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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decentralized_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decentralized_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Decentralized finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decentralized_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partner_chains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partner_chains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Partner chains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partner_chains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fungible_tokens_(NFTs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fungible_tokens_(NFTs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Non-fungible tokens (NFTs)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fungible_tokens_(NFTs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status_and_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status_and_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal status and regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status_and_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="كاردانو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاردانو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano" title="Cardano – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cardano" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano_(moneda_digital)" title="Cardano (moneda digital) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cardano (moneda digital)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano" title="Cardano – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cardano" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="كاردانو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كاردانو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano_(Blockchainnetzwerk)" title="Cardano (Blockchainnetzwerk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cardano (Blockchainnetzwerk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano_(platvorm)" title="Cardano (platvorm) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Cardano (platvorm)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD)" title="Cardano (πλατφόρμα κρυπτονομισμάτων) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Cardano (πλατφόρμα κρυπτονομισμάτων)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano_(plataforma_de_cadena_de_bloques)" title="Cardano (plataforma de cadena de bloques) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cardano (plataforma de cadena de bloques)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_(%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2)" title="کاردانو (رمزارز) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاردانو (رمزارز)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano" title="Cardano – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cardano" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano" title="Cardano – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Cardano" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano" title="Cardano – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cardano" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano" title="Cardano – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cardano" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano_(criptovaluta)" title="Cardano (criptovaluta) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cardano (criptovaluta)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95" title="קרדאנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרדאנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano" title="Cardano – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Cardano" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano_(blokkl%C3%A1ncplatform)" title="Cardano (blokkláncplatform) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cardano (blokkláncplatform)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano" title="Cardano – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cardano" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano_(blockchainplatform)" title="Cardano (blockchainplatform) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cardano (blockchainplatform)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%8E_(%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3)" title="カルダノ (ブロックチェーン) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルダノ (ブロックチェーン)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano_(ADA)" title="Cardano (ADA) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cardano (ADA)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano" title="Cardano – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Cardano" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano_blockchain" title="Cardano blockchain – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cardano blockchain" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano_(criptomoeda)" title="Cardano (criptomoeda) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cardano (criptomoeda)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano_(platform%C4%83)" title="Cardano (platformă) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cardano (platformă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano" title="Cardano – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Cardano" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano_(platforma)" title="Cardano (platforma) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cardano (platforma)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano_(kriptovalutna_platforma)" title="Cardano (kriptovalutna platforma) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cardano (kriptovalutna platforma)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%86_(%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%86%DA%A9)" title="کاردانۆ (پلاتفۆرمی زنجیرەبلۆک) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاردانۆ (پلاتفۆرمی زنجیرەبلۆک)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Кардано (блокчејн платформа) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кардано (блокчејн платформа)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99" title="คาร์ดาโน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์ดาโน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano" title="Cardano – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Cardano" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano_(kripto_para_platformu)" title="Cardano (kripto para platformu) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cardano (kripto para platformu)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano" title="Cardano – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Cardano" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%BA_(%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0)" title="卡尔达诺 (区块链平台) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡尔达诺 (区块链平台)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Cardano</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardano_Logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cardano_Logo.jpg/252px-Cardano_Logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Cardano_Logo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="286" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: silver">Denominations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">ADA, <b>₳</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/input-output-hk/cardano-node">cardano-node</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subunits</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span></span></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Lovelace</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: silver">Development</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original author(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hoskinson" title="Charles Hoskinson">Charles Hoskinson</a> & Jeremy Wood</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">White