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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Walchia" title="Walchia">Walchia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wallacia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Wallacia (disambiguation)">Wallacia</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wallachia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wallachia (disambiguation)">Wallachia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>Wallachia or Walachia (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/wɒˈleɪkiə/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: Țara Românească, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'The Romanian Land' or 'The Romanian Country'; <a href="/wiki/Old_Romanian" title="Old Romanian">Old Romanian</a>: Țeara Rumânească, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a>: Цѣра Рꙋмѫнѣскъ) is a <a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Romania" title="Historical regions of Romania">historical</a> and geographical region of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. It is situated north of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Lower Danube</a> and south of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Carpathians" title="Southern Carpathians">Southern Carpathians</a>. Wallachia was traditionally divided into two sections, <a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a> (Greater Wallachia) and <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a> (Lesser Wallachia). <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> could sometimes be considered a third section due to its proximity and <a href="/wiki/Dobruja#Wallachian_rule" title="Dobruja">brief rule</a> over it. Wallachia as a whole is sometimes referred to as Muntenia through identification with the larger of the two traditional sections. <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Principality of Wallachia</div><div class="ib-country-names">Țara Românească (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>) Цѣра Рꙋмѫнѣскъ Țeara Rumânească</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1330 – 1862</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Wallachia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Wallachia"><img alt="Flag of Wallachia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Wallachia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Wallachia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Wallachia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Wallachia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Wallachia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Wallachia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></a></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Wallachia_1834.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Wallachia_1834.svg/125px-Flag_of_Wallachia_1834.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Wallachia_1834.svg/188px-Flag_of_Wallachia_1834.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Wallachia_1834.svg/250px-Flag_of_Wallachia_1834.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="709"></a></div> <div>Top: <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_flag" title="Heraldic flag">Heraldic flag</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1593–1611) Bottom: Flag 1845</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia,_1700.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms (1700) of Wallachia"><img alt="Coat of arms (1700) of Wallachia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1700.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1700.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1700.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1700.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1700.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1700.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2686" data-file-height="3384"></a></div> <div>Coat of arms (1700)</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: Dreptate, Frăție "Justice, Brotherhood" (1848)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Voivodeship_of_Wallachia_(1812).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wallachia in 1812"><img alt="Wallachia in 1812" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Voivodeship_of_Wallachia_%281812%29.svg/250px-Voivodeship_of_Wallachia_%281812%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Voivodeship_of_Wallachia_%281812%29.svg/375px-Voivodeship_of_Wallachia_%281812%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Voivodeship_of_Wallachia_%281812%29.svg/500px-Voivodeship_of_Wallachia_%281812%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456"></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Wallachia in 1812</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallachia_1789.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wallachia in the late 18th century"><img alt="Wallachia in the late 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wallachia_1789.jpg/250px-Wallachia_1789.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wallachia_1789.jpg/375px-Wallachia_1789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wallachia_1789.jpg/500px-Wallachia_1789.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1316"></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Wallachia in the late 18th century</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Hungarian Vassal</a> 1290-1330</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independent</a> state 1330–1417, with posterior restorations of independence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman vassal</a><a href="#cite_note-suzerainty-1">[1]</a> (1417–1859, with interruptions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish</a> fiefdom (1600–1610)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate#Russian_protectorates" title="Protectorate">Russian protectorate</a><a href="#cite_note-protectorate-2">[2]</a> (1829–1856)</li> <li>International protectorate<a href="#cite_note-protectorate-2">[2]</a> (1856–1859)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mpulung" title="Câmpulung">Câmpulung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curtea_de_Arge%C8%99" title="Curtea de Argeș">Curtea de Argeș</a> (1330–1418)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a> (1418–1659)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> (from 1659)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[nb 1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[nb 2]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodoxy</a> Minority: <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Church">Reformed Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Wallachian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hereditary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary">hereditary lines</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wallachia">Prince</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1290–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1310 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radu_Negru" title="Radu Negru">Radu Negru</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1859–1862 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza">Alexandru Ioan Cuza</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modern history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Wallachia#'Dismounting'_by_Radu_Negru" title="Founding of Wallachia">'Dismounting' by Radu Negru</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1290<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1330</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> for the first time </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1417<a href="#cite_note-Giurescu-12">[10]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Long_Turkish_War" title="Long Turkish War">Long</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Magnate_Wars" title="Moldavian Magnate Wars">Moldavian Magnate wars</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1593–1621</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 July [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 10 July] 1774</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">Treaty of Adrianople</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 2 September] 1829</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Regulamentul_Organic" title="Regulamentul Organic">Regulamentul Organic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1834–1835</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Union with Moldavia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 24 January] 1859</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Groschen" title="Groschen">Grosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Denarii">denarii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">aspri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florin" title="Florin">florin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ughi_(coin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ughi (coin) (page does not exist)">ughi</a> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ughi" class="extiw" title="ro:Ughi">ro</a>], <a href="/wiki/Leeuwendaalder" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeuwendaalder">leeuwendaalder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_florin" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian florin">Austrian florin</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Romania" title="History of coins in Romania">and others</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Litua" title="Țara Litua">Țara Litua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Banate_of_Severin" title="Banate of Severin">Banate of Severin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">United Principalities</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia_%281859_-_1862%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia_%281859_-_1862%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia_%281859_-_1862%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia_%281859_-_1862%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia_%281859_-_1862%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia_%281859_-_1862%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Wallachia was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a> in the early 14th century by <a href="/wiki/Basarab_I_of_Wallachia" title="Basarab I of Wallachia">Basarab I</a> after a rebellion against <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary" title="Charles I of Hungary">Charles I of Hungary</a>, although the first mention of the territory of Wallachia west of the river <a href="/wiki/Olt_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Olt River">Olt</a> dates to a charter given to the <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">voivode</a> <a href="/wiki/Seneslau" title="Seneslau">Seneslau</a> in 1246 by <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary" title="Béla IV of Hungary">Béla IV of Hungary</a>. In 1417, Wallachia was forced to accept the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Giurescu-12">[10]</a> this lasted until the 19th century. In 1859, Wallachia united with <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">United Principalities</a>, which adopted the name Romania in 1866 and officially became the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> in 1881. Later, following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">resolution of the elected representatives</a> of Romanians in 1918, <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a> were <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">allocated</a> to the Kingdom of Romania, thereby forming the modern Romanian state. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ancient_times">2.1 Ancient times</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Early_Middle_Ages">2.2 Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Creation">2.3 Creation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#1400%E2%80%931600">2.4 1400–1600</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Mircea_the_Elder_to_Radu_the_Great">2.4.1 Mircea the Elder to Radu the Great</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Mihnea_cel_R%C4%83u_to_Petru_Cercel">2.4.2 Mihnea cel Rău to Petru Cercel</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#17th_century">2.5 17th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Russo-Turkish_Wars_and_the_Phanariotes">2.6 Russo-Turkish Wars and the Phanariotes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#From_Wallachia_to_Romania">2.7 From Wallachia to Romania</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Early_19th_century">2.7.1 Early 19th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#1840s%E2%80%931850s">2.7.2 1840s–1850s</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Society">3 Society</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Slavery">3.1 Slavery</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Wallachian_insignia">4 Wallachian insignia</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Flags">4.1 Flags</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Coats_of_arms_and_other_insignia">4.2 Coats of arms and other insignia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Military_forces">5 Military forces</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Geography">6 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Map_gallery">6.1 Map gallery</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Population">7 Population</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Historical_population">7.1 Historical population</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Current_population">7.2 Current population</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Cities">7.3 Cities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Bibliography">11 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a></div> The name Wallachia is an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a>, generally not used by Romanians themselves, who used the denomination "Țara Românească" – Romanian Country or Romanian Land, although it does appear in some Romanian texts as Valahia or Vlahia. It derives from the term <a href="/wiki/Walhaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Walhaz">walhaz</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a> to refer to Romans and other speakers of foreign languages. In <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern Europe</a>, this gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>, among others, while in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> it was used to designate <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a>-speakers, and subsequently shepherds in general. In <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Slavonic language">Slavonic</a> texts of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, the name Zemli Ungro-Vlahiskoi (Земли Унгро-Влахискои or "Hungaro-Wallachian Land") was also used as a designation for the region. The term, translated in Romanian as "Ungrovalahia", remained in use up to the modern era in a religious context, referring to the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Muntenia_and_Dobrudja" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolis of Muntenia and Dobrudja">Metropolitan seat of Hungaro-Wallachia</a>, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessalian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Great_Vlachia" title="Great Vlachia">Great Vlachia</a> in Greece or Small Wallachia (Mala Vlaška) in Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> The Romanian-language designations of the state were <a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a> (The Land of Mountains), Țara Rumânească (the Romanian Land), Valahia, and, rarely, România.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> The spelling variant Țara Românească was adopted in official documents by the mid-19th century; however, the version with u remained common in local dialects until much later.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> For long periods after the 14th century, Wallachia was referred to as Vlashko (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: Влашко) by <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> sources, Vlaška (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: Влашка) by <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbian</a> sources, Voloschyna (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Волощина) by <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> sources, and Walachei or Walachey by <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>-speaking (most notably <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxon</a>) sources. The traditional <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> name for Wallachia is Havasalföld, literally "Snowy lowlands", the older form of which is Havaselve, meaning "Land beyond the snowy mountains" ("snowy mountains" refers to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Carpathians" title="Southern Carpathians">Southern Carpathians (the Transylvanian Alps)</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a>); its translation into Latin, Transalpina was used in the official royal documents of the Kingdom of Hungary. In <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>, the term Eflâk Prensliği, or simply Eflâk افلاق, appears. (Note that in a turn of linguistic luck utterly in favor of the Wallachians' eastward posterity, this toponym, at least according to the phonotactics of modern Turkish, is homophonous with another word, افلاك, meaning "heavens" or "skies".). In old Albanian, the name was "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Gog%C3%ABni" class="extiw" title="wikt:Gogëni">Gogënia</a>", which was used to denote non-Albanian speakers.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Arabic chronicles from the 13th century had used the name of Wallachia instead of <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>. They gave the coordinates of Wallachia and specified that Wallachia was named al-Awalak and the dwellers ulaqut or ulagh.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> The area of <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a> in Wallachia was also known in Turkish as Kara-Eflak ("Black Wallachia") and Kuçuk-Eflak ("Little Wallachia"),<a href="#cite_note-Anscombe2006-21">[19]</a> while the former has also been used for Moldavia.<a href="#cite_note-Filstich1979-22">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_times">Ancient times</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient times" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's Dacian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War" title="Domitian's Dacian War">Domitian's Dacian War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Second Dacian War</a> (AD 105) western Oltenia became part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a>, with parts of later Wallachia included in the <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Inferior</a> province. The Roman <a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a> was initially built along the <a href="/wiki/Olt_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Olt River">Olt River</a> in 119 before being moved slightly to the east in the second century, during which time it stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> up to <a href="/wiki/Ruc%C4%83r" title="Rucăr">Rucăr</a> in the Carpathians. The Roman line fell back to the Olt in 245 and, in 271, the Romans pulled out of the region. The area was subject to <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a> also during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, when most of present-day <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> was also invaded by <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">Chernyakhov culture</a>, followed by waves of other <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a>. In 328, the Romans built a <a href="/wiki/Constantine%27s_Bridge_(Danube)" title="Constantine's Bridge (Danube)">bridge</a> between <a href="/wiki/Sucidava" title="Sucidava">Sucidava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oescus" title="Oescus">Oescus</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Gigen" title="Gigen">Gigen</a>) which indicates that there was a significant trade with the peoples north of the Danube. A short period of Roman rule in the area is attested under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> after he attacked the Goths (who had settled north of the Danube) in 332. The period of Goth rule ended when the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonian Basin</a> and, under <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>, attacked and destroyed some 170 settlements on both sides of the Danube. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Origin of the Romanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Early Middle Ages">Romania in the Early Middle Ages</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> influence is evident during the fifth to sixth century, such as the site at <a href="/wiki/Ipote%C8%99ti%E2%80%93C%C3%A2nde%C8%99ti_culture" title="Ipotești–Cândești culture">Ipotești–Cândești culture</a>, but from the second half of the sixth century and in the seventh century, <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> crossed the territory of Wallachia and settled in it, on their way to Byzantium, occupying the southern bank of the Danube.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> In 593, the Byzantine commander-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Priscus_(magister_militum)" title="Priscus (magister militum)">Priscus</a> defeated Slavs, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a> on future Wallachian territory, and, in 602, Slavs suffered a crucial defeat in the area; <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Flavius Mauricius Tiberius</a>, who ordered his army to be deployed north of the Danube, encountered his troops' strong opposition.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans850.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A map of the Bulgarian Empire and the Balkans in the ninth century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Balkans850.png/220px-Balkans850.