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cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Търсене в Уикипедия" aria-label="Търсене в Уикипедия" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Претърсване на Уикипедия [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Специални:Търсене"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Търсене</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Лични инструменти"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Облик" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Облик</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg" class=""><span>Направете дарение</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително." class=""><span>Създаване на сметка</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Влизане</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Допълнителни опции" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични инструменти" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Лични инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Потребителско меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg"><span>Направете дарение</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Създаване на сметка</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Влизане</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страници за излезли от системата редактори <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" aria-label="Научете повече за редактирането"><span>научете повече</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Списък на промените, направени от този IP адрес [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Приноси</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дискусия относно редакциите от този адрес [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Съдържание" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Съдържание</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Начало</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Етапи_на_видообразуване" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Етапи_на_видообразуване"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Етапи на видообразуване</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Етапи_на_видообразуване-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Етапи на видообразуване</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Етапи_на_видообразуване-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Етап_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Етап_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Етап I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Етап_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Етап_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Етап_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Етап II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Етап_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Естествено_видообразуване" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Естествено_видообразуване"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Естествено видообразуване</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Естествено_видообразуване-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Естествено видообразуване</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Естествено_видообразуване-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Постепенно_видообразуване" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Постепенно_видообразуване"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Постепенно видообразуване</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Постепенно_видообразуване-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Внезапно_видообразуване" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Внезапно_видообразуване"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Внезапно видообразуване</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Внезапно_видообразуване-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Алопатрично_(географско)[2]_видообразуване" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Алопатрично_(географско)[2]_видообразуване"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Алопатрично (географско)<sup><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup> видообразуване</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Алопатрично_(географско)[2]_видообразуване-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Перипатрично_видообразуване" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Перипатрично_видообразуване"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Перипатрично видообразуване</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Перипатрично_видообразуване-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Парапатрично_видообразуване" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Парапатрично_видообразуване"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Парапатрично видообразуване</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Парапатрично_видообразуване-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Симпатрично_(екологично)[2]_видообразуване" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Симпатрично_(екологично)[2]_видообразуване"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Симпатрично (екологично)<sup><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup> видообразуване</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Симпатрично_(екологично)[2]_видообразуване-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Изкуствено_видообразуване" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Изкуствено_видообразуване"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Изкуствено видообразуване</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Изкуствено_видообразуване-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Източници" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Източници"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Източници</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Източници-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Съдържание" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Скриване/показване на съдържанието" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Скриване/показване на съдържанието</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Видообразуване</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Към статията на друг език. Налична на 59 езика" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 езика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesievorming" title="Spesievorming – африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spesievorming" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="انتواع – арабски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتواع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6vl%C9%99%C5%9Fm%C9%99" title="Növləşmə – азербайджански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Növləşmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রজাত্যায়ন – бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রজাত্যায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specijacija" title="Specijacija – босненски" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Specijacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босненски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especiaci%C3%B3" title="Especiació – каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Especiació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciace" title="Speciace – чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Speciace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Тĕссем пулса кайни (биологи) – чувашки" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕссем пулса кайни (биологи)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artsdannelse" title="Artsdannelse – датски" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Artsdannelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artbildung" title="Artbildung – немски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Artbildung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ειδογένεση – гръцки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ειδογένεση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="гръцки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation – английски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Speciation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciigo" title="Speciigo – есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Speciigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especiaci%C3%B3n" title="Especiación – испански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Especiación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liigiteke" title="Liigiteke – естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liigiteke" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espeziazio" title="Espeziazio – баски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espeziazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="گونه‌زایی – персийски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گونه‌زایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajiutuminen" title="Lajiutuminen – фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lajiutuminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9ciation" title="Spéciation – френски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spéciation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="френски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especiaci%C3%B3n" title="Especiación – галисийски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Especiación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="היווצרות המינים – иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היווצרות המינים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="जातिउद्भवन – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जातिउद्भवन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specijacija" title="Specijacija – хърватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Specijacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espesyasyon" title="Espesyasyon – хаитянски креолски" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Espesyasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="хаитянски креолски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajk%C3%A9pz%C5%91d%C3%A9s" title="Fajképződés – унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fajképződés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Տեսակառաջացում – арменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեսակառաջացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="арменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation – интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Speciation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesiasi" title="Spesiasi – индонезийски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Spesiasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciazione_(evoluzione)" title="Speciazione (evoluzione) – италиански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Speciazione (evoluzione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%88%86%E5%8C%96" title="種分化 – японски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="種分化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Түр түзілу – казахски" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түр түзілу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ಜಾತೀಕರಣ – каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾತೀಕರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EB%B6%84%ED%99%94" title="종분화 – корейски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종분화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Видообразба – македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Видообразба" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penspesiesan" title="Penspesiesan – малайски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penspesiesan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soortvorming" title="Soortvorming – нидерландски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Soortvorming" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artsdanning" title="Artsdanning – норвежки (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Artsdanning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвежки (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstawanie_gatunk%C3%B3w" title="Powstawanie gatunków – полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstawanie gatunków" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%8A%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86/_%D8%AF_%DA%89%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D8%AA%D9%87_%DA%A9%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%84" title="سپېسيېشن/ د ډولونو رامنځته کېدل – пущу" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سپېسيېشن/ د ډولونو رامنځته کېدل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пущу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especia%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Especiação – португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Especiação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specia%C8%9Bie" title="Speciație – румънски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Speciație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румънски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Видообразование – руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Видообразование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specijacija" title="Specijacija – сърбохърватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Specijacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сърбохърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="විශේෂ ප්‍රාප්තිය – синхалски" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විශේෂ ප්‍රාප්තිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="синхалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Speciation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speci%C3%A1cia" title="Speciácia – словашки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Speciácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specijacija" title="Specijacija – сръбски" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Specijacija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сръбски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artbildning" title="Artbildning – шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Artbildning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிற்றினத்தோற்றம் – тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிற்றினத்தோற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="การเกิดสปีชีส์ – тайски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเกิดสปีชีส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espesyasyon" title="Espesyasyon – тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Espesyasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrle%C5%9Fme" title="Türleşme – турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türleşme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Видоутворення – украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Видоутворення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turlanish_(biologiya)" title="Turlanish (biologiya) – узбекски" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turlanish (biologiya)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%ACnh_th%C3%A0nh_lo%C3%A0i" title="Hình thành loài – виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hình thành loài" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物种形成 – ву китайски" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="物种形成" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Speciation" title="I-Speciation – кхоса" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Speciation" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="кхоса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物种形成 – китайски" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="物种形成" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物種形成 – кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="物種形成" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39350#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Редактиране на междуезиковите препратки" class="wbc-editpage">Редактиране</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именни пространства"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Преглед на основната страница [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Статия</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Беседа за страницата (страницата не съществува) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Промяна на езиковия вариант" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">български</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Прегледи"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5"><span>Преглед</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit" title="Редактиране на страницата [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Редактиране</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit" title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Редактиране на кода</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=history" title="Предишни версии на страницата [h]" accesskey="h"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Инструменти" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Инструменти</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Допълнителни опции" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Действия </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5"><span>Преглед</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit" title="Редактиране на страницата [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Редактиране</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit" title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Редактиране на кода</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=history"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Основни </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Списък на всички страници, сочещи насам [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Какво сочи насам</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" rel="nofollow" title="Последните промени на страници, сочени от тази страница [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Свързани промени</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki:Uploadtext" title="Качи файлове [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Качване на файл</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Списък на всички специални страници [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Специални страници</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&oldid=11365468" title="Постоянна препратка към тази версия на страницата"><span>Постоянна препратка</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=info" title="Повече за тази страница"><span>Информация за страницата</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&page=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&id=11365468&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Информация за начините за цитиране на тази страница"><span>Цитиране на статията</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbg.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%2592%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D1%2583%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5"><span>Кратък URL адрес</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbg.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%2592%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D1%2583%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5"><span>Изтегляне на QR код</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Отпечатване/изнасяне </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Speciation" hreflang="en"><span>Общомедия</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39350" title="Препратка към свързания обект от хранилището за данни [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Обект в Уикиданни</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Облик</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">скриване</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">от Уикипедия, свободната енциклопедия</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bg" dir="ltr"><p><b>Видообразуване</b> е <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Еволюция">еволюционен</a> процес, при който се появяват нови биологични <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Вид">видове</a>. Съществуват четири начина на естествено видообразуване в зависимост от степента на географска изолираност на популациите една от друга: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Алопатрично видообразуване">алопатрично</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Перипатрично видообразуване">перипатрично</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Парапатрично видообразуване">парапатрично</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Симпатрия">симпатрично</a>. Видообразуването може да бъде и изкуствено предизвикано при <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Скотовъдство">скотовъдство</a> или лабораторни експерименти. Могат да се посочат наблюдавани примери за всеки един от видовете видообразуване.