaku Kenkyū [Journal of Indian and Tibetan Studies], Association for the Study of Indian Philosophy: 222–37, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1342-7377">1342-7377</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echo-lab.ddo.jp/Libraries/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%AD%A6%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%AD%A6%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%20No.%2012%20(2008)/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%AD%A6%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%20No.%2012%20(2008)%20007O.%20v%20Hinuber%E3%80%8C%20The%20Advent%20of%20the%20First%20Nuns%20in%20Early%20Buddhism%E3%80%8D.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 September 2018, retrieved 10 September 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indogaku+Chibettogaku+Kenky%C5%AB+%5BJournal+of+Indian+and+Tibetan+Studies%5D&rft.atitle=The+Advent+of+the+First+Nuns+in+Early+Buddhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E222-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2007-11-05&rft.issn=1342-7377&rft.aulast=Hin%C3%BCber&rft.aufirst=O.+von&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecho-lab.ddo.jp%2FLibraries%2F%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2589%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E3%2583%2581%25E3%2583%2599%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E7%25A0%2594%25E7%25A9%25B6%2F%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2589%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E3%2583%2581%25E3%2583%2599%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E7%25A0%2594%25E7%25A9%25B6%2520No.%252012%2520%282008%29%2F%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2589%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E3%2583%2581%25E3%2583%2599%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E7%25A0%2594%25E7%25A9%25B6%2520No.%252012%2520%282008%29%2520007O.%2520v%2520Hinuber%25E3%2580%258C%2520The%2520Advent%2520of%2520the%2520First%2520Nuns%2520in%2520Early%2520Buddhism%25E3%2580%258D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHirakawa1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akira_Hirakawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akira Hirakawa (page does not exist)">Hirakawa, Akira</a> (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911134740/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/A%20History%20of%20Indian%20Buddhism_From%20Sakyamuni%20to%20Early%20Mahayana_Akira.pdf">A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Motilal Banarsidass Publishers">Motilal Banarsidass Publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0955-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0955-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0955-0</bdi></a>, archived from <a 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(2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahandfulofleaves.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/collected-papers-on-buddhist-studies_jaini.pdf">Collected Papers on Buddhist Studies</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Motilal Banarsidass Publishers">Motilal Banarsidass Publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1776-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1776-1"><bdi>81-208-1776-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ahandfulofleaves.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/collected-papers-on-buddhist-studies_jaini.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+on+Buddhist+Studies&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-208-1776-1&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=P.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahandfulofleaves.files.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fcollected-papers-on-buddhist-studies_jaini.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeown2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Damien_Keown" title="Damien Keown">Keown, Damien</a> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=985a1M7L1NcC">A Dictionary of Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157917-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157917-2"><bdi>978-0-19-157917-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157917-2&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D985a1M7L1NcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamotte1988" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Etienne_Lamotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Lamotte">Lamotte, Etienne</a> (1988) [1958], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215111618/http://ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/History%20of%20Indian%20Buddhism_Lamotte.pdf">Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien, des origines a l'ere Saka</a> [History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Śaka Era] (PDF) (in French), <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">Université catholique de Louvain</a>, Institut orientaliste, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-683-1-100-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-683-1-100-X"><bdi>90-683-1-100-X</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/history%20of%20indian%20buddhism_lamotte.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 February 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+Bouddhisme+Indien%2C+des+origines+a+l%27ere+Saka&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+catholique+de+Louvain%2C+Institut+orientaliste&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=90-683-1-100-X&rft.aulast=Lamotte&rft.aufirst=Etienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2Fhistory%2520of%2520indian%2520buddhism_lamotte.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamotte2005a" class="citation cs2">Lamotte, Étienne (2005a) [1984], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151020042656/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhism_Critical%20Concepts%20in%20Religious%20Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_1.pdf">"The Assessment of Textual Authenticity in Buddhism"</a> (PDF), in Williams, Paul (ed.), Buddhism: Critical Concepts in 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Assessment+of+Textual+Authenticity+in+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+Critical+Concepts+in+Religious+Studies%2C+1%3A+Early+History+in+South+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E188-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-33227-3&rft.aulast=Lamotte&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2FBuddhism_Critical%2520Concepts%2520in%2520Religious%2520Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamotte2005b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Lamotte" title="Étienne Lamotte">Lamotte, Étienne</a> (2005b) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151020042443/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhism_Critical%20Concepts%20in%20Religious%20Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_3.pdf">"Mañjuśrī"</a> (PDF). In Williams, Paul (ed.). Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 3: The Origins and Nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-33229-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-33229-X"><bdi>0-415-33229-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhism_Critical%20Concepts%20in%20Religious%20Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+Critical+Concepts+in+Religious+Studies%2C+3%3A+The+Origins+and+Nature+of+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+Buddhism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-33229-X&rft.aulast=Lamotte&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2FBuddhism_Critical%2520Concepts%2520in%2520Religious%2520Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLopez2017" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald S. Lopez Jr">Lopez, Donald S. Jr.