paper</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whitepaper.io/document/581/cardano-whitepaper">Cardano whitepaper</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">27 September 2017<span class="noprint"> (7 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2017-09-27</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9.1.0 / 24 July 2024<span class="noprint"> (4 months ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-07-24</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Code repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://cardanoupdates.com/">https://cardanoupdates.com/</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Development status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cardano Foundation, IOHK, EMURGO</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: silver">Ledger</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Trusted_timestamping" title="Trusted timestamping">Timestamping scheme</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_stake" title="Proof of stake">Proof of stake</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Block time</th><td class="infobox-data">20 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Block explorer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adatools.io/">Adatools.io</a> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pooltool.io/realtime">Pooltool.io</a> </p> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardanoscan.io/">Cardanoscan.io</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Circulating supply</th><td class="infobox-data">36.365 billion <b>₳</b> (as of Nov. 2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Supply limit</th><td class="infobox-data">45 billion <b>₳</b><sup id="cite_ref-CardanoEU_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CardanoEU-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: silver">Valuation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">Exchange rate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Floating</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: silver">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official user(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">~3264 stake pools globally (as of Nov. 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: silver">Website</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardano.org">cardano<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background:#eee"><div style="text-align:left;">Uses <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cardano</b> is a public <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a> platform. It is <a href="/wiki/Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_computing" title="Decentralized computing">decentralized</a>, with consensus achieved using <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_stake" title="Proof of stake">proof of stake</a>. It can facilitate peer-to-peer transactions with its internal <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a>, <b>ADA</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cardano's development began in 2015, led by <a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hoskinson" title="Charles Hoskinson">Charles Hoskinson</a>. The project is overseen and supervised by the Cardano Foundation based in <a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Privacy-regulation_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Privacy-regulation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Luzerner_Zeitung_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luzerner_Zeitung-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When launched in 2017, it was the largest cryptocurrency to use a proof-of-stake blockchain, which is seen as a <a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">greener</a> alternative to <a href="/wiki/Proof-of-work" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof-of-work">proof-of-work</a> protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_-_Crypto_PO1_7525_(52475009129).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2022_-_Crypto_PO1_7525_%2852475009129%29.jpg/262px-2022_-_Crypto_PO1_7525_%2852475009129%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2022_-_Crypto_PO1_7525_%2852475009129%29.jpg/393px-2022_-_Crypto_PO1_7525_%2852475009129%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2022_-_Crypto_PO1_7525_%2852475009129%29.jpg/524px-2022_-_Crypto_PO1_7525_%2852475009129%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5163" data-file-height="3561" /></a><figcaption>Cardano co-founder <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hoskinson" title="Charles Hoskinson">Charles Hoskinson</a>. (2022, <a href="/wiki/Web_Summit" title="Web Summit">Web Summit</a>)</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>After leaving Ethereum in 2014 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hoskinson" title="Charles Hoskinson">Charles Hoskinson</a> and Jeremy Wood set out their plans for Cardano in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EthereumCo-founder_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EthereumCo-founder-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_Story_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes_Story-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoskinson had left Ethereum after a dispute with another co-founder, <a href="/wiki/Vitalik_Buterin" title="Vitalik Buterin">Vitalik Buterin</a>. Hoskinson wanted to accept <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> and create a company, while Buterin wanted to keep it as a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a>. Woods and Hoskinson co-founded the business IOHK to develop blockchains for use by corporations, governments, and education institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_Story_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes_Story-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cardano was initially released to the public in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-CardanoEU_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CardanoEU-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, IOHK partnered with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> to launch the Blockchain Technology Laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lab had six post-doctoral and professorial positions with up to 35 jobs created in total, and was led by <a href="/wiki/Aggelos_Kiayias" title="Aggelos Kiayias">Aggelos Kiayias</a>, developer of the <a href="/wiki/Ouroboros_(protocol)" title="Ouroboros (protocol)">Ouroboros protocol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ResearchLab2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResearchLab2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cardano reached a <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization#Cryptocurrencies" title="Market capitalization">market cap</a> of $77<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion in May 2021, which was the fourth highest for a cryptocurrency at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Market_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Market-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advertising agency MBLM ranked Cardano 26th for <a href="/wiki/Brand_relationship#Brand_intimacy" title="Brand relationship">brand intimacy</a> out of 600 brands in August 2022, in between Ford and Nestlé and the highest rank for a cryptocurrency. Citing an MBLM partner, advertising industry magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Age" title="Ad Age">Ad Age</a></i> said Cardano's high ranking "can likely be chalked up to the gambling element of crypto".