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Darwins_first_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Darwins_first_tree.jpg/250px-Darwins_first_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Darwins_first_tree.jpg/375px-Darwins_first_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Darwins_first_tree.jpg/500px-Darwins_first_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Първата скица на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин">Чарлз Дарвин</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Еволюция">еволюционно</a> дърво в книгата му <i>First Notebook on Transmutation of Species</i> (1837)</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Етапи_на_видообразуване"><span id=".D0.95.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BF.D0.B8_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.BE.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Етапи на видообразуване</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Редактиране на раздел: Етапи на видообразуване" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Етапи на видообразуване"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Видообразуването се извършва в два етапа. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Етап_I"><span id=".D0.95.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BF_I"></span>Етап I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Редактиране на раздел: Етап I" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Етап I"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>През него се прекратява потока на гените между популациите на вида. Най-вероятните причини за това са нарушаването на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Панмиксия">панмиксията</a> (свободното кръстосване) от различни <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Изолация (генетика)">изолационни механизми</a>. Това позволява между тях да се осъществи <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Дивергенция (генетика)">генетична дивергенция</a>. С нарастването на генетичните различия между популациите първоначално се появяват следзиготни репродуктивни изолиращи механизми, защото различните генофондове вече не са пригодени един към друг и хибридите имат намалена жизненост или плодовитост.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Характеристики на първи етапː </p> <ul><li>Репродуктивната изолация се проявява предимно под формата на следзиготни репродуктивни изолиращи механизми.</li> <li>Следзиготните репродуктивни изолиращи механизми са страничен продукт на генетичната дивергенция.</li> <li>През този етап отборът не подпомага пряко репродуктивната изолация.</li> <li>Етапът е обратим.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Етап_II"><span id=".D0.95.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BF_II"></span>Етап II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Редактиране на раздел: Етап II" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Етап II"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>През II етап завършва процесът на репродуктивна изолация между популациите. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Характеристики на втори етап: </p> <ul><li>Репродуктивната изолация се осъществява под формата на предзиготни репродуктивни изолиращи механизми – <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Екологична изолация (страницата не съществува)">екологична изолация</a>, изолация по време, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Етологична изолация (страницата не съществува)">етологична изолация</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Механична изолация (страницата не съществува)">механична изолация</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%C2%AD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гаметна изолация (страницата не съществува)">гаметна изолация</a>.</li> <li>Развитието на предзиготни репродуктивни изолиращи механизми се подпомага пряко от отбора.</li> <li>Този етап е необратим.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Естествено_видообразуване"><span id=".D0.95.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.BE_.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.BE.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Естествено видообразуване</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Редактиране на раздел: Естествено видообразуване" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Естествено видообразуване"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>В хода на еволюцията, видообразуването се е извършвало по всеки един от описаните начини. Дискусионен обаче остава въпросът за относителното значение за биоразнообразието на всеки един от тези механизми.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Съществува спор за относителния дял, в който видообразуването настъпва през геологичното време. Докато някои еволюционни биолози твърдят, че видообразуването се проявява постоянно във времето, някои палеонтолози като <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Нилс Елдридж (страницата не съществува)">Нилс Елдридж</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Стивън Джей Гулд">Стивън Джей Гулд</a> поддържат мнението, че видовете обикновено остават непроменени през дълги отрязъци от време, и че видообразуването настъпва само през относително кратки интервали. Последният възглед е известен като <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Точково равновесие">точково равновесие</a></i>. </p><p>Според скоростта си видообразуването се дели на постепенно и внезапно. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Постепенно_видообразуване"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BF.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.BD.D0.BE_.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.BE.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Постепенно видообразуване</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Редактиране на раздел: Постепенно видообразуване" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Постепенно видообразуване"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Това е основният начин на видообразуване в природата. Характерно е за организмите, които се размножават по полов начин. Осъществява се чрез постепенно натрупване на мутации в генофонда на популациите, в резултат на което между тях настъпва генетична дивергенция. Фенотипната изява на този процес е дивергенцията на белезите. Това видообразуване е разгледано подробно от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин">Дарвин</a> в неговата еволюционна теория. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Последователните етапи на тази дивергенцията са: </p><p>възникване на разновидност (екологична раса) → географски подвид → нов вид<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Постепенното видообразуване бива <b>алопатрично</b> и <b>екологично</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Внезапно_видообразуване"><span id=".D0.92.D0.BD.D0.B5.D0.B7.D0.B0.D0.BF.D0.BD.D0.BE_.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.BE.