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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>False positive and false negative rates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_positive_and_false_negative_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambiguity_in_the_definition_of_false_positive_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambiguity_in_the_definition_of_false_positive_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ambiguity in the definition of false positive rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambiguity_in_the_definition_of_false_positive_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Receiver_operating_characteristic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Receiver_operating_characteristic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Receiver operating characteristic</span> </div> </a> <ul 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="إيجابية كاذبة وسلبية كاذبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيجابية كاذبة وسلبية كاذبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2" title="মিথ্যা ইতিবাচক ফলাফল ও মিথ্যা নেতিবাচক ফলাফল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিথ্যা ইতিবাচক ফলাফল ও মিথ্যা নেতিবাচক ফলাফল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsos_positius_i_falsos_negatius" title="Falsos positius i falsos negatius – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Falsos positius i falsos negatius" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falso_positivo_y_falso_negativo" title="Falso positivo y falso negativo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Falso positivo y falso negativo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A8_%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A8" title="مثبت کاذب و منفی کاذب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مثبت کاذب و منفی کاذب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%EC%A7%93_%EC%96%91%EC%84%B1%EA%B3%BC_%EA%B1%B0%EC%A7%93_%EC%9D%8C%EC%84%B1" title="거짓 양성과 거짓 음성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="거짓 양성과 거짓 음성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95" title="झूठी सकारात्मक और झूठी नकारात्मक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="झूठी सकारात्मक और झूठी नकारात्मक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positif_palsu_dan_negatif_palsu" title="Positif palsu dan negatif palsu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Positif palsu dan negatif palsu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falso_positivo_e_falso_negativo" title="Falso positivo e falso negativo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Falso positivo e falso negativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%96%D7%91_%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%96%D7%91" title="חיובי כוזב ושלילי כוזב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיובי כוזב ושלילי כוזב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foutpositief_en_foutnegatief" title="Foutpositief en foutnegatief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Foutpositief en foutnegatief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_positives_and_false_negatives" title="False positives and false negatives – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="False positives and false negatives" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87" title="ผลบวกลวงและผลลบลวง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผลบวกลวงและผลลบลวง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanl%C4%B1%C5%9F_pozitif_ve_yanl%C4%B1%C5%9F_negatif" title="Yanlış pozitif ve yanlış negatif – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yanlış pozitif ve yanlış negatif" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Хибно позитивні та хибно негативні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хибно позитивні та хибно негативні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=False_positive&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="False positive">False positive</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Types of error in data reporting</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"False Positive" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/False_Positive_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="False Positive (disambiguation)">False Positive (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>false positive</b> is an error in <a href="/wiki/Binary_classification" title="Binary classification">binary classification</a> in which a test result incorrectly indicates the presence of a condition (such as a disease when the disease is not present), while a <b>false negative</b> is the opposite error, where the test result incorrectly indicates the absence of a condition when it is actually present. These are the two kinds of errors in a <a href="/wiki/Binary_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary test">binary test</a>, in contrast to the two kinds of correct result (a <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="true_positive"></span><span class="vanchor-text">true positive</span></span></b> and a <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="true_negative"></span><span class="vanchor-text">true negative</span></span></b>). They are also known in medicine as a <b>false positive</b> (or <b>false negative</b>) <b>diagnosis</b>, and in <a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">statistical classification</a> as a <b>false positive</b> (or <b>false negative</b>) <b>error</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">statistical hypothesis testing</a>, the analogous concepts are known as <a href="/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errors" title="Type I and type II errors">type I and type II errors</a>, where a positive result corresponds to rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Null_hypothesis" title="Null hypothesis">null hypothesis</a>, and a negative result corresponds to not rejecting the null hypothesis. The terms are often used interchangeably, but there are differences in detail and interpretation due to the differences between medical testing and statistical hypothesis testing. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="False_positive_error">False positive error</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_positives_and_false_negatives&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: False positive error"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>false positive error</b>, or <b>false positive</b>, is a result that indicates a given condition exists when it does not. For example, a pregnancy test which indicates a woman is pregnant when she is not, or the conviction of an innocent person. </p><p>A false positive error is a <a href="/wiki/Type_I_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Type I error">type I error</a> where the test is checking a single condition, and wrongly gives an affirmative (positive) decision. However it is important to distinguish between the type 1 error rate and the probability of a positive result being false. The latter is known as the false positive risk (see <a href="#Ambiguity_in_the_definition_of_false_positive_rate">Ambiguity in the definition of false positive rate, below</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-DC2017_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="False_negative_error">False negative error</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_positives_and_false_negatives&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: False negative error"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>false negative error</b>, or <b>false negative</b>, is a test result which wrongly indicates that a condition does not hold. For example, when a pregnancy test indicates a woman is not pregnant, but she is, or when a person guilty of a crime is acquitted, these are false negatives. The condition "the woman is pregnant", or "the person is guilty" holds, but the test (the pregnancy test or the trial in a court of law) fails to realize this condition, and wrongly decides that the person is not pregnant or not guilty. </p><p>A false negative error is a <a href="/wiki/Type_II_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Type II error">type II error</a> occurring in a test where a single condition is checked for, and the result of the test is erroneous, that the condition is absent.