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardano-cryptocurrency-platform-mind-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cardano-cryptocurrency-platform-mind-map.png/262px-Cardano-cryptocurrency-platform-mind-map.png" decoding="async" width="262" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cardano-cryptocurrency-platform-mind-map.png/393px-Cardano-cryptocurrency-platform-mind-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cardano-cryptocurrency-platform-mind-map.png/524px-Cardano-cryptocurrency-platform-mind-map.png 2x" data-file-width="6771" data-file-height="4111" /></a><figcaption>Mind map of Cardano technical overview, 2019</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3></div> <p>Cardano is controlled by three entities: </p> <ul><li><i>Cardano foundation</i> aims to standardize and promote the ecosystem (based in Switzerland).</li> <li><i>IOHK</i>: an engineering company responsible for building the Cardano blockchain.</li> <li><i>Emurgo</i>: responsible for commercial applications.<sup id="cite_ref-CardanoEU_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CardanoEU-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>As of 2021, Frederik Gregaard is known to be the CEO of the Cardano Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-prnewswire_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prnewswire-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The platform is named after Italian mathematician <a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano">Gerolamo Cardano</a>, while the cryptocurrency itself is named after the English mathematician <a href="/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Ada Lovelace</a>. The Ada sub-unit is the Lovelace; one Ada = 1,000,000 Lovelaces.<sup id="cite_ref-ada_lovelace_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ada_lovelace-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardano is focused on scientific research with universities.<sup id="cite_ref-CardanoEU_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CardanoEU-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-believers_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-believers-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_design">Technical design</h3></div> <p>Atypically, Cardano does not have a <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white paper</a>. Instead, it uses design principles intended to overcome issues – such as scalability, interoperability, and a lack of regulatory compliance – faced by earlier cryptocurrencies.<sup id="cite_ref-Deloitte_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deloitte-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardano claims that it overcomes problems found in other cryptocurrencies, mainly that <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a> is too slow and inflexible and that Ethereum is not safe or scalable.<sup id="cite_ref-CardanoGeneral_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CardanoGeneral-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Bitcoin, Cardano uses a <a href="/wiki/Unspent_transaction_output" title="Unspent transaction output">UTXO</a> ledger model, though it is an extended version (EUTXO)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Smart_contract" title="Smart contract">smart contracts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marlowe_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marlowe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cardano uses a <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_stake" title="Proof of stake">proof-of-stake</a> (PoS) protocol named <a href="/wiki/Ouroboros_(protocol)" title="Ouroboros (protocol)">Ouroboros</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a> and Ethereum, which used <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_work" title="Proof of work">proof-of-work</a> protocols (though the latter switched over in 2022).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proof-of-stake blockchains use far less energy than proof-of-work chains.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is achieved by eliminating the computing resources that a proof-of-work algorithm requires. In February 2021, Hoskinson estimated the Cardano network used 6<span class="nowrap"> </span>GWh annually, less than 0.01% of the 110.53 TWh used by the Bitcoin network as calculated by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNBC_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNBC-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CardanoEU_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CardanoEU-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epochs_Cardano.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Epochs_Cardano.png" decoding="async" width="642" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="112" /></a><figcaption><i>Figure 1</i>: Epoch schedule for the Cardano blockchain. In Ouroboros, time is divided into slots of roughly 20 seconds, with epochs (aggregations of slots) lasting approximately 5 days.<sup id="cite_ref-Epoch_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epoch-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bern_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Within the Cardano platform, Ada exists on the settlement layer. This layer keeps track of transactions. The second layer is the computation layer and is designed to be similar to <a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a>, enabling smart contracts and applications to run on the platform.<sup id="cite_ref-CardanoGeneral_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CardanoGeneral-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other cryptocurrencies, Ada (ADA) can be stored on a digital wallet. Cardano's native digital wallet is named "Daedalus".<sup id="cite_ref-CardanoEU_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CardanoEU-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Daedalus wallet downloads a full copy of the entire transaction history of the Cardano blockchain. Wallet users face the risk of losing access to funds if the wallet's <a href="/wiki/Seed_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed phrase">seed phrase</a> is lost or stolen. </p><p>Development phases of Cardano, or "eras", are named after notable figures in poetry and computer science: <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goguen" title="Joseph Goguen">Goguen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matsuo_Bash%C5%8D" title="Matsuo Bashō">Basho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>. The first three stages implemented a basic blockchain, and then implemented decentralisation and smart contracts. The Basho era focuses on scaling the blockchain.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voltaire, the final era, adds voting and treasury management functionality to the blockchain.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once Voltaire is complete IOHK has said it plans to release the development of the network entirely to the community. The "Cardano improvement proposal" CIP-1694 is the first step towards "on-chain" governance. It intends to allow ADA token holders to create proposals that may be voted upon by the community and, if successful, implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with other proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies, Cardano offers "staking", which allows token holders to set-aside (delegate) tokens to potentially "validate" transactions on the same blockchain <i>(Figure 1)</i>. The quantity of tokens staked corresponds with the likelihood of being chosen to validate a transaction, and thus be rewarded by the algorithm with more of the same token.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SEC_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardano's Daedalus wallet allows for staking. For Cardano, users participate in "staking pools" with other token-holders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Consensus_2022,_Cardano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Consensus_2022%2C_Cardano.jpg/262px-Consensus_2022%2C_Cardano.