</a> (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SNA6DwAAQBAJ">Hyecho's Journey: The World of Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51806-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51806-0"><bdi>978-0-226-51806-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hyecho%27s+Journey%3A+The+World+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-51806-0&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSNA6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacQueen2005" class="citation cs2">MacQueen, Graeme (2005) [1981–2], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151020042443/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhism_Critical%20Concepts%20in%20Religious%20Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_3.pdf">"Inspired Speech in Early Mahāyāna Buddhism"</a> (PDF), in Williams, Paul (ed.), Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 3: The Origins and Nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, pp. 312–43, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-33229-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-33229-X"><bdi>0-415-33229-X</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhism_Critical%20Concepts%20in%20Religious%20Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 20, 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inspired+Speech+in+Early+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+Critical+Concepts+in+Religious+Studies%2C+3%3A+The+Origins+and+Nature+of+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+Buddhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E312-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-33229-X&rft.aulast=MacQueen&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2FBuddhism_Critical%2520Concepts%2520in%2520Religious%2520Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalalasekera1960" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/G_P_Malalasekera" class="mw-redirect" title="G P Malalasekera">Malalasekera, G.P.</a> (1960), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/dic_idx.html">Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names</a>, vol. 1, <a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">Pali Text Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/793535195">793535195</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+P%C4%81li+Proper+Names&rft.pub=Pali+Text+Society&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F793535195&rft.aulast=Malalasekera&rft.aufirst=G.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palikanon.com%2Fenglish%2Fpali_names%2Fdic_idx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee1994" class="citation cs2">Mukherjee, B. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BJ001/07_15.htm">"The Riddle of the First Buddhist Council – A Retrospection"</a>, Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal, 7: 452–73, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917034346/http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BJ001/07_15.htm">archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chung-Hwa+Buddhist+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Riddle+of+the+First+Buddhist+Council%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E+A+Retrospection&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E452-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-BJ001%2F07_15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorman1983" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/K._R._Norman" title="K. R. Norman">Norman, K. R.</a> (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.97551/2015.97551.A-History-Of-Indian-Literaturevol1.pdf">Pāli Literature: Including the Canonical Literature in Prakrit and Sanskrit of all the Hīnayāna Schools of Buddhism</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Harrassowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrassowitz">Harrassowitz</a>, p. 8, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-02285-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-02285-X"><bdi>3-447-02285-X</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.97551/2015.97551.A-History-Of-Indian-Literaturevol1.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P%C4%81li+Literature%3A+Including+the+Canonical+Literature+in+Prakrit+and+Sanskrit+of+all+the+H%C4%ABnay%C4%81na+Schools+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=3-447-02285-X&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=K.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.97551%2F2015.97551.A-History-Of-Indian-Literaturevol1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOhnuma2006" class="citation cs2">Ohnuma, Reiko (December 2006), "Debt to the Mother: A Neglected Aspect of the Founding of the Buddhist Nuns' Order", <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Academy_of_Religion" title="Journal of the American Academy of Religion">Journal of the American Academy of Religion</a>, 74 (4): 861–901, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfl026">10.1093/jaarel/lfl026</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Debt+to+the+Mother%3A+A+Neglected+Aspect+of+the+Founding+of+the+Buddhist+Nuns%27+Order&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E861-%3C%2Fspan%3E901&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfl026&rft.aulast=Ohnuma&rft.aufirst=Reiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlson2005" class="citation cs2">Olson, Carl (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QRp-AixBLKUC">The Different Paths of Buddhism: A Narrative-Historical Introduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3778-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3778-8"><bdi>978-0-8135-3778-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Different+Paths+of+Buddhism%3A+A+Narrative-Historical+Introduction&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3778-8&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQRp-AixBLKUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowers2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Powers_(academic)" title="John Powers (academic)">Powers, John</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cy980CH84mEC">Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Publications" title="Shambhala Publications">Shambhala Publications</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-835-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-835-0"><bdi>978-1-55939-835-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-835-0&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcy980CH84mEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrebish2005" class="citation cs2">Prebish, Charles S. (2005) [1974], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151020042656/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhism_Critical%20Concepts%20in%20Religious%20Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_1.pdf">"Review of Scholarship on Buddhist Councils"</a> (PDF), in Williams, Paul (ed.), Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 1: Early History in South and Southeast Asia, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, pp. 224–43, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-33227-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-33227-3"><bdi>0-415-33227-3</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhism_Critical%20Concepts%20in%20Religious%20Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 20, 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Review+of+Scholarship+on+Buddhist+Councils&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+Critical+Concepts+in+Religious+Studies%2C+1%3A+Early+History+in+South+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E224-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-33227-3&rft.aulast=Prebish&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2FBuddhism_Critical%2520Concepts%2520in%2520Religious%2520Studies_Paul-Williams_Vol_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRay1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ray" title="Reginald Ray">Ray, R.A.</a> (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917035213/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhist%20Saints%20in%20India_A%20Study%20in%20Buddhist%20Values%20and%20Orientations_Reginald.pdf">Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507202-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507202-2"><bdi>0-19-507202-2</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhist%20Saints%20in%20India_A%20Study%20in%20Buddhist%20Values%20and%20Orientations_Reginald.