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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Content and structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Content_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stated_authorship_and_purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stated_authorship_and_purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Stated authorship and purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stated_authorship_and_purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puranic_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puranic_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Puranic characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puranic_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cantos_(skandhas)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantos_(skandhas)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cantos (skandhas)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cantos_(skandhas)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cantos (skandhas) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cantos_(skandhas)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>First Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Second Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Third Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Fourth Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Fifth Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Sixth Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Seventh Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighth_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighth_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Eighth Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighth_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ninth_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ninth_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Ninth Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ninth_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenth_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenth_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Tenth Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenth_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10.1</span> <span>Study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eleventh_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eleventh_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Eleventh Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eleventh_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Uddhava_or_Hamsa_Gita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Uddhava_or_Hamsa_Gita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11.1</span> <span>The Uddhava or Hamsa Gita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Uddhava_or_Hamsa_Gita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twelfth_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twelfth_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Twelfth Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twelfth_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bhakti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhakti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bhakti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhakti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samkhya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samkhya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Samkhya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samkhya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advaita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advaita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Advaita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advaita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dharma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Dharma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dharma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Yoga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Maya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Suffering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Lila</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relation_to_other_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_other_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Relation to other texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_other_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Hindu Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaishnavism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaishnavism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Vaishnavism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaishnavism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaudiya_Vaishnavism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Gaudiya Vaishnavism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaudiya_Vaishnavism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Vaishnava_Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Vaishnava_Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Other Vaishnava Traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Vaishnava_Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism_and_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism_and_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Jainism and Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism_and_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>The Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modern reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bhaktivedanta_Swami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhaktivedanta_Swami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bhaktivedanta Swami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhaktivedanta_Swami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentaries_and_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentaries_and_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Commentaries and translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commentaries_and_translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commentaries and translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commentaries_and_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advaita_Vedanta_commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advaita_Vedanta_commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Advaita Vedanta commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advaita_Vedanta_commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acintya-bhedābheda_Commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acintya-bhedābheda_Commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Acintya-bhedābheda Commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acintya-bhedābheda_Commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dvaita_commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dvaita_commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Dvaita commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dvaita_commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dvaitādvaita_Commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dvaitādvaita_Commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.4</span> <span>Dvaitādvaita Commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dvaitādvaita_Commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suddhādvaita_Commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suddhādvaita_Commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.5</span> <span>Suddhādvaita Commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suddhādvaita_Commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viśiṣṭādvaita_Commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viśiṣṭādvaita_Commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.6</span> <span>Viśiṣṭādvaita Commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viśiṣṭādvaita_Commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.7</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assamese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assamese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Assamese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assamese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Bengali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3</span> <span>Hindi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kannada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kannada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.4</span> <span>Kannada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kannada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telugu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telugu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.5</span> <span>Telugu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telugu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.6</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_(partial_translations_and_paraphrases)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_(partial_translations_and_paraphrases)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.7</span> <span>English (partial translations and paraphrases)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_(partial_translations_and_paraphrases)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.8</span> <span>French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Bhagavata Purana</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="البهاغافاتا بورانا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البهاغافاتا بورانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3" title="ভাগবত পুরাণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাগবত পুরাণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4" title="श्रीमद्भागवत – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="श्रीमद्भागवत" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bhagavata Purana" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бхагавата Пурана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бхагавата Пурана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%A1gavatapur%C3%A1na" title="Bhágavatapurána – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bhágavatapurána" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavatapurana" title="Bhagavatapurana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bhagavatapurana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata-purana" title="Bhagavata-purana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bhagavata-purana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagavata_Purano" title="Bagavata Purano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bagavata Purano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bhagavata Purana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D" title="શ્રીમદ્ ભાગવતમ્ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શ્રીમદ્ ભાગવતમ્" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EA%B0%80%EB%B0%94%ED%83%80_%ED%91%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%82%98" title="바가바타 푸라나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바가바타 푸라나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="भागवत पुराण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भागवत पुराण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagawatapurana" title="Bhagawatapurana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bhagawatapurana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C4%81gavata_Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Bhāgavata Purāṇa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bhāgavata Purāṇa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%94%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%95%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94" title="בהאגווטה פוראנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בהאגווטה פוראנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3" title="ಭಾಗವತ ಪುರಾಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾಗವತ ಪುರಾಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ბჰაგავატაპურანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბჰაგავატაპურანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata_purana" title="Bhagavata purana – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bhagavata purana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%A1gavata-pur%C3%A1na" title="Bhágavata-purána – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bhágavata-purána" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Багаватам пурана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Багаватам пурана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ശ്രീമദ്ഭാഗവതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശ്രീമദ്ഭാഗവതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="भागवत पुराण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भागवत पुराण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ბჰაგავატაპურანა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბჰაგავატაპურანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="البهاجافاتا بورانا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البهاجافاتا بورانا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srimad_Bhagavata" title="Srimad Bhagavata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Srimad Bhagavata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A0_%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯚꯒꯥꯋꯠ ꯄꯨꯔꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯚꯒꯥꯋꯠ ꯄꯨꯔꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bhagavata Purana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="श्रीमद्भागवत् पुराण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="श्रीमद्भागवत् पुराण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata-Purana" title="Bhagavata-Purana – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bhagavata-Purana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3" title="ਭਗਵਤ ਪੁਰਾਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਗਵਤ ਪੁਰਾਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بھاگوت پران – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھاگوت پران" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagawatapurana" title="Bhagawatapurana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bhagawatapurana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagavata_Purana" title="Bagavata Purana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bagavata Purana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бхагавата-пурана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бхагавата-пурана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="श्रीमद्भागवतमहापुराणम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="श्रीमद्भागवतमहापुराणम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bhagavata Purana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bhagavata Purana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="பாகவதம் (புராணம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாகவதம் (புராணம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бхагавата Пурана – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бхагавата Пурана" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="మహాభాగవతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మహాభాగవతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bhagavata Purana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%85%D0%B0%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бхаґавата-Пурана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бхаґавата-Пурана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بھاگوت پران – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بھاگوت پران" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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style="width:277px;max-width:277px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajasthan_manuscript_page_of_Bhagavata_Purana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rajasthan_manuscript_page_of_Bhagavata_Purana.jpg/275px-Rajasthan_manuscript_page_of_Bhagavata_Purana.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rajasthan_manuscript_page_of_Bhagavata_Purana.jpg/413px-Rajasthan_manuscript_page_of_Bhagavata_Purana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rajasthan_manuscript_page_of_Bhagavata_Purana.jpg/550px-Rajasthan_manuscript_page_of_Bhagavata_Purana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="902" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:277px;max-width:277px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhagavata_Purana_(Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord)_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_(2_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%282_of_2%29.jpg/275px-Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%282_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%282_of_2%29.jpg/413px-Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%282_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%282_of_2%29.jpg/550px-Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%282_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1732" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Bhagavata Purana</i> manuscripts from 16th to 19th century, in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> (above) and in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vaishnavism" title="Category:Vaishnavism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #c9d5f2; border-color: #001A57"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Vaishnavism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Git_govind_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet."><img alt="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/220px-Git_govind_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/330px-Git_govind_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/440px-Git_govind_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Supreme deity</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Important deities</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasurama" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasurama">Parasurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other forms</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayurappan" title="Guruvayurappan">Guruvayurappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Consorts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamelu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamelu">Alamelu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Holy scriptures</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Sampradayas</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Śuddhādvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81ra_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumāra Sampradaya">Kumara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tattvavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvavada">Tattvavada</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>)), <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintyabhedabheda</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Others</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranami_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranami Sampraday">Pranami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsnehi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsnehi">Ramsnehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Teachers—acharyas</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jñāneśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabha_Tirtha" title="Padmanabha Tirtha">Padmanabha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha" title="Raghavendra Tirtha">Raghavendra Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhinava_Tirtha" title="Satyabhinava Tirtha">Satyabhinava Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabodha_Tirtha" title="Satyabodha Tirtha">Satyabodha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadharma_Tirtha" title="Satyadharma Tirtha">Satyadharma Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthalanatha" title="Vitthalanatha">Viṭṭhalanātha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Kantha_Krishnamacharyulu" title="Sri Kantha Krishnamacharyulu">Sri Kantha Krishnamacharyulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annamacharya" title="Annamacharya">Annamacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrachala_Ramadasu" title="Bhadrachala Ramadasu">Bhadrachala Ramadasu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Related traditions</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Tenkalai_("southern")_-_Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Tenkalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Vadakalai_("northern")_-_Vedanta_Desika" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Vadakalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munitraya_Sampradayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Munitraya Sampradayam">Munitraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannathism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Sahajiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanandi">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapadi" title="Kapadi">Kapadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmikism" title="Balmikism">Balmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaishnavism" title="Template talk:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Divisions</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Rig vedic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Sama vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Yajur vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Atharva vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Brahma puranas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Vaishnava puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shaiva puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shakta puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Bhagavata Purana</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">भागवतपुराण</span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Bhāgavata Purāṇa</i></span>), also known as the <i><b>Srimad Bhagavatam</b> (Śrīmad Bhāgavatam)</i>, <i><b>Srimad Bhagavata Mahapurana</b></i> (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śrīmad Bhāgavata Mahāpurāṇa</i></span>) or simply <i><b>Bhagavata</b> (Bhāgavata)</i>, is one of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>'s eighteen major <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a> (<i>Mahapuranas</i>) and one of the most popular in <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-richardthompson2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richardthompson2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composed in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Veda_Vyasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda Vyasa">Veda Vyasa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-edwinbryant1122_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwinbryant1122-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it promotes <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a></i> (devotion) towards <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan198653_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan198653-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_Das_1722_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_Das_1722-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007111–113_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007111–113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, integrating themes from the <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> (monism) philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a> (qualified monism) of <a href="/wiki/Ramanujacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanujacharya">Ramanujacharya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> (dualism) of <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_Das_1722_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_Das_1722-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–2,_17–25_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–2,_17–25-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is widely available in almost all <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Indian languages</a>. </p><p>The <i>Bhagavata Purana</i>, like other puranas, discusses a wide range of topics including <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, astronomy, <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a>, geography, legend, music, dance, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_Das_1722_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_Das_1722-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rocher_141-144_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocher_141-144-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it begins, the forces of evil have won a war between the benevolent <i><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a></i> (deities) and evil <i><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">asuras</a></i> (demons) and now rule the universe. Truth re-emerges as Krishna (called "<a href="/wiki/Hari#Usage_in_Indian_religion_and_mythology" title="Hari">Hari</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>" in the text) first makes peace with the demons, understands them and then creatively defeats them, bringing back hope, justice, freedom and happiness – a cyclic theme that appears in many legends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20133–19_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20133–19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Bhagavata Purana</i> is a central text in <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text presents a form of religion (<i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i>) that competes with that of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, wherein <i>bhakti</i> ultimately leads to self-knowledge, salvation (<i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a></i>) and bliss.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_Das_2006_page=1742_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_Das_2006_page=1742-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the <i>Bhagavata Purana</i> asserts that the inner nature and outer form of Krishna is identical to the Vedas and that this is what rescues the world from the forces of evil.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An oft-quoted verse (1.3.40) is used by some Krishna sects to assert that the text itself is Krishna in literary form.<sup id="cite_ref-barbaraholdrege109_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barbaraholdrege109-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ŚB_1.3.40_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ŚB_1.3.40-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text consists of twelve books (<i>skandhas</i> or <a href="/wiki/Canto" title="Canto">cantos</a>) totalling 335 chapters (<i>adhyayas</i>) and 18,000 verses.<sup id="cite_ref-barbaraholdrege109_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barbaraholdrege109-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tenth book, with about 4,000 verses, has been the most popular and widely studied.<sup id="cite_ref-edwinbryant1122_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwinbryant1122-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first <i>Purana</i> to be translated into a European language, as a French translation of a Tamil version appeared in 1788 and introduced many Europeans to Hinduism and 18th-century Hindu culture during the colonial era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007111–113_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007111–113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Bhagavata Purana</i> has been among the most celebrated and popular texts in the Puranic genre, and is, in the opinion of some, of <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">non-dualistic</a> tenor.<sup id="cite_ref-richardthompson_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richardthompson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, the dualistic school of Madhvacharya has a rich and strong tradition of dualistic interpretation of the Bhagavata, starting from the Bhagavata Taatparya Nirnaya of the Acharya himself and later, commentaries on the commentary. The Chaitanya school also rejects outright any monistic interpretation of the purana. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>'<a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata'</a></b> (or <b>'Bhagavatam'</b> or <b>'Bhagavat'</b>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> भागवत) means 'follower or worshipper of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b>'<a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan'</a></b> (Sanskrit भगवन्) means 'Blessed One', 'God', or 'Lord'.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendental</a>, primeval Personality of Godhead, <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of Vishnu – is directly referred to as 'Bhagavan' throughout this scripture. It is stated in canto 1, chapter 3, verse 28, "kṛṣṇas tu bhagavān svayam" which <a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a> translates as, "Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa is the original Personality of Godhead."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>'<a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Purana'</a></b> (Sanskrit पुराण) means 'ancient' or 'old' (or 'old traditional history').<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also means 'complete' and 'completing'<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the sense that a Purana 'completes the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b>'Maha'</b> (<b><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas"></a></b>Sanskrit महत्) means 'great', 'large', or 'vast'.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>'Srimad'</b> (or <b>'Srimat'</b>, Sanskrit श्रीमत्) means 'radiant', 'holy', 'splendid', or 'glorious',<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is an <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a> religious title. <ul><li>'<b><a href="/wiki/Sri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri">Sri</a>'</b> (or <b>'Shri'</b> or <b>'Shree'</b>, Sanskrit श्री) means 'wealth'.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> – Goddess of Wealth and Vishnu/Krishna's wife – is also referred to as 'Sri'.</li> <li><b>'Mad'</b> (or <b>'Mat'</b>, Sanskrit मत्) means 'religion' or 'believed'.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Those with a wealth (<b>'Sri'</b>) of religion (<b>'mad'</b>) may be honoured with the title of 'radiant', 'holy', 'splendid', or 'glorious' (<b>'Srimad'</b>).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating">Dating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Origin of the Bhagavata Purana">Origin of the Bhagavata Purana</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_scholarship">Modern scholarship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern scholarship dates its composition to between 500 CE to 1000 CE, but most likely between 800 and 1000 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-sheridanp6_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheridanp6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A version of the text existed no later than 1030 CE, when it is mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Al_Biruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Biruni">al Biruni</a><sup id="cite_ref-sheridanp6_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheridanp6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and quoted by <a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a>. The Bhagavata Purana abounds in references to verses of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, the primary <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahma Sutra">Brahma Sutra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> school of Hindu philosophy, and the Bhagavad Gita, suggesting that it was composed after these texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheridan_10_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheridan_10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text contains more details of Krishna's biography than the 3rd- 4th-century <i>Harivamsha</i> and <i>Vishnu Purana</i>, and is therefore likely to have been composed after these texts, suggesting a chronological range of 500–1000 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-sheridanp6_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheridanp6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archaism_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archaism-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this range, scholars such as R. C. Hazra date it to the first half of the 6th century CE, Bryant as well as Gupta and Valpey citing epigraphical and archaeological evidence suggest much of the text could be from the 4th to 7th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey201313_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey201313-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while most others place it in the post-<a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvar</a> period around the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-sheridanp6_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheridanp6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett2003129-144_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2003129-144-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of the text use an archaic <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a> flavour of Sanskrit, which may either suggest that its authors sought to preserve or express reverence for the Vedic tradition, or that some text has an earlier origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheridan_10_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheridan_10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two flavors of Krishna stories, one of warrior prince and another of romantic lover, the former composed in more archaic Sanskrit and the later in a different linguistic style, suggesting that the texts may not have been composed by one author or over a short period, but rather grew over time as a compilation of accretions from different hands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986141–144Sheridan19865–11_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986141–144Sheridan19865–11-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bhagavata Purana contains apparent references to the South Indian <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvar</a> saints and it makes a <i>post factum</i> prophecy of the spread of Vishnu worship in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil</a> country (BP XI.5.38–40);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-16_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-16-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archaism_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archaism-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these facts, along with its emphasis on "emotional Bhakti to Krishna" and the "<a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Sankara</a>", lead many scholars to trace its origins to South India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar_Das2006172-173_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar_Das2006172-173-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/J._A._B._van_Buitenen" title="J. A. B. van Buitenen">J. A. B. van Buitenen</a> points out that 10th–11th CE South Indian Vaishnava theologians <a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a> do not refer to Bhagavata Purana in their writings, and this anomaly must be explained before the geographical origins and dating are regarded as definitive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-16_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-16-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archaism_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archaism-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 19th-century, most scholars believe that the Bhagavata Purana was written by a group of learned Brahmin ascetics, probably in South India, who were well versed in Vedic and ancient Indian literature and influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan198611-14_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan198611-14-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postmodern scholars have suggested alternate theories.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content_and_structure">Content and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Content and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bhagavata Purana consists of twelve <i>skhandas</i> or <a href="/wiki/Canto" title="Canto">cantos</a> consisting of 18,000 verses of several interconnected, interwoven, and non-linear dialogues, teachings, and explanations espousing <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakti Yoga">Bhakti Yoga</a> that go back and forth in time: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We have alluded to the Bhagavata's identity as a <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Purana</a>, an important feature of which is its multilevel dialogical structure ... the layered arrangement of dialogues, in which a speaker (typically <a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Suka</a>, the main reciter, addressing his interlocutor, <a href="/wiki/Parikshit" title="Parikshit">King Pariksit</a>) quotes an "earlier" speaker (for example, <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a>, addressing King <a href="/wiki/Yudhisthira" class="mw-redirect" title="Yudhisthira">Yudhisthira</a>, Pariksit's granduncle, in a dialogue understood to have taken place earlier and elsewhere), who may in turn quote yet another speaker. Two or three such layers are typically operative simultaneously ... the compounding of voices serve to strengthen the message delivered; and second, one is left with the sense that one cannot, and indeed need not, trace out the origin of the message.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ravi M. Gupta and Kenneth R. Valpey, <i>The Bhāgavata Purāna: Selected Readings</i><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stated_authorship_and_purpose">Stated authorship and purpose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stated authorship and purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the N. P. Jain for Motilal Banarsidass translation: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The divine seer, <a href="/wiki/Vedavyasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedavyasa">Vedavyasa</a>, composed this <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Purana</a>, known by the name of Srimad Bhagavata, which stands on a par with the Vedas and contains the stories of the Lord of excellent renown. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Śrīmad Bhāgavatam 1st Canto, Chapter 3, Verse 40</cite></div></blockquote><p> A unique and especial emphasis is placed on fostering transcendental loving devotion to Krishna as the ultimate good, i.e. for its own sake rather than for fruitive results or rewards such as <a href="/wiki/Detachment_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detachment (philosophy)">detachment</a> or worldly or heavenly gains, a practice known as <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakti Yoga">Bhakti Yoga</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What makes the Bhagavata unique in the history of Indian Religion... is its prioritization of Bhakti. The main objective of this text is to promote Bhakti to Vishnu in his incarnation as Krishna referred to variously, and to illustrate and explain it... what makes the Bhagavata special is its emphasis on an intense personal and passionate Bhakti...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sisir Kumar Das, <i>A History of Indian Literature</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puranic_characteristics">Puranic characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Puranic characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As detailed in the <a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Mahapurana</a>, all <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> must cover at least five specific subjects or topics referred to in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> as <i>Pancha Lakshana</i> (literally meaning 'consisting of five characteristics'<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – in addition to other information including specific deities and the <a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">four aims or goals of life</a>. From the K. L. Joshi (editor) translation: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The following are the five characteristics of the Puranas: They describe (1) the creation of the universe, (2) its genealogy and dissolution, (3) the dynasties, (4) the <a href="/wiki/Manvantara" title="Manvantara">Manvantaras</a>, (5) the dynastic chronicles. The Puranas, with these five characteristics, sing the glory of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">the Sun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Rudra</a>, as well as they describe also the creation and dissolution of the Earth. The four [aims of human life] (<a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Moksa">Moksa</a>) have also been described in all the Puranas, along with evil consequences following from sin. In the <a href="/wiki/Sattvika" class="mw-redirect" title="Sattvika">sattvika</a> Puranas there is largely a mention of <a href="/wiki/Hari" title="Hari">Hari's</a> glory.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Matsya Mahapurana, Chapter 53<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Srimad Bhagavatam adds another five characteristics, expanding this list to ten.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bhagavata further elaborates on the differences between lesser and greater <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> possessing five or ten characteristics, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhagavata_Purana_manuscript,_18_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bhagavata_Purana_manuscript%2C_18_century.jpg/220px-Bhagavata_Purana_manuscript%2C_18_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bhagavata_Purana_manuscript%2C_18_century.jpg/330px-Bhagavata_Purana_manuscript%2C_18_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bhagavata_Purana_manuscript%2C_18_century.jpg/440px-Bhagavata_Purana_manuscript%2C_18_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2418" data-file-height="1861" /></a><figcaption>A Bhagavata Purana manuscript</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Hariprasad Gangashankar Shastri, the oldest surviving manuscript dates to c. 1124-25 and is held in the <a href="/wiki/Sampurnanand_Sanskrit_Vishwavidyalaya" title="Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya">Sampurnananda Sanskrit Vishvavidyalaya</a> in Varanasi.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poetic or <a href="/wiki/Artistic_license" title="Artistic license">artistic license</a> with existing materials is a strong tradition in Indian culture,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <i>'tradition of several hundred years of linguistic creativity'</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are variations of original manuscripts available for each Purana, including the Srimad Bhagavatam.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common manuscript for translations of the Bhagavata Purana – seemingly used by both Swami Prabhupada and <a href="/wiki/Bibek_Debroy" title="Bibek Debroy">Bibek Debroy</a> – is the <i>Bhāgavatamahāpurāṇam</i><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a reprint of Khemraj Shri Krishnadas' manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regard to variances in Puranic manuscripts, Gregory Bailey states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[S]ignificant are the widespread variations between manuscripts of the same Purana, especially those originating in different regions of India... one of the principal characteristics of the genre is the status of Purana as what Doniger calls "fluid texts" (Doniger 1991, 31). The mixture of fixed form [the Puranic Characteristics] and seemingly endless variety of content has enabled the Purana to be communicative vehicles for a range of cultural positions ... [the] idea of originality is primarily Western and belies the fact that in the kind of oral genres of which the Puranas continue to form a part, such originality is neither promoted nor recognised. Like most forms of cultural creation in India, the function of the Puranas was to reprocess and comment upon old knowledge ...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>The Study of Hinduism</i> (Arvind Sharma, editor), Chapter 6 ('The Puranas: A Study in the Development of Hinduism')<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cantos_(skandhas)"><span id="Cantos_.28skandhas.29"></span>Cantos (skandhas)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cantos (skandhas)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>SB 1.1.3</b> original Sanskrit: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>निगमकल्पतरोर्गलितं फलं<br /> शुकमुखादमृतद्रवसंयुतम् ।<br /> पिबत भागवतं रसमालयं<br /> मुहुरहो रसिका भुवि भावुका: ॥ ३ ॥ </p> </div><p>O ye devotees possessing a taste for divine joy, Srimad Bhagavata is the fruit (essence) of the wish-yielding tree of Veda, dropped on earth from the mouth of the parrot-like sage Suka, and is full of the nectar of supreme bliss. It is unmixed sweetness (devoid of rind, seed or other superfluous matter). Go on drinking this divine nectar again and again till there is consciousness left in you.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Canto">First Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Srimad_Bhagavata_Book_1" title="Srimad Bhagavata Book 1">Srimad Bhagavata Book 1</a></div> <p>Consisting of 19 chapters,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first canto opens with an invocation to <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and the assertion that the Srimad Bhagatavam, compiled by <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasadeva</a>, is sufficient alone to realise God. The overarching narration begins at the onset of <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a> as a dialogue between <a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Sukadeva Gosvami</a> (the son of Vyasadeva) and a group of sages headed by <a href="/wiki/Saunaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Saunaka">Saunaka</a>, as they perform a thousand-year sacrifice for Krishna and his devotees in the forest of <a href="/wiki/Naimisha_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Naimisha Forest">Naimisaranya</a>. Questioned by the <a href="/wiki/Sages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sages">sages</a>, topics covered by Suta Gosvami include the: </p> <ul><li>Birth of <a href="/wiki/Pariksit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pariksit">Pariksit</a> – protected in the womb by Krishna – in the aftermath of the devastating <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a></li> <li>Appearance and instruction of <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a> to Vyasadeva on the composition of the Srimad Bhagavatam</li> <li>Meditation and inspiration of Vyasadeva on the western bank of the <a href="/wiki/Sarasvati_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarasvati river">Sarasvati river</a> to compile and revise the Bhagavata</li> <li>Teaching of the Bhagavata by Vyasadeva to his already-liberated son, Suka Gosvami</li> <li>Departure and disappearance of Krishna, followed by the signs and onset of Kali Yuga</li> <li>Retirement of the <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandavas</a> (including King <a href="/wiki/Yudhisthira" class="mw-redirect" title="Yudhisthira">Yudhisthira</a>) and consequent enthronement of Pariksit</li> <li>Attempts of Pariksit to stem the influence of Kali before being cursed by a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmana</a> boy to die within seven days</li> <li>Renunciation of Pariksit, who decided to fast until death (<a href="/wiki/Prayopavesa" title="Prayopavesa">Prayopavesa</a>) on the banks of the Ganges in <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">devotion</a> to Krishna</li> <li>Arrival of sages (including Narada and <a href="/wiki/Bhrgu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhrgu">Bhrgu</a>) and their disciples to Pariksit's fast, followed by Suta Gosvami</li></ul> <p><br /><b>SB 1.3.38</b> original Sanskrit: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>स वेद धातु: पदवीं परस्य<br /> दुरन्तवीर्यस्य रथाङ्गपाणे: ।<br /> योऽमायया सन्ततयानुवृत्त्या<br /> भजेत तत्पादसरोजगन्धम् ॥ ३८ ॥ </p> </div><p>The power of the Lord who wields the discus in His hand is infinite; though the Maker of this world, He remains ever beyond it. He alone can know His ways who inhales the fragrance of His lotus-feet through constant and sincere devotion to them.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Canto">Second Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Srimad_Bhagavata_Book_2" title="Srimad Bhagavata Book 2">Srimad Bhagavata Book 2</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suka_Dev_and_Parikshit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Suka_Dev_and_Parikshit.jpg/163px-Suka_Dev_and_Parikshit.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Suka_Dev_and_Parikshit.jpg/245px-Suka_Dev_and_Parikshit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Suka_Dev_and_Parikshit.jpg/326px-Suka_Dev_and_Parikshit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3219" data-file-height="4341" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Sukadeva Gosvami</a> addressing <a href="/wiki/Pariksit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pariksit">Pariksit</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Consisting of 10 chapters,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second canto opens with an invocation to <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>. The second layer of overarching narration begins as a dialogue between <a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Sukadeva Gosvami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pariksit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pariksit">Pariksit</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges river">Ganges river</a> (narrated by Suta Gosvami to a group of sages headed by <a href="/wiki/Saunaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Saunaka">Saunaka</a> in the forest of <a href="/wiki/Naimisha_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Naimisha Forest">Naimisaranya</a>). Questioned by Pariksit, the topics covered by Sukadeva Gosvami include the: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendental</a>, supreme, eternal, and pure nature of Krishna</li> <li>Universal <a href="/wiki/Vishvarupa" title="Vishvarupa">Virat-Rupa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahavishnu" title="Mahavishnu">Maha-Vishnu</a> forms of Krishna, as well as His scheduled <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a> with their purposes</li> <li>Process and laws of creation and annihilation of the universe</li> <li>God realisation, <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakti Yoga">Bhakti Yoga</a>, devotional duties, and the need for a spiritual master (<a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> knowledge, modes of material nature (<a href="/wiki/Gunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunas">gunas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Hinduism" title="Karma in Hinduism">karma</a>, false (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialistic</a>) ego, and <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusion</a> and suffering due to ignorance</li> <li>Divisions (caste or <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a>) of society, common religious affiliations, and <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a></li></ul> <p><b>SB 2.5.35</b> original Sanskrit: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>स एव पुरुषस्तस्मादण्डं निर्भिद्य निर्गत: ।<br /> सहस्रोर्वङ्‌घ्रिबाह्वक्ष: सहस्राननशीर्षवान् ॥ ३५ ॥ </p> </div><p>Bursting open that (Cosmic) egg, issued therefrom the same Supreme Person (the Cosmic Being) with thousands of thighs, feet, arms and eyes and thousands of faces and heads too.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Canto">Third Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Third Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Srimad_Bhagavata_Book_3" title="Srimad Bhagavata Book 3">Srimad Bhagavata Book 3</a></div> <p>Consisting of 33 chapters,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the third canto continues the dialogue between <a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Sukadeva Gosvami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pariksit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pariksit">Pariksit</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges river">Ganges river</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vidura" title="Vidura">Vidura</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">sudra</a> incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a> and devotee of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, is the main protagonist narrated. After being thrown out of his home by King <a href="/wiki/Dhritarashtra" title="Dhritarashtra">Dhritarashtra</a> (his older half-brother) for admonishing the <a href="/wiki/Kaurava" title="Kaurava">Kaurava's</a> ignoble behaviour towards the <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandavas</a>, Vidura went on a <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> where he met other devotees of Krishna such as <a href="/wiki/Uddhava" title="Uddhava">Uddhava</a> and the sage <a href="/wiki/Maitreya_(Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata)" title="Maitreya (Mahābhārata)">Maitreya</a>; their dialogues form a third layer of narration. Topics covered by Sukadeva Gosvami, Uddhava, and Maitreya include the: </p> <ul><li>Remembrance, pastimes, qualities, and kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a>) of Krishna</li> <li>Universal – <a href="/wiki/Vishvarupa" title="Vishvarupa">Virat-Rupa</a> – form of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> to animate dormant material energy for creation (with <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, explicitly stated to represent His <a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">external energy</a>)</li> <li>Emergence of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> from <a href="/wiki/Garbhodaksayi_Vishnu" title="Garbhodaksayi Vishnu">Garbhodakasayi Vishnu</a>; Brahma's prayers to <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, creation of living beings, and manifestation of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li>Curse of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Kumaras" title="Four Kumaras">Four Kamaras</a> on <a href="/wiki/Jaya-Vijaya" title="Jaya-Vijaya">Jaya and Vijaya</a> and their consequent incarnations as the demons <a href="/wiki/Hiranyaksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiranyaksa">Hiranyaksa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiranyakasipu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiranyakasipu">Hiranyakasipu</a></li> <li>Appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a> avatar to lift the Earth out of the depths of the Cosmic Ocean (<a href="/wiki/Garbhodaksayi_Vishnu" title="Garbhodaksayi Vishnu">Garbhodakasayi</a>) and destroy <a href="/wiki/Hiranyaksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiranyaksa">Hiranyaksa</a></li> <li>Appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a> avatar to expound <a href="/wiki/Sankya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankya">Sankya</a> philosophy and devotional service (<a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakti Yoga">Bhakti Yoga</a>) for Krishna</li> <li>Principles of material nature, divisions of creation, and calculation of time</li></ul> <p><b>SB 3.25.25</b> original Sanskrit: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>सतां प्रसङ्गान्मम वीर्यसंविदो<br /> भवन्ति हृत्कर्णरसायना: कथा: ।