CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Frank Westheimer - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"94e0b04a-fa51-4397-a93d-15fd0fb0e094","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Frank_Westheimer","wgTitle":"Frank Westheimer","wgCurRevisionId":1252758935,"wgRevisionId":1252758935,"wgArticleId":4454291,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles with hCards","1912 births","2007 deaths","20th-century American chemists","Jewish American scientists","National Medal of Science laureates","Harvard University faculty","Dartmouth College alumni","Foreign members of the Royal Society","Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences","Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni","20th-century American Jews", "21st-century American Jews","Members of the American Philosophical Society"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Frank_Westheimer","wgRelevantArticleId":4454291,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Frank_H._Westheimer","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Frank_Westheimer","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q907789","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init": "ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Frank_Westheimer.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1722"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Frank_Westheimer.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1148"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="919"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Frank Westheimer - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Westheimer"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Westheimer"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Frank_Westheimer rootpage-Frank_Westheimer skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Frank+Westheimer" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Frank+Westheimer" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Frank+Westheimer" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Frank+Westheimer" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-University_of_Chicago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Chicago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>University of Chicago</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Chicago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvard_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvard_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Harvard University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvard_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Obituaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obituaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Obituaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obituaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Frank Westheimer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B1" title="فرانك وستهايمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانك وستهايمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1" title="فرانک وستایمر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانک وستایمر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Westheimer" title="Frank Westheimer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frank Westheimer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1" title="فرانک وستایمر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانک وستایمر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Westheimer" title="Frank Westheimer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frank Westheimer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Вестхаймер, Фрэнк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вестхаймер, Фрэнк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q907789#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Westheimer" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Frank_Westheimer" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Westheimer"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Westheimer"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Frank_Westheimer" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Frank_Westheimer" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&oldid=1252758935" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Frank_Westheimer&id=1252758935&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFrank_Westheimer"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFrank_Westheimer"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Frank_Westheimer&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Frank_Westheimer" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q907789" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_H._Westheimer&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Westheimer">Frank H. Westheimer</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American chemist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Frank Westheimer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Westheimer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Frank_Westheimer.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1912-01-15</span>)</span>January 15, 1912<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>, U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Zerner_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zerner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 14, 2007<span style="display:none">(2007-04-14)</span> (aged 95)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/M._S." class="mw-redirect" title="M. S.">MS</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Mechanisms of enzyme catalysis, and kinetic isotope effects</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Centenary_Prize" title="Centenary Prize">Centenary Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1962)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Willard_Gibbs_Award" title="Willard Gibbs Award">Willard Gibbs Award</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/NAS_Award_in_Chemical_Sciences" title="NAS Award in Chemical Sciences">NAS Award in Chemical Sciences</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Rosenstiel_Award" title="Rosenstiel Award">Rosenstiel Award</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Cope_Award" title="Arthur C. Cope Award">Arthur C. Cope Award</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Welch_Award_in_Chemistry" title="Welch Award in Chemistry">Welch Award in Chemistry</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/William_H._Nichols_Medal" title="William H. Nichols Medal">William H. Nichols Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Priestley_Medal" title="Priestley Medal">Priestley Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1988)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Nakanishi_Prize" title="Nakanishi Prize">Nakanishi Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">Physical organic chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Bryant_Conant" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bryant Conant">James Bryant Conant</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elmer_P._Kohler" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmer P. Kohler">Elmer P. Kohler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emil_T._Kaiser" title="Emil T. Kaiser">Emil T. Kaiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberta_F._Colman" title="Roberta F. Colman">Roberta F. Colman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_A._Benner" title="Steven A. Benner">Steven A. Benner</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frank Henry Westheimer</b> (January 15, 1912 – April 14, 2007) was an American <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>. He taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> from 1936 to 1954, and at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> from 1953 to 1983, becoming the Morris Loeb Professor of Chemistry in 1960, and Professor Emeritus in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-OH_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Westheimer medal was established in his honor in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Medal_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Westheimer did pioneering work in <a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">physical organic chemistry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> applying techniques from physical to organic chemistry and integrating the two fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Corey_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He explored the mechanisms of chemical and enzymatic reactions,<sup id="cite_ref-Simoni_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simoni-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made fundamental theoretical advances.<sup id="cite_ref-Corey_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Westheimer worked with <a href="/wiki/John_Gamble_Kirkwood" title="John Gamble Kirkwood">John Gamble Kirkwood</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Bjerrum_length" title="Bjerrum length">Bjerrum</a> electrostatic analysis of <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxylic acids">carboxylic acids</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirkwood_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkwood-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirkwood2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkwood2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Mayer" title="Joseph Edward Mayer">Joseph Edward Mayer</a> on the calculation of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mechanics" title="Molecular mechanics">molecular mechanics</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mayer_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explored the mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis" title="Enzyme catalysis">enzyme catalysis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Birgit_Vennesland" title="Birgit Vennesland">Birgit Vennesland</a><sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Simoni_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simoni-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vennesland_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vennesland-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and determined the mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Chromic_acid" title="Chromic acid">chromic acid</a> oxidations and <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_isotope_effect" title="Kinetic isotope effect">kinetic isotope effects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mechanisms_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mechanisms-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kinetic_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinetic-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He received the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> in 1986 "For his series of extraordinary, original and penetrating investigations of the mechanisms of organic and enzymic reactions, which have played an unequaled role in the advancement of our knowledge of the ways in which chemical and biochemical processes proceed."