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="517"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Balkans850.png/220px-Balkans850.png" data-alt="A map of the Bulgarian Empire and the Balkans in the ninth century" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Balkans850.png/330px-Balkans850.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Balkans850.png/440px-Balkans850.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lands_across_the_Danube" title="Bulgarian lands across the Danube">Bulgarian lands across the Danube</a> in the ninth century, after the territorial expansion under Krum, Omurtag and Presian</figcaption></figure> From its establishment in 681 to approximately the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>' conquest of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> at the end of the tenth century, the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> controlled the territory of Wallachia. With the decline and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Bulgaria" title="Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria">Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria</a> (from the second half of the tenth century up to 1018), Wallachia came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> who extended their rule west through the tenth and 11th century, until they were defeated around 1091, when the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> of southern Ruthenia took control of the lands of Wallachia.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Beginning with the tenth century, Byzantine, Bulgarian, Hungarian, and later Western sources mention the existence of small polities, possibly peopled by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">knyazes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">voivodes</a>. In 1241, during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a>, Cuman domination was ended—a direct Mongol rule over Wallachia was not attested.<a href="#cite_note-Giurescu,_p._39-27">[25]</a> Part of Wallachia was probably briefly disputed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarians</a> in the following period,<a href="#cite_note-Giurescu,_p._39-27">[25]</a> but it appears that the severe weakening of Hungarian authority during the Mongol attacks contributed to the establishment of the new and stronger polities attested in Wallachia for the following decades.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Creation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation of Wallachia">Foundation of Wallachia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viennese_Illuminated_Chronicle_Posada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Viennese_Illuminated_Chronicle_Posada.jpg/170px-Viennese_Illuminated_Chronicle_Posada.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 239px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Viennese_Illuminated_Chronicle_Posada.jpg/170px-Viennese_Illuminated_Chronicle_Posada.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="239" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Viennese_Illuminated_Chronicle_Posada.jpg/255px-Viennese_Illuminated_Chronicle_Posada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Viennese_Illuminated_Chronicle_Posada.jpg/340px-Viennese_Illuminated_Chronicle_Posada.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Posada" title="Battle of Posada">Battle of Posada</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Pictum" title="Chronicon Pictum">Chronicon Pictum</a></figcaption></figure> One of the first written pieces of evidence of local voivodes is in connection with <a href="/wiki/Litovoi" title="Litovoi">Litovoi</a> (1272), who ruled over land each side of the Carpathians (including <a href="/wiki/Ha%C8%9Beg_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Hațeg Country">Hațeg Country</a> in Transylvania), and refused to pay <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus IV of Hungary">Ladislaus IV of Hungary</a>. His successor was his brother <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83rbat" title="Bărbat">Bărbat</a> (1285–1288). The continuing weakening of the Hungarian state by further Mongol invasions (1285–1319) and the fall of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a> opened the way for the unification of Wallachian polities, and to independence from Hungarian rule. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png/170px-MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="698"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 178px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png/170px-MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png" data-width="170" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png/255px-MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png/340px-MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The seal of Voivode <a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea I of Wallachia</a> from 1390, depicting the coat of arms of Wallachia</figcaption></figure> Wallachia's creation, held by local traditions to have been the work of one <a href="/wiki/Radu_Negru" title="Radu Negru">Radu Negru</a> (Black Radu), is historically connected with <a href="/wiki/Basarab_I_of_Wallachia" title="Basarab I of Wallachia">Basarab I of Wallachia</a> (1310–1352), who rebelled against <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary" title="Charles I of Hungary">Charles I of Hungary</a> and took up rule on either side of the Olt, establishing his residence in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mpulung" title="Câmpulung">Câmpulung</a> as the first ruler of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Basarab" title="House of Basarab">House of Basarab</a>. Basarab refused to grant Hungary the lands of <a href="/wiki/F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C8%99" title="Făgăraș">Făgăraș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alma%C8%99" title="Almaș">Almaș</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Banate_of_Severin" title="Banate of Severin">Banate of Severin</a>, defeated Charles in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Posada" title="Battle of Posada">Battle of Posada</a> (1330), and, according to Romanian historian <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_%C8%98tef%C4%83nescu" title="Ștefan Ștefănescu">Ștefan Ștefănescu</a>, extended his lands to the east, to comprise lands as far as <a href="/wiki/Kiliya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiliya">Kiliya</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">Budjak</a> (reportedly providing the origin of <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>);<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> the supposed rule over the latter was not preserved by the princes that followed, as Kilia was under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a> c. 1334.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> There is evidence that the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lands_across_the_Danube" title="Bulgarian lands across the Danube">ruled</a> at least nominally the Wallachian lands up to the Rucăr–<a href="/wiki/Bran,_Bra%C8%99ov" title="Bran, Brașov">Bran</a> corridor as late as the late 14th century. In a charter by <a href="/wiki/Radu_I_of_Wallachia" title="Radu I of Wallachia">Radu I</a>, the Wallachian voivode requests that <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Alexander_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria">Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria</a> order his customs officers at Rucăr and the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2mbovi%C5%A3a_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dâmboviţa River">Dâmboviţa River</a> bridge to collect tax following the law. The presence of Bulgarian customs officers at the <a href="/wiki/Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathians">Carpathians</a> indicates a Bulgarian suzerainty over those lands, though Radu's imperative tone hints at a strong and increasing Wallachian autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-pavlov-31">[29]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Radu_I_of_Wallachia" title="Radu I of Wallachia">Radu I</a> and his successor <a href="/wiki/Dan_I_of_Wallachia" title="Dan I of Wallachia">Dan I</a>, the realms in Transylvania and Severin continued to be disputed with Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Basarab was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Alexander_of_Wallachia" title="Nicholas Alexander of Wallachia">Nicholas Alexander</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_I_of_Wallachia" title="Vladislav I of Wallachia">Vladislav I</a>. Vladislav attacked Transylvania after <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I</a> occupied lands south of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, conceded to recognize him as overlord in 1368, but rebelled again in the same year; his rule also witnessed the first confrontation between Wallachia and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (a battle in which Vladislav was allied with <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Shishman_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria">Ivan Shishman</a>).<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1246VOIVODATE.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="The political situation in the Carpathian Basin in the year 1246AD, before the Diploma of the Joannites took effect." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1246VOIVODATE.png/220px-1246VOIVODATE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3445" data-file-height="1937"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1246VOIVODATE.png/220px-1246VOIVODATE.png" data-alt="The political situation in the Carpathian Basin in the year 1246AD, before the Diploma of the Joannites took effect." data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1246VOIVODATE.png/330px-1246VOIVODATE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1246VOIVODATE.png/440px-1246VOIVODATE.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The political situation in the Carpathian Basin in the year 1246 AD, before the <a href="/wiki/Diploma_of_the_Joannites" title="Diploma of the Joannites">Diploma of the Joannites</a> took effect</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1400–1600">1400–1600</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1400–1600" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Middle Ages">Romania in the Middle Ages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mircea_the_Elder_to_Radu_the_Great">Mircea the Elder to Radu the Great</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mircea the Elder to Radu the Great" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png/280px-Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="510"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png/280px-Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png" data-width="280" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png/420px-Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png/560px-Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Territories held by Wallachian prince Mircea the Elder, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1390<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a></figcaption></figure> As the entire <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> became an integral part of the growing Ottoman Empire (a process that concluded with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> to Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed the Conqueror</a> in 1453), Wallachia became engaged in frequent confrontations in the final years of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea I</a> (r. 1386–1418). Mircea initially defeated the Ottomans in several battles, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovine" title="Battle of Rovine">Battle of Rovine</a> in 1394, driving them away from <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> and briefly extending his rule to the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>, Dobruja and <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a> (c. 1400–1404).<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> He swung between alliances with <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Jagiellon Poland</a> (taking part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Battle of Nicopolis</a>),<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> and accepted a peace treaty with the Ottomans in 1417, after <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_I" title="Mehmed I">Mehmed I</a> took control of <a href="/wiki/Turnu_M%C4%83gurele" title="Turnu Măgurele">Turnu Măgurele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giurgiu" title="Giurgiu">Giurgiu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> The two ports remained part of the Ottoman state, with brief interruptions, until 1829. In 1418–1420, <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Wallachia" title="Michael I of Wallachia">Michael I</a> defeated the Ottomans in Severin, only to be killed in battle by the counter-offensive; in 1422, the danger was averted for a short while when <a href="/wiki/Dan_II_of_Wallachia" title="Dan II of Wallachia">Dan II</a> inflicted a defeat on <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> with the help of <a href="/wiki/Pippo_Spano" title="Pippo Spano">Pippo Spano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_270v_(Valachia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_270v_%28Valachia%29.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_270v_%28Valachia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="934"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 228px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_270v_%28Valachia%29.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_270v_%28Valachia%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_270v_%28Valachia%29.jpg/330px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_270v_%28Valachia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_270v_%28Valachia%29.jpg/440px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_270v_%28Valachia%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wallachia as pictured in the 1493 <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></figcaption></figure> The peace signed in 1428 inaugurated a period of internal crisis, as Dan had to defend himself against <a href="/wiki/Radu_II_of_Wallachia" title="Radu II of Wallachia">Radu II</a>, who led the first in a series of <a href="/wiki/Boyars_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia">boyar</a> coalitions against established princes.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Victorious in 1431 (the year when the boyar-backed <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_Aldea" title="Alexander I Aldea">Alexander I Aldea</a> took the throne), boyars were dealt successive blows by <a href="/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul">Vlad II Dracul</a> (1436–1442; 1443–1447), who nevertheless attempted to compromise between the Ottoman Sultan and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TurnulChindiei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TurnulChindiei.jpg/170px-TurnulChindiei.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="1293"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TurnulChindiei.jpg/170px-TurnulChindiei.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TurnulChindiei.jpg/255px-TurnulChindiei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TurnulChindiei.jpg/340px-TurnulChindiei.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chindia_Tower" title="Chindia Tower">Chindia Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a></figcaption></figure> The following decade was marked by the conflict between the rival houses of <a href="/wiki/House_of_D%C4%83ne%C8%99ti" title="House of Dănești">Dănești</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Dr%C4%83cule%C8%99ti" title="House of Drăculești">Drăculești</a>. Faced with both internal and external conflict, <a href="/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul">Vlad II Dracul</a> reluctantly agreed to pay the <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> demanded of him by the Ottoman Empire, despite his affiliation with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dragon" title="Order of the Dragon">Order of the Dragon</a>, a group of independent noblemen whose creed had been to repel the Ottoman invasion. As part of the tribute, the sons of <a href="/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul">Vlad II Dracul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radu_cel_Frumos" class="mw-redirect" title="Radu cel Frumos">Radu cel Frumos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad III Dracula</a>) were taken into Ottoman custody. Recognizing the Christian resistance to their invasion, leaders of the Ottoman Empire released Vlad III to rule in 1448 after his father's assassination in 1447. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg/170px-Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3033" data-file-height="3673"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 206px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg/170px-Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="206" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg/255px-Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg/340px-Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad the Impaler</a> (Vlad Țepeș), <a href="/wiki/Voivode_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Voivode of Wallachia">Voivode of Wallachia</a></figcaption></figure> Known as Vlad III the Impaler or Vlad III Dracula, he immediately put to death the boyars who had conspired against his father, and was characterized as both a national hero and a cruel <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECazacu2017199%E2%80%93202-41">[39]</a> He was cheered for restoring order to a destabilized principality, yet showed no mercy toward thieves, murderers or anyone who plotted against his rule. Vlad demonstrated his intolerance for criminals by utilizing <a href="/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement">impalement</a> as a form of execution. Vlad fiercely resisted Ottoman rule, having both repelled the Ottomans and been pushed back several times. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PoienariCastle1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PoienariCastle1.jpg/220px-PoienariCastle1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1877"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PoienariCastle1.jpg/220px-PoienariCastle1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PoienariCastle1.jpg/330px-PoienariCastle1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PoienariCastle1.jpg/440px-PoienariCastle1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Poienari_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Poienari Castle">Poienari Castle</a>, one of the royal seats of <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad III Dracul</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a> were also furious with him for strengthening the borders of Wallachia, which interfered with their control of trade routes. In retaliation, the Saxons distributed grotesque poems of cruelty and other propaganda, demonizing Vlad III Dracula as a drinker of blood.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> These tales strongly influenced an eruption of vampiric fiction throughout the West and, in particular, Germany. They also inspired the main character in the 1897 Gothic novel <a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>] In 1462, Vlad III was defeated by Mehmed the Conqueror during his offensive at the <a href="/wiki/Night_Attack_at_T%C3%A2rgovi%C5%9Fte" class="mw-redirect" title="Night Attack at Târgovişte">Night Attack at Târgovişte</a> before being forced to retreat to <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a> and accepting to pay an increased tribute.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Meanwhile, Vlad III faced parallel conflicts with his brother, Radu cel Frumos, (r. 1437/1439–1475), and <a href="/wiki/Basarab_Laiot%C4%83_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n" class="mw-redirect" title="Basarab Laiotă cel Bătrân">Basarab Laiotă cel Bătrân</a>. This led to the conquest of Wallachia by Radu, who would face his own struggles with the resurgent Vlad III and Basarab Laiotă cel Bătrân during his 11-year reign.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Radu_IV_the_Great" title="Radu IV the Great">Radu IV the Great</a> (Radu cel Mare, who ruled 1495–1508) reached several compromises with the boyars, ensuring a period of internal stability that contrasted his clash with <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_III_the_One-Eyed" title="Bogdan III the One-Eyed">Bogdan III the One-Eyed</a> of Moldavia.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mihnea_cel_Rău_to_Petru_Cercel">Mihnea cel Rău to Petru Cercel</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mihnea cel Rău to Petru Cercel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The late 15th century saw the ascension of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Craiove%C8%99ti" title="Craiovești">Craiovești</a> family, virtually independent rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ban_(title)" title="Ban (title)">banat</a>, who sought Ottoman support in their rivalry with <a href="/wiki/Mihnea_cel_R%C4%83u" title="Mihnea cel Rău">Mihnea cel Rău</a> (1508–1510) and replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Vlad_cel_T%C3%A2n%C4%83r" title="Vlad cel Tânăr">Vlăduț</a>. After the latter proved to be hostile to the bans, the House of Basarab formally ended with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Neagoe_Basarab" title="Neagoe Basarab">Neagoe Basarab</a>, a Craioveşti.