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Внезапно видообразуване</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Редактиране на раздел: Внезапно видообразуване" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Внезапно видообразуване"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Първият етап при внезапното видообразуване – появата на следзиготни репродуктивни изолиращи механизми, се осъществява много бързо – за едно или няколко поколения. Внезапното видообразуване се осъществява чрез геномни мутации. Тук влизат <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Полиплоидия (страницата не съществува)">полиплоидията</a> и „нормалните“ и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Робертсонова транслокация (страницата не съществува)">робертсоновите</a> хромозомни <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Транслокация (страницата не съществува)">транслокации</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Алопатрично_(географско)[2]_видообразуване"><span id=".D0.90.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.BF.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.BE_.28.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.BE.29.5B2.5D_.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.BE.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Алопатрично (географско)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> видообразуване</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Редактиране на раздел: Алопатрично (географско)[2] видообразуване" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Алопатрично (географско)[2] видообразуване"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Speciation_modes_bg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Speciation_modes_bg.svg/300px-Speciation_modes_bg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Speciation_modes_bg.svg/450px-Speciation_modes_bg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Speciation_modes_bg.svg/600px-Speciation_modes_bg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Сравнение на алопатрично, перипатрично, парапатрично и симпатрично видообразуване.</figcaption></figure> <p>При алопатрично видообразуване, популацията се разделя на две изолирани в географско отношение алопатрични популации (например, поради <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Раздробяване на местообитания (страницата не съществува)">раздробяване на местообитанията</a> вследствие на промяна на релефа като <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Орогенезис (страницата не съществува)">орогенезис</a> или социална промяна <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Емиграция">емиграция</a>). Вследствие на това, изолираните популации са подложени на генотипни и/или фенотипни диференциации. Диференциациите се получават поради това, че популациите (а) биват подложени на различен по сила <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Отбор (страницата не съществува)">отбор</a> или (б) независимо една от друга са подложени на <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%84" title="Генетичен дрейф">генетичен дрейф</a>. Когато популациите отново влязат в контакт една с друга, те може дотолкова да са еволюирали, че да са се изолирали репродуктивно и да не са повече в състояние да обменят гени. </p><p>Видообразуването настъпва в случаите, когато една популация е изолирана от друга. Пътят, по който това става, е свързан с мутации и адаптации в резултат на променените условия на околната среда. Старият вид бива постепенно заменен с нов. Вторият начин на диференциация е свързан със случаите, когато от родителския (изходния) вид произлязат един или повече видове, всеки от които продължи самостоятелно съществуването и развитието си. </p> <dl><dt>Наблюдавани примери</dt></dl> <p>При множество обстоятелства е била наблюдавана тенденцията при <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Малки популации (страницата не съществува)">островните популации</a> малки и изолирани генетични резервоари да дават начало на необикновени белези. Към тази група се числят <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Островен нанизъм">островните джуджевидни форми</a> и радикалните генетични промени, настъпили на някои известни архипелага като <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Комодо">Комодо</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Галапагос">Галапагос</a>. Галапагоският архипелаг е месторождение на теорията за еволюцията от времето на наблюденията на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин">Чарлз Дарвин</a>. Наблюдаваните от Дарвин <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Галапагоски чинки">Галапагоски чинки</a> са може би най-известният пример за алопатрично видообразуване. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Перипатрично_видообразуване"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.BF.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.BE_.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.BE.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Перипатрично видообразуване</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Редактиране на раздел: Перипатрично видообразуване" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Перипатрично видообразуване"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>При перипатричното видообразуване, нови видове се формират в изолирани, малки периферни популации, които са възпрепятствани да обменят гени с основната популация. То е свързано с понятието <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Ефект на основаване">ефект на основаване</a>, понеже често пъти малките популации са подложени на <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гърло на бутилка">ефекта „гърло на бутилка“</a>. Приема се в много случаи, че <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%84" title="Генетичен дрейф">генетичният дрейф</a> играе значителна роля при перипатричното видообразуване. </p> <dl><dt>Наблюдавани примери</dt></dl> <ul><li>австралийската птица <i>Petroica multicolor</i></li></ul> <ul><li>репродуктивна изолация настъпва в популации на видовете насекоми от род <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Дрозофила">дрозофила</a>, подложени на ефекта „гърло на бутилка“.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Парапатрично_видообразуване"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BF.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.BE_.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.BE.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Парапатрично видообразуване</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Редактиране на раздел: Парапатрично видообразуване" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Парапатрично видообразуване"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>При парапатричното видообразуване, зоните на двете диференциращи се популации са отделни (в някаква степен поради географски прегради), и но се припокриват в някаква степен. Не е изключено индивиди от единия вид да влязат в контакт с индивиди от другия вид и да се кръстосат. Намалената <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Зиготност (страницата не съществува)">хетерозиготна способност</a> обаче води до отбор по поведение или механизми, които възпрепятстват размножаването между двата вида. </p><p>В екологията става въпрос за парапатрично или перипатрично видообразуване във връзка с екологичните ниши. Необходимо е наличието на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Екологична ниша">екологична ниша</a>, за да може да се осъществи успешно видообразуване. </p> <dl><dt>Наблюдавани примери</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Кръгов вид">Кръгови видове</a> <ul><li>Видовете от род <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Чайка">чайка</a> (<i>Larus</i>) могат да се разглеждат като популации на един кръгов вид</li> <li>Земноводното <i>Ensatina salamanders</i>, което образува кръгов вид в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Централна калифорнийска долина">Централната калифорнийска долина</a>.