<br /> तज्जोषणादाश्वपवर्गवर्त्मनि<br /> श्रद्धा रतिर्भक्तिरनुक्रमिष्यति ॥ २५ ॥ </p> </div><p>Through the fellowship of saints one gets to hear My stories, leading to a correct and full knowledge of My glory and pleasing to the heart as well as to the ear. By hearing such stories one is sure to develop one after another reverence and fondness for and Devotion to the Lord, whose realization is preceded by the cessation of ignorance.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_Canto">Fourth Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fourth Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Story_of_dhruva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Story_of_dhruva.jpg/165px-Story_of_dhruva.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Story_of_dhruva.jpg/247px-Story_of_dhruva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Story_of_dhruva.jpg/329px-Story_of_dhruva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3537" data-file-height="4512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> appears before <a href="/wiki/Dhruva" title="Dhruva">Dhruva</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Consisting of 31 chapters,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the fourth canto continues the dialogues of <a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Sukadeva Gosvami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uddhava" title="Uddhava">Uddhava</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maitreya_(Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata)" title="Maitreya (Mahābhārata)">Maitreya</a>. There are additional layers of dialogue, such as between the sage-avatar <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Prachetas" title="Prachetas">Pracinabharhisat</a> (as narrated by Maitreya to <a href="/wiki/Vidura" title="Vidura">Vidura</a>). Focusing on the female descendants of <a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Svayambhuva Manu</a>, topics covered include the: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogies" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogies">Genealogies</a> of the daughters of <a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Svayambhuva Manu</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Dhruva" title="Dhruva">Dhruva</a> (grandson of <a href="/wiki/Svayambhuva_Manu" class="mw-redirect" title="Svayambhuva Manu">Svayambhuva Manu</a>)</li> <li>Enmity between <a href="/wiki/Daksha" title="Daksha">Daksa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, self-immolation of <a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a> (wife of Shiva and daughter of Daksa), and attack by Shiva on Daksa's ritual</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapasya">Tapasya</a> and liberation of <a href="/wiki/Dhruva" title="Dhruva">Dhruva</a>, including advice from Narada, his vision of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, and battles between Dhruva and the <a href="/wiki/Yaksas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaksas">Yaksas</a></li> <li>Killing of the tyrant-king <a href="/wiki/Vena_(Hindu_king)" title="Vena (Hindu king)">Vena</a> by <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> before the appearance of the king <a href="/wiki/Prthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Prthu">Prthu</a> to restore abundance of the Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegorical">Allegorical</a> story, descriptions, and characteristics of King Puranjana, who was reborn as a woman due to thinking of his wife when he died</li> <li>Activities of the <a href="/wiki/Pracetas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pracetas">Pracetas</a>, including meeting with Shiva, instruction from Narada, and ultimate liberation</li> <li>Qualities of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> devotion (<a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakti Yoga">Bhakti Yoga</a>), the soul (<a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">atman</a>), the super-soul (<a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">paramatman</a>), and materialistic life</li></ul> <p><br /><b>SB 4.16.17</b> original Sanskrit: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>मातृभक्ति: परस्त्रीषु पत्‍न्यामर्ध इवात्मन: । प्रजासु पितृवत्स्‍निग्ध: किङ्करो ब्रह्मवादिनाम् ॥ १७ ॥ </p> </div><p>He regards and reveres the wives of others as His mother and loves His own wife as a half of His own body. He is loving as a father to those over whom He rules; He looks upon Himself as a servant to those who are well-versed in the Vedic lore.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_Canto">Fifth Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fifth Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lustration_of_a_Jina_Rishabhanatha_(Adinatha),_Folio_from_a_Bhaktamara_Stotra_(Hymn_of_the_Immortal_Devotee)_LACMA_AC1992.170.2_(1_of_6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lustration_of_a_Jina_Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Bhaktamara_Stotra_%28Hymn_of_the_Immortal_Devotee%29_LACMA_AC1992.170.2_%281_of_6%29.jpg/131px-Lustration_of_a_Jina_Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Bhaktamara_Stotra_%28Hymn_of_the_Immortal_Devotee%29_LACMA_AC1992.170.2_%281_of_6%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lustration_of_a_Jina_Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Bhaktamara_Stotra_%28Hymn_of_the_Immortal_Devotee%29_LACMA_AC1992.170.2_%281_of_6%29.jpg/196px-Lustration_of_a_Jina_Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Bhaktamara_Stotra_%28Hymn_of_the_Immortal_Devotee%29_LACMA_AC1992.170.2_%281_of_6%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lustration_of_a_Jina_Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Bhaktamara_Stotra_%28Hymn_of_the_Immortal_Devotee%29_LACMA_AC1992.170.2_%281_of_6%29.jpg/262px-Lustration_of_a_Jina_Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Bhaktamara_Stotra_%28Hymn_of_the_Immortal_Devotee%29_LACMA_AC1992.170.2_%281_of_6%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1374" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rsabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rsabha">Rsabha</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Consisting of 26 chapters,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the fifth canto focuses on the dialogue between <a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Sukadeva Gosvami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pariksit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pariksit">Pariksit</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges river">Ganges river</a>. Notable additional layers of dialogue are between the avatar <a href="/wiki/Rsabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rsabha">Rsabha</a> and his sons, and between <a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Mahabharata)" title="Bharata (Mahabharata)">Bharata</a> and King Rahugana (the former was perceived as a fool and made to carry the latter's <a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">palanquin</a>). Topics covered include the: </p> <ul><li>Appearance, life, and teachings of the publicly abused avatar <a href="/wiki/Rsabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rsabha">Rsabha</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> (spiritual teacher) of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li>Appearance of <a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a> to return vedic knowledge to Brahma</li> <li>Activities, character, teachings, and liberation of King <a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Mahabharata)" title="Bharata (Mahabharata)">Bharata</a> (incarnated as a deer and then a supposed <a href="/wiki/Idiot" title="Idiot">idiot</a>-<a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a>)</li> <li>Activities and descendants of King Priyavrata, whose chariot wheels created the seven oceans and islands (i.e. continents)</li> <li>Descriptions of the universe, <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a>, orbits of the planets, and the heavenly and hellish planets</li> <li>Flow of the Ganges and expansion of <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> as Vasudeva (<a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>), <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Sankarsana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a></li> <li>Glories of <a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a> / Sankarsana / <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tamas_(philosophy)" title="Tamas (philosophy)">Tamasi</a></li></ul> <p><b>SB 5.5.1</b> original Sanskrit: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>ऋषभ उवाच<br /> नायं देहो देहभाजां नृलोके<br /> कष्टान् कामानर्हते विड्भुजां ये ।<br /> तपो दिव्यं पुत्रका येन सत्त्वं<br /> शुद्ध्येद्यस्माद् ब्रह्मसौख्यं त्वनन्तम् ॥ १ ॥ </p> </div><p>This (human) body in the mortal world does not deserve to be given up to (the pursuit of) sensuous pleasures, which are (really) a source of misery and which are enjoyed even by swine, dogs and other animals (that feed on ordure). It is worthy of being devoted, My beloved sons, to sublime austerities whereby the mind is purified; and from purity of mind follows the unending bliss of absorption into the Absolute.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixth_Canto">Sixth Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sixth Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vritra_try_to_eat_indra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vritra_try_to_eat_indra.jpg/205px-Vritra_try_to_eat_indra.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vritra_try_to_eat_indra.jpg/308px-Vritra_try_to_eat_indra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vritra_try_to_eat_indra.jpg/411px-Vritra_try_to_eat_indra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vritra" title="Vritra">Vrtrasura</a> attacks <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Consisting of 19 chapters,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the sixth canto continues with the dialogue between <a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Sukadeva Gosvami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pariksit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pariksit">Pariksit</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges river">Ganges river</a>. A notable additional layer of dialogue is between <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a> and his messengers (called the <i>Yamadutas</i>). With the main focus on the battles of the demon-devotee <a href="/wiki/Vritra" title="Vritra">Vrtrasura</a> and his armies against the demigods led by <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, as well as the life of King Citraketu, topics covered include the: </p> <ul><li>Life of <a href="/wiki/Ajamila" title="Ajamila">Ajamila</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> that lost liberation due to sex-attraction but was liberated due to calling his son – <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> – upon death</li> <li>Instructions of <a href="/wiki/Yamaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamaraja">Yamaraja</a> to his messengers about justice, punishment, chanting, Vishnu's messengers, and surrender (<a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a>) to Krishna</li> <li>Curse of <a href="/wiki/Daksha" title="Daksha">Daksa</a> on <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a> of the daughters of <a href="/wiki/Daksha" title="Daksha">Daksa</a></li> <li>Offence of <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brhaspati" class="mw-redirect" title="Brhaspati">Brhaspati</a>, the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Vritra" title="Vritra">Vrtrasura</a> to battle the demigods, their prayers to <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vritra" title="Vritra">Vrtrasura</a>'s death</li> <li>Story of King Chitraketu, the murder of his son, instruction from <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a>, meeting with Krishna, and curse by <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li> <li>Vow of <a href="/wiki/Diti" title="Diti">Diti</a> to kill Indra, her embryo being cut into 49 pieces by Indra but saved by <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, and her purification through devotion</li> <li>Performance of the <a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a> ceremony for pregnancy with prayers to Vishnu and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> (Goddess of Wealth and Fortune)</li></ul> <p><b>SB 6.3.13</b> original Sanskrit: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>यो नामभिर्वाचि जनं निजायां<br /> बध्नाति तन्‍त्र्यामिव दामभिर्गा: ।<br /> यस्मै बलिं त इमे नामकर्म-<br /> निबन्धबद्धाश्चकिता वहन्ति ॥ १३ ॥ </p> </div><p>Just as a farmer ties (his) oxen with tethers to a big cord (to keep them together), He binds men with (different) denominations (Brahmana, Ksatriya and so on) to His own Word (the Veda)-allots them different duties as enjoined by the Vedas; and, bound by (these) strong ties in the shape of class, names and obligations (attaching thereto), the aforesaid men meticulously bear offerings (do homage) to Him (through the scrupulous discharge of their duties).</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh_Canto">Seventh Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Seventh Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lakshmi_narasimha_swamy_idol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lakshmi_narasimha_swamy_idol.jpg/180px-Lakshmi_narasimha_swamy_idol.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lakshmi_narasimha_swamy_idol.jpg/270px-Lakshmi_narasimha_swamy_idol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lakshmi_narasimha_swamy_idol.jpg/360px-Lakshmi_narasimha_swamy_idol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nrsimha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nrsimha">Nrsimha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Prahlada</a> (R).</figcaption></figure> <p>Consisting of 15 chapters,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the seventh canto continues with the dialogue between <a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Sukadeva Gosvami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pariksit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pariksit">Pariksit</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges river">Ganges river</a>. A notable additional layer of dialogue is between <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a> about <a href="/wiki/Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Prahlada</a>, the devotee-son of the demon-King <a href="/wiki/Hiranyakasipu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiranyakasipu">Hiranyakasipu</a> (brother of <a href="/wiki/Hiranyaksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiranyaksa">Hiranyaksa</a>, destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a> avatar in the third canto; the demonic brothers are incarnations of <a href="/wiki/Jaya-Vijaya" title="Jaya-Vijaya">Jaya and Vijaya</a>). Prahlada, protected by <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, survives multiple attempts to kill him until the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Nrsimha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nrsimha">Nrsimha</a> avatar to destroy his father, who could not be killed by any weapon, by any man or beast, or in the water, air, or on land. Topics covered include the: </p> <ul><li>Vow of demon-King <a href="/wiki/Hiranyakasipu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiranyakasipu">Hiranyakasipu</a> to destroy <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, his austerities to become invincible, and conquering of the entire universe</li> <li>Birth, abuse, and teachings of the devotee <a href="/wiki/Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Prahlada</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Hiranyakasipu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiranyakasipu">Hiranyakasipu</a>, protected from death by Krishna</li> <li>Arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Nrsimha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nrsimha">Nrsimha</a> avatar to destroy <a href="/wiki/Hiranyakasipu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiranyakasipu">Hiranyakasipu</a>, later pacified by the prayers of Prahlada</li> <li>Perfect society in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">four social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">four spiritual</a> classes or orders</li> <li>Behaviour of a good person, ideal family life, and instructions to be civilised</li> <li>Exposition that the absolute truth is a person – <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> – who is the master and controller of all</li> <li>Previous incarnations of <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a>, and that Krishna lived with the <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandavas</a> like an ordinary human being</li></ul> <p><b>SB 7.14.9</b> original Sanskrit: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>मृगोष्ट्रखरमर्काखुसरीसृप्खगमक्षिका: ।<br /> आत्मन: पुत्रवत् पश्येत्तैरेषामन्तरं कियत् ॥ ९ ॥ </p> </div><p>He should look upon deer, camels, donkeys, monkeys, rats, reptiles, birds and flies as though they were their (own) children What is that which distinguishes these from those (children)? (They deserve his fostering care as much as his own children).</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eighth_Canto">Eighth Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Eighth Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vamana_Bali_Shukra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vamana_Bali_Shukra.jpg/179px-Vamana_Bali_Shukra.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vamana_Bali_Shukra.jpg/269px-Vamana_Bali_Shukra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vamana_Bali_Shukra.jpg/359px-Vamana_Bali_Shukra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mahabali" title="Mahabali">Bali</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Consisting of 24 chapters,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the eighth canto continues the dialogue between <a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Sukadeva Gosvami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pariksit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pariksit">Pariksit</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges river">Ganges river</a>. A notable additional layer of dialogue is between the <a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a> avatar and <a href="/wiki/King_Bali" class="mw-redirect" title="King Bali">King Bali</a> about the demon-King <a href="/wiki/Hiranyakasipu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiranyakasipu">Hiranyakasipu</a>. Topics covered include the: </p> <ul><li>Details and ages of the four <a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manus</a> (Svayambhuva, Svarocisa, Uttama, and Tamasa), and of the future Manus</li> <li>Elephant <a href="/wiki/Gajendra_Moksha" title="Gajendra Moksha">Gajendra</a>, rescued from <a href="/wiki/Makara" title="Makara">Makara</a> the crocodile by <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> riding his mount <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>, after prayers of surrender</li> <li>Battles between the <a href="/wiki/Demigod" title="Demigod">demigods</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">demons</a>, the truce brokered by <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, and churning of the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_of_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean of milk">ocean of milk</a> by both factions</li> <li>Appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a>, and Ajita avatars (and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>) during the churning of the ocean of milk</li> <li>Second appearance of Mohini to beguile <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li> <li>Annihilation of the demons by <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li>Appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a> avatar to take back the three worlds from King Bali in three footsteps, and the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">surrender</a> of Bali to Him</li> <li>Appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a> avatar to save devotee-King <a href="/wiki/Satyavrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyavrata">Satyavrata</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">flood</a> (during the time of <a href="/wiki/Hiranyaksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiranyaksa">Hiranyaksa</a> in the third canto)</li></ul> <p><b>SB 8.5.30</b> original Sanskrit: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>न यस्य कश्चातितितर्ति मायां<br /> यया जनो मुह्यति वेद नार्थम् ।<br /> तं निर्जितात्मात्मगुणं परेशं<br /> नमाम भूतेषु समं चरन्तम् ॥ ३० ॥ </p> </div><p>Let us bow to that Ruler of the highest gods, moving qually in all created beings, whose Maya (deluding potency) nobody can overpass-that Māyā due to which men get bewildered and are unable to know the truth (their reality)-but vho has completely subdued that Maya-Sakti of His own and its properties (in the shape of Sattva, Rajas and Tamas).</p></blockquote><p>In 7th chapter of eighth canto mentioned <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> is also non different from <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. He is supreme ruler of the universe and the eternal refugee of all living beings. </p><p>Gita Press: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You are the supreme, mysterious Brahma (the Absolute), the Creator of all beings, (the gods, beasts and so on), high and low. It is You, the (supreme) Spirit, that stand manifested as the universe by virtue of (Your) manifold energies (in the form of Sattva, Rajas and Tamas) and are its Ruler (too).</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Canto 8, Chapter 7, Verse 24</cite></div></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>29. The five sacred (Vedic) texts (known by the names of Tatpuruşa, Aghora, Sadyojäta, Vämadeva and Iśāna), O Lord, from (the thirty- eight parts of) which the thirty-eight fragmentary Mantras came into existence, constitute Your (five) faces (bearing the same names as the sacred texts themselves). Again, that self- effulgent Principle, constituting the supreme Reality, which is known by the name of Śiva, O Deity, is (nothing but) Your absolute state.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Canto 8, Chapter 7, Verse 29</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ninth_Canto">Ninth Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ninth Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parashurama_with_axe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Parashurama_with_axe.jpg/140px-Parashurama_with_axe.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Parashurama_with_axe.jpg/210px-Parashurama_with_axe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Parashurama_with_axe.jpg/280px-Parashurama_with_axe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Consisting of 24 chapters,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the ninth canto continues the dialogue between <a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Sukadeva Gosvami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pariksit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pariksit">Pariksit</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges river">Ganges river</a>. With no notable additional layers of dialogue, the primary focus is upon the male <a href="/wiki/Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties">dynasties</a> of various ruling figures (the female sides are covered in the fourth canto). Topics covered include the: </p> <ul><li>Pastimes of the <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> avatar that destroyed the demon-King <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Kumbhakarna" title="Kumbhakarna">Kumbhakarna</a>; incarnations of <a href="/wiki/Jaya-Vijaya" title="Jaya-Vijaya">Jaya and Vijaya</a>)</li> <li>Appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a> avatar to repeatedly destroy the corrupt, Godless ruling (<a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a>) class</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a> and downfall of Saubhari Muni due to sex-desire (after seeing fish copulate), and his liberation through performing austerities</li> <li>Story of King <a href="/wiki/Yayati" title="Yayati">Yayati</a>, cursed to suffer old age; after passing the curse to his <a href="/wiki/King_Puru" class="mw-redirect" title="King Puru">son</a>, he learned the futility of <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">sense-pleasure</a> and achieved liberation</li> <li>Story of King <a href="/wiki/Pururava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pururava">Pururava</a>, beguiled by the <a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsara</a> <a href="/wiki/Urvasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Urvasi">Urvasi</a>, until he sated his lusty desires with a ceremonial fire</li> <li>Genealogies of the sons of <a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Svayambhuva Manu</a>, and of the Kings <a href="/wiki/Mandhata_(King)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandhata (King)">Mandhata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amshuman" title="Amshuman">Amsuman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yayati" title="Yayati">Yayati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Mahabharata)" title="Bharata (Mahabharata)">Bharata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panchala_Kingdom_(Mahabharata)#Lineage_of_the_Puru_Kings_up_to_the_Panchala_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)">Ajamidha</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Puru" class="mw-redirect" title="King Puru">Puru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pururava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pururava">Pururava</a></li> <li>Genealogy of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, and brief descriptions of His beauty and pastimes</li></ul> <p><b>SB 9.24.59.60</b> original Sanskrit: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>अक्षौहिणीनां पतिभिरसुरैर्नृपलाञ्छनै: । भुव आक्रम्यमाणाया अभाराय कृतोद्यम: ॥ ५९ ॥ </p> </div><p>कर्माण्यपरिमेयाणि मनसापि सुरेश्वरैः । </p><p>सहसङ्कर्षणश्चक्रे भगवान्मधुसूदनः ॥ ६० ॥ </p><p> Endeavouring to remove the burden of the earth, which was overrun by demons disguised as kings, who led more than one Akşauhinīs, Śri Krsna (the slayer of the demon Madhu). accompanied by (His elder brother) Sarnkarsana (better known as Balarama), performed deeds which cannot be comprehended even in thought by the rulers of gods.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenth_Canto">Tenth Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tenth Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_(1525-1550_CE).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_%281525-1550_CE%29.jpg/220px-Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_%281525-1550_CE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_%281525-1550_CE%29.jpg/330px-Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_%281525-1550_CE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_%281525-1550_CE%29.jpg/440px-Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_%281525-1550_CE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption><i>Krishna and Balarama Studying with the Brahman Sandipani</i> (<i>Bhagavata Purana</i>, 1525-1550 CE print). Krishna in blue is seated next to Balarama, both wearing peacock-feather headdresses, in front of their teacher <a href="/wiki/Sandipani" title="Sandipani">Sandipani</a>. Two other students appear on the left.