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Consensus_2022%2C_Cardano.jpg/393px-Consensus_2022%2C_Cardano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Consensus_2022%2C_Cardano.jpg/524px-Consensus_2022%2C_Cardano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption>People in Consensus conference, 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>Applications of the Cardano blockchain include: </p> <ul><li>In 2018, IOHK signed a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ethiopia" title="Government of Ethiopia">government of Ethiopia</a> to consider the use of Cardano in its coffee supply chain.<sup id="cite_ref-nikkei_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nikkei-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The partnership with the Ethiopian government also investigate other ways to deploy Cardano in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2019, the Ministry of Education in the country of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> signed a memorandum of understanding with the <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Tbilisi" title="Free University of Tbilisi">Free University of Tbilisi</a> to use Cardano and Atala, IOHK's decentralized identity software, to build a credential verification system for Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2019, <a href="/wiki/New_Balance" title="New Balance">New Balance</a> announced a pilot program on the Cardano blockchain so buyers could track the authenticity of OMN1S <a href="/wiki/Kawhi_Leonard" title="Kawhi Leonard">Kawhi Leonard</a> basketball shoes.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In April 2021, IOHK and the Ethiopia <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Ethiopia)" title="Ministry of Education (Ethiopia)">Ministry of Education</a> announced plans for an identity and record-keeping system on Cardano and Atala for the country's five million school pupils.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2021, Hoskinson began working with electronic dance music DJ <a href="/wiki/Paul_Oakenfold" title="Paul Oakenfold">Paul Oakenfold</a> to release an album, <i>Zombie Lobster</i>, on the Cardano blockchain.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2021, IOHK and <a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a> announced a collaboration to investigate the use of <a href="/wiki/Distributed_ledger" title="Distributed ledger">distributed ledger</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Cardano blockchain was cited in <i><a href="/wiki/Quartz_(publication)" title="Quartz (publication)">Quartz</a></i> as having the potential to help citizens in <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> get digital IDs.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>World Mobile Token (WMT), a project built on Cardano, offers remote mobile network access in Africa with approximately 150 nodes in East Africa (2022). <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cuban" title="Mark Cuban">Mark Cuban</a> is cited as being skeptical about the project and Cardano adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2023, a Ghanaian startup named "Mazzuma" received funding from the Adaverse, a Cardano ecosystem accelerator. MassumaGPT aims to use AI in its contract creation platform.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decentralized_finance">Decentralized finance</h3></div> <p>Cardano implemented <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_finance" title="Decentralized finance">decentralized finance</a> (DeFi) services on September 12, 2021, including an upgrade to enable <a href="/wiki/Smart_contract" title="Smart contract">smart contracts</a> and the ability to build <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_application" title="Decentralized application">decentralized applications</a> (DApps).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also included is Plutus, a smart contract language written in <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>, and Marlowe, a <a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">domain-specific language</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Thompson_(professor)" title="Simon Thompson (professor)">Simon Thompson</a> for non-programmers in the financial sector.<sup id="cite_ref-Marlowe_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marlowe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SingleCodeBase_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SingleCodeBase-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Crowdfund Insider doesn't appear to be a reliable outlet. (September 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partner_chains">Partner chains</h3></div> <p>In November 2023 Cardano began introducing <a href="/wiki/Sidechain_(ledger)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidechain (ledger)">sidechains</a>, referred to by the project as "partner chains". Sidechains are intended to perform off-chain computations, known as <a href="/wiki/Smart_contract" title="Smart contract">smart contracts</a>, while using the Cardano network for <a href="/wiki/Settlement_(finance)" title="Settlement (finance)">settlement</a>. The first example of such a chain, named "Midnight", will make use of the <a href="/wiki/Polkadot_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polkadot (cryptocurrency)">Polkadot</a> framework in combination with Cardano.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This source appears unreliable and mostly repeates Cardano's PR. If this is significant, a reliable, independent source should explain why it is. (November 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fungible_tokens_(NFTs)"><span id="Non-fungible_tokens_.28NFTs.29"></span>Non-fungible tokens (NFTs)</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token">Non-fungible token</a></div> <p>Cardano also enables creating non-fungible tokens (NFTs). <a href="/wiki/Snoop_Dogg" title="Snoop Dogg">Snoop Dogg</a> released several thousand NFTs in a project named "Baked Nation" for the Cardano chain in April 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023 a digital artist from the UK sold 7,200 individual works of humanoid deer for almost £500,000 on Cardano.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status_and_regulation">Legal status and regulation</h2></div> <p>In 2023, the Securities and Exchange Commission (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">SEC</a>), a US regulator, issued a complaint against the cryptocurrency exchange <a href="/wiki/Kraken_(company)" title="Kraken (company)">Kraken</a> for offering unregistered securities (in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act</a>) and promising returns on investment for staking in multiple proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies, including Cardano.<sup id="cite_ref-SEC_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without any admission of wrongdoing, Kraken agreed to pay a fine of $30 million and halt its staking program in response.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SEC_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2023, the SEC sued <a href="/wiki/Binance" title="Binance">Binance</a>. Among the allegations was that Cardano was a security and so the cryptocurrency exchange was trading illegally in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IOG responded that the filing was inaccurate and that Ada was not a security.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robinhood_Markets" title="Robinhood Markets">Robinhood Markets</a> said it would remove Cardano and two other proof of stake coins from its platform.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ada price fell from $0.38 to $0.26 in a day on the <a href="/wiki/Wilshire_Associates" title="Wilshire Associates">FT Wilshire index</a>. Both the <i>Wall Street Journal</i> and <i>The Times</i> linked a fall in the price of Cardano – 19 per cent in June – and a slide for other major coins to the SEC's actions.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/input-output-hk/cardano-sl/releases/tag/v1.0.1">"Releases - input-output-hk/cardano-sl"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>. <q>Cardano, backed by the Zug, Switzerland-based Cardano Foundation, is a decentralized public blockchain that aims to protect user privacy, while also allowing for regulation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+L.P.