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Neagoe's peaceful rule (1512–1521) was noted for its cultural aspects (the building of the <a href="/wiki/Curtea_de_Arge%C5%9F_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtea de Argeş Cathedral">Curtea de Argeş Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> influences). It was also a period of increased influence for the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Saxon</a> merchants in <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a>, and of Wallachia's alliance with <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary_and_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia">Louis II of Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Teodosie" class="mw-redirect" title="Teodosie">Teodosie</a>, the country was again under a four-month-long Ottoman occupation, a military administration that seemed to be an attempt to create a Wallachian <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire">Pashaluk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-%C8%98tef%C4%83nescu,_pp._144%E2%80%93145-49">[47]</a> This danger rallied all boyars in support of <a href="/wiki/Radu_de_la_Afuma%C5%A3i" class="mw-redirect" title="Radu de la Afumaţi">Radu de la Afumaţi</a> (four rules between 1522 and 1529), who lost the battle after an agreement between the Craiovești and Sultan <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleyman I">Süleyman the Magnificent</a>; Prince Radu eventually confirmed Süleyman's position as suzerain and agreed to pay an even higher tribute.<a href="#cite_note-%C8%98tef%C4%83nescu,_pp._144%E2%80%93145-49">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moldavia,_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_(1600).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png/280px-Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="413"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 197px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png/280px-Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png" data-width="280" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png/420px-Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png/560px-Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wallachia (highlighted in green) towards the end of the 16th century</figcaption></figure> Ottoman suzerainty remained virtually unchallenged throughout the following 90 years. <a href="/wiki/Radu_Paisie" title="Radu Paisie">Radu Paisie</a>, who was deposed by Süleyman in 1545, ceded the port of <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%83ila" title="Brăila">Brăila</a> to Ottoman administration in the same year. His successor <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Ciobanul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea Ciobanul">Mircea Ciobanul</a> (1545–1554; 1558–1559), a prince without any claim to noble heritage, was imposed on the throne and consequently agreed to a decrease in autonomy (increasing <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> and carrying out an armed intervention in Transylvania – supporting the pro-Turkish <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Szapolyai" class="mw-redirect" title="János Szapolyai">John Zápolya</a>).<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Conflicts between boyar families became stringent after the rule of <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu_cel_Bun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pătrașcu cel Bun">Pătrașcu the Good</a>, and boyar ascendancy over rulers was obvious under <a href="/wiki/Petru_cel_T%C3%A2n%C4%83r" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru cel Tânăr">Petru the Younger</a> (1559–1568; a reign dominated by <a href="/wiki/Chiajna" title="Chiajna">Doamna Chiajna</a> and marked by huge increases in taxes), <a href="/wiki/Mihnea_Turcitul" title="Mihnea Turcitul">Mihnea Turcitul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petru_Cercel" title="Petru Cercel">Petru Cercel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> The Ottoman Empire increasingly relied on Wallachia and Moldavia for the supply and maintenance of its <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">military forces</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallachian Army">local army</a>, however, soon disappeared due to the increased costs and the much more obvious efficiency of <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a> troops.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 17th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Romania">Early Modern Romania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihai_Viteazul_fighting_the_Turks,_Giurgiu,_October_1595.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mihai_Viteazul_fighting_the_Turks%2C_Giurgiu%2C_October_1595.jpg/220px-Mihai_Viteazul_fighting_the_Turks%2C_Giurgiu%2C_October_1595.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4300" data-file-height="3336"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mihai_Viteazul_fighting_the_Turks%2C_Giurgiu%2C_October_1595.jpg/220px-Mihai_Viteazul_fighting_the_Turks%2C_Giurgiu%2C_October_1595.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mihai_Viteazul_fighting_the_Turks%2C_Giurgiu%2C_October_1595.jpg/330px-Mihai_Viteazul_fighting_the_Turks%2C_Giurgiu%2C_October_1595.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mihai_Viteazul_fighting_the_Turks%2C_Giurgiu%2C_October_1595.jpg/440px-Mihai_Viteazul_fighting_the_Turks%2C_Giurgiu%2C_October_1595.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Fighting between Michael the Brave and the Ottomans in <a href="/wiki/Giurgiu" title="Giurgiu">Giurgiu</a>, 1595</figcaption></figure> Initially profiting from Ottoman support, <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Michael the Brave</a> ascended to the throne in 1593, and attacked the troops of <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a> north and south of the Danube in an alliance with Transylvania's <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory" title="Sigismund Báthory">Sigismund Báthory</a> and Moldavia's <a href="/wiki/Aron_Vod%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Aron Vodă">Aron Vodă</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%83lug%C4%83reni" title="Battle of Călugăreni">Battle of Călugăreni</a>). He soon placed himself under the suzerainty of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, and, in 1599–1600, intervened in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> against <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">king</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a>, placing the region under his authority; his brief rule also extended to <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> later in the following year.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> For a brief period, Michael the Brave ruled (in a personal, but not formal, union)<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> most of the territories where Romanians lived, rebuilding the base of the ancient Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> The rule of Michael the Brave, with its break with Ottoman rule, tense relations with other European powers and the leadership of the three states, was considered in later periods as the precursor of a modern Romania, a thesis which was argued with noted intensity by <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_B%C4%83lcescu" title="Nicolae Bălcescu">Nicolae Bălcescu</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Following Michael's downfall, Wallachia was occupied by the Polish–Moldavian army of <a href="/wiki/Simion_Movil%C4%83" title="Simion Movilă">Simion Movilă</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Magnate_Wars" title="Moldavian Magnate Wars">Moldavian Magnate Wars</a>), who held the region until 1602, and was subject to <a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogai</a> attacks in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tara_Romaneasca_judete_1601-1718.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tara_Romaneasca_judete_1601-1718.svg/280px-Tara_Romaneasca_judete_1601-1718.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="1100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tara_Romaneasca_judete_1601-1718.svg/280px-Tara_Romaneasca_judete_1601-1718.svg.png" data-width="280" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tara_Romaneasca_judete_1601-1718.svg/420px-Tara_Romaneasca_judete_1601-1718.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tara_Romaneasca_judete_1601-1718.svg/560px-Tara_Romaneasca_judete_1601-1718.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Counties of Wallachia, 1601–1718</figcaption></figure> The last stage in the <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth of the Ottoman Empire">Growth of the Ottoman Empire</a> brought increased pressures on Wallachia: political control was accompanied by Ottoman economical hegemony, the discarding of the capital in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a> in favour of <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> (closer to the Ottoman border, and a rapidly growing trade center), the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> under Michael the Brave as a measure to increase <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manorial</a> revenues, and the decrease in importance of low-ranking boyars (threatened with extinction, they took part in the <a href="/wiki/Seimeni" title="Seimeni">seimeni</a> rebellion of 1655).<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Furthermore, the growing importance of appointment to high office in front of land ownership brought about an influx of <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Romania" title="Greeks in Romania">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> families, a process already resented by locals during the rules of <a href="/wiki/Radu_Mihnea" title="Radu Mihnea">Radu Mihnea</a> in the early 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matei_Basarab" title="Matei Basarab">Matei Basarab</a>, a boyar appointee, brought a long period of relative peace (1632–1654), with the noted exception of the 1653 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Finta" title="Battle of Finta">Battle of Finta</a>, fought between Wallachians and the troops of Moldavian prince <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Lupu" title="Vasile Lupu">Vasile Lupu</a>—ending in disaster for the latter, who was replaced with Prince Matei's favourite, <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98tefan" title="Gheorghe Ștefan">Gheorghe Ștefan</a>, on the throne in <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>. A close alliance between Gheorghe Ștefan and Matei's successor <a href="/wiki/Constantin_%C8%98erban" title="Constantin Șerban">Constantin Șerban</a> was maintained by Transylvania's <a href="/wiki/George_II_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi" title="George II Rákóczi">George II Rákóczi</a>, but their designs for independence from Ottoman rule were crushed by the troops of <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a> in 1658–1659.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> The reigns of <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Ghica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheorghe Ghica">Gheorghe Ghica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grigore_I_Ghica" title="Grigore I Ghica">Grigore I Ghica</a>, the sultan's favourites, signified attempts to prevent such incidents; however, they were also the onset of a violent clash between the <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C4%83leanu_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Băleanu family (page does not exist)">Băleanu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantacuzino_family" title="Cantacuzino family">Cantacuzino</a> boyar families, which was to mark Wallachia's history until the 1680s.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> The Cantacuzinos, threatened by the alliance between the Băleanus and the <a href="/wiki/Ghica_family" title="Ghica family">Ghicas</a>, backed their own choice of princes (<a href="/wiki/Antonie_Vod%C4%83_din_Pope%C8%99ti" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Vodă din Popești">Antonie Vodă din Popești</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Ducas" title="George Ducas">George Ducas</a>)<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> before promoting themselves—with the ascension of <a href="/wiki/%C8%98erban_Cantacuzino" title="Șerban Cantacuzino">Șerban Cantacuzino</a> (1678–1688). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russo-Turkish_Wars_and_the_Phanariotes">Russo-Turkish Wars and the Phanariotes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Russo-Turkish Wars and the Phanariotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">History of the Russo-Turkish wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans_XV-XVIIth_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Balkans_XV-XVIIth_century.png/220px-Balkans_XV-XVIIth_century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="1299"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 337px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Balkans_XV-XVIIth_century.png/220px-Balkans_XV-XVIIth_century.png" data-width="220" data-height="337" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Balkans_XV-XVIIth_century.png/330px-Balkans_XV-XVIIth_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Balkans_XV-XVIIth_century.png/440px-Balkans_XV-XVIIth_century.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan peninsula</a>) from the 15th to the 18th century</figcaption></figure> Wallachia became a target for <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg</a> incursions during the last stages of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a> around 1690, when the ruler <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncoveanu" title="Constantin Brâncoveanu">Constantin Brâncoveanu</a> secretly and unsuccessfully negotiated an anti-Ottoman coalition. Brâncoveanu's reign (1688–1714), noted for its late <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> cultural achievements (see <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2ncovenesc_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Brâncovenesc style">Brâncovenesc style</a>), also coincided with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a> under Tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>—he was approached by the latter during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%9311)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–11)">Russo-Turkish War of 1710–11</a>, and lost his throne and life sometime after sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a> caught news of the negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Despite his denunciation of Brâncoveanu's policies, <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Cantacuzino" title="Ștefan Cantacuzino">Ștefan Cantacuzino</a> attached himself to Habsburg projects and opened the country to the armies of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Eugene_of_Savoy" title="Prince Eugene of Savoy">Prince Eugene of Savoy</a>; he was himself deposed and executed in 1716.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Immediately following the deposition of Prince Ștefan, the Ottomans renounced the purely nominal <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective</a> system (which had by then already witnessed the decrease in importance of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sfatul_boieresc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sfatul boieresc (page does not exist)">Boyar Divan</a> over the sultan's decision), and princes of the two <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a> were appointed from the <a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mavrocordatos" title="Nicholas Mavrocordatos">Nicholas Mavrocordatos</a> in Moldavia after <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Dimitrie Cantemir</a>, Phanariote rule was brought to Wallachia in 1715 by the very same ruler.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> The tense relations between boyars and princes brought a decrease in the number of taxed people (as a <a href="/wiki/Privilege_(legal_ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Privilege (legal ethics)">privilege</a> gained by the former), a subsequent increase in total taxes,<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> and the enlarged powers of a boyar circle in the Divan.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welcoming_the_Prince_of_Saxa-Coburg_by_the_Metropolitan_and_boyars,_1789.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Welcoming_the_Prince_of_Saxa-Coburg_by_the_Metropolitan_and_boyars%2C_1789.jpg/220px-Welcoming_the_Prince_of_Saxa-Coburg_by_the_Metropolitan_and_boyars%2C_1789.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="485"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Welcoming_the_Prince_of_Saxa-Coburg_by_the_Metropolitan_and_boyars%2C_1789.jpg/220px-Welcoming_the_Prince_of_Saxa-Coburg_by_the_Metropolitan_and_boyars%2C_1789.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Welcoming_the_Prince_of_Saxa-Coburg_by_the_Metropolitan_and_boyars%2C_1789.jpg/330px-Welcoming_the_Prince_of_Saxa-Coburg_by_the_Metropolitan_and_boyars%2C_1789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Welcoming_the_Prince_of_Saxa-Coburg_by_the_Metropolitan_and_boyars%2C_1789.jpg/440px-Welcoming_the_Prince_of_Saxa-Coburg_by_the_Metropolitan_and_boyars%2C_1789.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Welcoming of the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a> in Bucharest (1789)</figcaption></figure> In parallel, Wallachia became the battleground in a succession of wars between the Ottomans on one side and Russia or the Habsburg monarchy on the other. Mavrocordatos himself was deposed by a boyar rebellion, and arrested by Habsburg troops during the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_of_1716%E2%80%9318" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18">Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18</a>, as the Ottomans had to concede <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI of Austria</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Passarowitz" title="Treaty of Passarowitz">Treaty of Passarowitz</a>).<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> The region, organized as the <a href="/wiki/Banat_of_Craiova" title="Banat of Craiova">Banat of Craiova</a> and subject to an <a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">enlightened absolutist</a> rule that soon disenchanted local boyars, was returned to Wallachia in 1739 (the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Belgrade" title="Treaty of Belgrade">Treaty of Belgrade</a>, upon the close of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–39)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–39)</a>). Prince <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Mavrocordatos" title="Constantine Mavrocordatos">Constantine Mavrocordatos</a>, who oversaw the new change in borders, was also responsible for the effective abolition of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> in 1746 (which put a stop to the exodus of peasants into <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>);<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> during this period, the <a href="/wiki/Ban_(title)" title="Ban (title)">ban</a> of Oltenia moved his residence from <a href="/wiki/Craiova" title="Craiova">Craiova</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, signalling, alongside Mavrocordatos' order to merge his personal <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">treasury</a> with that of the country, a move towards <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> In 1768, during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%9374)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)">Fifth Russo-Turkish War</a>, Wallachia was placed under its first Russian occupation (helped along by the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2rvu_Cantacuzino" title="Pârvu Cantacuzino">Pârvu Cantacuzino</a>).<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a> (1774) allowed Russia to intervene in favour of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> Ottoman subjects, curtailing Ottoman pressures—including the decrease in sums owed as <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a>—and, in time, relatively increasing internal stability while opening Wallachia to more Russian interventions.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rom1793-1812.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rom1793-1812.png/220px-Rom1793-1812.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="413"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rom1793-1812.png/220px-Rom1793-1812.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rom1793-1812.png/330px-Rom1793-1812.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rom1793-1812.png/440px-Rom1793-1812.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Principality of Wallachia, 1793–1812, highlighted in green</figcaption></figure> Habsburg troops, under <a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Coburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Josias of Coburg">Prince Josias of Coburg</a>, again entered the country during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%9392)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–92)">Russo-Turkish-Austrian War</a>, deposing <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mavrogenes" title="Nicholas Mavrogenes">Nicholas Mavrogenes</a> in 1789.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> A period of crisis followed the Ottoman recovery: Oltenia was devastated by the expeditions of <a href="/wiki/Osman_Pazvanto%C4%9Flu" title="Osman Pazvantoğlu">Osman Pazvantoğlu</a>, a powerful rebellious <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pasha</a> whose raids even caused prince <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Hangerli" title="Constantine Hangerli">Constantine Hangerli</a> to lose his life on suspicion of treason (1799), and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mourousis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Mourousis">Alexander Mourousis</a> to renounce his throne (1801).