</li> <li>Зеленикавия певец (<i>Phylloscopus trochiloides</i>) около <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Хималаи">Хималаите</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Симпатрично_(екологично)[2]_видообразуване"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.BF.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.BE_.28.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.BE.29.5B2.5D_.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.BE.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Симпатрично (екологично)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> видообразуване</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Редактиране на раздел: Симпатрично (екологично)[2] видообразуване" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Симпатрично (екологично)[2] видообразуване"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>При симпатричното видообразуване, видовете се диференцират на едно и също местообитание. Примери за него могат да се дадат при насекоми, които зависят от различните <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Гостоприемник">гостоприемници</a> в един и същ ареал. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Polyploidization.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Polyploidization.svg/200px-Polyploidization.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Polyploidization.svg/300px-Polyploidization.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Polyploidization.svg/400px-Polyploidization.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="120" /></a><figcaption>Видообразуване чрез <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Полиплоидност">полиплоидност</a>. Една диплоидна клетка претърпява неуспешна <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Мейоза">мейоза</a>, при което се получават диплоидни <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Гамета">гамети</a>, които се самооплождат. В резултат се получава тетраплоидна <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Зигота">зигота</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Полиплоидност">Полиплоидността</a> е механизъм, който също може да бъде отговорен за симпатрично видообразуване. Не всички полиплоиди са репродуктивно изолирани от техните майчини растения. Поради това увеличаването на броя на хромозомите е възможно да не доведе до напълно преустановяване на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Генна миграция (страницата не съществува)">миграцията на гени</a> между зараждащите се полиплоиди и техните диплоидни родители. </p> <dl><dt>Наблюдавани примери</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>Полиплоидността се наблюдава при множество растителни и животински видове: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Пшеница">пшеница</a></li> <li>растението козя бряда (<i>Tragopogon sp.</i>)</li> <li>риби от сем. <i>Cichlidae</i>, срещащи се в езерата <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE)" title="Виктория (езеро)">Виктория</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Танганика">Танганика</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_(%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE)" title="Малави (езеро)">Малави</a></li> <li>африканската жаба <i>Xenopus laevis</i></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="mw-redirect" title="Хибрид (биология)">Хибридизацията</a> между два различни вида води понякога до отделен <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Фенотип">фенотип</a>. Този фенотип може да бъде по-приспособен от родителските видове, от които произхожда, поради което да бъде благоприятстван от <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Естествен отбор">естествения отбор</a>. В крайна сметка, ако се осъществи <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Репродуктивна изолация">репродуктивна изолация</a>, може да се стигне до образуването на нов вид. Репродуктивна изолация между хибриди и техните родители е особено трудно осъществима, поради което хибридното видообразуване се счита за изключително рядко събитие. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Изкуствено_видообразуване"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D0.BA.D1.83.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.BE_.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.BE.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Изкуствено видообразуване</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Редактиране на раздел: Изкуствено видообразуване" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Изкуствено видообразуване"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Нови видове могат да бъдат създавани чрез опитомени животни в <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Животновъдство">животновъдството</a>. Малко се знае за първите опити и първите видове, получени по този начин. <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Домашна овца">Домашната овца</a> например е създадена чрез хибридизация и вече не може да даде жизнено поколение при кръстосване с муфлона (<i>Ovis orientalis</i>) – видът, от който тя прозлиза. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> От друга страна, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Домашно говедо">домашното говедо</a> може да се счита за един и същ вид заедно с различни свои диви разновидности като <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83" title="Зебу">зебуто</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80" title="Гаур">гаура</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA" title="Як">яка</a> и др., понеже лесно се получава потомство между тях.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Най-добре документираното създаване на нов вид в лабораторни условия е било осъществено в края на 80-те години на 20 век. Уилиям Райс и Дж. В. Солт правят опити с размножаване на плодовата мушица <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Плодова мушица">Drosophila melanogaster</a> с използване на лабиринт с три възможни изхода от вида на светъл/тъмен или влажен/сух. Всяко поколение е поставяно в лабиринта и групите мушици, които излизат от два от осемте изхода, биват отделяни и оставяни отново да се размножават помежду си. След тридесет и пет поколения, двете групи и техните потомства вече не са били в състояние да се размножават помежду си, дори ако това е единствената им възможност за размножаване. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Диана Дод на свой ред успява да демонстрира алопатрично видообразуване чрез <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Репродуктивна изолация">репродуктивна изолация</a> при плодовата мушица <i>Drosophila pseudoobscura</i> само след осем поколения и с използването на различен вид храна – <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Нишесте">нишесте</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Малтоза">малтоза</a>. Експериментът на Дод бива потвърден с лекота при повторни опити с други видове плодни мушици и храни. