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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the minefield laid in World War I, see <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Mine_Barrage" title="North Sea Mine Barrage">North Sea Mine Barrage</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwegian_Sea_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img 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Campaign"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Atlantic_Campaign" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Atlantic Campaign"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Atlantic_Campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Atlantic Campaign"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atlantic_campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic"><span class="wrap">Atlantic campaign</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caribbean" title="Battle of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_St._Lawrence" title="Battle of the St. Lawrence">St. Lawrence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northern Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Blockade of Germany (1939–1945)">Blockade of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a><hr /></li></ul> <p><b>1939</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate" title="Battle of the River Plate">River Plate</a></li></ul> <p><b>1940</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_47" title="Convoy HX 47">HX 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_49" title="Convoy HX 49">HX 49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Happy_Time" title="First Happy Time">1st Happy Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_65" title="Convoy HX 65">HX 65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_2" title="Convoy SC 2">SC 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_72" title="Convoy HX 72">HX 72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_7" title="Convoy SC 7">SC 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_79" title="Convoy HX 79">HX 79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_84" title="Convoy HX 84">HX 84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nordseetour" title="Operation Nordseetour"><i>Nordseetour</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_90" title="Convoy HX 90">HX 90</a></li></ul> <p><b>1941</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_19" title="Convoy SC 19">SC 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_20" title="Convoy SC 20">SC 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Berlin_(Atlantic)" title="Operation Berlin (Atlantic)"><i>Berlin</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_106" title="Convoy HX 106">HX 106</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HG_53" title="Convoy HG 53">HG 53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_OB_293" title="Convoy OB 293">OB 293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_112" title="Convoy HX 112">HX 112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_4_April_1941" title="Action of 4 April 1941">4 April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_OB_318" title="Convoy OB 318">OB 318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_126" title="Convoy HX 126">HX 126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rhein%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Rheinübung"><i>Rheinübung</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Denmark_Strait" title="Battle of the Denmark Strait">Denmark Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_battle_of_Bismarck" title="Last battle of Bismarck"><i>Bismarck</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_133" title="Convoy HX 133">HX 133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_OG_69" title="Convoy OG 69">OG 69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_OG_71" title="Convoy OG 71">OG 71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_42" title="Convoy SC 42">SC 42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HG_73" title="Convoy HG 73">HG 73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_48" title="Convoy SC 48">SC 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_156" title="Convoy HX 156">HX 156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HG_76" title="Convoy HG 76">HG 76</a></li></ul> <p><b>1942</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Postmaster" title="Operation Postmaster"><i>Postmaster</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Happy_Time" title="Second Happy Time">2nd Happy Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Alley" title="Torpedo Alley">Torpedo Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_67" title="Convoy SC 67">SC 67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Neuland" title="Operation Neuland"><i>Neuland</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ON_67" class="mw-redirect" title="ON 67">ON 67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_27_March_1942" title="Action of 27 March 1942">27 March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_OG_82" title="Convoy OG 82">OG 82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Connecticut_(1938)" title="SS Connecticut (1938)"><i>Connecticut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_92" title="Convoy ON 92">ON 92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_6_June_1942" title="Action of 6 June 1942">6 June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HG_84" title="Convoy HG 84">HG 84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SL_78" title="Convoy SL 78">SL 78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_QS-15" title="Convoy QS-15">QS 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_113" title="Convoy ON 113">ON 113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_115" title="Convoy ON 115">ON 115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_94" title="Convoy SC 94">SC 94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_122" title="Convoy ON 122">ON 122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bell_Island" title="Battle of Bell Island">Bell Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_QS-33" title="Convoy QS-33">QS 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_127" title="Convoy ON 127">ON 127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laconia_incident" title="Laconia