<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> In 1806, the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–12)">Russo-Turkish War of 1806–12</a> was partly instigated by the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a>'s deposition of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Ypsilantis" title="Constantine Ypsilantis">Constantine Ypsilantis</a> in Bucharest—in tune with the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, it was instigated by the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a>, and also showed the impact of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (with its permissive attitude towards Russian political influence in the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a>); the war brought the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Andreyevich_Miloradovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich">Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1812)">Peace of Bucharest</a>, the rule of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Georges_Caradja" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Georges Caradja">Jean Georges Caradja</a>, although remembered for a major <a href="/wiki/Caragea%27s_plague" title="Caragea's plague">plague epidemic</a>, was notable for its cultural and industrial ventures.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> During the period, Wallachia increased its strategic importance for most European states interested in supervising Russian expansion; consulates were opened in Bucharest, having an indirect but major impact on Wallachian economy through the protection they extended to <a href="/wiki/Sudi%C8%9Bi" title="Sudiți">Sudiți</a> traders (who soon competed successfully against local guilds).<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Wallachia_to_Romania">From Wallachia to Romania</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: From Wallachia to Romania" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_development_in_the_Principality_of_Wallachia" title="Industrial development in the Principality of Wallachia">Industrial development in the Principality of Wallachia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_19th_century">Early 19th century</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early 19th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The death of prince <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Su%C8%9Bu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandru Suțu">Alexander Soutzos</a> in 1821, coinciding with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>, established a boyar <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regency</a> which attempted to block the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Scarlat_Callimachi_(hospodar)" title="Scarlat Callimachi (hospodar)">Scarlat Callimachi</a> to his throne in Bucharest. The parallel <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821" title="Wallachian uprising of 1821">uprising in Oltenia</a>, carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Vladimirescu%27s_Pandurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimirescu's Pandurs">Pandur</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescu" title="Tudor Vladimirescu">Tudor Vladimirescu</a>, although aimed at overthrowing the ascendancy of <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Romania" title="Greeks in Romania">Greeks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> compromised with the Greek revolutionaries in the <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a> and allied itself with the regents,<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> while seeking Russian support<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire">Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire</a>). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ob%C5%9Fteasca_Adunare,_1837.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ob%C5%9Fteasca_Adunare%2C_1837.jpg/220px-Ob%C5%9Fteasca_Adunare%2C_1837.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1529"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ob%C5%9Fteasca_Adunare%2C_1837.jpg/220px-Ob%C5%9Fteasca_Adunare%2C_1837.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ob%C5%9Fteasca_Adunare%2C_1837.jpg/330px-Ob%C5%9Fteasca_Adunare%2C_1837.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ob%C5%9Fteasca_Adunare%2C_1837.jpg/440px-Ob%C5%9Fteasca_Adunare%2C_1837.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sfatul_boieresc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sfatul boieresc (page does not exist)">Legislative Assembly</a> of Wallachia in 1837</figcaption></figure> On 21 March 1821 Vladimirescu entered Bucharest. For the following weeks, relations between him and his allies worsened, especially after he sought an agreement with the Ottomans;<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Eteria's leader <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ypsilantis_(1792%E2%80%931828)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Ypsilantis (1792–1828)">Alexander Ypsilantis</a>, who had established himself in Moldavia and, after May, in northern Wallachia, viewed the alliance as broken—he had Vladimirescu executed, and faced the Ottoman intervention without Pandur or Russian backing, suffering major defeats in Bucharest and <a href="/wiki/Dr%C4%83g%C4%83%C8%99ani" title="Drăgășani">Drăgășani</a> (before retreating to <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a> custody in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>).<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> These violent events, which had seen the majority of Phanariotes siding with Ypsilantis, made <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Dynasty">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> place the Principalities under its occupation (evicted by a request of several European powers),<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> and sanction the end of Phanariote rules: in Wallachia, the first prince to be considered a local one after 1715 was <a href="/wiki/Grigore_IV_Ghica" title="Grigore IV Ghica">Grigore IV Ghica</a>. Although the new system was confirmed for the rest of Wallachia's existence as a state, Ghica's rule was abruptly ended by the devastating <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1828%E2%80%931829" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829">Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> The 1829 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">Treaty of Adrianople</a> placed Wallachia and Moldavia under Russian military rule, without overturning Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>, awarding them the first common institutions and semblance of a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Regulamentul_Organic" title="Regulamentul Organic">Regulamentul Organic</a>). Wallachia was returned ownership of <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%83ila" title="Brăila">Brăila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giurgiu" title="Giurgiu">Giurgiu</a> (both of which soon developed into major trading cities on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Turnu_M%C4%83gurele" title="Turnu Măgurele">Turnu Măgurele</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> The treaty also allowed Moldavia and Wallachia to freely trade with countries other than the Ottoman Empire, which signalled substantial economic and urban growth, as well as improving the peasant situation.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Many of the provisions had been specified by the 1826 <a href="/wiki/Akkerman_Convention" title="Akkerman Convention">Akkerman Convention</a> between Russia and the Ottomans, but it had never been fully implemented in the three-year interval.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> The duty of overseeing of the Principalities was left to Russian general <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Kiselyov" title="Pavel Kiselyov">Pavel Kiselyov</a>; this period was marked by a series of major changes, including the reestablishment of a <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallachian Army">Wallachian Army</a> (1831), a <a href="/wiki/Tax_reform" title="Tax reform">tax reform</a> (which nonetheless confirmed <a href="/wiki/Tax_exemption" title="Tax exemption">tax exemptions</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Privilege_(legal_ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Privilege (legal ethics)">privileged</a>), as well as major urban works in Bucharest and other cities.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> In 1834, Wallachia's throne was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_II_Ghica" title="Alexandru II Ghica">Alexandru II Ghica</a>—a move in contradiction with the Adrianople treaty, as he had not been elected by the new <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sfatul_boieresc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sfatul boieresc (page does not exist)">Legislative Assembly</a>; he was removed by the suzerains in 1842 and replaced with an elected prince, <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Bibescu" title="Gheorghe Bibescu">Gheorghe Bibescu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1840s–1850s">1840s–1850s</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1840s–1850s" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Wallachian Revolution of 1848">Wallachian Revolution of 1848</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tricolore1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tricolore1848.jpg/170px-Tricolore1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="926"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 222px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tricolore1848.jpg/170px-Tricolore1848.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="222" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tricolore1848.jpg/255px-Tricolore1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tricolore1848.jpg/340px-Tricolore1848.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1848 revolutionaries carrying an early version of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Romania" title="Flag of Romania">flag of Romania</a>. The text on the flag can be translated as: "Justice, Brotherhood".</figcaption></figure> Opposition to Ghica's arbitrary and highly <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> rule, together with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Romania">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a> currents, was first felt with the protests voiced by Ion Câmpineanu (quickly repressed);<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> subsequently, it became increasingly <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (political)">conspiratorial</a>, and centered on those <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret societies</a> created by young officers such as <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_B%C4%83lcescu" title="Nicolae Bălcescu">Nicolae Bălcescu</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitic%C4%83_Filipescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitică Filipescu (page does not exist)">Mitică Filipescu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Frăția, a clandestine movement created in 1843, began planning a revolution to overthrow Bibescu and repeal Regulamentul Organic in 1848 (inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">European rebellions of the same year</a>). Their pan-Wallachian <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> was initially successful only near <a href="/wiki/Turnu_M%C4%83gurele" title="Turnu Măgurele">Turnu Măgurele</a>, where crowds cheered the <a href="/wiki/Islaz_Proclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islaz Proclamation">Islaz Proclamation</a> (9 June); among others, the document called for <a href="/wiki/Freedom_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (political)">political freedoms</a>, independence, <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>, and the creation of a national guard.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> On 11–12 June the movement was successful in deposing Bibescu and establishing a Provisional Government,<a href="#cite_note-ro-93">[91]</a> which made Dreptate, Frăție ("Justice, Brotherhood") the <a href="/wiki/National_motto" class="mw-redirect" title="National motto">national motto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> Although sympathetic to the anti-Russian goals of the revolution, the Ottomans were pressured by Russia into repressing it: Ottoman troops entered Bucharest on 13 September.<a href="#cite_note-ro-93">[91]</a> Russian and Turkish troops, present until 1851, brought <a href="/wiki/Barbu_Dimitrie_%C8%98tirbei" title="Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei">Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei</a> to the throne, during which interval most participants in the revolution were sent into exile. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rom1856-1859.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rom1856-1859.png/220px-Rom1856-1859.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="413"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rom1856-1859.png/220px-Rom1856-1859.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rom1856-1859.png/330px-Rom1856-1859.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rom1856-1859.png/440px-Rom1856-1859.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wallachia (in green), after the Treaty of Paris (1856)</figcaption></figure> Briefly under renewed Russian occupation during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, Wallachia and Moldavia were given a new status with a neutral <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a> administration (1854–1856) and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Treaty of Paris</a>: a tutelage shared by Ottomans and a Congress of Great Powers (Britain, France, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia">Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia</a>, the Austrian Empire, Prussia, and, albeit never again fully, Russia), with a <a href="/wiki/Kaymakam" title="Kaymakam">kaymakam</a>-led internal administration. The emerging movement for a union of the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a> (a demand first voiced in 1848, and a cause cemented by the return of revolutionary exiles) was advocated by the French and their Sardinian allies, supported by Russia and Prussia, but was rejected or suspicioned by all other overseers.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Divanul_Ad-Hoc,_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Divanul_Ad-Hoc%2C_1857.jpg/220px-Divanul_Ad-Hoc%2C_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="530"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Divanul_Ad-Hoc%2C_1857.jpg/220px-Divanul_Ad-Hoc%2C_1857.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Divanul_Ad-Hoc%2C_1857.jpg/330px-Divanul_Ad-Hoc%2C_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Divanul_Ad-Hoc%2C_1857.jpg/440px-Divanul_Ad-Hoc%2C_1857.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wallachia's <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc_Divan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad hoc Divan">Ad hoc Divan</a> in 1857</figcaption></figure> After an intense campaign, a formal union was ultimately granted: nevertheless, elections for the <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc_Divan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad hoc Divan">Ad hoc Divans</a> of 1859 profited from a legal ambiguity (the text of the final agreement specified two thrones, but did not prevent any single person from simultaneously taking part in and winning elections in both Bucharest and <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>). <a href="/wiki/Alexander_John_Cuza" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander John Cuza">Alexander John Cuza</a>, who ran for the unionist <a href="/wiki/Partida_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Partida Națională">Partida Națională</a>, won the elections in Moldavia on 5 January; Wallachia, which was expected by the unionists to carry the same vote, returned a majority of anti-unionists to its divan.<a href="#cite_note-Giurescu,_p._142-96">[94]</a> Those elected changed their allegiance after a mass protest of Bucharest crowds,<a href="#cite_note-Giurescu,_p._142-96">[94]</a> and Cuza was voted prince of Wallachia on 5 February (24 January <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Old Style</a>), consequently confirmed as <a href="/wiki/Domnitor" title="Domnitor">Domnitor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia</a> (of Romania from 1862) and <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">effectively uniting both principalities</a>. Internationally recognized only for the duration of his reign, the union was irreversible after the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a> in 1866 (coinciding with the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>, it came at a time when Austria, the main opponent of the decision, was not in a position to intervene). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Society" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Slavery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Slavery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: robie) was part of the <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social order</a> from before the founding of the Principality of Wallachia, until it was <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">abolished</a> in stages during the 1840s and 1850s. Most of the slaves were of <a href="/wiki/Roma_minority_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma minority in Romania">Roma</a> (Gypsy) ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-Achim-97">[95]</a> The very first document attesting the presence of Roma people in Wallachia dates back to 1385, and refers to the group as ațigani (from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">athinganoi</a>, the origin of the Romanian term țigani, which is synonymous with "Gypsy").<a href="#cite_note-Djuvara-98">[96]</a> Although the Romanian terms robie and sclavie appear to be synonyms, in terms of legal status, there are significant differences: sclavie was the term corresponding to the legal institution during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman era">Roman era</a>, where slaves were considered goods instead of human beings and the owners had ius vitae necisque over them (right to end the life of the slave); while robie is the feudal institution where the slaves were legally considered human beings and they had reduced legal capacity.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> The exact origins of slavery in Wallachia are not known. Slavery was a common <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">practice in Eastern Europe</a> at the time, and there is some debate over whether the Romani people came to Wallachia as free people or as slaves. In the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, they were slaves of the state and it seems the situation was the same in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] until their social organization was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> conquest, which would suggest that they came as slaves who had a change of 'ownership'. Historian <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Nicolae Iorga</a> associated the Roma people's arrival with the 1241 <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a> and considered their slavery as a vestige of that era, the Romanians taking the Roma from the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> as slaves and preserving their status. Other historians consider that they were enslaved while captured during the battles with the Tatars. The practice of enslaving prisoners may also have been taken from the Mongols.<a href="#cite_note-Achim-97">[95]</a> While it is possible that some Romani people were slaves or auxiliary troops of the Mongols or Tatars, the bulk of them came from south of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> at the end of the 14th century, some time after the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation of Wallachia">foundation of Wallachia</a>. The arrival of the Roma made slavery a widespread practice.<a href="#cite_note-Stefanescu-100">[98]</a> Traditionally, Roma slaves were divided into three categories. The smallest was owned by the hospodars, and went by the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian-language</a> name of țigani domnești ("Gypsies belonging to the lord"). The two other categories comprised țigani mănăstirești ("Gypsies belonging to the monasteries"), who were the property of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> monasteries, and țigani boierești ("Gypsies belonging to the boyars"), who were enslaved by the category of landowners.<a href="#cite_note-Djuvara-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guy-101">[99]</a> The abolition of slavery was carried out following a campaign by young revolutionaries who embraced the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>. The earliest law which freed a category of slaves was in March 1843, which transferred the control of the state slaves owned by the prison authority to the local authorities, leading to their sedentarizing and becoming peasants. During the <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Wallachian Revolution of 1848">Wallachian Revolution of 1848</a>, the agenda of the Provisional Government included the emancipation (dezrobire) of the Roma as one of the main social demands. By the 1850s the movement gained support from almost the whole of Romanian society, and the law from February 1856 emancipated all slaves to the status of taxpayers (citizens).