&rft.atitle=Bitcoin%27s+Smaller+Cousins&rft.date=2017-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017-12-20%2Fbaby-altcoins-leading-crypto-rally-as-bitcoin-goes-mainstream&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardano+%28blockchain+platform%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luzerner_Zeitung-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luzerner_Zeitung_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.luzernerzeitung.ch/wirtschaft/zug-ex-tezos-mann-geht-zu-cardano-ld.84805">"ZUG: Ex-Tezos-Mann geht zu Cardano"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Luzerner_Zeitung" title="Luzerner Zeitung">Luzerner Zeitung</a></i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Luzerner_Zeitung" title="Luzerner Zeitung">Luzerner Zeitung</a>. 20 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=What+is+Cardano%3F+The+%27green%27+crypto+that+hopes+to+surpass+the+tech+giants&rft.date=2021-05-18&rft.aulast=Cuthbertson&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fgadgets-and-tech%2Fcardano-crypto-bitcoin-elon-musk-b1849021.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardano+%28blockchain+platform%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiller2021" class="citation web cs1">Stiller, Akos (25 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/cryptocurrency-goes-green-proof-stake-offer-solution-energy-concerns-rcna1030">"Cryptocurrency goes green: Could 'proof of stake' offer a solution to energy concerns?"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220202185222/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/cryptocurrency-goes-green-proof-stake-offer-solution-energy-concerns-rcna1030">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ad+Age&rft.atitle=Crypto+brands+perform+surprisingly+well+in+brand+intimacy+report&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft.aulast=Hiken&rft.aufirst=Asa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadage.com%2Farticle%2Fdigital-marketing-ad-tech-news%2Fhow-crypto-brands-fared-brand-intimacy-report-2022%2F2426616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardano+%28blockchain+platform%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prnewswire-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prnewswire_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2021-09-28/cardano-unveils-multiple-strategic-partnerships-at-the-cardano-summit-2021-pioneering-use-cases-across-climate-restoration">"Cardano Unveils Multiple Strategic Partnerships at the Cardano Summit 2021, Pioneering Use Cases across Climate Restoration"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PRNewswire" class="mw-redirect" title="PRNewswire">PRNewswire</a></i> (Press release). 28 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cardano+Unveils+Multiple+Strategic+Partnerships+at+the+Cardano+Summit+2021%2C+Pioneering+Use+Cases+across+Climate+Restoration&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fpress-releases%2F2021-09-28%2Fcardano-unveils-multiple-strategic-partnerships-at-the-cardano-summit-2021-pioneering-use-cases-across-climate-restoration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardano+%28blockchain+platform%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ada_lovelace-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ada_lovelace_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardano.org/what-is-ada/">"What is Ada?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Ada%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcardano.org%2Fwhat-is-ada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardano+%28blockchain+platform%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-believers-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-believers_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219171156/https://www.ft.com/content/a12d7476-bc6a-11e6-8b45-b8b81dd5d080">"Blockchain believers hold fast to a utopian vision"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. 27 January 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/a12d7476-bc6a-11e6-8b45-b8b81dd5d080">the original</a> on 19 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Blockchain+believers+hold+fast+to+a+utopian+vision&rft.date=2017-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fa12d7476-bc6a-11e6-8b45-b8b81dd5d080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardano+%28blockchain+platform%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deloitte-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deloitte_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/it/Documents/financial-services/Deloitte_Blockchain_galaxy.pdf">"The Blockchain Galaxy A comprehensive research on distributed ledger technologies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deloitte" title="Deloitte">Deloitte</a></i>. 6 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>The distinctive feature of Cardano is its "research-first" approach to design.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deloitte&rft.atitle=The+Blockchain+Galaxy+A+comprehensive+research+on+distributed+ledger+technologies&rft.date=2020-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.deloitte.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FDeloitte%2Fit%2FDocuments%2Ffinancial-services%2FDeloitte_Blockchain_galaxy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardano+%28blockchain+platform%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CardanoGeneral-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CardanoGeneral_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CardanoGeneral_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mashable.com/2018/02/24/cardano-hoskinson-interview/?europe=true#M7WXfcgYIkq2">"Cardano: a rising cryptocurrency"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a></i>. 24 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>. <q>Cardano claims it will solve most of the issues that plague well-established cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mashable&rft.atitle=Cardano%3A+a+rising+cryptocurrency&rft.date=2018-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2018%2F02%2F24%2Fcardano-hoskinson-interview%2F%3Feurope%3Dtrue%23M7WXfcgYIkq2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardano+%28blockchain+platform%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravartyChapmanMacKenzieMelkonian2020" class="citation book cs1">Chakravarty, Manuel M. T.; Chapman, James; MacKenzie, Kenneth; Melkonian, Orestis; Peyton Jones, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Wadler" title="Philip Wadler">Wadler, Philip</a> (2020). Bernhard, Matthew; Bracciali, Andrea; Camp, L. Jean; Matsuo, Shin'ichiro; Maurushat, Alana; Rønne, Peter B.; Sala, Massimiliano (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-54455-3_37"><i>The Extended UTXO Model</i></a>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 525–539. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-54455-3_37">10.1007/978-3-030-54455-3_37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-54455-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-54455-3"><bdi>978-3-030-54455-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extended+UTXO+Model&rft.place=Cham&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=525-539&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-54455-3_37&rft.isbn=978-3-030-54455-3&rft.aulast=Chakravarty&rft.aufirst=Manuel+M.+T.&rft.au=Chapman%2C+James&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+Kenneth&rft.au=Melkonian%2C+Orestis&rft.au=Peyton+Jones%2C+Michael&rft.au=Wadler%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-54455-3_37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardano+%28blockchain+platform%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrünjesGabbay2020" class="citation book cs1">Brünjes, Lars; Gabbay, Murdoch J. (2020). Margaria, Tiziana; Steffen, Bernhard (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-61467-6_6"><i>UTxO- vs Account-Based Smart Contract Blockchain Programming Paradigms</i></a>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=SEC+Says+Binance+Misused+Customer+Funds%2C+Ran+Illegal+Crypto+Exchange+in+U.S.