incident"><i>Laconia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SQ-36" title="Convoy SQ-36">SQ 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_100" title="Convoy SC 100">SC 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Stephen_Hopkins#Action_of_27_September_1942" title="SS Stephen Hopkins">27 September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_SG-6/LN-6" title="Convoys SG-6/LN-6">SG 6/LN 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_104" title="Convoy SC 104">SC 104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_212" title="Convoy HX 212">HX 212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SL_125" title="Convoy SL 125">SL 125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_107" title="Convoy SC 107">SC 107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_144" title="Convoy ON 144">ON 144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_153" title="Convoy ON 153">ON 153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_154" title="Convoy ON 154">ON 154</a></li></ul> <p><b>1943</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_TM_1" title="Convoy TM 1">TM 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Dorchester#Loss" title="SS Dorchester">SG 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_118" title="Convoy SC 118">SC 118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_166" title="Convoy ON 166">ON 166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CU_convoys" title="CU convoys">UC 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_121" title="Convoy SC 121">SC 121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_228" title="Convoy HX 228">HX 228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UG_convoys" title="UG convoys">UGS 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_HX_229/SC_122" title="Convoys HX 229/SC 122">HX 229/SC 122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_231" title="Convoy HX 231">HX 231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ONS_5" title="Convoy ONS 5">ONS 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_237" title="Convoy HX 237">HX 237</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_129" title="Convoy SC 129">SC 129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_130" title="Convoy SC 130">SC 130</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_Faith" title="Convoy Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_ONS_18/ON_202" title="Convoys ONS 18/ON 202">ONS 18/ON 202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_143" title="Convoy SC 143">SC 143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_ONS_20/ON_206" title="Convoys ONS 20/ON 206">ONS 20/ON 206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sept-%C3%8Eles" title="Battle of Sept-Îles">Sept-Îles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_207" title="Convoy ON 207">ON 207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SL_138/MKS_28" title="Convoy SL 138/MKS 28">SL 138/MKS 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SL_139/MKS_30" title="Convoy SL 139/MKS 30">SL 139/MKS 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SL_140/MKS_31" title="Convoy SL 140/MKS 31">SL 140/MKS 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stonewall" title="Operation Stonewall"><i>Stonewall</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bay_of_Biscay" title="Battle of the Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1944</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Tiger" title="Exercise Tiger">Lyme Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_26_April_1944" title="Action of 26 April 1944">26 April 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-505#Twelfth_patrol_and_capture" title="German submarine U-505">Capture of <i>U-505</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_300" title="Convoy HX 300">HX 300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_L%C3%A9opoldville_(1929)#Sinking" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Léopoldville (1929)">WEP 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BX_convoys" title="BX convoys">BX 141</a></li></ul> <p><b>1945</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Teardrop" title="Operation Teardrop"><i>Teardrop</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Point_Judith" title="Battle of Point Judith">Point Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_of_5%E2%80%936_May_1945" title="Actions of 5–6 May 1945">5–6 May 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_of_7%E2%80%938_May_1945" title="Actions of 7–8 May 1945">7–8 May 1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A9986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A9986.jpg/300px-The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A9986.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A9986.jpg/450px-The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A9986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A9986.jpg/600px-The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A9986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Minelayer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Southern_Prince" title="HMS Southern Prince"><i>Southern Prince</i></a> was <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> of the first Minelaying Squadron.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Scott_FL18808.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/HMS_Scott_FL18808.jpg/300px-HMS_Scott_FL18808.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/HMS_Scott_FL18808.jpg/450px-HMS_Scott_FL18808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/HMS_Scott_FL18808.jpg/600px-HMS_Scott_FL18808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Scott_(J79)" title="HMS Scott (J79)">HMS <i>Scott</i></a> did much of the survey work to locate the Northern Barrage.