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Drosophila_speciation_experiment.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Drosophila_speciation_experiment.svg/600px-Drosophila_speciation_experiment.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Drosophila_speciation_experiment.svg/900px-Drosophila_speciation_experiment.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Drosophila_speciation_experiment.svg/1200px-Drosophila_speciation_experiment.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption>Експериментът с плодните мушици на Диана Дод (1989 г.)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Източници"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8"></span>Източници</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Редактиране на раздел: Източници" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Източници"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-speciation.html">Observed Instances of Speciation</a></i> by Joseph Boxhorn. Посетен на 28 октомври 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>г</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>д</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>е</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>ж</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7"><sup><i><b>з</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-8"><sup><i><b>и</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-9"><sup><i><b>к</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Илия Ватев и др. – Биология – Учебник за медицинските университети – Трето издание – изд. Реко – 2009 г. София (стр. 372) – <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9549085759" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 954-90857-5-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">J.M. Baker. Adaptive speciation: The role of natural selection in mechanisms of geographic and non-geographic speciation //  <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences</i> 36.  2005. с. 303 – 326.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.03.005">available online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiendleder S., <i>et al.</i> (2002) „Molecular analysis of wild and domestic sheep questions current nomenclature and provides evidence for domestication from two different subspecies“ <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i> <b>269</b>:893 – 904</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nowak, R. (1999) <i>Walker's Mammals of the World</i> 6th ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF1988" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Rice, W.R. and G.W. Salt. Speciation via disruptive selection on habitat preference: experimental evidence //  <i>The American Naturalist</i> 131.  1988. с. 911 – 917.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirkpatrick, M. and V. Ravigné (2002) „Speciation by Natural and Sexual Selection: Models and Experiments“ <i>The American Naturalist</i> <b>159</b>:S22–S35 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?id=doi:10.1086/338370">DOI</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <table cellspacing="2" style="clear:both; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit; border:1px dotted var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); padding:.3em; margin-top:.8em; margin-bottom:.5em; font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="90px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Криейтив Комънс"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CC_BY-SA_icon.svg/60px-CC_BY-SA_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CC_BY-SA_icon.svg/90px-CC_BY-SA_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CC_BY-SA_icon.svg/120px-CC_BY-SA_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%9D%D0%A3" title="Лиценз за свободна документация на ГНУ"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/20px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/30px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/40px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="523" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-style:italic">Тази страница частично или изцяло представлява <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Уикипедия:Превод">превод</a> на страницата <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Permalink/174060582" class="extiw" title="en:Special:Permalink/174060582">Speciation</a> в Уикипедия на английски. Оригиналният текст, както и този превод, са защитени от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Криейтив Комънс">Лиценза „Криейтив Комънс – Признание – Споделяне на споделеното“</a>, а за съдържание, създадено преди юни 2009 година – от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%9D%D0%A3" title="Лиценз за свободна документация на ГНУ">Лиценза за свободна документация на ГНУ</a>. Прегледайте <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PageHistory/Speciation" class="extiw" title="en:Special:PageHistory/Speciation">историята на редакциите</a> на оригиналната страница, както и на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:PageHistory/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Специални:PageHistory/Видообразуване">преводната страница</a>, за да видите списъка на съавторите.  <p><b>ВАЖНО:</b> Този шаблон се отнася единствено до <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3:%D0%90%D0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="У:АП">авторските права</a> върху съдържанието на статията. Добавянето му не отменя изискването да се посочват <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3:%D0%A6%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="У:ЦИ">конкретни източници на твърденията</a>, които да бъдат <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3:%D0%91%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="У:БИ">благонадеждни</a>. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Взето от „<a dir="ltr" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Видообразуване&oldid=11365468">https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Видообразуване&oldid=11365468</a>“.</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Специални:Категории">Категории</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Категория:Екология">Екология</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Категория:Еволюция">Еволюция</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Категория:Еволюционна биология">Еволюционна биология</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Скрита категория: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8,_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_ISBN" title="Категория:Страници, използващи вълшебни препратки ISBN">Страници, използващи вълшебни препратки ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Последната промяна на страницата е извършена на 13 април 2022 г. в 13:43 ч.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Текстът е достъпен под лиценза <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.bg">Creative Commons Признание-Споделяне на споделеното</a>; може да са приложени допълнителни условия. 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