<sup id="cite_ref-fn_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_positives_and_false_negatives&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="False_positive_and_false_negative_rates">False positive and false negative rates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_positives_and_false_negatives&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: False positive and false negative rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">Sensitivity and specificity</a> and <a href="/wiki/False_positive_rate" title="False positive rate">False positive rate</a></div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/False_positive_rate" title="False positive rate">false positive rate</a></b> (FPR) is the proportion of all negatives that still yield positive test outcomes, i.e., the conditional probability of a positive test result given an event that was not present. </p><p>The false positive rate is equal to the <a href="/wiki/Significance_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Significance level">significance level</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Specificity_(tests)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specificity (tests)">specificity</a> of the test is equal to <b>1</b> minus the false positive rate. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">statistical hypothesis testing</a>, this fraction is given the Greek letter <i>α</i>, and 1 − <i>α</i> is defined as the specificity of the test. Increasing the specificity of the test lowers the probability of type I errors, but may raise the probability of type II errors (false negatives that reject the alternative hypothesis when it is true).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Complementarily, the <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="false_negative_rate"></span><span class="vanchor-text">false negative rate</span></span></b> (FNR) is the proportion of positives which yield negative test outcomes with the test, i.e., the conditional probability of a negative test result given that the condition being looked for is present. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">statistical hypothesis testing</a>, this fraction is given the letter <i>β</i>. The "<a href="/wiki/Statistical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical power">power</a>" (or the "<a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">sensitivity</a>") of the test is equal to 1 − <i>β</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambiguity_in_the_definition_of_false_positive_rate">Ambiguity in the definition of false positive rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_positives_and_false_negatives&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ambiguity in the definition of false positive rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term false discovery rate (FDR) was used by Colquhoun (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-DC2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to mean the probability that a "significant" result was a false positive. Later Colquhoun (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-DC2017_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used the term false positive risk (FPR) for the same quantity, to avoid confusion with the term FDR as used by people who work on <a href="/wiki/Multiple_comparisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple comparisons">multiple comparisons</a>. Corrections for multiple comparisons aim only to correct the type I error rate, so the result is a (corrected) <a href="/wiki/P-value" title="P-value"><i>p</i>-value</a>. Thus they are susceptible to the same misinterpretation as any other <i>p</i>-value. The false positive risk is always higher, often much higher, than the <i>p</i>-value.<sup id="cite_ref-DC2014_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DC2017_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confusion of these two ideas, the <a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_transposed_conditional" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallacy of transposed conditional">error of the transposed conditional</a>, has caused much mischief.<sup id="cite_ref-DC2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the ambiguity of notation in this field, it is essential to look at the definition in every paper. The hazards of reliance on <i>p</i>-values was emphasized in Colquhoun (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-DC2017_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by pointing out that even an observation of <i>p</i> = 0.001 was not necessarily strong evidence against the null hypothesis. Despite the fact that the likelihood ratio in favor of the alternative hypothesis over the null is close to 100, if the hypothesis was implausible, with a <a href="/wiki/Prior_probability" title="Prior probability">prior probability</a> of a real effect being 0.1, even the observation of <i>p</i> = 0.001 would have a false positive rate of 8 percent. It wouldn't even reach the 5 percent level. As a consequence, it has been recommended<sup id="cite_ref-DC2017_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DC2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that every <i>p</i>-value should be accompanied by the prior probability of there being a real effect that it would be necessary to assume in order to achieve a false positive risk of 5%. For example, if we observe <i>p</i> = 0.05 in a single experiment, we would have to be 87% certain that there as a real effect before the experiment was done to achieve a false positive risk of 5%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Receiver_operating_characteristic">Receiver operating characteristic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_positives_and_false_negatives&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Receiver operating characteristic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The article "<a href="/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic" title="Receiver operating characteristic">Receiver operating characteristic</a>" discusses parameters in statistical signal processing based on ratios of errors of various types. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_positives_and_false_negatives&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_rate_fallacy" title="Base rate fallacy">Base rate fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_positive_rate" title="False positive rate">False positive rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_and_negative_predictive_values" title="Positive and negative predictive values">Positive and negative predictive values</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Most_Published_Research_Findings_Are_False" title="Why Most Published Research Findings Are False">Why Most Published Research Findings Are False</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_positives_and_false_negatives&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When developing detection algorithms or tests, a balance must be chosen between risks of false negatives and false positives. Usually there is a threshold of how close a match to a given sample must be achieved before the algorithm reports a match. The higher this threshold, the more false negatives and the fewer false positives.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_positives_and_false_negatives&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathsisfun.com/data/probability-false-negatives-positives.html">False Positives and False Negatives</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DC2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DC2017_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC2017_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC2017_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC2017_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC2017_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFColquhoun2017" class="citation journal cs1">Colquhoun, David (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5750014">"The reproducibility of research and the misinterpretation of p-values"</a>. <i>Royal Society Open Science</i>. <b>4</b> (12): 171085. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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