<a href="#cite_note-Achim-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Djuvara-98">[96]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Wallachian_insignia">Wallachian insignia</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Wallachian insignia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flags">Flags</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Flags" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Wallachia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heraldic flag under Michael the Brave (1593-1611)[100]"><noscript><img alt="Heraldic flag under Michael the Brave (1593-1611)[100]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Wallachia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Wallachia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Wallachia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Wallachia.svg.png" data-alt="Heraldic flag under Michael the Brave (1593-1611)[100]" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Wallachia.svg/180px-Flag_of_Wallachia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Wallachia.svg/240px-Flag_of_Wallachia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heraldic flag under <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Michael the Brave</a> (1593-1611)<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SteagMihneaIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag under Mihnea III (1658)[101]"><noscript><img alt="Flag under Mihnea III (1658)[101]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/SteagMihneaIII.jpg/120px-SteagMihneaIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1774"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 85px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/SteagMihneaIII.jpg/120px-SteagMihneaIII.jpg" data-alt="Flag under Mihnea III (1658)[101]" data-width="120" data-height="85" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/SteagMihneaIII.jpg/180px-SteagMihneaIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/SteagMihneaIII.jpg/240px-SteagMihneaIII.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag under <a href="/wiki/Mihnea_III" title="Mihnea III">Mihnea III</a> (1658)<a href="#cite_note-Maria_Dogaru_1994-103">[101]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Wallachia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naval ensign under Constantin Brâncoveanu (1700)[101]"><noscript><img alt="Naval ensign under Constantin Brâncoveanu (1700)[101]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Naval_Ensign_of_Wallachia.svg/120px-Naval_Ensign_of_Wallachia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Naval_Ensign_of_Wallachia.svg/120px-Naval_Ensign_of_Wallachia.svg.png" data-alt="Naval ensign under Constantin Brâncoveanu (1700)[101]" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Naval_Ensign_of_Wallachia.svg/180px-Naval_Ensign_of_Wallachia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Naval_Ensign_of_Wallachia.svg/240px-Naval_Ensign_of_Wallachia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naval ensign under <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncoveanu" title="Constantin Brâncoveanu">Constantin Brâncoveanu</a> (1700)<a href="#cite_note-Maria_Dogaru_1994-103">[101]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_Scarlat_Ghica_as_Prince_of_Wallachia,_1758.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Princely banner of Scarlat Ghica (1758)[101]"><noscript><img alt="Princely banner of Scarlat Ghica (1758)[101]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Banner_of_Scarlat_Ghica_as_Prince_of_Wallachia%2C_1758.svg/120px-Banner_of_Scarlat_Ghica_as_Prince_of_Wallachia%2C_1758.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="558"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Banner_of_Scarlat_Ghica_as_Prince_of_Wallachia%2C_1758.svg/120px-Banner_of_Scarlat_Ghica_as_Prince_of_Wallachia%2C_1758.svg.png" data-alt="Princely banner of Scarlat Ghica (1758)[101]" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Banner_of_Scarlat_Ghica_as_Prince_of_Wallachia%2C_1758.svg/179px-Banner_of_Scarlat_Ghica_as_Prince_of_Wallachia%2C_1758.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Banner_of_Scarlat_Ghica_as_Prince_of_Wallachia%2C_1758.svg/239px-Banner_of_Scarlat_Ghica_as_Prince_of_Wallachia%2C_1758.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Princely banner of <a href="/wiki/Scarlat_Ghica" title="Scarlat Ghica">Scarlat Ghica</a> (1758)<a href="#cite_note-Maria_Dogaru_1994-103">[101]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_Alexander_Soutzos_as_Prince_of_Wallachia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Princely banner of Alexandros Soutzos (1802)[101]"><noscript><img alt="Princely banner of Alexandros Soutzos (1802)[101]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Banner_of_Alexander_Soutzos_as_Prince_of_Wallachia.svg/114px-Banner_of_Alexander_Soutzos_as_Prince_of_Wallachia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="478"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 114px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Banner_of_Alexander_Soutzos_as_Prince_of_Wallachia.svg/114px-Banner_of_Alexander_Soutzos_as_Prince_of_Wallachia.svg.png" data-alt="Princely banner of Alexandros Soutzos (1802)[101]" data-width="114" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Banner_of_Alexander_Soutzos_as_Prince_of_Wallachia.svg/171px-Banner_of_Alexander_Soutzos_as_Prince_of_Wallachia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Banner_of_Alexander_Soutzos_as_Prince_of_Wallachia.svg/228px-Banner_of_Alexander_Soutzos_as_Prince_of_Wallachia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Princely banner of <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Soutzos" title="Alexandros Soutzos">Alexandros Soutzos</a> (1802)<a href="#cite_note-Maria_Dogaru_1994-103">[101]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_Ypsilantis%27_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Constantine Ypsilantis' banner (1806)[101]"><noscript><img alt="Constantine Ypsilantis' banner (1806)[101]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Constantine_Ypsilantis%27_banner.svg/120px-Constantine_Ypsilantis%27_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="620"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 99px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Constantine_Ypsilantis%27_banner.svg/120px-Constantine_Ypsilantis%27_banner.svg.png" data-alt="Constantine Ypsilantis' banner (1806)[101]" data-width="120" data-height="99" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Constantine_Ypsilantis%27_banner.svg/180px-Constantine_Ypsilantis%27_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Constantine_Ypsilantis%27_banner.svg/240px-Constantine_Ypsilantis%27_banner.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Ypsilantis" title="Constantine Ypsilantis">Constantine Ypsilantis</a>' banner (1806)<a href="#cite_note-Maria_Dogaru_1994-103">[101]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tudor_Vladimirescu%27s_Revolution_(1821).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Wallachian uprising of 1821[101]"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Wallachian uprising of 1821[101]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Tudor_Vladimirescu%27s_Revolution_%281821%29.png/120px-Flag_of_Tudor_Vladimirescu%27s_Revolution_%281821%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1770"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Tudor_Vladimirescu%27s_Revolution_%281821%29.png/120px-Flag_of_Tudor_Vladimirescu%27s_Revolution_%281821%29.png" data-alt="Flag of the Wallachian uprising of 1821[101]" data-width="120" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Tudor_Vladimirescu%27s_Revolution_%281821%29.png/180px-Flag_of_Tudor_Vladimirescu%27s_Revolution_%281821%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Tudor_Vladimirescu%27s_Revolution_%281821%29.png/240px-Flag_of_Tudor_Vladimirescu%27s_Revolution_%281821%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821" title="Wallachian uprising of 1821">Wallachian uprising of 1821</a><a href="#cite_note-Maria_Dogaru_1994-103">[101]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:War_flag_of_the_Principality_of_Wallachia,_1834.png" class="mw-file-description" title="War ensign of the Principality of Wallachia (1834)"><noscript><img alt="War ensign of the Principality of Wallachia (1834)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/War_flag_of_the_Principality_of_Wallachia%2C_1834.png/115px-War_flag_of_the_Principality_of_Wallachia%2C_1834.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="172"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 115px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/War_flag_of_the_Principality_of_Wallachia%2C_1834.png/115px-War_flag_of_the_Principality_of_Wallachia%2C_1834.png" data-alt="War ensign of the Principality of Wallachia (1834)" data-width="115" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/War_flag_of_the_Principality_of_Wallachia%2C_1834.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">War ensign of the Principality of Wallachia (1834)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848,_horizontal_stripes.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Wallachian Revolution of 1848[101]"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Wallachian Revolution of 1848[101]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848%2C_horizontal_stripes.svg/120px-Flag_of_Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848%2C_horizontal_stripes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848%2C_horizontal_stripes.svg/120px-Flag_of_Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848%2C_horizontal_stripes.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Wallachian Revolution of 1848[101]" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848%2C_horizontal_stripes.svg/180px-Flag_of_Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848%2C_horizontal_stripes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848%2C_horizontal_stripes.svg/240px-Flag_of_Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848%2C_horizontal_stripes.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Wallachian Revolution of 1848">Wallachian Revolution of 1848</a><a href="#cite_note-Maria_Dogaru_1994-103">[101]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_von_Walachischen_1858.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naval ensign of the Principality of Wallachia (1858)[101]"><noscript><img alt="Naval ensign of the Principality of Wallachia (1858)[101]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flagge_von_Walachischen_1858.svg/120px-Flagge_von_Walachischen_1858.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="605"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 99px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flagge_von_Walachischen_1858.svg/120px-Flagge_von_Walachischen_1858.svg.png" data-alt="Naval ensign of the Principality of Wallachia (1858)[101]" data-width="120" data-height="99" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flagge_von_Walachischen_1858.svg/180px-Flagge_von_Walachischen_1858.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flagge_von_Walachischen_1858.svg/240px-Flagge_von_Walachischen_1858.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naval ensign of the Principality of Wallachia (1858)<a href="#cite_note-Maria_Dogaru_1994-103">[101]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coats_of_arms_and_other_insignia">Coats of arms and other insignia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Coats of arms and other insignia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coa_Romania_Country_Wallachia_History_2_(14th_century).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms under Basarab I (1360)[101]"><noscript><img alt="Coat of arms under Basarab I (1360)[101]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coa_Romania_Country_Wallachia_History_2_%2814th_century%29.svg/104px-Coa_Romania_Country_Wallachia_History_2_%2814th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 104px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coa_Romania_Country_Wallachia_History_2_%2814th_century%29.svg/104px-Coa_Romania_Country_Wallachia_History_2_%2814th_century%29.svg.png" data-alt="Coat of arms under Basarab I (1360)[101]" data-width="104" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coa_Romania_Country_Wallachia_History_2_%2814th_century%29.svg/156px-Coa_Romania_Country_Wallachia_History_2_%2814th_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coa_Romania_Country_Wallachia_History_2_%2814th_century%29.svg/208px-Coa_Romania_Country_Wallachia_History_2_%2814th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms under <a href="/wiki/Basarab_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Basarab I">Basarab I</a> (1360)<a href="#cite_note-Maria_Dogaru_1994-103">[101]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema_vladislav_i.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms under Vladislav I (1377)"><noscript><img alt="Coat of arms under Vladislav I (1377)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Stema_vladislav_i.png/82px-Stema_vladislav_i.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 82px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Stema_vladislav_i.png/82px-Stema_vladislav_i.png" data-alt="Coat of arms under Vladislav I (1377)" data-width="82" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Stema_vladislav_i.png/122px-Stema_vladislav_i.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Stema_vladislav_i.png/163px-Stema_vladislav_i.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms under <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_I_of_Wallachia" title="Vladislav I of Wallachia">Vladislav I</a> (1377)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallachian_ducats.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Wallachian coins minted during the Basarab dinasty (1310-1627)"><noscript><img alt="Wallachian coins minted during the Basarab dinasty (1310-1627)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Wallachian_ducats.png/75px-Wallachian_ducats.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="384"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 75px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Wallachian_ducats.png/75px-Wallachian_ducats.png" data-alt="Wallachian coins minted during the Basarab dinasty (1310-1627)" data-width="75" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Wallachian_ducats.png/113px-Wallachian_ducats.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Wallachian_ducats.png/151px-Wallachian_ducats.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wallachian coins minted during the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Basarab" title="House of Basarab">Basarab dinasty</a> (1310-1627)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal used by Mircea the Elder (1390)[102]"><noscript><img alt="Seal used by Mircea the Elder (1390)[102]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png/115px-MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="698"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 115px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png/115px-MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png" data-alt="Seal used by Mircea the Elder (1390)[102]" data-width="115" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png/172px-MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png/230px-MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seal used by <a href="/wiki/Mircea_the_Elder" title="Mircea the Elder">Mircea the Elder</a> (1390)<a href="#cite_note-Maria_Dogaru_Revista_Arhivelor_1970-104">[102]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema_dan_ii.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms under Dan II of Wallachia (1420)"><noscript><img alt="Coat of arms under Dan II of Wallachia (1420)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Stema_dan_ii.png/82px-Stema_dan_ii.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="587"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 82px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Stema_dan_ii.png/82px-Stema_dan_ii.png" data-alt="Coat of arms under Dan II of Wallachia (1420)" data-width="82" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Stema_dan_ii.png/124px-Stema_dan_ii.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Stema_dan_ii.png/165px-Stema_dan_ii.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms under <a href="/wiki/Dan_II_of_Wallachia" title="Dan II of Wallachia">Dan II of Wallachia</a> (1420)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coa_Romania_Family_Vladislav_II.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms under Vladislav II (1447)"><noscript><img alt="Coat of arms under Vladislav II (1447)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coa_Romania_Family_Vladislav_II.svg/104px-Coa_Romania_Family_Vladislav_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 104px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coa_Romania_Family_Vladislav_II.svg/104px-Coa_Romania_Family_Vladislav_II.svg.png" data-alt="Coat of arms under Vladislav II (1447)" data-width="104" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coa_Romania_Family_Vladislav_II.svg/156px-Coa_Romania_Family_Vladislav_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coa_Romania_Family_Vladislav_II.svg/208px-Coa_Romania_Family_Vladislav_II.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms under <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_II_of_Wallachia" title="Vladislav II of Wallachia">Vladislav II</a> (1447)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Wallachia_under_Radu_Paisie_(Dimitrije_Ljubavi%C4%87%27s_Molitvenik,_Jan_10,_1545).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Wallachia under Radu Paisie (1545)[101]"><noscript><img alt="Emblem of Wallachia under Radu Paisie (1545)[101]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Emblem_of_Wallachia_under_Radu_Paisie_%28Dimitrije_Ljubavi%C4%87%27s_Molitvenik%2C_Jan_10%2C_1545%29.png/118px-Emblem_of_Wallachia_under_Radu_Paisie_%28Dimitrije_Ljubavi%C4%87%27s_Molitvenik%2C_Jan_10%2C_1545%29.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="309"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 118px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Emblem_of_Wallachia_under_Radu_Paisie_%28Dimitrije_Ljubavi%C4%87%27s_Molitvenik%2C_Jan_10%2C_1545%29.png/118px-Emblem_of_Wallachia_under_Radu_Paisie_%28Dimitrije_Ljubavi%C4%87%27s_Molitvenik%2C_Jan_10%2C_1545%29.png" data-alt="Emblem of Wallachia under Radu Paisie (1545)[101]" data-width="118" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Emblem_of_Wallachia_under_Radu_Paisie_%28Dimitrije_Ljubavi%C4%87%27s_Molitvenik%2C_Jan_10%2C_1545%29.png/177px-Emblem_of_Wallachia_under_Radu_Paisie_%28Dimitrije_Ljubavi%C4%87%27s_Molitvenik%2C_Jan_10%2C_1545%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Emblem_of_Wallachia_under_Radu_Paisie_%28Dimitrije_Ljubavi%C4%87%27s_Molitvenik%2C_Jan_10%2C_1545%29.png/236px-Emblem_of_Wallachia_under_Radu_Paisie_%28Dimitrije_Ljubavi%C4%87%27s_Molitvenik%2C_Jan_10%2C_1545%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem of Wallachia under <a href="/wiki/Radu_Paisie" title="Radu Paisie">Radu Paisie</a> (1545)<a href="#cite_note-Maria_Dogaru_1994-103">[101]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RaduSerban1608blue.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms under Radu Serban (1608)[101]"><noscript><img alt="Coat of arms under Radu Serban (1608)[101]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/RaduSerban1608blue.png/114px-RaduSerban1608blue.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="449"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 114px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/RaduSerban1608blue.png/114px-RaduSerban1608blue.png" data-alt="Coat of arms under Radu Serban (1608)[101]" data-width="114" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/RaduSerban1608blue.png/170px-RaduSerban1608blue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/RaduSerban1608blue.png/227px-RaduSerban1608blue.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms under <a href="/wiki/Radu_Serban" class="mw-redirect" title="Radu Serban">Radu Serban</a> (1608)<a href="#cite_note-Maria_Dogaru_1994-103">[101]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_(Marcus_Boschinius_version).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms under Matei Basarab (1632)[101]"><noscript><img alt="Coat of arms under Matei Basarab (1632)[101]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="875"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg.png" data-alt="Coat of arms under Matei Basarab (1632)[101]" data-width="85" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg/171px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms under <a href="/wiki/Matei_Basarab" title="Matei Basarab">Matei Basarab</a> (1632)<a href="#cite_note-Maria_Dogaru_1994-103">[101]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SerbanCantacuzinoCoA1688.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms under Serban Cantacuzino (1688)[101]"><noscript><img alt="Coat of arms under Serban Cantacuzino (1688)[101]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/SerbanCantacuzinoCoA1688.png/99px-SerbanCantacuzinoCoA1688.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="725"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 99px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/SerbanCantacuzinoCoA1688.png/99px-SerbanCantacuzinoCoA1688.png" data-alt="Coat of arms under Serban Cantacuzino (1688)[101]" data-width="99" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/SerbanCantacuzinoCoA1688.png/149px-SerbanCantacuzinoCoA1688.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/SerbanCantacuzinoCoA1688.png/199px-SerbanCantacuzinoCoA1688.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms under <a href="/wiki/Serban_Cantacuzino" class="mw-redirect" title="Serban Cantacuzino">Serban Cantacuzino</a> (1688)<a href="#cite_note-Maria_Dogaru_1994-103">[101]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia,_1700.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms under Constantin Brâncoveanu (1700)"><noscript><img alt="Coat of arms under Constantin Brâncoveanu (1700)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1700.svg/95px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1700.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2686" data-file-height="3384"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 95px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1700.svg/95px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1700.svg.png" data-alt="Coat of arms under Constantin Brâncoveanu (1700)" data-width="95" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1700.svg/143px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1700.