<sup id="cite_ref-NSF_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSF-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frank Henry Westheimer was born on January 15, 1912, to Henry F. Westheimer (1870–1960) and Carrie C (Burgunder) Westheimer (1887–1972) of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>. </p><p>He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> in 1932. He went on to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, where he earned his masters in chemistry in 1933 and his doctorate in chemistry in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-OH_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Westheimer came to Harvard hoping to do research with <a href="/wiki/James_Bryant_Conant" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bryant Conant">James Bryant Conant</a>. When told that Conant would not take on new students, Westheimer outwaited him and was finally accepted as his last graduate student.<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16–17">: 16–17 </span></sup> Westheimer did some work on <a href="/wiki/Semicarbazone" title="Semicarbazone">semicarbazone</a> at Conant's suggestion.<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> Conant also suggested that Westheimer work during the summer with Alsoph Corwin at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>. By doing <a href="/wiki/Porphyrin" title="Porphyrin">porphyrin</a> synthesis with Corwin, Westheimer gained needed laboratory experience.<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21–23">: 21–23 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1933, Conant became president of Harvard in 1933 and ceased doing research. Nonetheless, Conant's interactions with Westheimer had a lasting effect,<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24–25">: 24–25 </span></sup> impressing Westheimer with the need "to do important things".<sup id="cite_ref-Hargittai_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hargittai-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The notion that Conant essentially was saying, 'Well, that problem is all right, but good God, you can do better,' was very important to me. From then on, I tried to ask myself about problems, whether they were really worth the investment of time."<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24–25">: 24–25 </span></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Westheimer completed his Ph.D. with E.P. Kohler. Although Westheimer described Kohler's organic chemistry class as "marvelous",<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> Kohler gave Westheimer little direction or feedback about his research, which was largely self-directed. Another of Kohler's students, <a href="/wiki/Max_Tishler" title="Max Tishler">Max Tishler</a>, expanded upon some of Westheimer's research, leading to a co-publication on the derivation of a furanol.<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17–18">: 17–18 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kohler_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kohler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935 and 1936, as a <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">National Research Council Fellow</a>, Westheimer worked with physical chemist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Plack_Hammett" title="Louis Plack Hammett">Louis P. Hammett</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. Hammett was a founder of the field of <a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">physical organic chemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Westheimer taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> from 1936 to 1954, and at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> from 1953 to 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-OH_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as chairman of the chemistry department at Harvard from 1959 to 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-Zerner_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zerner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became the Morris Loeb Professor of Chemistry at Harvard in 1960. He retired from teaching to become Professor Emeritus in 1983, and retired from research in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-OH_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zerner_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zerner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_Chicago">University of Chicago</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: University of Chicago"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Westheimer's first academic appointment was an independent Research Associateship at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, from 1936 to 1937. He became an instructor in 1937 and a Professor in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Zerner_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zerner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a lecturer in chemistry he taught the university's first course in physical organic chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> </p><p>During Westheimer's second year at Chicago, <a href="/wiki/John_Gamble_Kirkwood" title="John Gamble Kirkwood">John Gamble Kirkwood</a> taught there. Westheimer worked with Kirkwood on problems in organic chemistry involving <a href="/wiki/Electrostatics" title="Electrostatics">electrostatics</a>. Westheimer related electrostatics to their effects on the properties of organic compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43–47">: 43–47 </span></sup> Kirkwood and Westheimer published four classical papers developing fundamental ideas in enzymology about the theory of the electrostatic influence of substituents on the dissociation constants of organic acids.<sup id="cite_ref-Zerner_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zerner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They developed a <a href="/wiki/Bjerrum_length" title="Bjerrum length">Bjerrum</a> electrostatic analysis of <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxylic acids">carboxylic acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirkwood_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkwood-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirkwood2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkwood2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their Kirkwood-Westheimer model for an ellipsoid cavity reconciles the work of <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bjerrum" title="Niels Bjerrum">Niels Bjerrum</a> on dibasic acids with that of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Eucken" title="Arnold Eucken">Arnold Eucken</a> on dipole substituted acids, showing that they could coexist in the same physical world.<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43–47">: 43–47 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jensen_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elaborations and fuller testing of their ideas have required forty years and the development of computers.<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43–47">: 43–47 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jensen_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, from 1943 to 1945, Westheimer worked for the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Research_Committee" title="National Defense Research Committee">National Defense Research Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69–71">: 69–71 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OH_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a supervisor at the Explosives Research Laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Bruceton,_Pennsylvania" title="Bruceton, Pennsylvania">Bruceton, Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zerner_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zerner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saxe_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saxe-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did research on <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>, discovering a new acidity function for <a href="/wiki/Nitration" title="Nitration">nitration</a> reactions. He hesitated to discuss his work on the triphenyl carbinol series with physical chemists because of the secrecy requirements of the project. Other researchers such as <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ingold" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Ingold">Christopher Ingold</a> were first to publish in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69–71">: 69–71 </span></sup> </p><p>Westheimer was also influenced by the development of <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a> by physicists <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Mayer" title="Joseph Edward Mayer">Joseph Edward Mayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Maria Goeppert-Mayer</a>, who moved to the University of Chicago in 1945. Westheimer applied the principles of statistical mechanics to the structure of organic molecules, to better understand the ways in which molecules are assembled from atoms. Westheimer first consulted Mayer about applying techniques from statistical mechanics to the racemization of optically active biphenyls. All of his calculations were worked out by hand.<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_14-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65, 66–68">: 65, 66–68 </span></sup> The work became a model for studies of other elements and is considered foundational.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The field of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mechanics" title="Molecular mechanics">molecular mechanics</a>, as it is now known, has wide applications.