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Northern Barrage</b> was the name given to minefields laid by the British during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to restrict German access to the Atlantic Ocean. The barrage stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> and on toward <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>. Mines were also laid in the <a href="/wiki/Denmark_Strait" title="Denmark Strait">Denmark Strait</a>, north of Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naval-history.net-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept">Concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Barrage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The objective of a defensive minefield is to restrict movement of enemy ships into areas used by friendly shipping. The assumed presence of a minefield may have a morale effect of assumed risk in addition to actually damaging ships attempting to cross the field. In July 1939, before World War II had begun, the possibility of a Northern Barrage between the <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkney Islands">Orkney Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (similar to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Mine_Barrage" title="North Sea Mine Barrage">North Sea Mine Barrage</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>) had been considered. Other alternatives were investigated after the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Norway_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany">occupation of Norway</a> by the Germans in April 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naval-history.net-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conventional mines of the era employed a contact-<a href="/wiki/Fuze" title="Fuze">fuzed</a> explosive charge within a buoyant shell suspended over an anchor attached by a wire rope. Use of such mines against surface ships required the mine to be suspended at a depth no greater than the ship's <a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">draft</a>. The ability of a submarine to submerge under that depth would require layers of contact-fuzed mines at differing depths to afford equal probability of destruction. The World War I mine barrage had reduced the number of mines required by using a <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> wire antenna with a float to extend it above the mine. A ship's <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> hull touching the copper antenna would form a <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a> and seawater acted as an electrolyte completing a circuit with an insulated copper plate on the mine surface to actuate a detonating <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relay</a> within the mine.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American Mk 6 mines had been used for the deeper water portions of the World War I mine barrage. The Royal Navy standard Mk XVII mine inventory available for use at the outbreak of World War II lacked an antenna fuze. The Mk XVII mine could be suspended at depths as great as 300 feet (91 m) below the surface anchored in water as deep as 6,000 feet (1,800 m).<sup id="cite_ref-cnw_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those depth capabilities suggested the possibility of laying mines along the Iceland–Faeroes Ridge, a submerged mountain range between Iceland and the Faeroe Islands which separates the deeper portions of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a> to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. The ridge top is less than 500 metres (1,600 ft) below the surface and significantly shallower east of Iceland and on the Faeroe shelf. Channels are 850 metres (2,790 ft) deep between the Faeroe shelf and Scotland and in the Denmark Strait between <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and Iceland. Mk XVII mines would be laid in the shallower areas while the antenna-fuzed Mk XX mine was under development. Gaps were planned to allow passage of the fleet and convoys.<sup id="cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naval-history.net-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navigation">Navigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Barrage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maintaining precise records of minefield locations is an important element of defensive minefields, since these minefields are often close to waters traditionally used by friendly shipping. Most defensive minefields had historically been within visual distance of <a href="/wiki/Navigational_aid" title="Navigational aid">navigational aids</a> establishing precise locations. Laying the Northern Barrage in waters so far from land was a challenging <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigational</a> problem before <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> information was available. Much of the preparatory survey work was completed by the <a href="/wiki/Survey_vessel" title="Survey vessel">survey vessel</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Scott_(J79)" title="HMS Scott (J79)">HMS <i>Scott</i></a>. <i>Scott</i> later operated with the minelayers placing the deep water minefields from the spring of 1942 until minelaying was discontinued in the autumn of 1943. <i>Scott</i> helped establish the boundaries of previously laid adjacent minefields so the minelayers could minimize un-mined gaps without accidentally straying into previously mined areas.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laying_the_barrage">Laying the barrage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Barrage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Laying the barrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Minelaying Squadron, based at <a href="/wiki/Kyle_of_Lochalsh" title="Kyle of Lochalsh">Kyle of Lochalsh</a> (code-named port ZA for secrecy), was formed in June 1940. Five fast and modern <a href="/wiki/Cargo_liner" title="Cargo liner">cargo liners</a> were requisitioned from civilian service, but the conversion to auxiliary minelayers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Agamemnon_(M10)" title="HMS Agamemnon (M10)">HMS <i>Agamemnon</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Menestheus" title="HMS Menestheus"><i>Menestheus</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Port_Napier" title="HMS Port Napier"><i>Port Napier</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Port_Quebec" title="HMS Port Quebec"><i>Port Quebec</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Southern_Prince" title="HMS Southern Prince"><i>Southern Prince</i></a> was not completed until October. Arrival of <a href="/wiki/Town-class_destroyer" title="Town-class destroyer">Town-class destroyers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Destroyers_for_Bases_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroyers for Bases Agreement">Destroyers for Bases Agreement</a> provided necessary escorts for the minelayers. The first minelaying mission left port ZA on 18 October 1940, and 10,300 conventional contact mines were laid at the southern end of the Iceland–Faeroes Ridge before the end of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naval-history.net-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mk XX mine became available in early 1941 with a copper wire antenna extended 60 feet (18 m) above the explosive casing by a buoyant float and a lower antenna extending 74 feet (23 m) below the casing.