&rft.date=2023-06-05&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.au=Ostroff%2C+Caitlin&rft.au=Kowsmann%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fsec-sues-crypto-exchange-binance-over-u-s-rule-violations-6918ed0f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardano+%28blockchain+platform%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2023" class="citation web cs1">Anon (7 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iohk.io/en/blog/posts/2023/06/07/iog-response-to-the-recent-sec-filings/">"IOG response to the recent SEC filings"</a>. <i>iohk.io</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230704112825/https://iohk.io/en/blog/posts/2023/06/07/iog-response-to-the-recent-sec-filings/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iohk.io&rft.atitle=IOG+response+to+the+recent+SEC+filings&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiohk.io%2Fen%2Fblog%2Fposts%2F2023%2F06%2F07%2Fiog-response-to-the-recent-sec-filings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardano+%28blockchain+platform%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattackal2023" class="citation news cs1">Mattackal, Lisa Pauline (13 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/cryptoverse-security-alert-altcoins-worth-100-billion-dropped-hot-water-2023-06-13/">"Cryptoverse: Security alert! Altcoins worth $100 billion dropped in hot water"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Cryptoverse%3A+Security+alert%21+Altcoins+worth+%24100+billion+dropped+in+hot+water&rft.date=2023-06-13&rft.aulast=Mattackal&rft.aufirst=Lisa+Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Ftechnology%2Fcryptoverse-security-alert-altcoins-worth-100-billion-dropped-hot-water-2023-06-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardano+%28blockchain+platform%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2023" class="citation news cs1">Huang, Vicky Ge (5 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/stock-market-today-dow-jones-06-05-2023/card/crypto-prices-plummet-after-sec-sues-binance-ObwMCh0dWdKC93JxCM0k">"Crypto Prices Slide After SEC Sues Binance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605174723/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/stock-market-today-dow-jones-06-05-2023/card/crypto-prices-plummet-after-sec-sues-binance-ObwMCh0dWdKC93JxCM0k">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Everything+you+need+to+know+about+crypto&rft.date=2023-06-24&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft.aulast=Russell-Jones&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Feverything-you-need-to-know-about-crypto-ndfqck3kb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardano+%28blockchain+platform%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cardano.org/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47273538#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">Cryptographic hash function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_finance#Decentralized_exchanges" title="Decentralized finance">Decentralized exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_finance" title="Decentralized finance">Decentralized finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_ledger" title="Distributed ledger">Distributed ledger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(blockchain)" title="Fork (blockchain)">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_Network" title="Lightning Network">Lightning Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetaMask" title="MetaMask">MetaMask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token">Non-fungible token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_contract" title="Smart contract">Smart contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web3" title="Web3">Web3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Consensus_(computer_science)" title="Consensus (computer science)">Consensus</a> mechanisms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_authority" title="Proof of authority">Proof of authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_space" title="Proof of space">Proof of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_stake" title="Proof of stake">Proof of stake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_work" title="Proof of work">Proof of work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_work" title="Proof of work">Proof of work</a> currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SHA-2" title="SHA-2">SHA-256</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_Cash" title="Bitcoin Cash">Bitcoin Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterparty_(platform)" title="Counterparty (platform)">Counterparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBRY" title="LBRY">LBRY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MazaCoin" title="MazaCoin">MazaCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namecoin" title="Namecoin">Namecoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peercoin" title="Peercoin">Peercoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titcoin" title="Titcoin">Titcoin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethash</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a> (1.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethereum_Classic" title="Ethereum Classic">Ethereum Classic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scrypt" title="Scrypt">Scrypt</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auroracoin" title="Auroracoin">Auroracoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitconnect" title="Bitconnect">Bitconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinye" title="Coinye">Coinye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogecoin" title="Dogecoin">Dogecoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litecoin" title="Litecoin">Litecoin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equihash" title="Equihash">Equihash</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_Gold" title="Bitcoin Gold">Bitcoin Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zcash" title="Zcash">Zcash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">RandomX-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monero" title="Monero">Monero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dash_(cryptocurrency)#X11" title="Dash (cryptocurrency)">X11</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dash_(cryptocurrency)" title="Dash (cryptocurrency)">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petro (cryptocurrency)">Petro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmbaCoin" title="AmbaCoin">AmbaCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firo_(cryptocurrency)" title="Firo (cryptocurrency)">Firo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOTA_(technology)" title="IOTA (technology)">IOTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervos_Network" title="Nervos Network">Nervos Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primecoin" title="Primecoin">Primecoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verge_(cryptocurrency)" title="Verge (cryptocurrency)">Verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertcoin" title="Vertcoin">Vertcoin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_stake" title="Proof of stake">Proof of stake</a> currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorand" title="Algorand">Algorand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_(blockchain_platform)" title="Avalanche (blockchain platform)">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cardano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS.IO" title="EOS.IO">EOS.IO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a> (2.