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mayer_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hursthouse_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hursthouse-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1943, Westheimer began publishing on the mechanisms of chromic acid oxidations, publishing a "masterly review" of the area in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-Zerner_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zerner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mechanisms_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mechanisms-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, University of Chicago biochemist <a href="/wiki/Birgit_Vennesland" title="Birgit Vennesland">Birgit Vennesland</a> approached Westheimer about a project she and her student Harvey Fisher were doing, involving isotopes in enzyme reactions. Vennesland had developed a project involving the fate of hydrogen atoms in <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_dehydrogenase" title="Alcohol dehydrogenase">alcohol dehydrogenase</a>. Vennesland and Fisher's results were puzzling in that a specific hydrogen in the pair at C1 in ethanol appeared to be uniquely reactive in the presence of the enzyme. Westheimer joined the project and helped develop an explanation based on the idea of <a href="/wiki/Enantiotopicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Enantiotopicity">enantiotopicity</a><sup id="cite_ref-Simoni_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simoni-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to explain how the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase removed hydrogen from the alcohol molecule, enabling the body to metabolize alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researchers published two classic papers in 1953, "the first demonstration of the enzymatic discrimination between the two enantiotopic hydrogen atoms on the methylene carbon atom of ethanol."<sup id="cite_ref-Simoni_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simoni-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phenomenon they reported was not named enantiospecificity until much later.<sup id="cite_ref-Ault_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ault-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Westheimer designed additional experiments that proved their initial conjecture and established the isotope-based <a href="/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)">chirality</a> of enzymes. This work was essential to understanding <a href="/wiki/Topicity" title="Topicity">topicity</a>, the enantiotopic and diastereotopic relationships between groups (or atoms) within molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-Ault_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ault-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, their 1953 paper (part I) received a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of the History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society.<sup id="cite_ref-HIST_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HIST-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvard_University">Harvard University</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Harvard University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1953, soon after completing the work on alcohol dehydrogenase, Westheimer moved to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. He continued his interest in reaction mechanisms, isotopes and oxidation. In 1955, Westheimer published the first of many articles on the chemistry of phosphate esters and phosphorus derivatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Zerner_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zerner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He proposed that ATP transfers phosphate through a reactive monomeric metaphosphate species. While this did not turn out to be the literal case, many enzymic reactions do proceed through transition states that have this as a significant component.<sup id="cite_ref-Lassila_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lassila-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1961 article, Westheimer applied ideas from statistical mechanics to the effects of isotopic substitution on the reactivity of organic molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinetic_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinetic-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work on the magnitude of <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_isotope_effect" title="Kinetic isotope effect">kinetic isotope effects</a> (KIEs) is still the basis of understanding in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-Kohen_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kohen-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 418">: 418 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glad_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glad-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Agmon_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agmon-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Transition_state" title="Transition state">Transition state</a> structure's dependence on the kinetic isotope effect is known as the Westheimer Effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard nontunnelling approach to KIEs is developed from Westheimer<sup id="cite_ref-Kinetic_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinetic-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lars_Melander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lars Melander (page does not exist)">Lars Melander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Melander_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melander-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kohen_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kohen-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 550, 561">: 550, 561 </span></sup> The Melander-Westheimer postulate has successfully predicted the ways in which KIEs and transition state (TS) structures vary.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Westheimer introduced the idea of <a href="/wiki/Photoaffinity_labeling" title="Photoaffinity labeling">photoaffinity labeling</a> of the active site of proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identification of the "active sites" of an enzyme is difficult in cases where proteins have hydrocarbon-rich sites. In 1962, Westheimer and others demonstrated the synthesis of p-nitrophenyl diazoacetate and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Acylation" title="Acylation">acylation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chymotrypsin" title="Chymotrypsin">chymotrypsin</a> to form diazoacetylchymotrypsin, which was then photolyzed. The introduction of an aliphatic <a href="/wiki/Diazo" title="Diazo">diazo</a> group into a bifunctional reagent enabled it to react with the enzyme. The photolabel generated a reactive carbenoid species capable of inserting into hydrocarbon C-H bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Westheimer also approached the reactions of phosphate transfer through mechanisms that involve five-coordinate intermediates. In 1968, Westheimer examined pseudorotation in phosphate ester chemistry<sup id="cite_ref-Simoni_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simoni-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and predicted the occurrence of pseudo-rotation of oxyphosphoranes.<sup id="cite_ref-Pseudo-rotation_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pseudo-rotation-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He showed the significance of this route and the importance of stereochemical rearrangements of the intermediates. Westheimer developed a set of guidelines, based on experimental observations, also known as Westheimer's rules. They have been widely used for describing and predicting the products and stereochemistry of substitution reactions involving phosphorus.<sup id="cite_ref-Bethell_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bethell-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Erdmann_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdmann-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Westheimer's 1987 paper in <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>, "Why nature chose phosphates", discusses the importance of phosphates as signaling and building blocks for living organisms. Phosphates possess a value of <a href="/wiki/PKa" class="mw-redirect" title="PKa">p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub></a> that allows them to be doubly ionized at physiological <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>. The singly ionized form in the phosphodiester linkages of nucleic acids resists being hydrolyzed by water, but is not so stable that it won't undergo enzymatic hydrolysis.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work continues to challenge and inspire researchers studying biological chemistry and reactions in <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ribozymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribozymes">ribozymes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-phosphates_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phosphates-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kamerlin_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamerlin-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reich_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reich-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Westheimer became a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1954,<sup id="cite_ref-NASMember_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASMember-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1976,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> of London in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-JInfo_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JInfo-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He chaired the National Academy of Sciences Committee for the Survey of Chemistry from 1964 to 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Zerner_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zerner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Chemistry: Opportunities and Needs</i>, also known as the "Westheimer Report", encouraged the federal government to increase spending on fundamental research in chemistry, to achieve parity with other physical sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-Laitinen_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laitinen-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It identified biochemistry as a promising and overlooked area for medical and pharmaceutical research.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report's recommendations were implemented, and it is still considered to be "comprehensive, definitive, and forward-looking".<sup id="cite_ref-Corey_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Westheimer was a member of President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a>'s science advisory committee from 1967 to 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Westheimer served on the Council of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> for two terms, from 1973 to 1975 and 1976-1978, as well as being a Councillor of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (1981-1984), and Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1985-1990).