<sup id="cite_ref-cnw_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minelaying progressed with new fields laid north and south of the Faeroes and in the Denmark Strait using Mk XX mines wherever its 134 feet (41 m) depth coverage would reduce the number of mines required. Additional safety measures were required for the new mines after <i>Menestheus</i> was damaged by detonation of a drifting Mk XX mine on 6 February 1941. Intelligence reports in July indicated that U-boats were using the Faeroes–Iceland passage, so a series of deep anti-submarine fields were laid north-west of the Faeroes.<sup id="cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naval-history.net-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1942 minelaying used a new Mk XXII mine with a buoyant copper tube upper antenna replacing the solid copper wire and buoyant float of the Mk XX mines.<sup id="cite_ref-cnw_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The minelaying cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(M23)" title="HMS Adventure (M23)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> laid the first M Mk I moored magnetic mines and became a regular participant in first Minelaying Squadron missions from May through November 1942. Portions of the Denmark Strait minefield damaged by ice were relaid with M Mk I moored magnetic mines.<sup id="cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naval-history.net-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Operation</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Minelayers </th></tr> <tr> <td>October 1940</td> <td>SN3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>-<a href="/wiki/Faeroes" class="mw-redirect" title="Faeroes">Faeroes</a> Ridge</td> <td><a href="/wiki/HMS_Agamemnon_(M10)" title="HMS Agamemnon (M10)">HMS <i>Agamemnon</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Menestheus" title="HMS Menestheus"><i>Menestheus</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Port_Napier" title="HMS Port Napier"><i>Port Napier</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Port_Quebec" title="HMS Port Quebec"><i>Port Quebec</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Southern_Prince" title="HMS Southern Prince"><i>Southern Prince</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 1940</td> <td>SN11</td> <td>southern Iceland-Faeroes Ridge</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, and <i>Port Quebec</i>;<br /><i>Port Napier</i> exploded before leaving port ZA </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 1940</td> <td>SN10A</td> <td>southern Iceland-Faeroes Ridge</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i> and <i>Menestheus</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 1941</td> <td>SN6</td> <td>south of Faeroes</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 1941</td> <td>SN65</td> <td>south of Faeroes</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 1941</td> <td>SN7A</td> <td></td> <td><i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i>;<br /><i>Menestheus</i> damaged by a drifting Mk XX mine and towed back to port ZA by <i>Agamemnon</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 1941</td> <td>SN7B & SN68A</td> <td></td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 1941</td> <td>SN4</td> <td>Iceland-Faeroes Ridge</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i>;<br /> <i>Agamemnon damaged by collision with <a href="/wiki/USS_Aaron_Ward_(DD-132)#As_HMS_Castleton" title="USS Aaron Ward (DD-132)">HMS <i>Castleton</i></a> on return voyage</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 1941</td> <td>SN71</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Strait" title="Denmark Strait">Denmark Strait</a></td> <td><i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 1941</td> <td>SN8</td> <td>Denmark Strait</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 1941</td> <td>SN9</td> <td>Iceland-Faeroes Ridge</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i> and <i>Port Quebec</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1941</td> <td>SN64</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Rona" title="North Rona">North Rona</a> area</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i> and <i>Menestheus</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1941</td> <td>SN66</td> <td></td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i> and <i>Menestheus</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1941</td> <td>SN70B</td> <td>Iceland-Faeroes Ridge</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i> and <i>Menestheus</i>;<br />collision between escorts <a href="/wiki/HMS_Kenya" title="HMS Kenya">HMS <i>Kenya</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Cowell_(DD-167)#As_HMS_Brighton" title="USS Cowell (DD-167)"><i>Brighton</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 1941</td> <td>SN67A</td> <td>Iceland-Faeroes Ridge</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i> and <i>Port Quebec</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 1941</td> <td>SN12A</td> <td>northwest of <a href="/wiki/Sula_Sgeir" title="Sula Sgeir">Sula Sgeir</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/HMS_Teviot_Bank" title="HMS Teviot Bank">HMS <i>Teviot Bank</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 1941</td> <td>SN22B</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Butt_of_Lewis" title="Butt of Lewis">Butt of Lewis</a></td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 1941</td> <td>SN70A</td> <td>Butt of Lewis</td> <td><i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i>;<br /><i>Southern Prince</i> torpedoed by U-652 on return trip </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 1941</td> <td>SN61</td> <td>North Rona