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 September 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Saints+in+India%3A+A+Study+in+Buddhist+Values+and+Orientations&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-19-507202-2&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2FBuddhist%2520Saints%2520in%2520India_A%2520Study%2520in%2520Buddhist%2520Values%2520and%2520Orientations_Reginald.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw2006" class="citation cs2">Shaw, Sarah (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911050559/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhist%20Meditation%20An%20anthology%20from%20the%20Pali%20canon_Sarah%20Shaw.pdf">Buddhist Meditation: An Anthology of Texts from the Pāli Canon</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35918-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35918-4"><bdi>978-0-415-35918-4</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhist%20Meditation%20An%20anthology%20from%20the%20Pali%20canon_Sarah%20Shaw.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 September 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Meditation%3A+An+Anthology+of+Texts+from+the+P%C4%81li+Canon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35918-4&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2FBuddhist%2520Meditation%2520An%2520anthology%2520from%2520the%2520Pali%2520canon_Sarah%2520Shaw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrong1994" class="citation cs2">Strong, John S. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bKq7k2DegjcC">The Legend and Cult of Upagupta: Sanskrit Buddhism in North India and Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Motilal Banarsidass Publishers">Motilal Banarsidass Publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1154-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1154-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1154-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+and+Cult+of+Upagupta%3A+Sanskrit+Buddhism+in+North+India+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1154-6&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbKq7k2DegjcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTsukamoto1963" class="citation cs2">Tsukamoto, K. (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ibk1952/11/2/11_2_824/_pdf">"Mahākaśyapa's Precedence to Ānanda in the Rājagṛha Council"</a>, Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu [Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies], 11 (2): 824–817[sic], <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4259%2Fibk.11.824">10.4259/ibk.11.824</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921034502/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ibk1952/11/2/11_2_824/_pdf">archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indogaku+Bukkyogaku+Kenkyu+%5BJournal+of+Indian+and+Buddhist+Studies%5D&rft.atitle=Mah%C4%81ka%C5%9Byapa%27s+Precedence+to+%C4%80nanda+in+the+R%C4%81jag%E1%B9%9Bha+Council&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=824-817%27%27sic%27%27&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4259%2Fibk.11.824&rft.aulast=Tsukamoto&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fibk1952%2F11%2F2%2F11_2_824%2F_pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWijayaratna1990" class="citation cs2">Wijayaratna, Mohan (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920123047/http://elibrary.ibc.ac.th/files/private/Buddhist%20%20Monastic%20Life.pdf">Buddhist Monastic Life: According to the Texts of the Theravāda Tradition</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36428-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36428-0"><bdi>0-521-36428-0</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elibrary.ibc.ac.th/files/private/Buddhist%20%20Monastic%20Life.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 September 2018, retrieved 17 September 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Monastic+Life%3A+According+to+the+Texts+of+the+Therav%C4%81da+Tradition&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-36428-0&rft.aulast=Wijayaratna&rft.aufirst=Mohan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felibrary.ibc.ac.th%2Ffiles%2Fprivate%2FBuddhist%2520%2520Monastic%2520Life.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWitanachchi1965" class="citation cs2">Witanachchi, C. (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/231090852/Enceylopaedia-of-Buddhism-Vol-i">"Ānanda"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/G._P._Malalasekera" class="mw-redirect" title="G. P. Malalasekera">Malalasekera, G. P.</a>; Weeraratne, W. G. (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, vol. 1, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Government of Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2863845613">2863845613</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%80nanda&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Government+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2863845613&rft.aulast=Witanachchi&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F231090852%2FEnceylopaedia-of-Buddhism-Vol-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80nanda" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80nanda&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheGreatDisciplesOfTheBuddhaAnandaMsSylviaBay2008Apr6">Talk about Ānanda given by Singaporean Buddhist teacher Sylvia Bay, in 2008</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/hecker/wheel273.pdf">Ānanda: Guardian of the Dhamma by Hellmuth Hecker, accounts from the Pāli Canon</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926014540/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/hecker/wheel273.pdf">archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2018</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākāśyapa</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Chan and Zen lineages</a> (According to the <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> schools of China and Japan) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Shanavasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanavasa">Shanavasa</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/40px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/60px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81praj%C4%81pat%C4%AB_Gautam%C4%AB" title="Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81praj%C4%81pat%C4%AB_Gautam%C4%AB" title="Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gautama_Buddha" title="Template:Gautama Buddha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gautama_Buddha" title="Template talk:Gautama Buddha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gautama_Buddha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gautama Buddha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Buddha_(Gautama_Buddha)304" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammacakkappavattana_Sutta" title="Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta">Core teachings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Sayings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Disciples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Śuddhodana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65585cc8dc-t9h4x","wgBackendResponseTime":303,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.971","walltime":"2.217","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26977,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":377715,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":29098,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":436812,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1847.759 1 -total"," 30.69% 567.016 260 Template:Sfn"," 21.49% 397.069 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.91% 220.046 1 Template:Infobox_religious_biography"," 10.11% 186.755 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.90% 145.959 36 Template:Citation"," 7.88% 145.560 62 Template:Langx"," 7.45% 137.714 16 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