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridcoin" title="Gridcoin">Gridcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injective_(blockchain)" title="Injective (blockchain)">Injective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kin (cryptocurrency)">Kin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nxt" title="Nxt">Nxt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peercoin" title="Peercoin">Peercoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polkadot_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polkadot (cryptocurrency)">Polkadot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solana_(blockchain_platform)" title="Solana (blockchain platform)">Solana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steemit" title="Steemit">Steem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezos" title="Tezos">Tezos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Network" title="The Open Network">TON</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ERC-20" class="mw-redirect" title="ERC-20">ERC-20</a> tokens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augur_(software)" title="Augur (software)">Augur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventus_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Aventus Protocol">Aventus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)#Basic_Attention_Token" title="Brave (web browser)">Basic Attention Token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainlink_(blockchain)" title="Chainlink (blockchain)">Chainlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kin (cryptocurrency)">Kin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KodakCoin" title="KodakCoin">KodakCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minds_(social_network)" title="Minds (social network)">Minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygon_(blockchain)" title="Polygon (blockchain)">Polygon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiba_Inu_(cryptocurrency)" title="Shiba Inu (cryptocurrency)">Shiba Inu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_DAO_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="The DAO (organization)">The DAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tron_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tron (cryptocurrency)">TRON</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stablecoin" title="Stablecoin">Stablecoins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(cryptocurrency)" title="Dai (cryptocurrency)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diem_(digital_currency)" title="Diem (digital currency)">Diem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paxos_Trust_Company#Paxos_Standard" title="Paxos Trust Company">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(blockchain)" title="Terra (blockchain)">Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tether_(cryptocurrency)" title="Tether (cryptocurrency)">Tether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USD_Coin" title="USD Coin">USD Coin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chia_(cryptocurrency)" title="Chia (cryptocurrency)">Chia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filecoin" title="Filecoin">Filecoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashgraph" title="Hashgraph">HBAR (Hashgraph)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_Network" title="Helium Network">Helium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(blockchain)" title="Terra (blockchain)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobileCoin" title="MobileCoin">MobileCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano_(cryptocurrency)" title="Nano (cryptocurrency)">Nano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEO_(cryptocurrency)" title="NEO (cryptocurrency)">NEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SafeMoon" title="SafeMoon">SafeMoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_(payment_network)" title="Stellar (payment network)">Stellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhopperCoin" title="WhopperCoin">WhopperCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XRP_Ledger" title="XRP Ledger">XRP Ledger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies#Inactive_currencies" title="List of cryptocurrencies">Inactive currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitconnect" title="Bitconnect">BitConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinye" title="Coinye">Coinye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KodakCoin" title="KodakCoin">KodakCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneCoin" title="OneCoin">OneCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petro (cryptocurrency)">Petro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crypto service companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperledger" title="Hyperledger">Hyperledger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IQ.Wiki" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ.Wiki">IQ.Wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quahl" title="Quahl">Initiative Q</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop_(cryptocurrency)" title="Airdrop (cryptocurrency)">Airdrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitLicense" title="BitLicense">BitLicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockchain_game" title="Blockchain game">Blockchain game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_currency" title="Complementary currency">Complementary currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_bubble" title="Cryptocurrency bubble">Cryptocurrency bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_in_Nigeria" title="Cryptocurrency in Nigeria">Cryptocurrency in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cryptocurrency_scams" title="Category:Cryptocurrency scams">Cryptocurrency scams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">Digital currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_autonomous_organization" title="Decentralized autonomous organization">Decentralized autonomous organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_application" title="Decentralized application">Decentralized application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_ledger_technology_law" title="Distributed ledger technology law">Distributed ledger technology law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-spending" title="Double-spending">Double-spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cryptocurrencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of cryptocurrencies">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_coin_offering" title="Initial coin offering">Initial coin offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_exchange_offering" title="Initial exchange offering">Initial exchange offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies" title="List of cryptocurrencies">List of cryptocurrencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_money" title="Token money">Token money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_currency" title="Virtual currency">Virtual currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Cryptocurrencies" title="Category:Cryptocurrencies">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cryptocurrency" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cryptocurrency">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies" title="List of cryptocurrencies">List</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Haskell_programming" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Haskell_programming" title="Template:Haskell programming"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Haskell_programming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template 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features">features</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generic_programming#Generic_Haskell" title="Generic programming">Generic Haskell</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler" title="Glasgow Haskell Compiler">Glasgow Haskell