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuvalayapida_Slain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kuvalayapida_Slain.jpg/220px-Kuvalayapida_Slain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kuvalayapida_Slain.jpg/330px-Kuvalayapida_Slain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kuvalayapida_Slain.jpg/440px-Kuvalayapida_Slain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="1542" /></a><figcaption>Kuvalayapida Slain</figcaption></figure> <p>Consisting of 90 chapters,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the tenth canto continues the dialogue between <a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Sukadeva Gosvami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pariksit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pariksit">Pariksit</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges river">Ganges river</a>. Notable additional layers of dialogue all involve the <i><a href="/wiki/Lila_(divine_play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lila (divine play)">lila</a></i> (divine play) of the supreme and <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendental</a> <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> avatar. Thus focusing on the appearance and pastimes of Krishna, topics covered include the: </p> <ul><li>Imprisonment of Krishna's parents (<a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_Anakadundubhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasudeva Anakadundubhi">Vasudeva Anakadundubhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a>), the murder of His siblings, and attempted murder of baby Krishna by King <a href="/wiki/Kamsa" title="Kamsa">Kamsa</a></li> <li>Fostering of Krishna and <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Baba">Nanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yashoda" title="Yashoda">Yashoda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gopas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopas">Gopas</a>, a tribe of cowherds); Yashoda saw the universal form in boy-Krishna's mouth</li> <li>Attempts on baby and boy-Krishna's life by various demons, mostly sent by Kamsa (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Putana" title="Putana">Putana</a>, Trnavarta, <a href="/wiki/Aghasura" title="Aghasura">Aghasura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pralamba" title="Pralamba">Pralamba</a>, Kesi, etc.)</li> <li>Chastisement of <a href="/wiki/Kaliya" title="Kaliya">Kaliya</a>, swallowing of a forest fire, lifting of <a href="/wiki/Govardhan_Hill#Legends" title="Govardhan Hill">Govardhana Hill</a>, stealing of Gopis' clothes, and the <a href="/wiki/Rasa_(theology)" title="Rasa (theology)">Rasa dance</a></li> <li>Raas Leela is described very thoroughly and is shown in great detail in the Tenth Canto.</li> <li>Defeat of numerous demonic foes (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kamsa" title="Kamsa">Kamsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jarasandha" title="Jarasandha">Jarasandha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalayavana" title="Kalayavana">Kalayavana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narakasura" title="Narakasura">Narakasura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paundraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Paundraka">Paundraka</a>, etc.) to diminish the burden of the Earth</li> <li>Marriages to over 16,000 wives (and children with each), establishment of <a href="/wiki/Dvaraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaraka">Dvaraka</a>, return of the <a href="/wiki/Syamantaka" title="Syamantaka">Syamantaka Jewel</a>, and washing of <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada's</a> feet</li> <li>Defeat of <a href="/wiki/Banasura" title="Banasura">Banasura</a> and Shiva, daily activities, blessing of <a href="/wiki/Sudama" title="Sudama">Sudama</a>, blessing of His devotees, saving of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> from Vrkasura, and summary of glories</li></ul> <p><b>SB 10.90.50</b> original Sanskrit: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>मर्त्यस्तयानुसवमेधितया मुकुन्द-<br /> श्रीमत्कथाश्रवणकीर्तनचिन्तयैति ।<br /> तद्धाम दुस्तरकृतान्तजवापवर्गं<br /> ग्रामाद् वनं क्षितिभुजोऽपि ययुर्यदर्था: ॥ ५० ॥ </p> </div><p>By listening to, chanting and contemplating on the charming stories of Bhagavān Sri Krsna every moment, man develops the devotion which leads him to the (supreme) sphere of the Lord. (True,) it is (most) difficult to reach beyond the jurisdiction of Time; but in the Lord's realm Time has no sway. Even rulers of the earth have left their kingdom and retired to the forest for (the performance of austerities with the object of) gaining that eternal realm. (Therefore, one should constantly engage oneself in hearing the stories of the Lord.)</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Study">Study</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest canto with 4,000 verses, the tenth canto is also the most popular and widely studied part of the Bhagavata.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007112_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007112-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been translated, commented on, and published separately from the rest of the Srimad Bhagavatam.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eleventh_Canto">Eleventh Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Eleventh Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamsa,_the_Swan-Incarnation_of_Vishnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hamsa%2C_the_Swan-Incarnation_of_Vishnu.jpg/148px-Hamsa%2C_the_Swan-Incarnation_of_Vishnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hamsa%2C_the_Swan-Incarnation_of_Vishnu.jpg/222px-Hamsa%2C_the_Swan-Incarnation_of_Vishnu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hamsa%2C_the_Swan-Incarnation_of_Vishnu.jpg/297px-Hamsa%2C_the_Swan-Incarnation_of_Vishnu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1292" /></a><figcaption>Hamsa</figcaption></figure> <p>Consisting of 31 chapters,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the eleventh canto continues the dialogue between <a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Sukadeva Gosvami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pariksit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pariksit">Pariksit</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges river">Ganges river</a>. Notable additional layers of dialogue are between <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a>, and between <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uddhava" title="Uddhava">Uddhava</a> (and in turn, other dialogues such as that between the Hamsa (swan) avatar and <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>). Topics covered include the: </p> <ul><li>Curse and destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Yadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadu">Yadu Dynasty</a> (through intoxicated in-fighting) at Prabhasa to relieve the burden of the Earth</li> <li>Appearance of the Hamsa (swan) avatar to answer the questions of the sons of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li>Discourse of <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a> about the instruction of the '9 Yogendras' to King Nimi about <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> for <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li>Final teachings of Krishna to Uddhava at <a href="/wiki/Dvaraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaraka">Dvaraka</a> (e.g. the story of a young <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> <a href="/wiki/Avadhuta" title="Avadhuta">avadhuta</a> narrating his 24 gurus to King <a href="/wiki/Yadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadu">Yadu</a>)</li> <li>Disappearance of Krishna after being shot in the foot by the hunter, Jara</li> <li>Flood and destruction of Dvarka</li></ul> <p><br /><b>SB 11.7.33–35</b> original Sanskrit: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>पृथिवी वायुराकाशमापोऽग्निश्चन्द्रमा रवि: ।<br /> कपोतोऽजगर: सिन्धु: पतङ्गो मधुकृद् गज: ॥ ३३ ॥<br /> मधुहाहरिणो मीन: पिङ्गला कुररोऽर्भक: ।<br /> कुमारी शरकृत् सर्प ऊर्णनाभि: सुपेशकृत् ॥ ३४ ॥<br /> एते मे गुरवो राजन् चतुर्विंशतिराश्रिता: ।<br /> शिक्षा वृत्तिभिरेतेषामन्वशिक्षमिहात्मन: ॥ ३५ ॥ </p> </div><p>The earth, the air, the sky, water, fire, the moon and the sun, the dove, the boa-constrictor, the sea, the moth, the honey-bee, the elephant, the honey-gatherer, the deer, the fish, Pingala (a courtesan), the osprey, the infant, the maiden, the forger of arrows, the serpent, the spider and the Bhrnga (a kind of wasp) these twenty-four have been accepted, O king, by me as preceptors. From the conduct of these have I learnt all that I had to learn in this life for my good.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Uddhava_or_Hamsa_Gita">The Uddhava or Hamsa Gita</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The Uddhava or Hamsa Gita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Containing the final teachings of Krishna to His devotee <a href="/wiki/Uddhava" title="Uddhava">Uddhava</a>, the eleventh canto is also referred to as the 'Uddhava Gita' or '<a href="/wiki/Hamsa_Gita" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamsa Gita">Hamsa Gita</a>'. Like the tenth canto, it has also been translated and published separately, usually as a companion or 'sequel' to the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>'Hamsa'</b> means 'swan' or 'spirit',<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and: </p> <ul><li>Is the name of the single class or order of society in <a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya Yuga</a> (as compared to four in Kali Yuga), the first and purest of the four cyclical <a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">yugas</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Symbolises <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (Ultimate Truth, Self, or <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a>) in Hinduism<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Is the mount ridden by <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li>Is the name of the tenth (i.e. swan) <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> that taught the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> (hence the symbolism of the swan being ridden by Brahma as a mount).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twelfth_Canto">Twelfth Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Twelfth Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalki_Avatar_by_Ravi_Varma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kalki_Avatar_by_Ravi_Varma.jpg/166px-Kalki_Avatar_by_Ravi_Varma.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kalki_Avatar_by_Ravi_Varma.jpg/249px-Kalki_Avatar_by_Ravi_Varma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kalki_Avatar_by_Ravi_Varma.jpg/332px-Kalki_Avatar_by_Ravi_Varma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="4057" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Consisting of 13 chapters,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the twelfth and final canto completes the dialogue between <a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Sukadeva Gosvami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pariksit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pariksit">Pariksit</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges river">Ganges river</a>, and ends with the overarching dialogue between Sukadeva Gosvami and the group of sages led by <a href="/wiki/Saunaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Saunaka">Saunaka</a>, at the forest of <a href="/wiki/Naimisha_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Naimisha Forest">Naimisaranya</a>. Focusing on prophecies and signs of <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a>, topics covered in this canto include the: </p> <ul><li>Degradation of rulers as liars and plunderers, and the symptoms of the age of Kali (e.g. atheism, political intrigue, low character of royals, etc.)</li> <li>A list of the future rulers of the world, and the way they attained downfall</li> <li>Final instructions to and death of Pariksit due to his curse (bitten by a poisonous serpent <a href="/wiki/Takshaka" title="Takshaka">Takshaka</a>)</li> <li>Prayers of sage <a href="/wiki/Markandeya" title="Markandeya">Markandeya</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a>, resistance to <a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kamadeva</a> sent by <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> to break his vows, and glorification by <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Uma</a></li> <li>Four categories of universal annihilation</li> <li>Appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a> avatar to destroy evil at the end of Kali Yuga</li> <li>Description of the lesser and greater <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, and the eighteen major Puranas</li> <li>Description of the <a href="/wiki/Mahavishnu" title="Mahavishnu">Mahapurusa</a></li> <li>Summary and glories of the Srimad Bhagavatam</li></ul> <p><b>SB 12.13.11–12</b> original Sanskrit: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>आदिमध्यावसानेषु वैराग्याख्यानसंयुतम् ।<br /> हरिलीलाकथाव्रातामृतानन्दितसत्सुरम् ॥ ११ ॥<br /> सर्ववेदान्तसारं यद ब्रह्मात्मैकत्वलक्षणम् ।<br /> वस्त्वद्वितीयं तन्निष्ठं कैवल्यैकप्रयोजनम् ॥ १२ ॥ </p> </div><p>It has been enriched at the beginning, in the middle and at the end with legends illustrating the glory of Dispassion and has been delighting the righteous as well as the gods with its nectar-like stories describing the pastimes of Lord Śri Hari. (11) It has for its theme that one reality without a second—which is the sum and substance of all the Upaniṣads (which are the culmination of the Vedas) and has been characterized as the oneness of Brahma (the Absolute) and the (individual) soul—and has detachment of the Spirit from Matter as its only object.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakti Yoga">Bhakti Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita Vedanta</a> are the prominent teachings, states <a href="/wiki/T._S._Rukmani" title="T. S. Rukmani">T. S. Rukmani</a>, various passages show a synthesis that also includes <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rukmani_217-218_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukmani_217-218-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhakti">Bhakti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bhakti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></div> <p>Cutler states the Bhagavata Purana is among the most important texts on <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>, presenting a fully developed teaching that originated with the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryant states that while classical yoga attempts to shut down the mind and senses, Bhakti Yoga in the Bhagavata teaches that the mind is transformed by filling it with thoughts of Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_117_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant_117-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matchett states that in addition to various <a href="/wiki/Didactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic">didactic</a> philosophical passages the Bhagavata also describes one of the activities that can lead to liberation (<i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a></i>) as listening to, reflecting on the stories of, and sharing devotion for <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> with others.<sup id="cite_ref-LoveDivine_103_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoveDivine_103-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhakti is depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Purana</a>, adds Matchett, as both an overpowering emotion as well as a way of life that is rational and deliberately cultivated.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samkhya">Samkhya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Samkhya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapila_muni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kapila_muni.jpg/93px-Kapila_muni.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kapila_muni.jpg/139px-Kapila_muni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kapila_muni.jpg/186px-Kapila_muni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a> Muni.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Dasgupta" title="Surendranath Dasgupta">Surendranath Dasgupta</a> describes the theistic <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> philosophy taught by <a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a> in the Bhagavata as the dominant philosophy in the text.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sheridan points out that in the Third Canto, Kapila is described as an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, born as the son of the <a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Prajapati</a> <a href="/wiki/Kardama" title="Kardama">Kardama</a>, in order to share the knowledge of self-realization and liberation with his mother, Devahuti; in the Eleventh Canto, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> also teaches Samkhya to <a href="/wiki/Uddhava" title="Uddhava">Uddhava</a>, describing the world as an illusion, and the individual as dreaming, even while in the waking state. Krishna expounds Samhkhya and Yoga as the way of overcoming the dream, with the goal being Krishna Himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan198642-43_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan198642-43-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sheridan also states that the treatment of Samkhya in the Bhagavata is also changed by its emphasis on devotion, as does <a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Dasgupta" title="Surendranath Dasgupta">Dasgupta</a>, adding it is somewhat different from other classical <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta194924_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta194924-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan198642-43_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan198642-43-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advaita">Advaita</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Advaita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advaita_Vedanta_Hindu_monastery_gopuram,_Sringeri_matha,_Karnataka.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Advaita_Vedanta_Hindu_monastery_gopuram%2C_Sringeri_matha%2C_Karnataka.jpeg/202px-Advaita_Vedanta_Hindu_monastery_gopuram%2C_Sringeri_matha%2C_Karnataka.jpeg" decoding="async" width="202" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Advaita_Vedanta_Hindu_monastery_gopuram%2C_Sringeri_matha%2C_Karnataka.jpeg/303px-Advaita_Vedanta_Hindu_monastery_gopuram%2C_Sringeri_matha%2C_Karnataka.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Advaita_Vedanta_Hindu_monastery_gopuram%2C_Sringeri_matha%2C_Karnataka.jpeg/404px-Advaita_Vedanta_Hindu_monastery_gopuram%2C_Sringeri_matha%2C_Karnataka.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3247" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sringeri_Sharada_Peetham" title="Sringeri Sharada Peetham">Sringeri Sharada Peetham</a> is one of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> matha or monastery established by <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a></div> <p>Kumar Das and Sheridan state that the Bhagavata frequently discusses a distinctly <a href="/wiki/Advaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaitic">advaitic</a> or non-dualistic philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Shankara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_Das_1722_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_Das_1722-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-22_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-22-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rukmani adds that the concept of <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> is explained as <i>Ekatva</i> (Oneness) and <i>Sayujya</i> (Absorption, intimate union), wherein one is completely lost in Brahman (Self, Supreme Being, one's true nature).<sup id="cite_ref-Rukmani_217-218_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukmani_217-218-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, states Rukmani, is proclamation of a 'return of the individual soul to the Absolute and its merging into the Absolute', which is unmistakably advaitic.<sup id="cite_ref-Rukmani_217-218_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukmani_217-218-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bhagavata Purana is also stated to parallel the non-duality of <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> by Sheridan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-22_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-22-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an example: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>The aim of life is inquiry into the Truth, and not the desire for enjoyment in heaven by performing religious rites,<br /> Those who possess the knowledge of the Truth, call the knowledge of non-duality as the Truth,<br /> It is called <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, the Highest <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Self</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a>. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sūta, Bhagavata Purana 1.2.10–11, Translated by Daniel Sheridan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan198623_with_footnote_17_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan198623_with_footnote_17-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Scholars describe this philosophy as built on the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Non-dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-dualism">non-dualism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, and term it as "Advaitic Theism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-22_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-22-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term combines the seemingly contradictory beliefs of a personal God that can be worshiped with a God that is immanent in creation and in one's own self. God in this philosophy is within and is not different from the individual self, states Sheridan, and transcends the limitations of specificity and temporality. Sheridan also describes Advaitic Theism as a "both/and" solution for the questions of whether God is <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Immanent" class="mw-redirect" title="Immanent">immanent</a>, and credits the Bhāgavata with a 'truly creative religious moment' for introducing this philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-22_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-22-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text suggests that God <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and the soul (<a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">atman</a>) in all beings is one in quality (nirguna). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bryant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Bryant (author)">Bryant</a> states that the <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> in Bhagavata Purana is certainly built on <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> foundations, but not exactly the same as the <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bryant45_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryant45-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bhagavata asserts, according to Bryant, that the empirical and the spiritual universe are both metaphysical realities, and manifestations of the same Oneness, just like heat and light are "real but different" manifestations of sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-bryant45_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryant45-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryant notes that the tenth book of the Bhagavata does not, as is conventional for non-dualist schools, understand Krishna's form to be a "secondary derivation," which can be subsumed within the impersonal absolute. Rather than describe Brahman to be ultimately formless, the tenth book ascribes an "eternal personal element" to Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007114_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007114-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dharma">Dharma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dharma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dharma_wheel.svg/135px-Dharma_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dharma_wheel.svg/203px-Dharma_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dharma_wheel.svg/270px-Dharma_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> wheel.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></div> <p>Kurmas Das states the Bhagavata Purana conceptualizes a form of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> that competes with that of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, suggesting that Bhakti ultimately leads to Self-knowledge, <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a> (salvation) and bliss.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_Das_2006_page=174_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_Das_2006_page=174-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest mention of <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> is found in the <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a> verse 6.23,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a> state that the word Bhakti appears only once in this <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a>; and that being in one last verse of the epilogue it could be a later addition, and that the context suggests that it is a <a href="/wiki/Panentheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Panentheistic">panentheistic</a> idea and not <a href="/wiki/Theistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theistic">theistic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerbhakti_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerbhakti-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paulcarus_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulcarus-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholarly consensus sees bhakti as a <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">post-Vedic</a> movement that developed primarily during the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> era of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> history.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bhagavata Purana develops the Bhakti concept more elaborately, states Cutler,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposing "worship without ulterior motive and with kind disposition towards all" as Dharma.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> T.R. Sharma states the text includes in its scope intellectual and emotional devotion as well as Advaita Vedanta ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text does not subscribe, states Gupta and Valpey, to context-less "categorical notions of justice or morality", but suggests that "Dharma depends on context".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20138–10,_30–32_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20138–10,_30–32-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They add that in a positive or neutral context, ethics and moral behavior must be adhered to; and when persistently persecuted by evil, anything that reduces the strength of the "evil and poisonous circumstances" is good.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20138–10,_30–32_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20138–10,_30–32-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That which is motivated by, furthers, and enables bhakti is the golden standard of Dharma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20138–10,_30–32_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20138–10,_30–32-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yoga">Yoga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Yoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div> <p>Sarma states that the Bhagavata Purana describes all steps of yoga practice, and characterizes yoga as <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>, asserting that the most important aspect is the spiritual goal.