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1700.svg/190px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1700.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms under <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncoveanu" title="Constantin Brâncoveanu">Constantin Brâncoveanu</a> (1700)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionisie_Eclesiarhul_-_Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia,_1795.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms under Dionisie Eclesiarhul (1795)[101]"><noscript><img alt="Coat of arms under Dionisie Eclesiarhul (1795)[101]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dionisie_Eclesiarhul_-_Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1795.png/114px-Dionisie_Eclesiarhul_-_Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1795.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="627"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 114px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dionisie_Eclesiarhul_-_Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1795.png/114px-Dionisie_Eclesiarhul_-_Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1795.png" data-alt="Coat of arms under Dionisie Eclesiarhul (1795)[101]" data-width="114" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dionisie_Eclesiarhul_-_Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1795.png/171px-Dionisie_Eclesiarhul_-_Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1795.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dionisie_Eclesiarhul_-_Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1795.png/228px-Dionisie_Eclesiarhul_-_Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia%2C_1795.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms under <a href="/wiki/Dionisie_Eclesiarhul" title="Dionisie Eclesiarhul">Dionisie Eclesiarhul</a> (1795)<a href="#cite_note-Maria_Dogaru_1994-103">[101]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_George_Caradja%27s_seal,_1818.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal used by John George Caradja (1812)[102]"><noscript><img alt="Seal used by John George Caradja (1812)[102]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/John_George_Caradja%27s_seal%2C_1818.png/110px-John_George_Caradja%27s_seal%2C_1818.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="416"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/John_George_Caradja%27s_seal%2C_1818.png/110px-John_George_Caradja%27s_seal%2C_1818.png" data-alt="Seal used by John George Caradja (1812)[102]" data-width="110" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/John_George_Caradja%27s_seal%2C_1818.png/165px-John_George_Caradja%27s_seal%2C_1818.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/John_George_Caradja%27s_seal%2C_1818.png/220px-John_George_Caradja%27s_seal%2C_1818.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seal used by <a href="/wiki/John_George_Caradja" class="mw-redirect" title="John George Caradja">John George Caradja</a> (1812)<a href="#cite_note-Maria_Dogaru_Revista_Arhivelor_1970-104">[102]</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Military_forces">Military forces</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Military forces" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_military_forces" title="Wallachian military forces">Wallachian military forces</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walachia.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Walachia.png/170px-Walachia.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="225"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Walachia.png/170px-Walachia.png" data-width="170" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Walachia.png/255px-Walachia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Walachia.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The present-day <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania" title="Counties of Romania">counties</a> comprising Wallachia</figcaption></figure> With an area of approximately 77,000 km2 (30,000 sq mi), Wallachia is situated north of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> (and of present-day <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>), east of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and south of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Carpathians" title="Southern Carpathians">Southern Carpathians</a>, and is traditionally divided between <a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a> in the east (as the political center, Muntenia is often understood as being synonymous with Wallachia), and <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a> (a former <a href="/wiki/Ban_(title)" title="Ban (title)">banat</a>) in the west. The division line between the two is the <a href="/wiki/Olt_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Olt River">Olt River</a>. Wallachia's traditional border with <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Milcov_River_(Siret)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milcov River (Siret)">Milcov River</a> for most of its length. To the east, over the Danube north-south bend, Wallachia neighbours <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a>). Over the Carpathians, Wallachia shared a border with <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wallachia">Wallachian princes</a> have for long held possession of areas north of the line (<a href="/wiki/Amla%C8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Amlaș">Amlaș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciceu" title="Ciceu">Ciceu</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C8%99" title="Făgăraș">Făgăraș</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ha%C8%9Beg" title="Hațeg">Hațeg</a>), which are generally not considered part of Wallachia proper. The capital city changed over time, from <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mpulung" title="Câmpulung">Câmpulung</a> to <a href="/wiki/Curtea_de_Arge%C8%99" title="Curtea de Argeș">Curtea de Argeș</a>, then to <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a> and, after the late 17th century, to <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Map_gallery">Map gallery</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Map gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Diego-homem-black-sea-ancient-map-1559.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wallachia, as shown on a wider map of the Black Sea (mid 16th century)"><noscript><img alt="Wallachia, as shown on a wider map of the Black Sea (mid 16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Diego-homem-black-sea-ancient-map-1559.jpg/120px-Diego-homem-black-sea-ancient-map-1559.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="2180"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Diego-homem-black-sea-ancient-map-1559.jpg/120px-Diego-homem-black-sea-ancient-map-1559.jpg" data-alt="Wallachia, as shown on a wider map of the Black Sea (mid 16th century)" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Diego-homem-black-sea-ancient-map-1559.jpg/180px-Diego-homem-black-sea-ancient-map-1559.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Diego-homem-black-sea-ancient-map-1559.jpg/240px-Diego-homem-black-sea-ancient-map-1559.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wallachia, as shown on a wider map of the Black Sea (mid 16th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Holy_League_in_1595.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wallachia, as part of the Holy League's Orthodox states"><noscript><img alt="Wallachia, as part of the Holy League's Orthodox states" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Map_of_the_Holy_League_in_1595.svg/120px-Map_of_the_Holy_League_in_1595.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="990"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 104px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Map_of_the_Holy_League_in_1595.svg/120px-Map_of_the_Holy_League_in_1595.svg.png" data-alt="Wallachia, as part of the Holy League's Orthodox states" data-width="120" data-height="104" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Map_of_the_Holy_League_in_1595.svg/180px-Map_of_the_Holy_League_in_1595.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Map_of_the_Holy_League_in_1595.svg/240px-Map_of_the_Holy_League_in_1595.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wallachia, as part of the Holy League's Orthodox states</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Principati1786.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1786, as depicted on an Italian map by G. Pittori (after the geographer Giovanni Antonio Rizzi Zannoni)"><noscript><img alt="The Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1786, as depicted on an Italian map by G. Pittori (after the geographer Giovanni Antonio Rizzi Zannoni)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Principati1786.jpg/120px-Principati1786.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6272" data-file-height="4704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Principati1786.jpg/120px-Principati1786.jpg" data-alt="The Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1786, as depicted on an Italian map by G. Pittori (after the geographer Giovanni Antonio Rizzi Zannoni)" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Principati1786.jpg/180px-Principati1786.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Principati1786.jpg/240px-Principati1786.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Principalities of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and Wallachia in 1786, as depicted on an Italian map by G. Pittori (after the geographer Giovanni Antonio Rizzi Zannoni)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallachia_1789.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="F.J.J., von Reilly, Das Furstenthum Walachey, Viena, 1789"><noscript><img alt="F.J.J., von Reilly, Das Furstenthum Walachey, Viena, 1789" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wallachia_1789.jpg/120px-Wallachia_1789.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1316"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wallachia_1789.jpg/120px-Wallachia_1789.jpg" data-alt="F.J.J., von Reilly, Das Furstenthum Walachey, Viena, 1789" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wallachia_1789.jpg/180px-Wallachia_1789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wallachia_1789.jpg/240px-Wallachia_1789.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">F.J.J., von Reilly, Das Furstenthum Walachey, Viena, 1789</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Salt_trade_in_Wallachia_(16th%E2%80%9319th_centuries).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salt trade in Wallachia between the 16th and 19th centuries"><noscript><img alt="Salt trade in Wallachia between the 16th and 19th centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Salt_trade_in_Wallachia_%2816th%E2%80%9319th_centuries%29.svg/120px-Salt_trade_in_Wallachia_%2816th%E2%80%9319th_centuries%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="759"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 91px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Salt_trade_in_Wallachia_%2816th%E2%80%9319th_centuries%29.svg/120px-Salt_trade_in_Wallachia_%2816th%E2%80%9319th_centuries%29.svg.png" data-alt="Salt trade in Wallachia between the 16th and 19th centuries" data-width="120" data-height="91" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Salt_trade_in_Wallachia_%2816th%E2%80%9319th_centuries%29.svg/180px-Salt_trade_in_Wallachia_%2816th%E2%80%9319th_centuries%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Salt_trade_in_Wallachia_%2816th%E2%80%9319th_centuries%29.svg/240px-Salt_trade_in_Wallachia_%2816th%E2%80%9319th_centuries%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Salt trade in Wallachia between the 16th and 19th centuries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Walachia_(1).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The region of Wallachia within contemporary Romania"><noscript><img alt="The region of Wallachia within contemporary Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Walachia_%281%29.svg/120px-Walachia_%281%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="687"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 79px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Walachia_%281%29.svg/120px-Walachia_%281%29.svg.png" data-alt="The region of Wallachia within contemporary Romania" data-width="120" data-height="79" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Walachia_%281%29.svg/180px-Walachia_%281%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Walachia_%281%29.svg/240px-Walachia_%281%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The region of Wallachia within contemporary Romania</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Population" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_population">Historical population</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Historical population" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Romania" title="Demographic history of Romania">Demographic history of Romania</a></div> Contemporary historians estimate the population of Wallachia in the 15th century at 500,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> In 1859, the population of Wallachia was 2,400,921 (1,586,596 in <a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a> and 814,325 in <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_population">Current population</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Current population" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to the latest <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Romania" title="Demographics of Romania">2011 census</a> data, the region has a total population of 8,256,532 inhabitants, distributed among the ethnic groups as follows (as per 2001 census): <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> (97%), <a href="/wiki/Roma_minority_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma minority in Romania">Roma</a> (2.5%), others (0.5%).<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The largest cities (as per the 2011 census) in the Wallachia region are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> (1,883,425)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova" title="Craiova">Craiova</a> (269,506)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a> (209,945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%83ila" title="Brăila">Brăila</a> (180,302)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite%C8%99ti" title="Pitești">Pitești</a> (155,383)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buz%C4%83u" title="Buzău">Buzău</a> (115,494)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drobeta-Turnu_Severin" title="Drobeta-Turnu Severin">Drobeta-Turnu Severin</a> (92,617)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2mnicu_V%C3%A2lcea" title="Râmnicu Vâlcea">Râmnicu Vâlcea</a> (92,573)</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_Continental_-_Calea_Victoriei.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bucharest"><noscript><img alt="Bucharest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hotel_Continental_-_Calea_Victoriei.jpg/120px-Hotel_Continental_-_Calea_Victoriei.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 68px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hotel_Continental_-_Calea_Victoriei.jpg/120px-Hotel_Continental_-_Calea_Victoriei.jpg" data-alt="Bucharest" data-width="120" data-height="68" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hotel_Continental_-_Calea_Victoriei.jpg/180px-Hotel_Continental_-_Calea_Victoriei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hotel_Continental_-_Calea_Victoriei.jpg/240px-Hotel_Continental_-_Calea_Victoriei.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Palatul_Constantin_Mihail,_(azi_Muzeul_de_Art%C4%83)_vedere_central%C4%83.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Craiova"><noscript><img alt="Craiova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Palatul_Constantin_Mihail%2C_%28azi_Muzeul_de_Art%C4%83%29_vedere_central%C4%83.JPG/120px-Palatul_Constantin_Mihail%2C_%28azi_Muzeul_de_Art%C4%83%29_vedere_central%C4%83.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Palatul_Constantin_Mihail%2C_%28azi_Muzeul_de_Art%C4%83%29_vedere_central%C4%83.JPG/120px-Palatul_Constantin_Mihail%2C_%28azi_Muzeul_de_Art%C4%83%29_vedere_central%C4%83.JPG" data-alt="Craiova" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Palatul_Constantin_Mihail%2C_%28azi_Muzeul_de_Art%C4%83%29_vedere_central%C4%83.JPG/180px-Palatul_Constantin_Mihail%2C_%28azi_Muzeul_de_Art%C4%83%29_vedere_central%C4%83.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Palatul_Constantin_Mihail%2C_%28azi_Muzeul_de_Art%C4%83%29_vedere_central%C4%83.JPG/240px-Palatul_Constantin_Mihail%2C_%28azi_Muzeul_de_Art%C4%83%29_vedere_central%C4%83.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Craiova" title="Craiova">Craiova</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_Luca_Elefterescu,_azi_Muzeul_Ceasului_%22Nicolae_Simache%22_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ploiești"><noscript><img alt="Ploiești" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Casa_Luca_Elefterescu%2C_azi_Muzeul_Ceasului_%22Nicolae_Simache%22_%282%29.JPG/120px-Casa_Luca_Elefterescu%2C_azi_Muzeul_Ceasului_%22Nicolae_Simache%22_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 79px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Casa_Luca_Elefterescu%2C_azi_Muzeul_Ceasului_%22Nicolae_Simache%22_%282%29.JPG/120px-Casa_Luca_Elefterescu%2C_azi_Muzeul_Ceasului_%22Nicolae_Simache%22_%282%29.JPG" data-alt="Ploiești" data-width="120" data-height="79" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Casa_Luca_Elefterescu%2C_azi_Muzeul_Ceasului_%22Nicolae_Simache%22_%282%29.JPG/180px-Casa_Luca_Elefterescu%2C_azi_Muzeul_Ceasului_%22Nicolae_Simache%22_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Casa_Luca_Elefterescu%2C_azi_Muzeul_Ceasului_%22Nicolae_Simache%22_%282%29.JPG/240px-Casa_Luca_Elefterescu%2C_azi_Muzeul_Ceasului_%22Nicolae_Simache%22_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_Danubiu_-_Municipiul_Braila_-_vedere_de_zi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brăila"><noscript><img alt="Brăila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hotel_Danubiu_-_Municipiul_Braila_-_vedere_de_zi.jpg/120px-Hotel_Danubiu_-_Municipiul_Braila_-_vedere_de_zi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hotel_Danubiu_-_Municipiul_Braila_-_vedere_de_zi.jpg/120px-Hotel_Danubiu_-_Municipiul_Braila_-_vedere_de_zi.jpg" data-alt="Brăila" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hotel_Danubiu_-_Municipiul_Braila_-_vedere_de_zi.jpg/180px-Hotel_Danubiu_-_Municipiul_Braila_-_vedere_de_zi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hotel_Danubiu_-_Municipiul_Braila_-_vedere_de_zi.jpg/240px-Hotel_Danubiu_-_Municipiul_Braila_-_vedere_de_zi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%83ila" title="Brăila">Brăila</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pitesti_art_gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pitești"><noscript><img alt="Pitești" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pitesti_art_gallery.jpg/120px-Pitesti_art_gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pitesti_art_gallery.jpg/120px-Pitesti_art_gallery.jpg" data-alt="Pitești" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pitesti_art_gallery.jpg/180px-Pitesti_art_gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pitesti_art_gallery.jpg/240px-Pitesti_art_gallery.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pite%C8%99ti" title="Pitești">Pitești</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RO_BZ_Courthouse_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buzău"><noscript><img alt="Buzău" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/RO_BZ_Courthouse_2.jpg/120px-RO_BZ_Courthouse_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="1820"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 83px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/RO_BZ_Courthouse_2.jpg/120px-RO_BZ_Courthouse_2.jpg" data-alt="Buzău" data-width="120" data-height="83" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/RO_BZ_Courthouse_2.jpg/180px-RO_BZ_Courthouse_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/RO_BZ_Courthouse_2.jpg/240px-RO_BZ_Courthouse_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Buz%C4%83u" title="Buzău">Buzău</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Castelul_de_ap%C4%83,_Turnu_Severin,_jud._MH.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Drobeta-Turnu Severin"><noscript><img alt="Drobeta-Turnu Severin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Castelul_de_ap%C4%83%2C_Turnu_Severin%2C_jud._MH.JPG/120px-Castelul_de_ap%C4%83%2C_Turnu_Severin%2C_jud._MH.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Castelul_de_ap%C4%83%2C_Turnu_Severin%2C_jud._MH.JPG/120px-Castelul_de_ap%C4%83%2C_Turnu_Severin%2C_jud._MH.JPG" data-alt="Drobeta-Turnu Severin" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Castelul_de_ap%C4%83%2C_Turnu_Severin%2C_jud._MH.JPG/180px-Castelul_de_ap%C4%83%2C_Turnu_Severin%2C_jud._MH.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Castelul_de_ap%C4%83%2C_Turnu_Severin%2C_jud._MH.JPG/240px-Castelul_de_ap%C4%83%2C_Turnu_Severin%2C_jud._MH.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Drobeta-Turnu_Severin" title="Drobeta-Turnu Severin">Drobeta-Turnu Severin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GerichtRV.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Râmnicu Vâlcea"><noscript><img alt="Râmnicu Vâlcea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GerichtRV.JPG/120px-GerichtRV.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GerichtRV.JPG/120px-GerichtRV.JPG" data-alt="Râmnicu Vâlcea" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GerichtRV.JPG/180px-GerichtRV.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GerichtRV.JPG/240px-GerichtRV.