area</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 1941</td> <td>SN23</td> <td>Butt of Lewis</td> <td><i>Port Quebec</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 1941</td> <td>SN24</td> <td>Butt of Lewis</td> <td><i>Port Quebec</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 1941</td> <td>SN83A</td> <td>northern Faeroes gap</td> <td><a href="/wiki/HMS_Welshman_(M84)" title="HMS Welshman (M84)">HMS <i>Welshman</i></a>, <i>Menestheus</i> and <i>Port Quebec</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 1941</td> <td>SN83B</td> <td>northern Faeroes gap</td> <td><i>Menestheus</i> and <i>Port Quebec</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 1941</td> <td>SN25</td> <td>northwest approaches</td> <td><i>Menestheus</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 1942</td> <td>SN26</td> <td>Butt of Lewis</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 1942</td> <td>SN5B</td> <td>Faeroes fjords</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i> and <i>Menestheus</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 1942</td> <td>SN84</td> <td>Iceland-Faeroes Ridge</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>and <i>Port Quebec</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 1942</td> <td>SN85</td> <td>Iceland-Faeroes Ridge</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 1942</td> <td>SN81</td> <td>Iceland-Faeroes Ridge</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 1942</td> <td>SN87</td> <td>Iceland-Faeroes Ridge</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 1942</td> <td>SN88</td> <td>Iceland-Faeroes Ridge</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 1942</td> <td>SN3A</td> <td>Faeroes shelf west of Orkney Islands</td> <td><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(M23)" title="HMS Adventure (M23)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a>, <i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1942</td> <td>SN72</td> <td>Denmark Strait</td> <td><i>Adventure</i>, <i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1942</td> <td>SN3B</td> <td>Faeroes shelf west of Orkney Islands</td> <td><i>Adventure</i>, <i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 1942</td> <td>SN3C</td> <td>Faeroes shelf west of Orkney Islands</td> <td><i>Adventure</i>, <i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 1942</td> <td>SN82</td> <td>Iceland-Faeroes Ridge</td> <td><i>Adventure</i>, <i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 1942</td> <td>SN73</td> <td>Denmark Strait</td> <td><i>Adventure</i>, <i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 1942</td> <td>SN89</td> <td>Iceland-Faeroes Ridge</td> <td><i>Adventure</i>, <i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 1942</td> <td>SN65A</td> <td>Iceland-Faeroes Ridge</td> <td><i>Adventure</i>, <i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 1942</td> <td>SN3E</td> <td>Faeroes shelf west of Orkney Islands</td> <td><i>Adventure</i>, <i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 1942</td> <td>SN3F</td> <td>Faeroes shelf west of Orkney Islands</td> <td><i>Adventure</i>, <i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i>, <i>Port Quebec</i> and <i>Southern Prince</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 1943</td> <td>SN90A</td> <td>west of Iceland</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i> and <i>Port Quebec</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 1943</td> <td>SN111A</td> <td>off Iceland</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i> and <i>Port Quebec</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 1943</td> <td>SN123A</td> <td>Butt of Lewis</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i> lays experimental field of modified M Mark I Mines </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 1943</td> <td>SN123B</td> <td>Butt of Lewis</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i> and <i>Port Quebec</i> lay experimental field </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1943</td> <td>SN123C</td> <td>Butt of Lewis</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i> and <i>Port Quebec</i> lay experimental field </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1943</td> <td>SN222A</td> <td>southeast of Iceland</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i> and <i>Port Quebec</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 1943</td> <td>SN74</td> <td>Denmark Strait</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i> and <i>Port Quebec</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 1943</td> <td>SN222B</td> <td>southeast of Iceland</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i> and <i>Port Quebec</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 1943</td> <td>SN222C</td> <td>southeast of Iceland</td> <td><i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Menestheus</i> and <i>Port Quebec</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In fog on 5 July 1942 <a href="/wiki/HMS_Niger_(J73)" title="HMS Niger (J73)">HMS <i>Niger</i></a> mistook an iceberg for Iceland’s North Western Cape and led six merchant ships of <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> to <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a> <a href="/wiki/Convoy_QP_13" title="Convoy QP 13">convoy QP 13</a> into minefield SN72 laid one month earlier at the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Denmark_Strait" title="Denmark Strait">Denmark Strait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-icg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every ship struck mines. There were no crewmen lost aboard the Soviet freighter <i>Rodina</i> (4441 <a href="/wiki/Gross_register_tons" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross register tons">GRT</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panamanian</a>-flagged freighter <i>Exterminator</i> (6115 GRT), or the American freighter <i>Hybert</i> (6120 GRT); but 46 civilian crew and 9 <a href="/wiki/Naval_Armed_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Armed Guard">Naval Armed Guards</a> died aboard the American <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty ship</a> <i>John Randolph</i> (7191 GRT) and freighters <i>Hefron</i> (7611 GRT) and <i>Massmar</i> (5825 GRT);<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there were only eight survivors of the 127 men aboard <i>Niger</i>. Only <i>Exterminator</i> could be salvaged.