Compiler</a>° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template_Haskell" title="Template Haskell">Template Haskell</a>°</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gofer_(programming_language)" title="Gofer (programming language)">Gofer</a></i>° → <a href="/wiki/Hugs_(interpreter)" title="Hugs (interpreter)">Hugs</a>°</li> <li><i>York Haskell Compiler</i>° (<i><a href="/wiki/Yhc" title="Yhc">Yhc</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agda_(programming_language)" title="Agda (programming language)">Agda</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Haskell" title="Concurrent Haskell">Concurrent Haskell</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptol" title="Cryptol">Cryptol</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_(programming_language)" title="Curry (programming language)">Curry</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_(programming_language)" title="Elm (programming language)">Elm</a>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hume_(programming_language)" title="Hume (programming language)">Hume</a></i>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(programming_language)" title="Idris (programming language)">Idris</a>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CE%A9mega" title="Ωmega">Ωmega</a></i>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orwell_(programming_language)" title="Orwell (programming language)">Orwell</a></i>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pugs_(compiler)" title="Pugs (compiler)">Pugs</a></i>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TidalCycles" title="TidalCycles">TidalCycles</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(programming_language)" title="Ur (programming language)">Ur</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(programming_language)" title="Atom (programming language)">Atom</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluespec" title="Bluespec">Bluespec</a> <a href="/wiki/SystemVerilog" title="SystemVerilog">SystemVerilog</a> (BSV)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haskell_Platform" title="Haskell Platform">Haskell Platform</a></i>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_(parser)" title="Parsec (parser)">Parsec</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickCheck" title="QuickCheck">QuickCheck</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package managers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabal_(software)" title="Cabal (software)">Cabal</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(Haskell)" title="Stack (Haskell)">Stack</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">Windowing systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fudgets" title="Fudgets">Fudgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WxHaskell" title="WxHaskell">wxHaskell</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmonad" title="Xmonad">xmonad</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">Web frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Servant_(web_framework)" title="Servant (web framework)">Servant</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_(web_framework)" title="Snap (web framework)">Snap</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesod_(web_framework)" title="Yesod (web framework)">Yesod</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cardano</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darcs" title="Darcs">Darcs</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganeti" title="Ganeti">Ganeti</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Git-annex" title="Git-annex">git-annex</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock_(software)" title="Haddock (software)">Haddock</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HaXml" title="HaXml">HaXml</a>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/House_(operating_system)" title="House (operating system)">House</a></i>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Haskell" title="Liquid Haskell">Liquid Haskell</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOLITA" title="LOLITA">LOLITA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandoc" title="Pandoc">Pandoc</a>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradox_(theorem_prover)" title="Paradox (theorem prover)">Paradox</a></i>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQream_DB" title="SQream DB">SQream DB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg/100px-Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg/150px-Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg/200px-Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="80" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Book</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_World_Haskell" title="Real World Haskell">Real World Haskell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eponym" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponym</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskell_Curry" title="Haskell Curry">Haskell Curry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_(computer_scientist)" title="Arvind (computer scientist)">Arvind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Augustsson" title="Lennart Augustsson">Lennart Augustsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bird_(computer_scientist)" title="Richard Bird (computer scientist)">Richard Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Gibbons" title="Jeremy Gibbons">Jeremy Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_D._Gordon" title="Andrew D. Gordon">Andrew D. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hudak" title="Paul Hudak">Paul Hudak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hughes_(computer_scientist)" title="John Hughes (computer scientist)">John Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Launchbury" title="John Launchbury">John Launchbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacFarlane_(philosopher)" title="John MacFarlane (philosopher)">John MacFarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Marlow" title="Simon Marlow">Simon Marlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conor_McBride" title="Conor McBride">Conor McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Meijer_(computer_scientist)" title="Erik Meijer (computer scientist)">Erik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Peyton_Jones" title="Simon Peyton Jones">Simon Peyton Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Roundy" title="David Roundy">David Roundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Stoy" title="Joe Stoy">Joe Stoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Tang" title="Audrey Tang">Audrey Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thompson_(professor)" title="Simon Thompson (professor)">Simon Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Wadler" title="Philip Wadler">Philip Wadler</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> <b>= discontinued</b> <li><b>° = <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></b><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_book_class2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia book"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Haskell" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Haskell">Book</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Haskell_programming_language_family" title="Category:Haskell programming language family">Category:Family</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Haskell_software" title="Category:Haskell software">Category:Software</a></b></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/29px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/38px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/21px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/42px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/19px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/29px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/38px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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