<sup id="cite_ref-ramasharma218_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramasharma218-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sarma and Rukmani, the text dedicates numerous chapters to yoga, such as Canto 10 (chapter 11), which begins with a declaration that <a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a> results from concentrating one's mind on <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, adding this substitutes the concept of a "personal god" in the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yogasutras of Patanjali</a>, and contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali's</a> view that Siddhi is considered powerful but an obstacle to <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ramasharma218_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramasharma218-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rukmani_220,_224_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukmani_220,_224-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other chapters of the text, Rukmani states, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auka" class="mw-redirect" title="Śuka">Śuka</a> describes different meditations on aspects of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, in a way that is similar to the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.<sup id="cite_ref-Rukmani_217-218_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukmani_217-218-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, adds Bryant, the Bhagavata Purana recommends the object of concentration as <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, thus folding in yoga as a form of bhakti and the "union with the divine".<sup id="cite_ref-Rukmani_217-218_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukmani_217-218-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryant describes the synthesis of ideas in Bhagavata Purana as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>The philosophy of the Bhagavata is a mixture of Vedanta terminology, Samkhyan metaphysics and devotionalized Yoga praxis. (...) The tenth book promotes Krishna as the highest absolute personal aspect of godhead – the personality behind the term <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a> and the ultimate aspect of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Edwin Bryant, Krishna: A Sourcebook<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Sheridan as well as Pintchman affirm Bryant's view, adding that the <a href="/wiki/Vedantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedantic">Vedantic</a> view emphasized in the Bhagavata is <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">non-dualist</a>, as described within a reality of plural forms.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy133_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy133-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan198617–21_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan198617–21-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maya">Maya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Maya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Vedanta, <i>Maya</i> is frequently depicted as a deceptive or deluding energy. Conversely, the Bhagavata Purana presents <i>Maya</i> as divine energy through which Krishna manifests the material universe, including its elements, universes, bodies, senses, and minds, contributing to the richness and diversity of the phenomenal world. This process is not just entrapment but also a path to liberation for beings caught in the cycle of birth and death. Maya's illusionary powers, though binding individuals to temporal existence, ultimately facilitate their spiritual growth and release.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffering">Suffering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Suffering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In explaining suffering, the Bhagavata Purana acknowledges karma as a central principle, where actions in past lives influence current and future existences, shaping one's destiny and experiences in subsequent lifetimes. However, it also critiques the adequacy of karma in fully explaining suffering and explores time (<i>kala</i>) as a significant factor in suffering. Time, personified by <a href="/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra" title="Sudarshana Chakra">Sudarshana Chakra</a>, is shown as an unstoppable force that brings both end and renewal, acting indiscriminately upon all beings. Despite time's overwhelming power, the text suggests that sincere devotion (<i>bhakti</i>) to God and surrender to the divine can enable devout souls to overcome the influence of time and karma, ultimately leading to spiritual liberation (<i>moksha</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lila">Lila</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Lila"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bhagavata Purana argues that the play of God (<i>lila</i>) is central to understanding his actions in the world. Despite having everything and being able to make his wishes reality, Krishna engages in various activities and interactions with devotees out of joy and divine play, rather than out of any necessity or compulsion (SB 1.10.24). By participating in Krishna's lila, individuals can transcend the limitations and suffering of the material world and ultimately achieve liberation from time's constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20135_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20135-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The source of many popular stories of Krishna's pastimes for centuries in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007111–113_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007111–113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Bhagavata Purana is widely recognized as the best-known and most influential of the <i><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>,</i> and as a part of <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> literature <i>(</i>the Puranas, <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasa">Itihasa</a> epics, and <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>) is referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Fifth_Veda" title="Fifth Veda">Fifth Veda</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–16_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–16-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matchett_107_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matchett_107-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is important in Indian religious literature for its emphasis on the practice of devotion compared to the more theoretical approach of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, for challenging the ritualism of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, and for its extended description of a God in human form.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_Das_1722_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_Das_1722-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>The Srimad Bhagavatam is the very essence of all the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> literature. One who has enjoyed the nectar of its <a href="/wiki/Rasa_(theology)" title="Rasa (theology)">rasa</a> never has any desire for anything else. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bhagavata Purana 12.13.15, Translated by David Haberman<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_to_other_texts">Relation to other texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Relation to other texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bhagavata Purana aligns itself with canonical texts like <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> by echoing their verses at various points throughout its narrative. It claims equality with the Vedas and reinterprets their themes to emphasize the supremacy of Krishna. It transforms the descriptions of Vishnu's deeds found in the Vishnu Sukta into narratives centered around Krishna's actions (verse 10.51.38). The Bhagavata Purana does not directly reference the Bhagavad Gita, which is part of the Mahabharata. Instead, it includes the teachings similar to those found in the Bhagavad Gita in the form of dialogues between Krishna and Uddhava in Canto 11.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_Festivals">Hindu Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Hindu Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stories in the Bhagavata Purana are also the legends quoted by one generation to the next in Vaishnavism, during annual festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a> (ISKCON) celebrates the promise of Canto 12, Chapter 13, Verse 13 by distributing sets of Srimad Bhagavatam leading up to the full-moon day of the month of Bhādra (Bhādra Purnima) in India and around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Vaishnavism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaitanya-Mahabrabhu-at-Jagannath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chaitanya-Mahabrabhu-at-Jagannath.jpg/142px-Chaitanya-Mahabrabhu-at-Jagannath.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chaitanya-Mahabrabhu-at-Jagannath.jpg/213px-Chaitanya-Mahabrabhu-at-Jagannath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chaitanya-Mahabrabhu-at-Jagannath.jpg/284px-Chaitanya-Mahabrabhu-at-Jagannath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a> (1486–1534 CE)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gaudiya_Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Gaudiya Vaishnavism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauranga" title="Gauranga">Gauranga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a></div> <p>The Bhagavata has played a significant role in the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishna-bhakti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a>) movement of <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a> (1486–1534 CE), in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scriptural basis for the belief that Chaitanya is an avatar of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> is found in verses such as the following (<i>Disciples</i> of <a href="/wiki/Swami_Prabhupada" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Prabhupada">Swami Prabhupada</a> translation): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the Age of Kali, intelligent persons perform congregational chanting to worship the incarnation of Godhead who constantly sings the names of Kṛṣṇa. Although His complexion is not blackish, He is Kṛṣṇa Himself. He is accompanied by His associates, servants, weapons and confidential companions.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Canto 11, Chapter 5, Verse 32<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Chaitanya is commonly referred to as 'Gauranga' in regards to His golden complexion (as detailed in the <a href="/wiki/Gauranga" title="Gauranga">Gauranga</a> article, the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word 'ākṛṣṇaṁ' means 'not blackish' and 'golden'), and is most notable for popularising the <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_maha-mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishna maha-mantra">Hare Krishna maha-mantra</a>. In regards to not being explicitly named as an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> (unlike others such as <a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a>) in the Bhagavata, this is also explained (<a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a> translation): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In this way, my Lord, You appear in various incarnations as a human being, an animal, a great saint, a demigod, a fish or a tortoise, thus maintaining the entire creation in different planetary systems and killing the demoniac principles. According to the age, O my Lord, You protect the principles of religion. In the Age of Kali, however, You do not assert Yourself as the Supreme Personality of Godhead, and therefore You are known as Triyuga, or the Lord who appears in three yugas.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Canto 7, Chapter 9, Verse 38<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The key word in this verse in regards to Krishna incarnating in the age of <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a> is <b>'channaḥ'</b> (<i>S</i>anskrit छन्न<i>),</i> which means ' hidden', 'secret', or 'disguised'.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Chaitanya is accepted as a hidden avatar of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> who appeared in the age of Kali (also known as 'the Iron Age' and 'the age of quarrel') as His own devotee to show the easiest way to achieve Krishna Consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Gaudiya movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Math" title="Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Math</a> (established by <a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a> in 1920) and others established by disciples of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, such as the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada in 1966) and the Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math (by <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Rakshak_Sridhar" title="Bhakti Rakshak Sridhar">Bhakti Rakshak Sridhar</a> in 1941), trace their disciplic lineages back directly to Chaitanya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Vaishnava_Traditions">Other Vaishnava Traditions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Other Vaishnava Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 15th–16th century <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a> in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Panentheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Panentheistic">panentheistic</a> tradition whose proponents, <a href="/wiki/Sankardeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankardeva">Sankardeva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhavdeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhavdeva">Madhavdeva</a>, acknowledge that their theological positions are rooted in the <i>Bhagavata Purana</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> purged of doctrines that find no place in Assamese Vaishnavism<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adding a <a href="/wiki/Monist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monist">monist</a> commentary instead.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In northern and western India the <i>Bhagavata Purana</i> has influenced the <i>Hari Bhakti Vilasa</i> and <i>Haveli</i>-style Krishna temples found in <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a> region near Mathura-Vrindavan.<sup id="cite_ref-edwinmaria48_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwinmaria48-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text complements the Pancharatra <a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agama</a> texts of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-edwinmaria48_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwinmaria48-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the text focuses on Krishna "Narayana (Vishnu) himself appears and explains how <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> should never be seen as independent and different from him".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013149–150_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013149–150-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sixth book includes the feminine principle as <i>Shakti</i>, or goddess Devi, conceptualizing her as the "energy and creative power" of the masculine yet a manifestation of a sexless Brahman, presented in a language suffused with <a href="/wiki/Monism#Hinduism" title="Monism">Hindu monism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy133_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy133-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism_and_Buddhism">Jainism and Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Jainism and Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fifth canto of the <i>Bhagavata Purana</i> is significant for its inclusion of legends about the first <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rishabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rishabha">Rishabha</a>, as an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013151–155_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013151–155-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, his father <a href="/wiki/Nabhi" title="Nabhi">Nabhi</a> is mentioned as one of the Manus and his mother <a href="/wiki/Marudevi" title="Marudevi">Marudevi</a> also finds a mention. It further mentions the 100 sons of Rishabha including <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Chakravartin">Bharata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger1993243_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1993243-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While homage to <a href="/wiki/Shakyamuni_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyamuni Buddha">Shakyamuni Buddha</a> is included in by declaring him as an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013157–159_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013157–159-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the interpretation of Buddhism-related stories in the Purana range from honor to ambivalence to polemics wherein prophecies predict some will distort and misrepresent the teachings of the Vedas, and attempt to sow confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/T._S._Rukmani" title="T. S. Rukmani">T. S. Rukmani</a>, the Bhagavata Purana is also significant in asserting that <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> practice is a form of Bhakti.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Arts">The Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: The Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuse_de_Kuchipudi_jouant_Krishna_(mus%C3%A9e_Guimet).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuse_de_Kuchipudi_jouant_Krishna_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29.jpg/129px-Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuse_de_Kuchipudi_jouant_Krishna_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuse_de_Kuchipudi_jouant_Krishna_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29.jpg/194px-Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuse_de_Kuchipudi_jouant_Krishna_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuse_de_Kuchipudi_jouant_Krishna_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29.jpg/258px-Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuse_de_Kuchipudi_jouant_Krishna_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1413" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrinika_Purohit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Shrinika_Purohit.jpg/125px-Shrinika_Purohit.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Shrinika_Purohit.jpg/188px-Shrinika_Purohit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Shrinika_Purohit.jpg/250px-Shrinika_Purohit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Bhagavata Purana was a significant text in the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">bhakti movement</a> and the culture of India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013185–200_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013185–200-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dance and theatre arts such as <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a> (middle) and <a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a> (right) portray legends from the Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013162–180_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013162–180-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The Bhagavata Purana played a key role in the history of Indian theatre, music, and dance, particularly through the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Rasa_leela" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasa leela"><i>Ras</i> <i>Leela</i></a>. These are dramatic enactments about Krishna's pastimes. Some of the text's legends have inspired secondary theatre literature such as the eroticism in <a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Indian dance and music theatre traces its origins to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Sama_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama Veda">Sama Veda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natyasastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Natyasastra">Natyasastra</a> texts,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1993107–108_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1993107–108-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Bhagavata Purana</i> and other <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>-related texts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i> have inspired numerous choreographic themes.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many '<i>Ras'</i> plays dramatise episodes related in the <i>Rasa Panchadhyayi</i> ("Five chapters of the Celestial Dance"; Canto 10, Chapters 29–33) of the <i>Bhagavatam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Bhagavatam</i> also encourages theatrical performance as a means to propagate the faith (BP 11.11.23 and 36, 11.27.35 and 44, etc.), and this has led to the emergence of several theatrical forms centred on Krishna all across India.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canto 10 of <i>Bhagavatam</i> is regarded as the inspiration for many classical dance styles such as <a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bharatnatyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatnatyam">Bharatnatyam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryant summarizes the influence as follows, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>The Bhagavata ranks as an outstanding product of Sanskrit literature. Perhaps more significantly, the Bhagavata has inspired more derivative literature, poetry, drama, dance, theatre and art than any other text in the history of Sanskrit literature, with the possible exception of the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Edwin Bryant, Krishna: A Sourcebook<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_2007_pages=118_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant_2007_pages=118-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_reception">Modern reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Modern reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 20th century, the Bhagavata Purana became widely popular as it spread beyond India, translated into over twenty languages and respected by people worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013222_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013222-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhaktivedanta_Swami">Bhaktivedanta Swami</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bhaktivedanta Swami"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivedanta_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktivedanta Swami">Bhaktivedanta Swami</a> significantly impacted the global recognition of the Bhagavata Purana. Bhaktivedanta Swami, raised in a devout Vaishnava family, embraced the <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Caitanya tradition</a> in 1932. Between 1962 and 1965, he devoted himself to translating the Bhagavata Purana into English, a departure from earlier works focusing on Caitanya's life and teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013235–236_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013235–236-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While lacking formal traditional education, he was deeply familiar with the teachings of Caitanya and the insights of ancient commentators through self-study. He made the Bhagavata Purana meaningful to modern readers, and his way of explaining the text made it easier to understand and relevant to modern world. He appealed to young people who were looking for something different from mainstream religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013240–242_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013240–242-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentaries_and_translations">Commentaries and translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Commentaries and translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentaries">Commentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bhagavata Purana is one of the most commented texts in Indian literature. There is a saying in Sanskrit – vidyā bhāgavatāvadhi – Bhāgavatam is the limit of one's learning. Hence throughout the centuries it attracted a host of commentators from all schools of Krishna worshippers. Over eighty medieval era <i>Bhāṣya</i> (scholarly reviews and commentaries) in Sanskrit alone are known, and many more commentaries exist in various Indian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-edwinbryant1122_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwinbryant1122-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest <a href="/wiki/Exegetical" class="mw-redirect" title="Exegetical">exegetical</a> commentary presently known is <i>Tantra-Bhagavata</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Pancaratra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancaratra">Pancaratra</a> school. Other commentaries include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advaita_Vedanta_commentaries"><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> commentaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Advaita Vedanta commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Bhāvārtha-dīpikā</i> by Śrīdhara Svāmī (15th century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ravi_M._Gupta" title="Ravi M. Gupta">Ravi M. Gupta</a>, this commentary "exerted extraordinary influence on later Bhāgavata commentaries, and indeed, on Vaiṣṇava traditions more generally." This influence is "particularly true of the <a href="/wiki/Caitanya" class="mw-redirect" title="Caitanya">Caitanya</a> Vaiṣṇava commentaries by <a href="/wiki/Sanatana_Goswami" title="Sanatana Goswami">Sanātana Gosvāmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jīva Gosvāmī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visvanatha_Chakravarti" title="Visvanatha Chakravarti">Viśvanātha Cakravartī</a>, and others."