<sup id="cite_ref-Zerner_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zerner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well as emphasizing the need for fundamental research, Westheimer was concerned about other political issues. He argued against wars in Vietnam and Iraq. He was aware of environmental issues, supporting measures to decrease pollution, combat global warming, increase energy conservation, and develop alternative energy sources. He advocated that science needed to be taught in new ways, to better educate nonscientists about scientific issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Corey_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among Westheimer's many honors<sup id="cite_ref-Zerner_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zerner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the <a href="/wiki/NAS_Award_in_Chemical_Sciences" title="NAS Award in Chemical Sciences">U.S. National Academy Award in Chemical Sciences</a> in 1980,<sup id="cite_ref-NAS_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Robert A. Welch Foundation Award in 1982,<sup id="cite_ref-Welch_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welch-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a> in 1981,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1986,<sup id="cite_ref-NSF_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSF-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NSF2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSF2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Priestley_Medal" title="Priestley Medal">Priestley Medal</a> in 1988;<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Repligen Award for the Chemistry of Biological Processes in 1992;<sup id="cite_ref-Zerner_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zerner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Nakanishi_Prize" title="Nakanishi Prize">Nakanishi Prize</a> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakanishi_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakanishi-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OH_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Over a span of four decades, Westheimer repeatedly demonstrated an ability to take up a fundamental scientific problem — one that appeared either insoluble or very difficult — and to solve it in an elegant and completely definitive way... He enjoyed going on to new challenges more than exploiting the large new areas that he had opened up." <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias James Corey</a>, 2007<sup id="cite_ref-Corey_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Westheimer medal was established in his honor in 2002. The medal is awarded by Harvard University "for distinguished research into the field of chemistry", particularly in the areas of organic and biological chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-Medal_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frank H. Westheimer was married in 1937 to Jeanne E. Friedman.<sup id="cite_ref-Corey_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had two children, Ellen Westheimer and Ruth Susan Westheimer.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corey_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zerner-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zerner_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zerner_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zerner_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zerner_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zerner_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zerner_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zerner_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zerner_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zerner_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zerner_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zerner_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zerner_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZerner1992" class="citation journal cs1">Zerner, Burt (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0045-2068%2892%2990038-5">"Frank Henry Westheimer: The celebration of a lifetime in chemistry"</a>. <i>Bioorganic Chemistry</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 269–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0045-2068%2892%2990038-5">10.1016/0045-2068(92)90038-5</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Frank+Henry+Westheimer%3A+The+celebration+of+a+lifetime+in+chemistry&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=269-284&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0045-2068%2892%2990038-5&rft.aulast=Zerner&rft.aufirst=Burt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0045-2068%252892%252990038-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OH-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OH_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OH_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OH_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OH_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OH_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OH_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenter_for_Oral_History" class="citation web cs1">Center for Oral History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oh.sciencehistory.org/oral-histories/westheimer-frank-h">"Frank H. Westheimer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+History+Institute&rft.atitle=Frank+H.+Westheimer&rft.au=Center+for+Oral+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foh.sciencehistory.org%2Foral-histories%2Fwestheimer-frank-h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Medal-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Medal_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medal_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCromie2002" class="citation news cs1">Cromie, William J. (October 3, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2002/10/new-chemistry-medal-is-established/">"New chemistry medal is established: Named for professor emeritus Frank Westheimer"</a>. <i>The Harvard Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Gazette&rft.atitle=New+chemistry+medal+is+established%3A+Named+for+professor+emeritus+Frank+Westheimer&rft.date=2002-10-03&rft.aulast=Cromie&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2Fstory%2F2002%2F10%2Fnew-chemistry-medal-is-established%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1996" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, John D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/bulletin_open_access/num19/num19%20p48-56.pdf">"The beginnings of physical organic chemistry in the United States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin for the History of Chemistry</i>. <b>19</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+for+the+History+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+beginnings+of+physical+organic+chemistry+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=19&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scs.illinois.edu%2F~mainzv%2FHIST%2Fbulletin_open_access%2Fnum19%2Fnum19%2520p48-56.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corey-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Corey_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corey_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corey_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corey_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corey_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corey_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corey_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorey2007" class="citation news cs1">Corey, E. J. (April 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/04/frank-h-westheimer-major-figure-in-20th-century-chemistry-dies-at-95/">"Frank H. Westheimer, major figure in 20th century chemistry, dies at 95"</a>. <i>Harvard Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Gazette&rft.atitle=Frank+H.+Westheimer%2C+major+figure+in+20th+century+chemistry%2C+dies+at+95&rft.date=2007-04-19&rft.aulast=Corey&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2Fstory%2F2007%2F04%2Ffrank-h-westheimer-major-figure-in-20th-century-chemistry-dies-at-95%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simoni-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simoni_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simoni_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simoni_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simoni_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simoni_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimoniHillVaughan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Simoni, Robert D.; Hill, Robert L.; Vaughan, Martha (January 16, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/content/279/3/e3">"The Stereochemistry and Reaction Mechanism of Dehydrogenases and Their Coenzymes, DPN (NAD) and TPN (NADP): the Work of Birgit Vennesland"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>279</b> (3): e3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2820%2973581-7">10.1016/S0021-9258(20)73581-7</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+Stereochemistry+and+Reaction+Mechanism+of+Dehydrogenases+and+Their+Coenzymes%2C+DPN+%28NAD%29+and+TPN+%28NADP%29%3A+the+Work+of+Birgit+Vennesland&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e3&rft.date=2004-01-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2820%2973581-7&rft.aulast=Simoni&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft.au=Hill%2C+Robert+L.&rft.au=Vaughan%2C+Martha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcontent%2F279%2F3%2Fe3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirkwood-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirkwood_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirkwood_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkwoodWestheimer1938" class="citation journal cs1">Kirkwood, J. G.; Westheimer, F. H. (September 1938). "The Electrostatic Influence of Substituents on the Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids. I". <i>The Journal of Chemical Physics</i>. <b>6</b> (9): 506–512. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1938JChPh...6..506K">1938JChPh...6..506K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1750302">10.1063/1.1750302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=The+Electrostatic+Influence+of+Substituents+on+the+Dissociation+Constants+of+Organic+Acids.+I&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=506-512&rft.date=1938-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1750302&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1938JChPh...6..506K&rft.aulast=Kirkwood&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft.au=Westheimer%2C+F.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirkwood2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirkwood2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirkwood2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestheimerKirkwood1938" class="citation journal cs1">Westheimer, F. H.; Kirkwood, J. G. (September 1938). "The Electrostatic Influence of Substituents on the Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids. II". <i>The Journal of Chemical Physics</i>. <b>6</b> (9): 513–517. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1938JChPh...6..513W">1938JChPh...6..513W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1750303">10.1063/1.1750303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=The+Electrostatic+Influence+of+Substituents+on+the+Dissociation+Constants+of+Organic+Acids.+II&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=513-517&rft.date=1938-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1750303&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1938JChPh...6..513W&rft.aulast=Westheimer&rft.aufirst=F.+H.&rft.au=Kirkwood%2C+J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayer-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mayer_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayer_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestheimerMayer1946" class="citation journal cs1">Westheimer, F. H.; Mayer, Joseph E. (December 1946). "The Theory of the Racemization of Optically Active Derivatives of Diphenyl". <i>The Journal of Chemical Physics</i>. <b>14</b> (12): 733–738. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1946JChPh..14..733W">1946JChPh..14..733W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1724095">10.1063/1.1724095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=The+Theory+of+the+Racemization+of+Optically+Active+Derivatives+of+Diphenyl&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=733-738&rft.date=1946-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1724095&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1946JChPh..14..733W&rft.aulast=Westheimer&rft.aufirst=F.+H.&rft.au=Mayer%2C+Joseph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vennesland-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vennesland_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestheimerFisherConnVennesland1951" class="citation journal cs1">Westheimer, F. H.; Fisher, Harvey F.; Conn, Eric E.; Vennesland, Birgit (May 1951). "The enzymatic transfer of hydrogen from alcohol to DPN". <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. <b>73</b> (5): 2403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01149a561">10.1021/ja01149a561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=The+enzymatic+transfer+of+hydrogen+from+alcohol+to+DPN&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2403&rft.date=1951-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01149a561&rft.aulast=Westheimer&rft.aufirst=F.+H.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Harvey+F.&rft.au=Conn%2C+Eric+E.&rft.au=Vennesland%2C+Birgit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mechanisms-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mechanisms_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mechanisms_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestheimer1949" class="citation journal cs1">Westheimer, F. H. (December 1949). "The Mechanisms of Chromic Acid Oxidations". <i>Chemical Reviews</i>. <b>45</b> (3): 419–451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr60142a002">10.1021/cr60142a002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Mechanisms+of+Chromic+Acid+Oxidations.&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=419-451&rft.date=1949-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr60142a002&rft.aulast=Westheimer&rft.aufirst=F.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinetic-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kinetic_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinetic_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinetic_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestheimer1961" class="citation journal cs1">Westheimer, F. H. (1 June 1961). "The Magnitude of the Primary Kinetic Isotope Effect for Compounds of Hydrogen and Deuterium". <i>Chemical Reviews</i>. <b>61</b> (3): 265–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr60211a004">10.1021/cr60211a004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Magnitude+of+the+Primary+Kinetic+Isotope+Effect+for+Compounds+of+Hydrogen+and+Deuterium.&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-273&rft.date=1961-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr60211a004&rft.aulast=Westheimer&rft.aufirst=F.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSF-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSF_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSF_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/od//nms/recip_details.jsp;jsessionid=3971E10274D1B628FE97336126DA8852?recip_id=383">"The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details Frank H. Westheimer"</a>. <i>National Science Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Science+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+President%27s+National+Medal+of+Science%3A+Recipient+Details+Frank+H.+Westheimer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fod%2F%2Fnms%2Frecip_details.jsp%3Bjsessionid%3D3971E10274D1B628FE97336126DA8852%3Frecip_id%3D383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-transcript-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_14-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_14-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_14-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGortler1979" class="citation book cs1">Gortler, Leon (5 January 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oh.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/westheimer_fh_0046_suppl.pdf"><i>Frank H. Westheimer, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by Leon Gortler at Harvard University on 4 and 5 January 1979</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Philadelphia, PA: <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank+H.+Westheimer%2C+Transcript+of+an+Interview+Conducted+by+Leon+Gortler+at+Harvard+University+on+4+and+5+January+1979&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Beckman+Center+for+the+History+of+Chemistry&rft.date=1979-01-05&rft.aulast=Gortler&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foh.sciencehistory.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fwestheimer_fh_0046_suppl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hargittai-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hargittai_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargittai2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hargittai, István (September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2002/2405/candid_chemistry.html">"Candid Chemistry"</a>. <i>Chemistry International</i>. <b>24</b> (5)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+International&rft.atitle=Candid+Chemistry&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2002-09&rft.aulast=Hargittai&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fci%2F2002%2F2405%2Fcandid_chemistry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kohler-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kohler_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlerWestheimerTishler1936" class="citation journal cs1">Kohler, E. P.; Westheimer, F. H.; Tishler, M. (February 1936). "Hydroxy Furans. I. Beta Hydroxy Triphenylfuran". <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. <b>58</b> (2): 264–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01293a020">10.1021/ja01293a020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Hydroxy+Furans.+I.+Beta+Hydroxy+Triphenylfuran&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=264-267&rft.date=1936-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01293a020&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft.au=Westheimer%2C+F.+H.&rft.au=Tishler%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://curecordarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbiarecord?a=d&d=cr19801107-01.2.9">"Chandler Medal to Frank Westheimer"</a>. <i>University Record</i>. Vol. 6, no. 10. Columbia University. 7 November 1980<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+Record&rft.atitle=Chandler+Medal+to+Frank+Westheimer&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=10&rft.date=1980-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcurecordarchive.library.columbia.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcolumbiarecord%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3Dcr19801107-01.2.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jensen-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jensen_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jensen_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2008" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Frank (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ydXxWigCDXYC&pg=PT562"><i>Introduction to computational chemistry</i></a>. Chichester: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-01186-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-01186-7"><bdi>978-0-470-01186-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+computational+chemistry&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-01186-7&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DydXxWigCDXYC%26pg%3DPT562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saxe-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saxe_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxe1954" class="citation news cs1">Saxe, Robert L. (April 27, 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1954/4/27/chemistry-dept-shapes-venture-in-biochemistry/">"Chemistry Dept. Shapes Venture in Biochemistry Bloch, Westheimer Named Professors"</a>. <i>The Harvard Crimson</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=Chemistry+Dept.+Shapes+Venture+in+Biochemistry+Bloch%2C+Westheimer+Named+Professors&rft.date=1954-04-27&rft.aulast=Saxe&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F1954%2F4%2F27%2Fchemistry-dept-shapes-venture-in-biochemistry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearce-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pearce_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearce_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearce_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearce_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearce_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2007" class="citation news cs1">Pearce, Jeremy (April 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/21/obituaries/21westheimer.html">"Frank Westheimer, 95, Who Developed Model Valuable in Biochemistry, Dies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Frank+Westheimer%2C+95%2C+Who+Developed+Model+Valuable+in+Biochemistry%2C+Dies&rft.date=2007-04-21&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F04%2F21%2Fobituaries%2F21westheimer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hursthouse-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hursthouse_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHursthouseMossSales1978" class="citation journal cs1">Hursthouse, M. B.; Moss, G. P.; Sales, K. D. (1978). "Chapter 3. Theoretical chemistry: Applications of molecular mechanics calculations". <i>Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem., Sect. B: Org. Chem</i>. <b>75</b>: 23–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FOC9787500023">10.1039/OC9787500023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu.+Rep.+Prog.+Chem.%2C+Sect.+B%3A+Org.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Chapter+3.+Theoretical+chemistry%3A+Applications+of+molecular+mechanics+calculations&rft.volume=75&rft.pages=23-35&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FOC9787500023&rft.aulast=Hursthouse&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rft.au=Moss%2C+G.+P.&rft.au=Sales%2C+K.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2010" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Felix A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/CarrollF.A.PerspectivesOnStructureAndMechanismInOrganicChemistry2ndEd.Wiley2010/Carroll%2C%20F.%20A.%20Perspectives%20on%20Structure%20and%20Mechanism%20in%20Organic%20Chemistry%20%282nd%20ed.%2C%20Wiley%2C%202010%29_djvu.txt"><i>Perspectives on structure and mechanism in organic chemistry</i></a> (2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470276105" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470276105"><bdi>978-0470276105</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+structure+and+mechanism+in+organic+chemistry&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=135&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0470276105&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Felix+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FCarrollF.A.PerspectivesOnStructureAndMechanismInOrganicChemistry2ndEd.Wiley2010%2FCarroll%252C%2520F.%2520A.%2520Perspectives%2520on%2520Structure%2520and%2520Mechanism%2520in%2520Organic%2520Chemistry%2520%25282nd%2520ed.%252C%2520Wiley%252C%25202010%2529_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherConnVenneslandWestheimer1953" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, H. F.; Conn, E. E.; Vennesland, B.; Westheimer, F. H. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2966181-2">"The Enzymatic Transfer of Hydrogen. I. The Reaction Catalyzed by Alcohol Dehydrogenase"</a>. <i>J. Biol. Chem</i>. <b>202</b> (2): 687–697. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2966181-2">10.1016/S0021-9258(18)66181-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13061492">13061492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.atitle=The+Enzymatic+Transfer+of+Hydrogen.+I.+The+Reaction+Catalyzed+by+Alcohol+Dehydrogenase&rft.volume=202&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=687-697&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2966181-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13061492&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=H.+F.&rft.au=Conn%2C+E.+E.&rft.au=Vennesland%2C+B.&rft.au=Westheimer%2C+F.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0021-9258%252818%252966181-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewusOfnerFisherWestheimer1953" class="citation journal cs1">Loewus, F. A.; Ofner, P.; Fisher, H.F.; Westheimer, F. H.; Vennesland, B. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2966182-4">"The Enzymatic Transfer of Hydrogen. II. The Reaction Catalyzed by Lactic Dehydrogenase"</a>. <i>J. Biol. Chem</i>. <b>202</b> (2): 699–704. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2966182-4">10.1016/S0021-9258(18)66182-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13061493">13061493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.atitle=The+Enzymatic+Transfer+of+Hydrogen.+II.+The+Reaction+Catalyzed+by+Lactic+Dehydrogenase&rft.volume=202&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=699-704&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2966182-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13061493&rft.aulast=Loewus&rft.aufirst=F.+A.&rft.au=Ofner%2C+P.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+H.F.&rft.au=Westheimer%2C+F.+H.&rft.au=Vennesland%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0021-9258%252818%252966182-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ault-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ault_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ault_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAult2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ault, Addison (September 2008). "Frank Westheimer's Early Demonstration of Enzymatic Specificity". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>85</b> (9): 1246. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JChEd..85.1246A">2008JChEd..85.1246A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed085p1246">10.1021/ed085p1246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Frank+Westheimer%27s+Early+Demonstration+of+Enzymatic+Specificity&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1246&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed085p1246&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JChEd..85.1246A&rft.aulast=Ault&rft.aufirst=Addison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HIST-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HIST_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/CCB-ALL_Awardees-NameSort.php">"Citations for Chemical Breakthrough Awards"</a>. <i>Division of the History of Chemistry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Division+of+the+History+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Citations+for+Chemical+Breakthrough+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scs.illinois.edu%2F~mainzv%2FHIST%2Fawards%2FCCB-ALL_Awardees-NameSort.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lassila-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lassila_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLassilaZalatanHerschlag2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lassila, Jonathan K.; Zalatan, Jesse G.; Herschlag, Daniel (7 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3418923">"Biological Phosphoryl-Transfer Reactions: Understanding Mechanism and Catalysis"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Biochemistry</i>. <b>80</b> (1): 669–702. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-biochem-060409-092741">10.1146/annurev-biochem-060409-092741</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3418923">3418923</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21513457">21513457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Biological+Phosphoryl-Transfer+Reactions%3A+Understanding+Mechanism+and+Catalysis&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=669-702&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3418923%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21513457&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-biochem-060409-092741&rft.aulast=Lassila&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+K.&rft.au=Zalatan%2C+Jesse+G.&rft.au=Herschlag%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3418923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kohen-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kohen_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kohen_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohenLimbach2006" class="citation book cs1">Kohen, Amnon; Limbach, Hans-Heinrich (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7EiIqrRBBQgC&pg=PA1074"><i>Isotope effects in chemistry and biology</i></a>. Boca Raton, Fla.: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824724498" title="Special:BookSources/9780824724498"><bdi>9780824724498</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isotope+effects+in+chemistry+and+biology&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Fla.&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780824724498&rft.aulast=Kohen&rft.aufirst=Amnon&rft.au=Limbach%2C+Hans-Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7EiIqrRBBQgC%26pg%3DPA1074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glad-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glad_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladJensen1997" class="citation journal cs1">Glad, Sanne Schrøder; Jensen, Frank (January 1997). "Kinetic Isotope Effects and Transition State Geometries. A Theoretical Investigation of E2 Model Systems". <i>The Journal of Organic Chemistry</i>. <b>62</b> (2): 253–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo9618379">10.1021/jo9618379</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11671397">11671397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Kinetic+Isotope+Effects+and+Transition+State+Geometries.+A+Theoretical+Investigation+of+E2+Model+Systems&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=253-260&rft.date=1997-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjo9618379&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11671397&rft.aulast=Glad&rft.aufirst=Sanne+Schr%C3%B8der&rft.au=Jensen%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agmon-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Agmon_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgmon1985" class="citation journal cs1">Agmon, Noam (1985). "Extensions of the Melander-Westheimer Postulate: Isotope Effects in Reactions with Equilibrium Values Far from Unity". <i>Israel Journal of Chemistry</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 375–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fijch.198500122">10.1002/ijch.198500122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Journal+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Extensions+of+the+Melander-Westheimer+Postulate%3A+Isotope+Effects+in+Reactions+with+Equilibrium+Values+Far+from+Unity&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=375-377&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fijch.198500122&rft.aulast=Agmon&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2001" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, J. M. T. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionsoffuture00jmtt_0"><i>Visions of the future: chemistry and life science</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionsoffuture00jmtt_0/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521805391" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521805391"><bdi>978-0521805391</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+the+future%3A+chemistry+and+life+science&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0521805391&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=J.+M.