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The value of the Northern Barrage was questioned following the accident, though new fields were laid south of Iceland, before starting new deep fields on the Faeroes shelf.<sup id="cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naval-history.net-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cancelled">Cancelled</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Barrage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cancelled"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Port_Napier_wreck_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/HMS_Port_Napier_wreck_15.jpg/300px-HMS_Port_Napier_wreck_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/HMS_Port_Napier_wreck_15.jpg/450px-HMS_Port_Napier_wreck_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/HMS_Port_Napier_wreck_15.jpg/600px-HMS_Port_Napier_wreck_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The shattered frame of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Port_Napier" title="HMS Port Napier">HMS <i>Port Napier</i></a> remains visible where the minelayer exploded preparing to leave the first Minelaying Squadron's base at Port ZA.</figcaption></figure> <p>The future of the Northern Barrage was discussed by the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> at meetings in January and July 1943. Escorts allocated to protecting the minelayers had created a shortage of convoy escorts. The barrage had proved difficult to maintain<sup id="cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naval-history.net-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there were no survivors to verify sinking of U-boats by the northern mine barrage; although it may have claimed several whose loss has not been otherwise explained, including <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-104_(1940)" title="German submarine U-104 (1940)"><i>U-104</i></a> in November 1940,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-702" title="German submarine U-702"><i>U-702</i></a> in March 1942,<sup id="cite_ref-icg_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-253" title="German submarine U-253"><i>U-253</i></a> in September 1942,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-647" title="German submarine U-647"><i>U-647</i></a> in July 1943<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-855" title="German submarine U-855"><i>U-855</i></a> in September 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies were unaware of these U-boat losses and attributed most of them to Allied ship and aircraft attacks after the Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Fleet" title="Home Fleet">Home Fleet</a> declared the Northern Barrage <i>"the least profitable voluntary major undertaking of the war"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The programme was cancelled and apart from the laying of an additional field at the entrance to the Denmark Strait, the only minelaying approved was a series of deep fields at the northern end of the Faeroes–Iceland gap. The First Minelaying Squadron was disbanded after laying 92,083 mines. The minefield represented 35 percent of all British minelaying effort during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naval-history.net-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Northern Barrage had failed to justify its existence and had often been more dangerous to Allied forces than to the Germans. Afterwards more effort was deployed on offensive minelaying by submarines, motor launches and aircraft, which proved far more effective.<sup id="cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naval-history.net-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Barrage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not all of the mines were removed or destroyed during or following the war and unexploded mines have been discovered into the twenty-first century. Most of the steel shell has <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corroded</a> unless protected by burial in anaerobic sediment; but the cast explosive charge may still be intact. The most commonly used mines included 227 kilograms (500 lb) or 137 kilograms (302 lb) of explosives. <a href="/wiki/TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a> was the most commonly used explosive, although it was sometimes mixed with <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a> (forming <a href="/wiki/Amatol" title="Amatol">Amatol</a>) for economy and with powdered <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a> (forming <a href="/wiki/Minol_(explosive)" title="Minol (explosive)">Minol</a>) to increase underwater damage.<sup id="cite_ref-icg_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Barrage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-naval-history.net-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naval-history.net_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMason2006" class="citation web cs1">Mason, Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Ops-Minelaying.htm#1">"British Naval Minelaying in World War 2"</a>. <i>naval-history.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=naval-history.net&rft.atitle=British+Naval+Minelaying+in+World+War+2&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Lieutenant+Commander+Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naval-history.net%2FxGM-Ops-Minelaying.htm%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Barrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712040904/http://www.hartshorn.us/Navy/navy-mines-01.htm">"Mineman Memories"</a>. Derek S. Hartshorn. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mineman+Memories&rft.pub=Derek+S.+Hartshorn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartshorn.us%2FNavy%2Fnavy-mines-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Barrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnw-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnw_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnw_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnw_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1985" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, John (1985). <i>Naval Weapons of World War II</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 94–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-459-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-459-4"><bdi>0-87021-459-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Weapons+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=94-97&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-87021-459-4&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Barrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halcyon-class.co.uk/scott/hms_scott.htm">"HMS Scott"</a>. Halcyon Class<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HMS+Scott&rft.pub=Halcyon+Class&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.halcyon-class.co.uk%2Fscott%2Fhms_scott.