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Amṛta-taraṅginī</i> by Lakṣmīdhara (15th century CE)<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A commentary by <a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana Sarasvatī</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1540–1640</span>) on the first verse of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acintya-bhedābheda_Commentaries"><span id="Acintya-bhed.C4.81bheda_Commentaries"></span><a href="/wiki/Acintya_Bheda_Abheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Acintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya-bhedābheda</a> Commentaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Acintya-bhedābheda Commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Caitanya-mata-mañjuṣā – Śrīnātha Cakravartī</li> <li>Bṛhad-vaiṣṇava-toṣiṇī – <a href="/wiki/Sanatana_Goswami" title="Sanatana Goswami">Sanātana Gosvāmī</a></li> <li>Laghu-Vaiṣṇava-toṣiṇī – <a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jīva Gosvāmī</a></li> <li>Krama-sandarbha – <a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jīva Gosvāmī</a></li> <li>Bṛhat-krama-sandarbha – <a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jīva Gosvāmī</a> (attributed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sat_Sandarbhas" title="Sat Sandarbhas">Ṣaṭ-sandarbhas</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jīva Gosvāmī</a> (16th century CE)<sup id="cite_ref-barbaraholdrege149_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barbaraholdrege149-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sārārtha-darśinī – <a href="/wiki/Vishvanatha_Chakravarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishvanatha Chakravarti">Viśvanātha Cakravartī</a> (17th century CE) – elaborate commentary</li> <li>Vaiṣṇavānandinī – <a href="/wiki/Baladeva_Vidyabhushana" title="Baladeva Vidyabhushana">Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa</a></li> <li>Dīpika-dīpanī – Rādhāramaṇa Gosvāmī</li> <li>Gauḍīya-bhāṣya – <a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati">Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati</a> (20th century CE) – elaborate commentary</li> <li>Bhaktivedānta Purports – <a href="/wiki/A.C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a> (20th century CE) – elaborate commentary</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dvaita_commentaries"><a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> commentaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Dvaita commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bhāgavata Tātparya Nirṇaya by <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a> (13th century CE)</li> <li>Pada-ratnavali by Vijayadhvaja Tīrtha (15th century CE) – elaborate commentary</li> <li>Bhagvata Tatparya Nirnaya Tippani by <a href="/wiki/Yadupati_Acharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadupati Acharya">Yadupati Acharya</a> (16th century)</li> <li>Duraghatabhavadipa by <a href="/wiki/Satyabhinava_Tirtha" title="Satyabhinava Tirtha">Satyabhinava Tirtha</a> (17th century CE)</li> <li>Bhaghavata-Sarodhara by <a href="/wiki/Adavi_Jayatirthacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Adavi Jayatirthacharya">Adavi Jayatirthacharya</a> (18th century CE)</li> <li>Srimadbhagavata Tippani by <a href="/wiki/Satyadharma_Tirtha" title="Satyadharma Tirtha">Satyadharma Tirtha</a> (18th century CE)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dvaitādvaita_Commentaries"><span id="Dvait.C4.81dvaita_Commentaries"></span><a href="/wiki/Dvait%C4%81dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitādvaita">Dvaitādvaita</a> Commentaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Dvaitādvaita Commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Siddhānta pradīpikā – Śuka-sudhī (Early 19th Century)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suddhādvaita_Commentaries"><span id="Suddh.C4.81dvaita_Commentaries"></span><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Suddhādvaita</a> Commentaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Suddhādvaita Commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Subodhinī by <a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a> (incomplete — present on the First, Second, Third, Tenth Cantos and partially on the Eleventh Canto)</li> <li>Bhāgavatārtha-prakaraṇa by <a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li>Daśama-skandha anukramaṇikā by <a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li>Ṭippaṇī – Gosvāmī Viṭṭhalanātha</li> <li>Subodhinī-prakāśa – Gosvāmī Puruṣhottama</li> <li>Bāla-prabodhinī – Gosvāmī Giridharlāl</li> <li>Viśuddha-rasa-dīpikā – Kishorī Prasāda</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Viśiṣṭādvaita_Commentaries"><span id="Vi.C5.9Bi.E1.B9.A3.E1.B9.AD.C4.81dvaita_Commentaries"></span><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%9Bi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Viśiṣṭādvaita">Viśiṣṭādvaita</a> Commentaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Viśiṣṭādvaita Commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Śuka pakṣīyā – Sudarśana sūri (alias Vyāsa Bhaṭṭa)</li> <li>Bhāgavata-candrikā – Vīrarāghava (14th century CE) – elaborate commentary</li> <li>Bhakta-rañjanī – Bhagavat prasāda</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Hanumad-bhāṣya</i></li> <li><i>Vāsanā-bhāṣya</i></li> <li><i>Sambandhokti</i></li> <li><i>Vidvat-kāmadhenu</i></li> <li><i>Paramahaṁsa-priyā</i></li> <li><i>Śuka-hṛdaya</i></li> <li><i>Muktā-phala</i> and <i>Hari-līlāmṛta</i> by Vopadeva</li> <li><i>Bhakti-ratnāvali</i> by Viṣṇupurī</li> <li><i>Bhakti-ratnākara</i> by Srimanta Sankardev</li> <li><i>Ekanathi Bhagavata</i> by Saint <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a> of Paithan (16th century CE, on the 11th Canto in the vernacular language of the Indian state of Maharashtra)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narayaneeyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayaneeyam">Narayaneeyam</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Melpathur_Narayana_Bhattathiri" title="Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri">Melpathur Bhattathiri</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> (1586, a condensed Srimad Bhagavatam)</li> <li>Bhāvārtha-dīpikā-prakāśa – Vaṁśīdhara</li> <li>Anvitārtha prakāśikā – Gaṅgāsahāya</li> <li><i>Bhagavata-Purana</i> by S.S. Shulba (2017, original Sanskrit);<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other Sanskrit manuscripts are available</li> <li><i>A study of the Bhagavata Purana or Esoteric Hinduism</i> by P.N. Sinha (1901)<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Bhagavata</i> has been rendered into various Indian and non-Indian languages. A version of it is available in almost every Indian language, with forty translations alone in the Bengali language.<sup id="cite_ref-edwinbryant1122_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwinbryant1122-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the eighteenth century onwards, the text became the subject of scholarly interest and <a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Victorian</a> disapproval,<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_2007_pages=118_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant_2007_pages=118-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the publication of a French translation followed by an English one. The following is a partial list of translations: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assamese"><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Assamese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavat_of_Sankardeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavat of Sankardeva">Bhagavata of Sankara</a></i> (1449–1568 CE, primary theological source for <a href="/wiki/Mahapuruxiya_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapuruxiya Dharma">Mahapurushiya Dharma</a> in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Katha Bhagavata by Bhattadeva </i> (Prose translation 16th century CE)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bengali"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Bengali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Śrī Kṛṣṇa-vijaya by Maladhara Basu, a translation of the 10th Canto and a bit from others</li> <li><i>Kṛṣṇa-prema-taraṅginī</i> by Śrī Raghunātha Bhāgavatācārya (15th Century CE)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hindi">Hindi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Hindi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Bhagavata Mahapurana</i> published by <a href="/wiki/Gita_Press" title="Gita Press">Gita Press</a> (2017)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kannada"><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Kannada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vyasamadhwa.org/upanyasa/ShastraPaata/BhagavataPadaRatnavali/">Bhagavata Padaratnavali with kannada translation</a> by Dr. Vyasanakere Prabhanjanachar</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vyasamadhwa.org/upanyasa/PoornaBhagavata/BhagavataSaroddara/">Bhagavata Saroddhara by VishnuTeertharu (Adavi JayatirthaCharyaru) with Kannada translation</a> by Dr. Vyasanakere Prabhanjanachar</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vyasamadhwa.org/upanyasa/bhagavataMahatme/">Bhagavata Mahatmya in PadmaPurana</a> in Kannada Pravachana by Dr. Vyasanakere Prabhanjanachar</li> <li><i>Bhagavata Mahapurana</i> by Vidwan Motaganahalli Ramashesha Sastri (foreword by historian S. Srikanta Sastri)<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language"><b>Odia</b></a> </p> <ul><li><i>Odia Bhagabata</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a> (15th Century CE)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Telugu">Telugu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Telugu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Mahābhāgavatamu</i> by the poet <a href="/wiki/Bammera_Potana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bammera Potana">Bammera Pōtana</a> (15th century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English">English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Śrīmad Bhāgavatam</i> by <a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a> (1970–77, includes <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonyms</a>, and purports). Swami Prabhupada completed cantos 1 through 9 and the first thirteen chapters of canto 10 before he died. After his departure, a team of his disciples completed the work, which was then published by the <a href="/wiki/Bhaktivedanta_Book_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktivedanta Book Trust">Bhaktivedenta Book Trust</a>.</li> <li><i>A prose English translation of Shrimadbhagabatam</i> by <a href="/wiki/Manmatha_Nath_Dutt" title="Manmatha Nath Dutt">M.N. Dutt</a> (1895, unabridged)<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Bhagavata Purana</i> by Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (1950, unabridged)<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Srimad Bhagavatam</i> by J.M. Sanyal (1970, abridged)</li> <li>The Bhagavata Purana by Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare (1976, unabridged)<sup id="cite_ref-:02_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Srimad Bhagavata by <a href="/wiki/Swami_Tapasyananda" title="Swami Tapasyananda">Swami Tapasyananda</a> (1980, unabridged)</li> <li>A Translation by B.P. Yati Maharaj of Mayapur Sri Chaitanya Math</li> <li>Reading from Bhagabata by Gananath Das which has been translated from Odia Bhagabata</li> <li><i>Bhagavata Mahapurana</i> by C.L. Goswami and M.A. Shastri (2006, unabridged, <a href="/wiki/Gita_Press" title="Gita Press">Gita Press</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:02_156-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Śrīmad Bhāgavatam with the Sārārtha-darśinī commentary of Viśvanātha Cakravartī by Swami Bhānu (2010)</li> <li><i>Srimad Bhagavata Purana</i> by Anand Aadhar (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Bhagavata Purana</i> by <a href="/wiki/Bibek_Debroy" title="Bibek Debroy">Bibek Debroy</a> (2019, unabridged)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English_(partial_translations_and_paraphrases)"><span id="English_.28partial_translations_and_paraphrases.29"></span>English (partial translations and paraphrases)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: English (partial translations and paraphrases)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kṛṣṇa: The Supreme Personality of Godhead by <a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a> (part translation, condensed version: summary study and paraphrase of Canto 10)<sup id="cite_ref-:02_156-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Vallabhacarya on the Love Games of Krishna by James D. Redington (English translation of Vallabha's commentary on the Rāsa-Panchyādhyāyi)</li> <li><i>The Bhagavata Purana; Book X</i> by Nandini Nopani and <a href="/wiki/P._Lal" class="mw-redirect" title="P. Lal">P. Lal</a> (1997)</li> <li><i>Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana Book X</i> by Edwin F. Bryant (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Wisdom of God: Srimat Bhagavatam</i> by <a href="/wiki/Swami_Prabhavananda" title="Swami Prabhavananda">Swami Prabhavananda</a> (part translation, part summary and paraphrase)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><i>The Uddhava Gita</i> by Swami Ambikananda Saraswati (2000, prose translation of Canto 11)</li> <li><i>Bhagavata Purana</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Menon" title="Ramesh Menon">Ramesh Menon</a> (2007, a 'retelling' based on other translations)</li> <li><i>Śrīmad Bhāgavatam: A Symphony of Commentaries on the Tenth Canto</i> in six volumes (covering chapters 1-33) by Gaurapada Dāsa, M.A. (translator) & Matsya Avatāra Dāsa (editor) (2016-2018)</li> <li><i>Bhakti Yoga: Tales and Teachings from the Bhagavata Purana</i> by Edwin F. Bryant (2017, selections of verses and commentary)</li> <li>Śrīmad Bhāgavatam with the Krama-sandarbha commentary of Jīva Gosvāmī by Swami Bhānu (2019)</li> <li>Bṛhad-vaiṣṇnava-toṣaṇī (Canto 10) of Sanātana Gosvāmī by Swami Bhānu (2020)</li> <li>Laghu-vaiṣṇava-toṣaṇī (Canto 10) of Jīva Gosvāmī by Swami Bhānu (2020)</li> <li>Śrīmad Bhāgavatam with the Vaiṣṇavānandinī commentary (Cantos 1 & 10) of Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa by Swami Bhānu (2022–23)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French">French</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Bagavadam ou Bhagavata Purana</i> by Maridas Poullé (1769)</li> <li><i>Le Bhagavata Purana</i> by Eugene Burnouf (1840)<sup id="cite_ref-:02_156-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srimad_Bhagavata_Book_1" title="Srimad Bhagavata Book 1">Srimad Bhagavata Book 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srimad_Bhagavata_Book_2" title="Srimad Bhagavata Book 2">Srimad Bhagavata Book 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srimad_Bhagavata_Book_3" title="Srimad Bhagavata Book 3">Srimad Bhagavata Book 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nava_rasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nava rasas">Nava rasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-richardthompson2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-richardthompson2_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThompson2007" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Richard L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TZmDSr-1msC&pg=PA10"><i>The Cosmology of the Bhagavata Purana 'Mysteries of the Sacred Universe</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1919-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1919-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1919-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cosmology+of+the+Bhagavata+Purana+%27Mysteries+of+the+Sacred+Universe&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1919-1&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TZmDSr-1msC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520207783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520207783">978-0520207783</a>, page xli</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwinbryant1122-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edwinbryant1122_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edwinbryant1122_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edwinbryant1122_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edwinbryant1122_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant (2007)</a>, pp. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan198653-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan198653_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan1986">Sheridan (1986)</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar_Das_1722-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_Das_1722_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_Das_1722_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_Das_1722_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_Das_1722_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_Das_1722_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKumar_Das2006">Kumar Das (2006)</a>, pp. 172–173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007111–113-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007111–113_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007111–113_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007111–113_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant (2007)</a>, p. 111–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1983">Brown (1983)</a>, pp. 553–557</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–2,_17–25-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–2,_17–25_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan1986">Sheridan (1986)</a>, pp. 1–2, 17–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatz2000">Katz 2000</a>, pp. 184–185: "The five classical Vaiṣṇava schools (<i>sampradāya</i>s) recognize the authority of this devotional text, and each school has accordingly produced commentaries to demonstrate the Bhāgavata's support of its particular views–the Viśiṣṭādvaita school of Rāmānuja (eleventh century), the Dvaita school of Madhva (thirteenth century), the Dvaitādvaita school of Nimbārka (twelfth-thirteenth century), the Śuddhādvaita school of Vallabha (sixteenth century), and the Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava school of the Gosvāmins (sixteenth century)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rocher_141-144-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rocher_141-144_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher (1986)</a>, pp. 138–151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20133–19-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20133–19_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuptaValpey2013">Gupta & Valpey 2013</a>, pp. 3–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constance Jones and James Ryan (2007), Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Infobase, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816054589" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816054589">978-0816054589</a>, page 474</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar_Das_2006_page=1742-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_Das_2006_page=1742_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKumar_Das2006">Kumar Das (2006)</a>, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Holdrege (2015), Bhakti and Embodiment, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415670708" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415670708">978-0415670708</a>, page 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barbaraholdrege109-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barbaraholdrege109_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barbaraholdrege109_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Holdrege (2015), Bhakti and Embodiment, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415670708" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415670708">978-0415670708</a>, pages 109–110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ŚB_1.3.40-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ŚB_1.3.40_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/1/3/40/">"ŚB 1.3.40"</a>. <i>vedabase.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vedabase.io&rft.atitle=%C5%9AB+1.3.40&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.io%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fsb%2F1%2F3%2F40%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Thompson (2007), The Cosmology of the Bhagavata Purana 'Mysteries of the Sacred Universe', Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120819191" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120819191">978-8120819191</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Filliozat" title="Jean Filliozat">Jean Filliozat</a> (1968), Tamil Studies in French Indology, in Tamil Studies Abroad, Xavier S Thani Nayagam, pages 1–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richardthompson-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-richardthompson_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2007" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Richard L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TZmDSr-1msC&pg=PA10"><i>The Cosmology of the Bhagavata Purana 'Mysteries of the Sacred Universe</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1919-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1919-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1919-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cosmology+of+the+Bhagavata+Purana+%27Mysteries+of+the+Sacred+Universe&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1919-1&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TZmDSr-1msC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520207783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520207783">978-0520207783</a>, page xli</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=Bhagavata&dir=se">"Sanskrit-English Dictionary"</a>. <i>learnsanskrit.cc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learnsanskrit.cc&rft.atitle=Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearnsanskrit.cc%2Ftranslate%3Fsearch%3DBhagavata%26dir%3Dse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=Bhagavan&dir=se">"Sanskrit-English Dictionary"</a>. <i>learnsanskrit.cc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learnsanskrit.cc&rft.atitle=Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearnsanskrit.cc%2Ftranslate%3Fsearch%3DBhagavan%26dir%3Dse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/1/3/28/">"ŚB 1.3.28"</a>. <i>vedabase.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vedabase.io&rft.atitle=%C5%9AB+1.3.28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.io%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fsb%2F1%2F3%2F28%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=purana&dir=se">"Sanskrit–English Dictionary"</a>. <i>learnsanskrit.cc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learnsanskrit.cc&rft.atitle=Sanskrit%E2%80%93English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearnsanskrit.cc%2Ftranslate%3Fsearch%3Dpurana%26dir%3Dse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParmeshwaranand2001" class="citation book cs1">Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6F0ZIBIL2ZAC"><i>Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas</i></a>. Sarup & Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6F0ZIBIL2ZAC/page/n228">222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-226-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-226-3"><bdi>978-81-7625-226-3</bdi></a>. <q>purana word completes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedic+Dictionary+of+Puranas&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-226-3&rft.aulast=Parmeshwaranand&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_6F0ZIBIL2ZAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=maha&dir=se">"Sanskrit-English Dictionary"</a>. <i>learnsanskrit.cc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learnsanskrit.cc&rft.atitle=Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearnsanskrit.cc%2Ftranslate%3Fsearch%3Dmaha%26dir%3Dse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=srimat&dir=se">"Sanskrit–English Dictionary"</a>. <i>learnsanskrit.cc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learnsanskrit.cc&rft.atitle=Sanskrit%E2%80%93English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearnsanskrit.cc%2Ftranslate%3Fsearch%3Dsrimat%26dir%3Dse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=sri&dir=se">"Sanskrit-English Dictionary"</a>. <i>learnsanskrit.cc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learnsanskrit.cc&rft.atitle=Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearnsanskrit.cc%2Ftranslate%3Fsearch%3Dsri%26dir%3Dse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=mAtha&dir=se">"Sanskrit-English Dictionary"</a>. <i>learnsanskrit.cc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learnsanskrit.cc&rft.atitle=Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearnsanskrit.cc%2Ftranslate%3Fsearch%3DmAtha%26dir%3Dse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sheridanp6-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sheridanp6_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheridanp6_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheridanp6_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheridanp6_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan1986">Sheridan (1986)</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheridan_10-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sheridan_10_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheridan_10_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan1986">Sheridan (1986)</a>, p. 10–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archaism-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archaism_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archaism_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archaism_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Buitenen1966" class="citation book cs1">van Buitenen, J. A. B (1966). "The Archaism of the Bhagavata Purana". In Milton Singer (ed.). <i>Krishna: Myths, Rites, and Attitudes</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Archaism+of+the+Bhagavata+Purana&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+Myths%2C+Rites%2C+and+Attitudes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=van+Buitenen&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span>. Reprinted in <a href="#CITEREFvan_Buitenen1996">van Buitenen (1996)</a>, pp. 28–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey201313-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey201313_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuptaValpey2013">Gupta & Valpey 2013</a>, pp. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant (2007)</a>, pp. 5–9, 113–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2003129-144-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett2003129-144_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatchett2003">Matchett 2003</a>, p. 129-144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estimated dates given by some notable scholars include: R. C. Hazra – 6th century, Radhakamal Mukherjee – 9th–10th century, Farquhar – 10th century, Nilakanta Sastri – 10th century, S. N. Dasgupta – 10th century <a href="#CITEREFKumar_Das2006">Kumar Das (2006)</a>, pp. 172–173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986141–144Sheridan19865–11-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986141–144Sheridan19865–11_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 141–144; <a href="#CITEREFSheridan1986">Sheridan 1986</a>, pp. 5–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-16-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-16_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-16_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan1986">Sheridan (1986)</a>, p. 1-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar_Das2006172-173-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar_Das2006172-173_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKumar_Das2006">Kumar Das (2006)</a>, p. 172-173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan198611-14-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan198611-14_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan1986">Sheridan (1986)</a>, p. 11-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Bryant (2002), The Date and Provenance of the Bhagavata Purana, Journal of Vaishnava Studies, Vol 2, Issue 1, pages 51-80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaValpey2016" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Ravi M.; Valpey, Kenneth R. (29 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jrwxDQAAQBAJ&q=Ravi+Gupta+and+Kenneth+Valpey+%282013%29%2C+The+Bhagavata+Purana"><i>The Bhāgavata Purāna: Selected Readings</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231542340" title="Special:BookSources/9780231542340"><bdi>9780231542340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bh%C4%81gavata+Pur%C4%81na%3A+Selected+Readings&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016-11-29&rft.isbn=9780231542340&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Ravi+M.