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2mnicu_V%C3%A2lcea" title="Râmnicu Vâlcea">Râmnicu Vâlcea</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Targoviste_city_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Târgoviște"><noscript><img alt="Târgoviște" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Targoviste_city_hall.jpg/120px-Targoviste_city_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Targoviste_city_hall.jpg/120px-Targoviste_city_hall.jpg" data-alt="Târgoviște" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Targoviste_city_hall.jpg/180px-Targoviste_city_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Targoviste_city_hall.jpg/240px-Targoviste_city_hall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RO_GJ_Tg_Jiu_city_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Târgu Jiu"><noscript><img alt="Târgu Jiu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/RO_GJ_Tg_Jiu_city_hall.jpg/120px-RO_GJ_Tg_Jiu_city_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="1872"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 79px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/RO_GJ_Tg_Jiu_city_hall.jpg/120px-RO_GJ_Tg_Jiu_city_hall.jpg" data-alt="Târgu Jiu" data-width="120" data-height="79" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/RO_GJ_Tg_Jiu_city_hall.jpg/180px-RO_GJ_Tg_Jiu_city_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/RO_GJ_Tg_Jiu_city_hall.jpg/240px-RO_GJ_Tg_Jiu_city_hall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Jiu" title="Târgu Jiu">Târgu Jiu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Prefectura_Calarasi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Călărași"><noscript><img alt="Călărași" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Prefectura_Calarasi.jpg/120px-Prefectura_Calarasi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="1044"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 84px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Prefectura_Calarasi.jpg/120px-Prefectura_Calarasi.jpg" data-alt="Călărași" data-width="120" data-height="84" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Prefectura_Calarasi.jpg/180px-Prefectura_Calarasi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Prefectura_Calarasi.jpg/240px-Prefectura_Calarasi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i" title="Călărași">Călărași</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ateneu_giurgiu.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Giurgiu"><noscript><img alt="Giurgiu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ateneu_giurgiu.JPG/120px-Ateneu_giurgiu.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="653"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 84px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ateneu_giurgiu.JPG/120px-Ateneu_giurgiu.JPG" data-alt="Giurgiu" data-width="120" data-height="84" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ateneu_giurgiu.JPG/180px-Ateneu_giurgiu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ateneu_giurgiu.JPG/240px-Ateneu_giurgiu.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giurgiu" title="Giurgiu">Giurgiu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RO_OT_Caracal_national_theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caracal"><noscript><img alt="Caracal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/RO_OT_Caracal_national_theatre.jpg/120px-RO_OT_Caracal_national_theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3659" data-file-height="2416"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 79px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/RO_OT_Caracal_national_theatre.jpg/120px-RO_OT_Caracal_national_theatre.jpg" data-alt="Caracal" data-width="120" data-height="79" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/RO_OT_Caracal_national_theatre.jpg/180px-RO_OT_Caracal_national_theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/RO_OT_Caracal_national_theatre.jpg/240px-RO_OT_Caracal_national_theatre.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/RSCityHall.JPG/180px-RSCityHall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/RSCityHall.JPG/240px-RSCityHall.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2mnicu_S%C4%83rat" title="Râmnicu Sărat">Râmnicu Sărat</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Primaria_calafat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calafat"><noscript><img alt="Calafat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Primaria_calafat.jpg/120px-Primaria_calafat.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Primaria_calafat.jpg/120px-Primaria_calafat.jpg" data-alt="Calafat" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Primaria_calafat.jpg/180px-Primaria_calafat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Primaria_calafat.jpg/240px-Primaria_calafat.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Calafat" title="Calafat">Calafat</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bustul_lui_Negru_Vod%C4%83_-_C%C3%A2mpulung_%E2%80%93_LMI_AG-III-m-B-13868.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Câmpulung"><noscript><img alt="Câmpulung" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bustul_lui_Negru_Vod%C4%83_-_C%C3%A2mpulung_%E2%80%93_LMI_AG-III-m-B-13868.jpg/77px-Bustul_lui_Negru_Vod%C4%83_-_C%C3%A2mpulung_%E2%80%93_LMI_AG-III-m-B-13868.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2574" data-file-height="3996"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 77px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bustul_lui_Negru_Vod%C4%83_-_C%C3%A2mpulung_%E2%80%93_LMI_AG-III-m-B-13868.jpg/77px-Bustul_lui_Negru_Vod%C4%83_-_C%C3%A2mpulung_%E2%80%93_LMI_AG-III-m-B-13868.jpg" data-alt="Câmpulung" data-width="77" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bustul_lui_Negru_Vod%C4%83_-_C%C3%A2mpulung_%E2%80%93_LMI_AG-III-m-B-13868.jpg/116px-Bustul_lui_Negru_Vod%C4%83_-_C%C3%A2mpulung_%E2%80%93_LMI_AG-III-m-B-13868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bustul_lui_Negru_Vod%C4%83_-_C%C3%A2mpulung_%E2%80%93_LMI_AG-III-m-B-13868.jpg/154px-Bustul_lui_Negru_Vod%C4%83_-_C%C3%A2mpulung_%E2%80%93_LMI_AG-III-m-B-13868.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mpulung" title="Câmpulung">Câmpulung</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C4%83%C4%83lim%C4%83ne%C5%9Fti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Călimănești"><noscript><img alt="Călimănești" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/C%C4%83%C4%83lim%C4%83ne%C5%9Fti.jpg/120px-C%C4%83%C4%83lim%C4%83ne%C5%9Fti.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/C%C4%83%C4%83lim%C4%83ne%C5%9Fti.jpg/120px-C%C4%83%C4%83lim%C4%83ne%C5%9Fti.jpg" data-alt="Călimănești" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/C%C4%83%C4%83lim%C4%83ne%C5%9Fti.jpg/180px-C%C4%83%C4%83lim%C4%83ne%C5%9Fti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/C%C4%83%C4%83lim%C4%83ne%C5%9Fti.jpg/240px-C%C4%83%C4%83lim%C4%83ne%C5%9Fti.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lim%C4%83ne%C8%99ti" title="Călimănești">Călimănești</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_Curtea_de_Arges.SV.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curtea de Argeș"><noscript><img alt="Curtea de Argeș" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Man_Curtea_de_Arges.SV.jpg/120px-Man_Curtea_de_Arges.SV.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4221" data-file-height="2896"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 82px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Man_Curtea_de_Arges.SV.jpg/120px-Man_Curtea_de_Arges.SV.jpg" data-alt="Curtea de Argeș" data-width="120" data-height="82" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Man_Curtea_de_Arges.SV.jpg/180px-Man_Curtea_de_Arges.SV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Man_Curtea_de_Arges.SV.jpg/240px-Man_Curtea_de_Arges.SV.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Curtea_de_Arge%C8%99" title="Curtea de Argeș">Curtea de Argeș</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RO_PH_Sinaia_park_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sinaia"><noscript><img alt="Sinaia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RO_PH_Sinaia_park_08.jpg/120px-RO_PH_Sinaia_park_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RO_PH_Sinaia_park_08.jpg/120px-RO_PH_Sinaia_park_08.jpg" data-alt="Sinaia" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RO_PH_Sinaia_park_08.jpg/180px-RO_PH_Sinaia_park_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RO_PH_Sinaia_park_08.jpg/240px-RO_PH_Sinaia_park_08.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sinaia" title="Sinaia">Sinaia</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 31px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="31" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">history portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" 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culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lands_across_the_Danube" title="Bulgarian lands across the Danube">Bulgarian lands across the Danube</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> As written chancellery language until it was replaced by Romanian starting with the 16th century. Used for liturgical purposes until the end of the 18th century. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> As chancellery and cultural language, especially during the Phanariot period of time. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-suzerainty-1"><a href="#cite_ref-suzerainty_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Walachia">Walachia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919141637/https://www.britannica.com/place/Walachia">Archived</a> 19 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at britannica.com </li> <li id="cite_note-protectorate-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-protectorate_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-protectorate_2-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/protectorate-international-relations">Protectorate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201214082156/https://www.britannica.com/topic/protectorate-international-relations">Archived</a> 14 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at britannica.com </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReidPettersen2017" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Robert; Pettersen, Leif (11 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WSV_7OSOnf4C&q=Targoviste+1418&pg=PA98">Romania & Moldova</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781741044782" title="Special:BookSources/9781741044782"><bdi>9781741044782</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716060047/https://books.google.com/books?id=WSV_7OSOnf4C&q=Targoviste+1418&pg=PA98">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2017 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romania+%26+Moldova&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2017-11-11&rft.isbn=9781741044782&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Pettersen%2C+Leif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWSV_7OSOnf4C%26q%3DTargoviste%2B1418%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallachia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Ștefan Pascu, Documente străine despre români, ed. Arhivelor statului, București 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-95711-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/973-95711-2-3">973-95711-2-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> "Tout ce pays: la Wallachie, la Moldavie et la plus part de la Transylvanie, a esté peuplé des colonies romaines du temps de Trajan l'empereur... Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain... " in Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l'an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople, in: Paul Cernovodeanu, Studii și materiale de istorie medievală, IV, 1960, p. 444 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanaitescu1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Panaitescu, Petre P. (1965). Începuturile şi biruinţa scrisului în limba română (in Romanian). Editura Academiei Bucureşti. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%8Enceputurile+%C5%9Fi+biruin%C5%A3a+scrisului+%C3%AEn+limba+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Editura+Academiei+Bucure%C5%9Fti&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Panaitescu&rft.aufirst=Petre+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallachia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamusella2008" class="citation book cs1">Kamusella, T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JzkWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA352">The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe</a>. Springer. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230583474" title="Special:BookSources/9780230583474"><bdi>9780230583474</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716060047/https://books.google.com/books?id=JzkWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA352">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Language+and+Nationalism+in+Modern+Central+Europe&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780230583474&rft.aulast=Kamusella&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJzkWDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallachia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonPappasPappasPappas1994" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles; Pappas, Nicholas C. J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC&pg=PA550">An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 550. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313274978" title="Special:BookSources/9780313274978"><bdi>9780313274978</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716060047/https://books.google.com/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC&pg=PA550">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ethnohistorical+Dictionary+of+the+Russian+and+Soviet+Empires&rft.pages=550&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780313274978&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft.au=Pappas%2C+Lee+Brigance&rft.au=Pappas%2C+Nicholas+Charles&rft.au=Pappas%2C+Nicholas+C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCquTz6ps5YgC%26pg%3DPA550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallachia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Brătianu 1980, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-Giurescu-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu_12-1">b</a> Giurescu, Istoria Românilor, p. 481 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Wallachia">"Wallachia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a> (Online). n.d. Retrieved 6 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wallachia&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FWallachia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallachia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Dinu C. Giurescu, "Istoria ilustrată a românilor", Editura Sport-Turism, Bucharest, 1981, p. 236 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acad.ro/com2013/pag_com13_0529.htm">"Ioan-Aurel Pop, Istoria și semnificația numelor de român/valah și România/Valahia, reception speech at the Romanian Academy, delivered on 29 Mai 2013 in public session, Bucharest, 2013, pp. 18–21"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181018231958/http://www.acad.ro/com2013/pag_com13_0529.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ioan-Aurel+Pop%2C+Istoria+%C8%99i+semnifica%C8%9Bia+numelor+de+rom%C3%A2n%2Fvalah+%C8%99i+Rom%C3%A2nia%2FValahia%2C+reception+speech+at+the+Romanian+Academy%2C+delivered+on+29+Mai+2013+in+public+session%2C+Bucharest%2C+2013%2C+pp.+18%E2%80%9321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facad.ro%2Fcom2013%2Fpag_com13_0529.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallachia" class="Z3988"> See also I.-A. Pop, "Kleine Geschichte der Ethnonyme Rumäne (Rumänien) und Walache (Walachei)," I-II, Transylvanian Review, vol. XIII, no. 2 (Summer 2014): 68–86 and no. 3 (Autumn 2014): 81–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvinte1983" class="citation book cs1">Arvinte, Vasile (1983). Român, românesc, România. București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rom%C3%A2n%2C+rom%C3%A2nesc%2C+Rom%C3%A2nia&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Editura+%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83+%C8%99i+Enciclopedic%C4%83&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Arvinte&rft.aufirst=Vasile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallachia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> A multikulturális Erdély középkori gyökerei – Tiszatáj 55. évfolyam, 11. szám. 2001. november, Kristó Gyula – The medieval roots of the multicultural Transylvania – Tiszatáj 55. year. 11th issue November 2001, Gyula Kristó </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romansagtortenet.hupont.hu/7/havasalfold-es-moldva-megalapitasa-es-megszervezese">"Havasalföld és Moldva megalapítása és megszervezése"</a>. Romansagtortenet.hupont.hu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130151207/http://www.romansagtortenet.hupont.hu/7/havasalfold-es-moldva-megalapitasa-es-megszervezese">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Romansagtortenet.hupont.hu&rft.atitle=Havasalf%C3%B6ld+%C3%A9s+Moldva+megalap%C3%ADt%C3%A1sa+%C3%A9s+megszervez%C3%A9se&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romansagtortenet.hupont.hu%2F7%2Fhavasalfold-es-moldva-megalapitasa-es-megszervezese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallachia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Mann, S. (1957). An English-Albanian Dictionary. University Press. p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Dimitri Korobeinikov, A broken mirror: the Kipchak world in the thirteenth century. In the volume: The other Europe from the Middle Ages, Edited by Florin Curta, Brill 2008, p. 394 </li> <li id="cite_note-Anscombe2006-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Anscombe2006_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_F._Anscombe2006" class="citation book cs1">Frederick F. Anscombe (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NsolAQAAMAAJ">The Ottoman Balkans, 1750–1830</a>. Markus Wiener Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-383-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-383-8"><bdi>978-1-55876-383-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716060048/https://books.google.com/books?id=NsolAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Balkans%2C+1750%E2%80%931830&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55876-383-8&rft.au=Frederick+F.+Anscombe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsolAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallachia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filstich1979-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Filstich1979_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_Filstich1979" class="citation book cs1">Johann Filstich (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_FUBAAAAMAAJ">Tentamen historiae Vallachicae</a>. Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. p. 39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716060150/https://books.google.com/books?id=_FUBAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tentamen+historiae+Vallachicae&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Editura+%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83+%C8%99i+Enciclopedic%C4%83&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Johann+Filstich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_FUBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallachia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Giurescu, p. 37; Ștefănescu, p. 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Giurescu, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Warren Treadgold, A Concise History of Byzantium, New York, St Martin's Press, 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Giurescu, pp. 39–40 </li> <li id="cite_note-Giurescu,_p._39-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu,_p._39_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu,_p._39_27-1">b</a> Giurescu, p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Ștefănescu, p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Ștefănescu, p. 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Ștefănescu, p. 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-pavlov-31"><a href="#cite_ref-pavlov_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFПавлов" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Павлов, Пламен. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liternet.bg/publish13/p_pavlov/za.htm">"За северната граница на Второто българско царство през XIII–XIV в."</a> (in Bulgarian). LiterNet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200131212343/https://liternet.bg/publish13/p_pavlov/za.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7+XIII%E2%80%93XIV+%D0%B2.&rft.pub=LiterNet&rft.aulast=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fliternet.bg%2Fpublish13%2Fp_pavlov%2Fza.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallachia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Ștefănescu, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Ștefănescu, pp. 93–94 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Petre Dan, Hotarele românismului în date, Editura, Litera International, Bucharest, 2005, pp. 32, 34. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-675-278-X" title="Special:BookSources/973-675-278-X">973-675-278-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Ștefănescu, p. 139 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Ștefănescu, p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Giurescu, Istoria Românilor, p. 479 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Ștefănescu, p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Ștefănescu, pp. 105–106 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Ștefănescu, p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECazacu2017199–202-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECazacu2017199%E2%80%93202_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCazacu2017">Cazacu 2017</a>, pp. 199–202. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhild_Scholz_WilliamsWilliam_Layher" class="citation book cs1">Gerhild Scholz Williams; William Layher (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/298070110/Die-Geschichte-Dracole-Waide">Consuming News: Newspapers and Print Culture in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800)</a>. pp. 14–34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308200054/https://www.scribd.com/document/298070110/Die-Geschichte-Dracole-Waide">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consuming+News%3A+Newspapers+and+Print+Culture+in+Early+Modern+Europe+%281500%E2%80%931800%29&rft.pages=14-34&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F298070110%2FDie-Geschichte-Dracole-Waide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallachia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimone_Berni2016" class="citation book cs1">Simone Berni (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cm36CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67">Dracula by Bram Stoker: The Mystery of The Early Editions</a>. Lulu.com. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-326-62179-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-326-62179-7"><bdi>978-1-326-62179-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dracula+by+Bram+Stoker%3A+The+Mystery+of+The+Early+Editions&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-326-62179-7&rft.au=Simone+Berni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcm36CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallachia" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Ștefănescu, pp. 115–118 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Ștefănescu, pp. 117–118, 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Ștefănescu, p. 146 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Ștefănescu, pp. 140–141 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Ștefănescu, pp. 141–144 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ștefănescu,_pp._144–145-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-%C8%98tef%C4%83nescu,_pp._144%E2%80%93145_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-%C8%98tef%C4%83nescu,_pp._144%E2%80%93145_49-1">b</a> Ștefănescu, pp. 144–145 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Ștefănescu, p. 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Ștefănescu, pp. 163–164 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Berza; Djuvara, pp. 24–26 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Ștefănescu, pp. 169–180 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epa.oszk.hu/00400/00476/00005/pdf/13.pdf">"Cãlin Goina : How the State Shaped the Nation : an Essay on the Making of the Romanian Nation"</a> (PDF). 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Argessis, 2003, 12, pp. 155–164 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Giurescu, pp. 65, 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Giurescu, pp. 68–69, 73–75 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Giurescu, pp. 68–69, 78, 268 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Giurescu, p. 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Giurescu, p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Giurescu, pp. 78–79 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Djuvara, pp. 31, 157, 336 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Djuvara, pp. 31, 336 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Djuvara, pp. 31–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Djuvara, pp. 67–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Djuvara, p. 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Djuvara, pp. 48, 92; Giurescu, pp. 94–96 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Djuvara, pp. 48, 68, 91–92, 227–228, 254–256; Giurescu, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Djuvara, pp. 59, 71; Giurescu, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Djuvara, p. 285; Giurescu, pp. 98–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Berza </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Djuvara, p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Giurescu, pp. 105–106 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Djuvara, pp. 17–19, 282; Giurescu, p. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Djuvara, pp. 284–286; Giurescu, pp. 107–109 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Djuvara, pp. 165, 168–169; Giurescu, p. 252 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Djuvara, pp. 184–187; Giurescu, pp. 114, 115, 288 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Djuvara, pp. 89, 299 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Djuvara, p. 297 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Giurescu, p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Djuvara, p. 298 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Djuvara, p. 301; Giurescu, pp. 116–117 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Djuvara, p. 307 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Djuvara, p. 321 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Giurescu, pp. 122, 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Djuvara, pp. 262, 324; Giurescu, pp. 127, 266 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Djuvara, p. 323 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Djuvara, pp. 323–324; Giurescu, pp. 122–127 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Djuvara, p. 325 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Djuvara, p. 329; Giurescu, p. 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Djuvara, p. 330; Giurescu, pp. 132–133 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Djuvara, p. 331; Giurescu, pp. 133–134 </li> <li id="cite_note-ro-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ro_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ro_93-1">b</a> Djuvara, p. 331; Giurescu, pp. 136–137 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Decretul_No._1_al_Guvernului_provisoriu_al_%C8%9A%C4%83rii-Rom%C3%A2nesci">"Decretul No. 1 al Guvernului provisoriu al Țării-Românesci"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301205950/https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Decretul_No._1_al_Guvernului_provisoriu_al_%C8%9A%C4%83rii-Rom%C3%A2nesci">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2020. 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Iaşi: StudIS. pp. 61–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-624-568-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-624-568-5"><bdi>978-606-624-568-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403015029/http://sorincurpan.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Istoria-dreptului-romanesc.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istoria+dreptului+rom%C3%A2nesc&rft.place=Ia%C5%9Fi&rft.pages=61-62&rft.pub=StudIS&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-606-624-568-5&rft.aulast=Curp%C4%83n&rft.aufirst=Vasile-Sorin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsorincurpan.ro%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F01%2FIstoria-dreptului-romanesc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallachia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stefanescu-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Stefanescu_100-0">^</a> Ștefan Ștefănescu, Istoria medie a României, Vol. I, Editura Universității din București, Bucharest, 1991 (in Romanian) </li> <li id="cite_note-Guy-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Guy_101-0">^</a> Will Guy, Between Past and Future: The Roma of Central and Eastern Europe, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire" title="University of Hertfordshire">University of Hertfordshire Press</a>, Hatfield, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902806-07-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-902806-07-7">1-902806-07-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> (in Romanian) Ioan Silviu Nistor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dacoromania-alba.ro/nr76/tricolorul.htm">"Tricolorul românesc: simbol configurat de Mihai Viteazul"</a>, in Dacoromania, nr. 76/2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-Maria_Dogaru_1994-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Dogaru_1994_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Dogaru_1994_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Dogaru_1994_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Dogaru_1994_103-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Dogaru_1994_103-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Dogaru_1994_103-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Dogaru_1994_103-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Dogaru_1994_103-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Dogaru_1994_103-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Dogaru_1994_103-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Dogaru_1994_103-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Dogaru_1994_103-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Dogaru_1994_103-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Dogaru_1994_103-13">n</a> (in Romanian) Maria Dogaru, "Din Heraldica României. Album", Ed. Jif, Braşov, 1994. </li> <li id="cite_note-Maria_Dogaru_Revista_Arhivelor_1970-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Dogaru_Revista_Arhivelor_1970_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Dogaru_Revista_Arhivelor_1970_104-1">b</a> (in Romanian) Maria Dogaru, Sigiliile cancelariei domnești a Țării Românești între anii 1715-1821, în Revista Arhivelor, an 47, nr. 1, București, 1970 pp 385–421, 51 ilustrații. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500, Jean W. Sedlar, p. 255, 1994 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223141833/http://www.iini-minorities.ro/docs/Ven.Achim_Statistica_2005.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iini-minorities.ro/docs/Ven.Achim_Statistica_2005.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iini-minorities.ro%2Fdocs%2FVen.Achim_Statistica_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallachia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080325223653/http://www.recensamant.ro/pagini/rezultate.html%23">"Institutul Național de Statistică"</a>. Recensamant.ro. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recensamant.ro/pagini/rezultate.html">the original</a> on 25 March 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recensamant.ro&rft.atitle=Institutul+Na%C8%9Bional+de+Statistic%C4%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recensamant.ro%2Fpagini%2Frezultate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallachia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li>Berza, Mihai. "Haraciul Moldovei și al Țării Românești în sec. XV–XIX", in Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie, II, 1957, pp. 7–47.</li> <li>Brătianu, Gheorghe I (1980). Tradiția istorică despre întemeierea statelor românești (The Historical Tradition of the Foundation of the Romanian States). Editura Eminescu.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCazacu2017" class="citation book cs1">Cazacu, Matei (2017). Reinert, Stephen W. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQEtDwAAQBAJ">Dracula</a>. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450. Vol. 46. Translated by Brinton, Alice; Healey, Catherine; Mordarski, Nicole; Reinert, Stephen W. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004349216">10.1163/9789004349216</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34921-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34921-6"><bdi>978-90-04-34921-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dracula&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=East+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+450%E2%80%931450&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004349216&rft.isbn=978-90-04-34921-6&rft.aulast=Cazacu&rft.aufirst=Matei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcQEtDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallachia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neagu_Djuvara" title="Neagu Djuvara">Djuvara, Neagu</a>. Între Orient și Occident. Țările române la începutul epocii moderne, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_C._Giurescu" title="Constantin C. Giurescu">Giurescu, Constantin</a>. Istoria Românilor, Vol. I, 5th edition, Bucharest, 1946.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_C._Giurescu" title="Constantin C. Giurescu">Giurescu, Constantin</a>. Istoria Bucureștilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre, ed. Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1966.</li> <li>Ștefănescu, Ștefan. Istoria medie a României, Vol. I, Bucharest, 1991.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wallachia&params=44.43_N_26.10_E_type:country">44°26′N 26°06′E / 44.43°N 26.10°E / 44.43; 26.10</a>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&oldid=1259348025">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&oldid=1259348025</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Wallachia&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 November 2024, at 18:07 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walachye" title="Walachye – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Walachye" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="الأفلاق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأفلاق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valaxiya" title="Valaxiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Valaxiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="والاچیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="والاچیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Валахія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Валахія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Валахія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Валахія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Влашко – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Влашко" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vla%C5%A1ka" title="Vlaška – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vlaška" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A0quia" title="Valàquia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Valàquia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vala%C5%A1sko_(Rumunsko)" title="Valašsko (Rumunsko) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Valašsko (Rumunsko)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valakiet" title="Valakiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valakiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walachei" title="Walachei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Walachei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valahhia" title="Valahhia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valahhia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βλαχία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βλαχία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valaquia" title="Valaquia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Valaquia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vala%C4%A5io_(Rumanio)" title="Valaĥio (Rumanio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Valaĥio (Rumanio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valakia" title="Valakia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Valakia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="والاچیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="والاچیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valachie_(r%C3%A9gion)" title="Valachie (région) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Valachie (région)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83" title="Țara Românească – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Țara Românească" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valaquia" title="Valaquia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Valaquia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%88%EB%9D%BC%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84" title="왈라키아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="왈라키아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Վալախիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վալախիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vla%C5%A1ka_(pokrajina)" title="Vlaška (pokrajina) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vlaška (pokrajina)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valakia" title="Valakia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Valakia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wallachia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallak%C3%ADa" title="Vallakía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vallakía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valacchia" title="Valacchia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Valacchia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%94" title="ולאכיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ולאכיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ვლახეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვლახეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Валахия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Валахия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walax%C3%AEye" title="Walaxîye – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Walaxîye" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Валахия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Валахия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valachia" title="Valachia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Valachia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valahija" title="Valahija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valahija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valakija" title="Valakija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valakija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havasalf%C3%B6ld" title="Havasalföld – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Havasalföld" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Влашка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Влашка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ولاهيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ولاهيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wallachia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walachije" title="Walachije – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Walachije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2" title="ワラキア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワラキア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valakia" title="Valakia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Valakia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valakia" title="Valakia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Valakia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouallachie" title="Ouallachie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ouallachie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valaquia_(region)" title="Valaquia (region) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Valaquia (region)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valaxiya" title="Valaxiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Valaxiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="افلاق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="افلاق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo%C5%82oszczyzna" title="Wołoszczyzna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wołoszczyzna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A1quia" title="Valáquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Valáquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valahia" title="Valahia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Valahia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Валахия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Валахия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A0chia" title="Valàchia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Valàchia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachie" title="Wallachie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wallachie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vllahia_(Rumani)" title="Vllahia (Rumani) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vllahia (Rumani)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wallachia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vala%C5%A1sko_(Rumunsko)" title="Valašsko (Rumunsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Valašsko (Rumunsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Влашка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Влашка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vla%C5%A1ka" title="Vlaška – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vlaška" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valakia" title="Valakia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valakia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valakiet" title="Valakiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Valakiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="வலாச்சியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வலாச்சியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="วอลเลเกีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วอลเลเกีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eflak" title="Eflak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eflak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valahya" title="Valahya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Valahya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Валахія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Валахія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="افلاق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="افلاق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C5%82acia" title="Vałacia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vałacia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wallachia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Wallachia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E5%87%A0%E4%BA%9A" title="瓦拉几亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瓦拉几亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E6%8B%89%E8%8C%A8%E4%BA%9E" title="華拉茨亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="華拉茨亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E5%B9%BE%E4%BA%9E" title="瓦拉幾亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瓦拉幾亞" data-language-autonym="中文" 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