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Barrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icg-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-icg_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icg_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icg_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331043004/http://www.lhg.is/english/eod/mines/">"Mines and Mine Laying in Iceland WWII"</a>. <i>Icelandic Coast Guard</i>. 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Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-019-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-019-3"><bdi>1-55750-019-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Allied+Convoy+System+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-55750-019-3&rft.aulast=Hague&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Barrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usmm.org/sunk42b.html">"Ships Sunk or Damaged July 1942 (63 ships)"</a>. <i>American Merchant Marine at War</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Merchant+Marine+at+War&rft.atitle=Ships+Sunk+or+Damaged+July+1942+%2863+ships%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmm.org%2Fsunk42b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Barrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/russian/index.html?home.htm~rumain">"Convoy QP.13"</a>. <i>Convoy Web</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Convoy+Web&rft.atitle=Convoy+QP.13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.convoyweb.org.uk%2Frussian%2Findex.html%3Fhome.htm~rumain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Barrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohwerHummelchen1992" class="citation book cs1">Rohwer, Jürgen; Hummelchen, Gerhard (1992). <i>Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-105-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-105-X"><bdi>1-55750-105-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+the+War+at+Sea+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-55750-105-X&rft.aulast=Rohwer&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Hummelchen%2C+Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Barrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelgason" class="citation web cs1">Helgason, Guðmundur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uboat.net/boats/u253.htm">"Type VIIC U-boat <i>U-253</i>"</a>. <i>German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+U-boats+of+WWII+-+uboat.net&rft.atitle=Type+VIIC+U-boat+U-253&rft.aulast=Helgason&rft.aufirst=Gu%C3%B0mundur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuboat.net%2Fboats%2Fu253.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Barrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelgason" class="citation web cs1">Helgason, Guðmundur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uboat.net/boats/u647.htm">"Type VIIC U-boat <i>U-647</i>"</a>. <i>German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+U-boats+of+WWII+-+uboat.net&rft.atitle=Type+VIIC+U-boat+U-647&rft.aulast=Helgason&rft.aufirst=Gu%C3%B0mundur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uboat.net%2Fboats%2Fu647.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Barrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelgason" class="citation web cs1">Helgason, Guðmundur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uboat.net/boats/u855.htm">"<i>U-855</i>"</a>. <i>German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+U-boats+of+WWII+-+uboat.net&rft.atitle=U-855&rft.aulast=Helgason&rft.aufirst=Gu%C3%B0mundur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuboat.net%2Fboats%2Fu855.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Barrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafkaPepperburg1946" class="citation book cs1">Kafka, Roger; Pepperburg, Roy L. (1946). <i>Warships of the World</i>. New York: Cornell Maritime Press. pp. 1081–1091.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warships+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1081-1091&rft.pub=Cornell+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Kafka&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Pepperburg%2C+Roy+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Barrage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Barrage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22I_Ma-nWqo">British Minelaying 1940 (video)</a></li></ul> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Barrage&oldid=1214117628">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Barrage&oldid=1214117628</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom">Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_mines" title="Category:Naval mines">Naval mines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_Sea_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Category:North Sea operations of World War II">North Sea operations of World War II</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Atlantic_Ocean_articles_missing_geocoordinate_data" title="Category:Atlantic Ocean articles missing geocoordinate data">Atlantic Ocean articles missing geocoordinate data</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_coordinates" title="Category:All articles needing coordinates">All articles needing coordinates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_missing_coordinates_without_coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata">Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2016" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2016">Use dmy dates from September 2016</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 March 2024, at 01:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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