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisionsoffuture00jmtt_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melander-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melander_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelander1960" class="citation book cs1">Melander, Lars (1960). <i>Isotope Effects on Reaction Rates</i>. New York: Ronald Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isotope+Effects+on+Reaction+Rates&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ronald+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Melander&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wang_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangKumarYangHan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Yong; Kumar, Devesh; Yang, Chuanlu; Han, Keli; Shaik, Sason (July 2007). "Theoretical Study of -Demethylation of Substituted -Dimethylanilines by Cytochrome P450: The Mechanistic Significance of Kinetic Isotope Effect Profiles". <i>The Journal of Physical Chemistry B</i>. <b>111</b> (26): 7700–7710. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp072347v">10.1021/jp072347v</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17559261">17559261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry+B&rft.atitle=Theoretical+Study+of+-Demethylation+of+Substituted+-Dimethylanilines+by+Cytochrome+P450%3A+The+Mechanistic+Significance+of+Kinetic+Isotope+Effect+Profiles&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=7700-7710&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjp072347v&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17559261&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Yong&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Devesh&rft.au=Yang%2C+Chuanlu&rft.au=Han%2C+Keli&rft.au=Shaik%2C+Sason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithCollins2015" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Ewan; Collins, Ian (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4413435">"Photoaffinity labeling in target- and binding-site identification"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Future_Medicinal_Chemistry" title="Future Medicinal Chemistry">Future Medicinal Chemistry</a></i>. <b>7</b> (2): 159–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4155%2Ffmc.14.152">10.4155/fmc.14.152</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4413435">4413435</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25686004">25686004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Future+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Photoaffinity+labeling+in+target-+and+binding-site+identification&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-183&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4413435%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25686004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4155%2Ffmc.14.152&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ewan&rft.au=Collins%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4413435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghThorntonWestheimer1962" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, A; Thornton, ER; Westheimer, FH (September 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/content/237/9/PC3006.long">"The photolysis of diazoacetylchymotrypsin"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>237</b> (9): 3006–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2960265-0">10.1016/S0021-9258(18)60265-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13913310">13913310</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+photolysis+of+diazoacetylchymotrypsin.&rft.volume=237&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=3006-8&rft.date=1962-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2960265-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13913310&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Thornton%2C+ER&rft.au=Westheimer%2C+FH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcontent%2F237%2F9%2FPC3006.long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pseudo-rotation-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pseudo-rotation_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestheimer1968" class="citation journal cs1">Westheimer, F.H.. (January 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281136456">"Pseudo-rotation in the hydrolysis of phosphate esters"</a>. <i>Accounts of Chemical Research</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 70–78. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.557.9702">10.1.1.557.9702</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far50003a002">10.1021/ar50003a002</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounts+of+Chemical+Research&rft.atitle=Pseudo-rotation+in+the+hydrolysis+of+phosphate+esters&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=70-78&rft.date=1968-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.557.9702%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Far50003a002&rft.aulast=Westheimer&rft.aufirst=F.H..&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F281136456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bethell-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bethell_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethell1989" class="citation book cs1">Bethell, D. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=StmXb3n-TKwC&pg=PA122"><i>Advances in physical organic chemistry</i></a>. Vol. 25. London: Academic Press. pp. 122–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080581644" title="Special:BookSources/9780080581644"><bdi>9780080581644</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+physical+organic+chemistry&rft.place=London&rft.pages=122-139&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780080581644&rft.aulast=Bethell&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DStmXb3n-TKwC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erdmann-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Erdmann_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdmannMarkiewiczBarciszewski2014" class="citation book cs1">Erdmann, Volker A.; Markiewicz, Wojciech T.; Barciszewski, Jan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2m4BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43"><i>Chemical Biology of Nucleic Acids Fundamentals and Clinical Applications</i></a> (Aufl. 2014 ed.). Berlin: Springer Verlag. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642544514" title="Special:BookSources/9783642544514"><bdi>9783642544514</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Biology+of+Nucleic+Acids+Fundamentals+and+Clinical+Applications.&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=43&rft.edition=Aufl.+2014&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783642544514&rft.aulast=Erdmann&rft.aufirst=Volker+A.&rft.au=Markiewicz%2C+Wojciech+T.&rft.au=Barciszewski%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2m4BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wavefunction.fieldofscience.com/2009/02/why-nature-chose-phosphates.html">"Why nature chose phosphates"</a>. <i>The Curious Waveform</i>. February 23, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Curious+Waveform&rft.atitle=Why+nature+chose+phosphates&rft.date=2009-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwavefunction.fieldofscience.com%2F2009%2F02%2Fwhy-nature-chose-phosphates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phosphates-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-phosphates_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestheimer1987" class="citation journal cs1">Westheimer, FH (6 March 1987). "Why nature chose phosphates". <i>Science</i>. <b>235</b> (4793): 1173–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Sci...235.1173W">1987Sci...235.1173W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.2434996">10.1126/science.2434996</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2434996">2434996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Why+nature+chose+phosphates&rft.volume=235&rft.issue=4793&rft.pages=1173-8&rft.date=1987-03-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2434996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.2434996&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987Sci...235.1173W&rft.aulast=Westheimer&rft.aufirst=FH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamerlin-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamerlin_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamerlinSharmaPrasadWarshel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kamerlin, Shina C. L.; Sharma, Pankaz K.; Prasad, Ram B.; Warshel, Arieh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-202318">"Why nature really chose phosphate"</a>. <i>Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 1–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033583512000157">10.1017/S0033583512000157</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7032660">7032660</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23318152">23318152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Reviews+of+Biophysics&rft.atitle=Why+nature+really+chose+phosphate&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-132&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7032660%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23318152&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033583512000157&rft.aulast=Kamerlin&rft.aufirst=Shina+C.+L.&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Pankaz+K.&rft.au=Prasad%2C+Ram+B.&rft.au=Warshel%2C+Arieh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Auu%3Adiva-202318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunter-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hunter, T. (13 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3415839">"Why nature chose phosphate to modify proteins"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>367</b> (1602): 2513–2516. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2012.0013">10.1098/rstb.2012.0013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3415839">3415839</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22889903">22889903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Why+nature+chose+phosphate+to+modify+proteins&rft.volume=367&rft.issue=1602&rft.pages=2513-2516&rft.date=2012-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3415839%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22889903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2012.0013&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3415839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reich-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reich_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichHondal2016" class="citation journal cs1">Reich, Hans J.; Hondal, Robert J. (21 March 2016). "Why Nature Chose Selenium". <i>ACS Chemical Biology</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 821–841. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facschembio.6b00031">10.1021/acschembio.6b00031</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26949981">26949981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACS+Chemical+Biology&rft.atitle=Why+Nature+Chose+Selenium&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=821-841&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facschembio.6b00031&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26949981&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rft.au=Hondal%2C+Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASMember-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASMember_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/49220.html">"Frank H. Westheimer"</a>. <i>National Academy of Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Frank+H.