&rft.au=Valpey%2C+Kenneth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjrwxDQAAQBAJ%26q%3DRavi%2BGupta%2Band%2BKenneth%2BValpey%2B%25282013%2529%252C%2BThe%2BBhagavata%2BPurana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2005" class="citation book cs1">Das, Sisir Kumar (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC&q=The+main+Objective+of+the+Text"><i>A History of Indian Literature, 500–1399: From Courtly to the Popular</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126021710" title="Special:BookSources/9788126021710"><bdi>9788126021710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature%2C+500%E2%80%931399%3A+From+Courtly+to+the+Popular&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788126021710&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Sisir+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBC3l1AbPM8sC%26q%3DThe%2Bmain%2BObjective%2Bof%2Bthe%2BText&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=pancha&dir=se">"Sanskrit-English Dictionary"</a>. <i>learnsanskrit.cc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learnsanskrit.cc&rft.atitle=Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearnsanskrit.cc%2Ftranslate%3Fsearch%3Dpancha%26dir%3Dse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=lakshana&dir=se">"Sanskrit-English Dictionary"</a>. <i>learnsanskrit.cc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Parimal Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">213–</span>214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171103065" title="Special:BookSources/9788171103065"><bdi>9788171103065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matsya+Mah%C4%81pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a%3A+Chapters+1%E2%80%93150&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E214&rft.pub=Parimal+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788171103065&rft.aulast=Jo%C5%9B%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Kanhaiy%C4%81l%C4%81la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyS1AAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbhagavata%2Bpurana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/2/10/">"CHAPTER TEN"</a>. <i>vedabase.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vedabase.io&rft.atitle=%C5%9AB+12.7.9%E2%80%9310&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.io%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fsb%2F12%2F7%2F9-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelmann2018" class="citation book cs1">Edelmann, Jonathan (2018). "Bhāgavatapurāṇa". In Jacobsen, Knut A.; Basu, Helene; Malinar, Angelika; Narayanan, Vasudha (eds.). <i>Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online</i>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bh%C4%81gavatapur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism+Online&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Edelmann&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2003" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Arvind (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC&q=Gregory+Bailey+%282003%29%2C+The+Study+of+Hinduism&pg=PA139"><i>The Study of Hinduism</i></a>. Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">142–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781570034497" title="Special:BookSources/9781570034497"><bdi>9781570034497</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.pub=Univ+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781570034497&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Arvind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnpCKSUUQYEIC%26q%3DGregory%2BBailey%2B%25282003%2529%252C%2BThe%2BStudy%2Bof%2BHinduism%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao2017" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Velcheru Narayana (1 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2osmDwAAQBAJ&q=indian+tradition+poetic+license&pg=PA32"><i>Text and Tradition in South India</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438467757" title="Special:BookSources/9781438467757"><bdi>9781438467757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Text+and+Tradition+in+South+India&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft.isbn=9781438467757&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Velcheru+Narayana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2osmDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dindian%2Btradition%2Bpoetic%2Blicense%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaSinghGaṅgāsahāya1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sharma, Rajendra Nath; Singh, Nag Sharan; Gaṅgāsahāya (1987). <i>श्रीमद्भागवतमहापुराणम्: अन्वितार्थप्रकाशिकाख्यव्याख्यासमेतं = The Bhāgavatamahāpurāṇam</i> (in Sanskrit). Delhi: Nag Publishers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17508743">17508743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%3A+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82+%3D+The+Bh%C4%81gavatamah%C4%81pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87am&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Nag+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17508743&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Rajendra+Nath&rft.au=Singh%2C+Nag+Sharan&rft.au=Ga%E1%B9%85g%C4%81sah%C4%81ya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sLh9DwAAQBAJ&q=bhagavata+purana+debroy"><i>The Bhagavata Purana 1</i></a>. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. 5 January 2019. pp. <span class="nowrap">xix–</span>xxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789353053789" title="Special:BookSources/9789353053789"><bdi>9789353053789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavata+Purana+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exix-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxi&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2019-01-05&rft.isbn=9789353053789&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsLh9DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbhagavata%2Bpurana%2Bdebroy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/1/">"Canto 1: Creation"</a>. <i>vedabase.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vedabase.io&rft.atitle=Canto+8%3A+Withdrawal+of+the+Cosmic+Creations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.io%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fsb%2F8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/9/">"Canto 9: Liberation"</a>. <i>vedabase.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vedabase.io&rft.atitle=Canto+10%3A+The+Summum+Bonum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.io%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fsb%2F10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007112-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007112_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant (2007)</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2003" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin F. (4 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YtaexZ_ekpQC&q=Krishna%3A+The+Beautiful+Legend+of+God"><i>Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140447996" title="Special:BookSources/9780140447996"><bdi>9780140447996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+The+Beautiful+Legend+of+God%3A+Srimad+Bhagavata+Purana&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2003-12-04&rft.isbn=9780140447996&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYtaexZ_ekpQC%26q%3DKrishna%253A%2BThe%2BBeautiful%2BLegend%2Bof%2BGod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhupāda1994" class="citation book cs1">Prabhupāda, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami (1 April 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gzKX9aWCLc8C&q=krishna+the+supreme+personality+of+godhead"><i>Krsna: The Supreme Personality of Godhead</i></a>. Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892131365" title="Special:BookSources/9780892131365"><bdi>9780892131365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krsna%3A+The+Supreme+Personality+of+Godhead&rft.pub=Bhaktivedanta+Book+Trust&rft.date=1994-04-01&rft.isbn=9780892131365&rft.aulast=Prabhup%C4%81da&rft.aufirst=A.+C.+Bhaktivedanta+Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgzKX9aWCLc8C%26q%3Dkrishna%2Bthe%2Bsupreme%2Bpersonality%2Bof%2Bgodhead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/11/">"Canto 11: General History"</a>. <i>vedabase.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ulysses Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781569753200" title="Special:BookSources/9781569753200"><bdi>9781569753200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uddhava+Gita&rft.pub=Ulysses+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781569753200&rft.aulast=Saraswati&rft.aufirst=Swami+Ambikananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgipfAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Duddhava%2Bgita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhakti_Siddhanta_SaraswatiPurnaprajna_DasViśvanātha_Cakravartī2007" class="citation book cs1">Bhakti Siddhanta Saraswati; Purnaprajna Das; Viśvanātha Cakravartī (2007). <i>The Uddhava-Gītā: ultimate companion to Bhagavad Gita by the same speaker : original Sanskrit text, roman transliterations, and translations featuring Sārārtha darśinī commentary by Śrīla Viśvanātha Cakravartī Ṭhākura, chapter summaries and Gauḍiya bhāṣya purport by Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura</i>. Kolkata: Touchstone Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788187897194" title="Special:BookSources/9788187897194"><bdi>9788187897194</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191006938">191006938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uddhava-G%C4%ABt%C4%81%3A+ultimate+companion+to+Bhagavad+Gita+by+the+same+speaker+%3A+original+Sanskrit+text%2C+roman+transliterations%2C+and+translations+featuring+S%C4%81r%C4%81rtha+dar%C5%9Bin%C4%AB+commentary+by+%C5%9Ar%C4%ABla+Vi%C5%9Bvan%C4%81tha+Cakravart%C4%AB+%E1%B9%ACh%C4%81kura%2C+chapter+summaries+and+Gau%E1%B8%8Diya+bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya+purport+by+%C5%9Ar%C4%ABla+Bhaktisiddh%C4%81nta+Sarasvat%C4%AB+%E1%B9%ACh%C4%81kura&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.pub=Touchstone+Media&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191006938&rft.isbn=9788187897194&rft.au=Bhakti+Siddhanta+Saraswati&rft.au=Purnaprajna+Das&rft.au=Vi%C5%9Bvan%C4%81tha+Cakravart%C4%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=hamsa&dir=se">"Sanskrit-English Dictionary"</a>. <i>learnsanskrit.cc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learnsanskrit.cc&rft.atitle=Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearnsanskrit.cc%2Ftranslate%3Fsearch%3Dhamsa%26dir%3Dse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/11/17/10/">"ŚB 11.17.10"</a>. <i>vedabase.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vedabase.io&rft.atitle=%C5%9AB+11.17.10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.io%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fsb%2F11%2F17%2F10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2005" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Lindsay (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of religion, Volume 13</i>. Macmillan Reference. p. 8894. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0028657332" title="Special:BookSources/978-0028657332"><bdi>978-0028657332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+religion%2C+Volume+13&rft.pages=8894&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0028657332&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/12/">"Canto 12: The Age of Deterioration"</a>. <i>vedabase.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vedabase.io&rft.atitle=Canto+12%3A+The+Age+of+Deterioration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.io%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fsb%2F12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rukmani_217-218-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rukmani_217-218_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukmani_217-218_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukmani_217-218_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukmani_217-218_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukmani_217-218_74-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRukmani1993">Rukmani (1993)</a>, pp. 217–218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCutler1987">Cutler (1987)</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryant_117-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_117_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant (2007)</a>, p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoveDivine_103-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LoveDivine_103_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatchett1993">Matchett (1993)</a>, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatchett1993">Matchett (1993)</a>, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDasgupta1949">Dasgupta (1949)</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan198642-43-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan198642-43_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan198642-43_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan1986">Sheridan (1986)</a>, p. 42-43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta194924-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta194924_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDasgupta1949">Dasgupta (1949)</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-22-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-22_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-22_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-22_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861-22_82-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan1986">Sheridan (1986)</a>, p. 1-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan198623_with_footnote_17-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan198623_with_footnote_17_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan1986">Sheridan (1986)</a>, p. 23 with footnote 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown2-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown2_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1998">Brown (1998)</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bryant45-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bryant45_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bryant45_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Bryant (2004), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana Book X, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140447996" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140447996">978-0140447996</a>, pages 43–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007114-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007114_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant (2007)</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar_Das_2006_page=174-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_Das_2006_page=174_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKumar_Das2006">Kumar Das (2006)</a>, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 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University Press, pages xxxiv and xxxvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paulcarus-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-paulcarus_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Carus, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=96sLAAAAIAAJ">The Monist</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, pages 514–515</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195351903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195351903">978-0195351903</a>, page 17, Quote: "Scholarly consensus today tends to view bhakti as a post-Vedic development that took place primarily in the watershed years of the epics and Puranas."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Cutler (1987), Songs of Experience, Indiana University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253353344" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253353344">978-0253353344</a>, pages 1–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKumar_Das2006">Kumar Das (2006)</a>, pp. 173–175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant (2007)</a>, p. 382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TR Sharma (1993), Psychological Analysis of Bhakti, Love Divine: Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism (Editor: Karel Werner), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0235-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0235-0">978-0-7007-0235-0</a>, pages 103–107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20138–10,_30–32-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20138–10,_30–32_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20138–10,_30–32_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20138–10,_30–32_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuptaValpey2013">Gupta & Valpey 2013</a>, pp. 8–10, 30–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ramasharma218-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ramasharma218_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramasharma218_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rāma Karaṇa Śarmā (1993), Researches in Indian and Buddhist Philosophy, Motilal Barnarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120809949" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120809949">978-8120809949</a>, pages 218–221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rukmani_220,_224-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rukmani_220,_224_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRukmani1993">Rukmani (1993)</a>, pp. 220, 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant (2007)</a>, pp. 117–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant (2007)</a>, pp. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tracy133-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tracy133_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy133_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tracy Pintchman (1994), The rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791421123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791421123">978-0791421123</a>, pages 132–134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan198617–21-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan198617–21_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan1986">Sheridan (1986)</a>, p. 17–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2020" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Gopal K. 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Oxford University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-259905-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-259905-6"><bdi>978-0-19-259905-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C4%81y%C4%81+in+the+Bh%C4%81gavata+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a%3A+Human+Suffering+and+Divine+Play&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-10-21&rft.isbn=978-0-19-259905-6&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Gopal+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfS8DEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2020" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Gopal K. 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Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">141–</span>145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-259905-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-259905-6"><bdi>978-0-19-259905-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C4%81y%C4%81+in+the+Bh%C4%81gavata+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a%3A+Human+Suffering+and+Divine+Play&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-10-21&rft.isbn=978-0-19-259905-6&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Gopal+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfS8DEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20135-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey20135_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuptaValpey2013">Gupta & Valpey 2013</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–16-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–16_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan1986">Sheridan (1986)</a>, p. 1–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matchett_107-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matchett_107_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatchett2001">Matchett (2001)</a>, pp. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopal1990" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Madan (1990). 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Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/76">76</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+through+the+ages&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Publication+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Madan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiathroughages00mada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHabermanRūpagōsvāmī2003">Haberman & Rūpagōsvāmī (2003)</a>, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatchett2013" class="citation book cs1">Matchett, Freda (11 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ut8rBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108"><i>Krsna: Lord or Avatara?: The Relationship Between Krsna and Visnu</i></a>. 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27, Quote: "the Chapters of the Bhagavata Purana, where the <a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a> theology is discussed, have been omitted by Assamese translators"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...the influence of the <i>Bhagavata Purana</i> in forming the theological backbone of Assam Vaishnavism in quite clear and the monistic commentary of Sridhara Swami is highly popular amongst all sections of Vaishnavas" SN Sarma (1966), The Neo-Vaisnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam, Gauhati University, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8173310263" title="Special:BookSources/978-8173310263">978-8173310263</a>, page 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwinmaria48-123"><span 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href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231133227" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231133227">978-0231133227</a>, pages 13–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447025225" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447025225">978-3447025225</a>, pages 110–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gail Adalbert (1968), Buddha als Avatara Visnus im Spiegel der Puranas, Deutscher Orientalistentag, Vol. 17, pages 917–923</span> </li> <li 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaradpande1987">Varadpande (1987)</a>, pp. 92–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDatta2006">Datta (2006)</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaradpande1987">Varadpande (1987)</a>, pp. 95–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaradpande1987">Varadpande (1987)</a>, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryant_2007_pages=118-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_2007_pages=118_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_2007_pages=118_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant (2007)</a>, pp. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013222-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013222_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuptaValpey2013">Gupta & Valpey 2013</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013235–236-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013235–236_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuptaValpey2013">Gupta & Valpey 2013</a>, pp. 235–236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013240–242-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaValpey2013240–242_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuptaValpey2013">Gupta & Valpey 2013</a>, pp. 240–242.</span> </li> <li 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Calcutta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+prose+English+translation+of+Shrimadbhagabatam&rft.pub=Calcutta&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Dutt&rft.aufirst=Manmatha+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproseenglishtran12dutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotilal_Banarsidass_Publishers" class="citation book cs1">Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bhagavatapuranamotilalenglishfull"><i>Bhagavata Purana Motilal English Full</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhagavata+Purana+Motilal+English+Full&rft.au=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbhagavatapuranamotilalenglishfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGita_Press" class="citation book cs1">Gita Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bhagavatapuranagitapress_201907"><i>Bhagavata Purana Gita Press</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhagavata+Purana+Gita+Press&rft.au=Gita+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbhagavatapuranagitapress_201907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeda_Vyasa2012" class="citation book cs1">Veda Vyasa, Translated by Anand Aadhar (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SrimadBhagavataPuranaTranslatorA.Aadhar"><i>Srimad Bhagavata Purana Translator A. Aadhar</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Srimad+Bhagavata+Purana+Translator+A.+Aadhar&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.aulast=Veda+Vyasa&rft.aufirst=Translated+by+Anand+Aadhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSrimadBhagavataPuranaTranslatorA.Aadhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Bryant (2004), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana Book X, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140447996" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140447996">978-0140447996</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1993" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cY1Xw1ZlIeQC&pg=PA183"><i>Sonic theology: Hinduism and sacred sound</i></a>. University of South Carolina Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">183–</span>184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35334-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35334-4"><bdi>978-0-253-35334-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonic+theology%3A+Hinduism+and+sacred+sound&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35334-4&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcY1Xw1ZlIeQC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1998" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxayHczql9EC&pg=PA17"><i>The Devī Gītā: the song of the Goddess; a translation, annotation, and commentary</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3940-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3940-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-3940-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dev%C4%AB+G%C4%ABt%C4%81%3A+the+song+of+the+Goddess%3B+a+translation%2C+annotation%2C+and+commentary&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3940-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Cheever+Mackenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxayHczql9EC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1983" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, C. Mackenzie (1983). "The Origin and Transmission of the Two "Bhāgavata Purāṇas": A Canonical and Theological Dilemma". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Religion</i>. <b>51</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">551–</span>567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Fli.4.551">10.1093/jaarel/li.4.551</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1462581">1462581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=The+Origin+and+Transmission+of+the+Two+%22Bh%C4%81gavata+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87as%22%3A+A+Canonical+and+Theological+Dilemma&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E551-%3C%2Fspan%3E567&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Fli.4.551&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1462581%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=C.+Mackenzie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2007" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin Francis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC"><i>Krishna: A Sourcebook</i></a>. Oxford University Press US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6"><bdi>978-0-19-514891-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514891-6&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHVDqCkW1WpUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler1987" class="citation book cs1">Cutler, Norman (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=veSItWingx8C&pg=PA1"><i>Songs of Experience</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35334-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35334-4"><bdi>978-0-253-35334-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+of+Experience&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35334-4&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DveSItWingx8C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta1949" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dasgupta, Surendranath (1949). <i>A history of Indian philosophy</i>. Vol. IV: Indian pluralism. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Indian+philosophy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Surendranath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta2006" class="citation book cs1">Datta, Amaresh (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC"><i>The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature</i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1803-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1803-1"><bdi>978-81-260-1803-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+Of+Indian+Literature&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1803-1&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Amaresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DObFCT5_taSgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Doniger, Wendy</a>, ed. (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC"><i>Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1381-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1381-0"><bdi>0-7914-1381-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purana+Perennis%3A+Reciprocity+and+Transformation+in+Hindu+and+Jaina+Texts&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7914-1381-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kZFzHCuiFAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabermanRūpagōsvāmī2003" class="citation book cs1">Haberman, David L.; Rūpagōsvāmī (2003). Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DsRb6gjUa1oC"><i>The Bhaktirasāmṛtasindhu of Rūpa Gosvāmīn</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1861-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1861-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1861-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhaktiras%C4%81m%E1%B9%9Btasindhu+of+R%C5%ABpa+Gosv%C4%81m%C4%ABn&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1861-3&rft.aulast=Haberman&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.au=R%C5%ABpag%C5%8Dsv%C4%81m%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDsRb6gjUa1oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaValpey2013" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Ravi; Valpey, Kenneth (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-1WrAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Bhagavata Purana: Sacred Text and Living Tradition</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231149990" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231149990"><bdi>978-0231149990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavata+Purana%3A+Sacred+Text+and+Living+Tradition&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0231149990&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Ravi&rft.au=Valpey%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-1WrAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2000" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Steven T. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tJW71yboqI4C"><i>Mysticism and Sacred Scripture</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195357097" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195357097"><bdi>978-0195357097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysticism+and+Sacred+Scripture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0195357097&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Steven+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtJW71yboqI4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar_Das2006" class="citation book cs1">Kumar Das, Sisir (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC"><i>A history of Indian literature, 500–1399</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-2171-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-2171-0"><bdi>978-81-260-2171-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Indian+literature%2C+500%E2%80%931399&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-260-2171-0&rft.aulast=Kumar+Das&rft.aufirst=Sisir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBC3l1AbPM8sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatchett1993" class="citation book cs1">Matchett, Freda (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYahlaJCLnYC&pg=PA95">"The Pervasiveness of Bhakti in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa"</a>. In Werner, Karel (ed.). <i>Love Divine: Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">95–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0235-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0235-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-0235-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pervasiveness+of+Bhakti+in+the+Bh%C4%81gavata+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&rft.btitle=Love+Divine%3A+Studies+in+Bhakti+and+Devotional+Mysticism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0235-0&rft.aulast=Matchett&rft.aufirst=Freda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpYahlaJCLnYC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatchett2001" class="citation book cs1">Matchett, Freda (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1oqTYiPeAxMC"><i>Kṛṣṇa, Lord or Avatāra?</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1281-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1281-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1281-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a%2C+Lord+or+Avat%C4%81ra%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1281-6&rft.aulast=Matchett&rft.aufirst=Freda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1oqTYiPeAxMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatchett2003" class="citation book cs1">Matchett, Freda (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C&pg=PA129">"The Purāṇas"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin D.</a> (ed.). <i>The Blackwell companion to Hinduism</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">129–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21535-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21535-6"><bdi>978-0-631-21535-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87as&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21535-6&rft.aulast=Matchett&rft.aufirst=Freda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSfneQ0YYY8C%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocher1986" class="citation book cs1">Rocher, Ludo (1986). <i>The Puranas</i>. Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz. pp. <span class="nowrap">138–</span>151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02522-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02522-5"><bdi>978-3-447-02522-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puranas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.pub=Wiesbaden+%3A+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3-447-02522-5&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRukmani1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Rukmani" title="T. S. Rukmani">Rukmani, T. S.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i1ffdTIbNJkC&pg=PA217">"Siddhis in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa and in the Yogasutras of Patanjali – a Comparison"</a>. In Wayman, Alex (ed.). <i>Researches in Indian and Buddhist philosophy: essays in honour of Professor Alex Wayman</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">217–</span>226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0994-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0994-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0994-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Siddhis+in+the+Bh%C4%81gavata+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+and+in+the+Yogasutras+of+Patanjali+%E2%80%93+a+Comparison&rft.btitle=Researches+in+Indian+and+Buddhist+philosophy%3A+essays+in+honour+of+Professor+Alex+Wayman&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0994-9&rft.aulast=Rukmani&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di1ffdTIbNJkC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan1986" class="citation book cs1">Sheridan, Daniel (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrtYYTjYFY8C"><i>The Advaitic Theism of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa</i></a>. Columbia, Mo: South Asia Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0179-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0179-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0179-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Advaitic+Theism+of+the+Bh%C4%81gavata+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Mo&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0179-0&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrtYYTjYFY8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Buitenen1996" class="citation book cs1">van Buitenen, J. A. B (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-sC1GkwH7sC&pg=PA28">"The Archaism of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa"</a>. In S.S Shashi (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia Indica</i>. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7041-859-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7041-859-7"><bdi>978-81-7041-859-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Archaism+of+the+Bh%C4%81gavata+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Indica&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7041-859-7&rft.aulast=van+Buitenen&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-sC1GkwH7sC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaradpande1987" class="citation book cs1">Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC"><i>History of Indian theatre</i></a>. Vol. 3. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-221-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-221-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-221-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+theatre&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-221-5&rft.aulast=Varadpande&rft.aufirst=Manohar+Laxman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSyxOHOCVcVkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vettam_Mani" title="Vettam Mani">Mani, Vettam</a>. <i>Puranic Encyclopedia</i>. 1st English ed. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1975.</li> <li>C Mackenzie Brown (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1462581">The Origin and Transmission of the Two "Bhāgavata Purāṇas": A Canonical and Theological Dilemma</a>, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 51, No. 4, pages 551–567</li> <li>Edwin Bryant (2004), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana Book X, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140447996" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140447996">978-0140447996</a></li> <li>Sanjukta Gupta (2006), Advaita Vedanta and Vaisnavism: The Philosophy of Madhusudana Sarasvati, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415395359" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415395359">978-0415395359</a></li> <li>Ithamar Theodor (2015), Exploring the Bhagavata Purana, IB Tauris, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784531997" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784531997">978-1784531997</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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text" href="http://atributetosankaradeva.org/Veda_Stuti.pdf">Translation of Sankaradeva's Veda-Stuti (The Prayer of the Vedas), Bhagavata, Book X, from Sankaradeva's Kirttana Ghosa, the 'Bhagavata in miniature'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ochs.org.uk/research/bhagavata-purana-research-project">Bhagavata Purana Research Project</a>, Oxford University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012507010">A prose English translation of Srimad Bhagavatam</a>, MN Dutt (Open access limited to the US and parts of Europe)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atmanirvana.com/category/srimad-bhagavatam/">Bhagavata Purana Research Project</a>, (Srimad Bhagavatam English Version)</li> <li>An Android app with text in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> and <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>, two different English translations and two different recitations: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.vengallurapps.srimadbhagavatamenglish">Srimad Bhagavatam (English)</a></li> <li>Swami Harshananda, A Concise Encyclopaedia of Hinduism, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://references.rkmm.org/external/manual/a-concise-encyclopaedia-of-hinduism/article/bh%C4%81gavata?p=03408e62817b3af3099725755af0978b04fddd5ece0745ea1b7f78cbb5508433">Bhagavata</a></li></ul> <p><b>Sanskrit original</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012022829/http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil/1_sanskr/3_purana/bhagp/bhp1-12u.htm">GRETIL etext: The transliterated Sanskrit text for the entire work</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_purana/bhagpur.html?lang=sa">Bhagavata Purana</a> (Sanskrit)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskritweb.net/sansdocs/bhagpur.pdf">Searchable transliterated PDF file of the entire Bhagavata-Purana from sanskritweb.net</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Template:Puranas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Puranas" title="Template talk:Puranas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Puranas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Puranas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Puranas62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Puranas#The_Mahapuranas" title="Puranas">Mahapurana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markendeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Upapurana" title="Upapurana">Upapurana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihaddharma_Purana" title="Brihaddharma Purana">Brihaddharma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanat-kumara_Purana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanat-kumara Purana (page does not exist)">Sanat-kumara Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha_Purana" title="Ganesha Purana">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki_Purana" title="Kalki Purana">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila_Purana" title="Kapila Purana">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgala_Purana" title="Mudgala Purana">Mudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Purana" title="Narasimha Purana">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_Purana" title="Samba Purana">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_Purana" title="Saura Purana">Saura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivarahasya_Purana" title="Shivarahasya Purana">Shivarahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudharmottara_Purana" title="Vishnudharmottara Purana">Vishnudharmottara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Krishna203" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Krishna" title="Template:Krishna"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Krishna" title="Template talk:Krishna"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Krishna" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Krishna"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Krishna203" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_Krishna" title="Category:Forms of Krishna">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bala_Krishna" title="Bala Krishna">Bala Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala-Krishna" title="Gopala-Krishna">Gopala-Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govinda" title="Govinda">Govinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva-Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāsudeva-Krishna">Vāsudeva-Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Other names</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/100px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/150px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/200px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Consorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtabharya" title="Ashtabharya">Ashtabharya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambavati" title="Jambavati">Jambavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism">Kalindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnajiti" title="Nagnajiti">Nagnajiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitravinda" title="Mitravinda">Mitravinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Lakshmana (Krishna's wife)">Lakshmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadra_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Bhadra (Krishna's wife)">Bhadra</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Junior_wives_of_Krishna" title="Junior wives of Krishna">Other 16000 - 16100 Junior wives</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Rohini (Krishna's wife)">Rohini</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamsa" title="Kamsa">Kamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunti" title="Kunti">Kunti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(Hinduism)" title="Nanda (Hinduism)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugrasena" title="Ugrasena">Ugrasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashoda" title="Yashoda">Yashoda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:People_related_to_Krishna" title="Category:People related to Krishna">More</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Festivals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Mahotsav" title="Gita Mahotsav">Gita Mahotsav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Pilgrimage circuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/48_Kos_Parikrama_of_Kurukshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra">48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vraja_Parikrama" title="Vraja Parikrama">Vraja Parikrama</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Holy sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Associated with Krishna's life <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokul" title="Gokul">Gokul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govardhan_Hill" title="Govardhan Hill">Govardhan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dvaraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra" title="Kurukshetra">Kurukshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisar" title="Jyotisar">Jyotisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhalka" title="Bhalka">Bhalka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other sites: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur_Temple" title="Guruvayur Temple">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathdwara" title="Nathdwara">Nathdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba_Temple,_Pandharpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_Krishna_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Udupi Krishna Temple">Udupi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Indian_epigraphy" title="Early Indian epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hathibada_Ghosundi_Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions">Hathibada Ghosundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_Well_Inscription" title="Mora Well Inscription">Mora Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naneghat" title="Naneghat">Naneghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasu_Doorjamb_Inscription" title="Vasu Doorjamb Inscription">Vasu Doorjamb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Krishna in the Mahabharata">Krishna's role</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Samhita" title="Brahma Samhita">Brahma Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uddhava_Gita" title="Uddhava Gita">Uddhava Gita</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru%E2%80%93shishya_tradition" title="Guru–shishya tradition">Guru–shishya tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jagannath_worship231" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jagannath" title="Template:Jagannath"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jagannath" title="Template talk:Jagannath"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jagannath" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jagannath"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jagannath_worship231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Jagannath worship</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra" title="Sudarshana Chakra">Sudarshana Chakra</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balabhadra_Subhadra_Jagannath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Balabhadra_Subhadra_Jagannath.jpg/150px-Balabhadra_Subhadra_Jagannath.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Balabhadra_Subhadra_Jagannath.jpg/225px-Balabhadra_Subhadra_Jagannath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Balabhadra_Subhadra_Jagannath.jpg/300px-Balabhadra_Subhadra_Jagannath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Odisha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundicha_Temple" title="Gundicha Temple">Gundicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Baripada" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannath Temple, Baripada">Baripada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Gunupur" title="Jagannath Temple, Gunupur">Gunupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Koraput" title="Jagannath Temple, Koraput">Koraput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Nayagarh" title="Jagannath Temple, Nayagarh">Nayagarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Vasudeva_Temple" title="Ananta Vasudeva Temple">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baladevjew_Temple" title="Baladevjew Temple">Kendrapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatia_Bata" title="Chhatia Bata">Chhatia Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Dharakote" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannath Temple, Dharakote">Dharakote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patali_Srikhetra" title="Patali Srikhetra">Patali Srikhetra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagannath_Temple,_Barbil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagannath Temple, Barbil (page does not exist)">Barbil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Rest of India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala_Jagannath_Mandir" title="Agartala Jagannath Mandir">Agartala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Ahmedabad" title="Jagannath Temple, Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Alwar" title="Jagannath Temple, Alwar">Alwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannath Temple, Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Chennai" title="Jagannath Temple, Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Delhi" title="Jagannath Temple, Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Digha" title="Jagannath Temple, Digha"><i>Digha</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_Madhava_Temple" title="Hayagriva Madhava Temple">Hajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Hyderabad" title="Jagannath Temple, Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Ranchi" title="Jagannath Temple, Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohanpur_Jagannath_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohanpur Jagannath temple">Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathayatra_of_Mahesh" title="Rathayatra of Mahesh">Mahesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Abroad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comilla_Jagannath_Temple" title="Comilla Jagannath Temple">Comilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamrai_Jagannath_Roth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamrai Jagannath Roth">Dhamrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Pabna" title="Jagannath Temple, Pabna">Pabna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Jagannath_Puri_Temple" title="Shri Jagannath Puri Temple">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Sialkot" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannath Temple, Sialkot">Sialkot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_observed_at_Jagannatha_Temple,_Puri" title="List of festivals observed at Jagannatha Temple, Puri">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandan_Yatra" title="Chandan Yatra">Chandan Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Dola Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchaka" title="Panchaka">Panchaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabakalebara" title="Nabakalebara">Nabakalebara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabakalebara_2015" title="Nabakalebara 2015">2015</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha-Yatra_(Puri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratha-Yatra (Puri)">Rath Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snana_Yatra" title="Snana Yatra">Snana Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshas_of_Jagannath" title="Beshas of Jagannath">Besha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suna_Besha" title="Suna Besha">Suna Besha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila_Purana" title="Kapila Purana">Kapila Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madala_Panji" title="Madala Panji">Madala Panji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahuka_boli" title="Dahuka boli">Dahuka boli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Devotees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indradyumna" title="Indradyumna">Indradyumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarala_Dasa" title="Sarala Dasa">Sarala Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama_Dasa" title="Balarama Dasa">Balarama Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Atibadi Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasobanta_Dasa" title="Jasobanta Dasa">Jasobanta Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Dasa" title="Ananta Dasa">Ananta Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyutananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Achyutananda">Achyutananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salabega" title="Salabega">Salabega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavi_Pattanayak" title="Madhavi Pattanayak">Madhavi Pattanayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinakrushna_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinakrushna Das">Dinakrushna Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banamali_Dasa" title="Banamali Dasa">Banamali Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendra_Bhanja" title="Upendra Bhanja">Upendra Bhanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baladeba_Ratha" title="Baladeba Ratha"><i>Kabisurjya</i> Baladeba Ratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalakrusna_Pattanayaka" title="Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka">Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gahana_Vije" class="mw-redirect" title="Gahana Vije">Gahana Vije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahaprasad_(Jagannath_Temple)" title="Mahaprasad (Jagannath Temple)">Mahaprasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilachal">Nilachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nila_Chakra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nila Chakra">Nila Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neela_Madhava" title="Neela Madhava">Neela Madhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkha_Kshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkha Kshetra">Samkha Kshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Jagannath_Temple_Act,_1955" title="Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955">Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jagannath" title="Category:Jagannath">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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