+Westheimer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F49220.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Georges+Balandier&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DGeorges%2BBalandier%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JInfo-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JInfo_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jinfo.org/Royal_Society_1901-Present.html">"Jews elected to foreign membership in the British Royal Society, 1901-Present"</a>. <i>JInfo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JInfo&rft.atitle=Jews+elected+to+foreign+membership+in+the+British+Royal+Society%2C+1901-Present&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jinfo.org%2FRoyal_Society_1901-Present.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benner, Steven; Corey, Elias J. (2018). "Frank Henry Westheimer. 15 January 1912—14 April 2007". <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <a href="//doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2018.0009" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1098/rsbm.2018.0009">doi:10.1098/rsbm.2018.0009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laitinen-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laitinen_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaitinen1966" class="citation journal cs1">Laitinen, Herbert A. (March 1966). "Editorial. The Westheimer Report: Where is Analytical Chemistry?". <i>Analytical Chemistry</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 369. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fac60235a600">10.1021/ac60235a600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analytical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Editorial.+The+Westheimer+Report%3A+Where+is+Analytical+Chemistry%3F&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=369&rft.date=1966-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fac60235a600&rft.aulast=Laitinen&rft.aufirst=Herbert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1965/12/4/westheimer-report-seeks-increase-in-spending/">"Westheimer Report Seeks Increase In Spending for Chemical Research"</a>. <i>The Harvard Crimson</i>. December 4, 1965<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=Westheimer+Report+Seeks+Increase+In+Spending+for+Chemical+Research&rft.date=1965-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F1965%2F12%2F4%2Fwestheimer-report-seeks-increase-in-spending%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAS-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAS_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/chemical-sciences.html">"NAS Award in Chemical Sciences"</a>. <i>National Academy of Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=NAS+Award+in+Chemical+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fprograms%2Fawards%2Fchemical-sciences.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welch-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Welch_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welch1.org/awards/welch-award-in-chemistry/past-recipients">"Welch Award in ChemistryPast Award Recipients"</a>. <i>The Welch Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Welch+Foundation&rft.atitle=Welch+Award+in+ChemistryPast+Award+Recipients&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welch1.org%2Fawards%2Fwelch-award-in-chemistry%2Fpast-recipients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees+of+the+American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F%23science-exploration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSF2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSF2_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.ucsd.edu/dc/object/bb97283050/_2.pdf">"Frank H. Westheimer among winners of the National Medal of Science"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UCSanDiego</i>. March 12, 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UCSanDiego&rft.atitle=Frank+H.+Westheimer+among+winners+of+the+National+Medal+of+Science&rft.date=1986-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.ucsd.edu%2Fdc%2Fobject%2Fbb97283050%2F_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v065n035.p048">"ACS 1988 National Award Winners"</a>. <i>Chemical & Engineering News</i>. <b>65</b> (35): 48. 1987. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v065n035.p048">10.1021/cen-v065n035.p048</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-2347">0009-2347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=ACS+1988+National+Award+Winners&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=48&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v065n035.p048&rft.issn=0009-2347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1021%252Fcen-v065n035.p048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nakanishi-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nakanishi_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/funding-and-awards/awards/national/bytopic/nakanishi-prize.html">"Nakanishi Prize"</a>. American Chemical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nakanishi+Prize&rft.pub=American+Chemical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.org%2Fcontent%2Facs%2Fen%2Ffunding-and-awards%2Fawards%2Fnational%2Fbytopic%2Fnakanishi-prize.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Frank_Westheimer" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Frank Westheimer">Frank Westheimer</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>McLafferty, Fred W.; Abruña, Héctor D. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1813/3525">A Conversation with Fred W. McLafferty 2006</a></i>, 90 minute video, for Cornell University.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenter_for_Oral_History" class="citation web cs1">Center for Oral History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oh.sciencehistory.org/oral-histories/westheimer-frank-h">"Frank H. Westheimer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+History+Institute&rft.atitle=Frank+H.+Westheimer&rft.au=Center+for+Oral+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foh.sciencehistory.org%2Foral-histories%2Fwestheimer-frank-h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGortler1979" class="citation book cs1">Gortler, Leon (5 January 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oh.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/westheimer_fh_0046_suppl.pdf"><i>Frank H. Westheimer, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by Leon Gortler at Harvard University on 4 and 5 January 1979</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Philadelphia, PA: <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank+H.+Westheimer%2C+Transcript+of+an+Interview+Conducted+by+Leon+Gortler+at+Harvard+University+on+4+and+5+January+1979&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Beckman+Center+for+the+History+of+Chemistry&rft.date=1979-01-05&rft.aulast=Gortler&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foh.sciencehistory.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fwestheimer_fh_0046_suppl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCromie2002" class="citation news cs1">Cromie, William J. (October 3, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2002/10/new-chemistry-medal-is-established/">"New chemistry medal is established: Named for professor emeritus Frank Westheimer"</a>. <i>The Harvard Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Gazette&rft.atitle=New+chemistry+medal+is+established%3A+Named+for+professor+emeritus+Frank+Westheimer&rft.date=2002-10-03&rft.aulast=Cromie&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2Fstory%2F2002%2F10%2Fnew-chemistry-medal-is-established%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obituaries">Obituaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Obituaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorey2007" class="citation news cs1">Corey, E. J. (April 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/04/frank-h-westheimer-major-figure-in-20th-century-chemistry-dies-at-95/">"Frank H. Westheimer, major figure in 20th century chemistry, dies at 95"</a>. <i>Harvard Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Gazette&rft.atitle=Frank+H.+Westheimer%2C+major+figure+in+20th+century+chemistry%2C+dies+at+95&rft.date=2007-04-19&rft.aulast=Corey&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2Fstory%2F2007%2F04%2Ffrank-h-westheimer-major-figure-in-20th-century-chemistry-dies-at-95%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2007" class="citation news cs1">Pearce, Jeremy (April 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/21/obituaries/21westheimer.html">"Frank Westheimer, 95, Who Developed Model Valuable in Biochemistry, Dies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Frank+Westheimer%2C+95%2C+Who+Developed+Model+Valuable+in+Biochemistry%2C+Dies&rft.date=2007-04-21&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F04%2F21%2Fobituaries%2F21westheimer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Linda (23 April 2007). "Frank Westheimer dies at 95". <i>Chemical & Engineering News</i>. <b>85</b> (17): 10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v085n017.p010">10.1021/cen-v085n017.p010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=Frank+Westheimer+dies+at+95&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2007-04-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v085n017.p010&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Westheimer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_National_Medal_of_Science_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Science" title="Template:National Medal of Science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Medal_of_Science" title="Template talk:National Medal of Science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Medal_of_Science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Medal of Science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_National_Medal_of_Science_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">United States National Medal of Science</a> <a href="/wiki/Laureate" title="Laureate">laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Behavioral_and_social_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Behavioral and social science</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal Elgar Miller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anne_Anastasi" title="Anne Anastasi">Anne Anastasi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Suppes" title="Patrick Suppes">Patrick Suppes</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_J._Gibson" title="Eleanor J. Gibson">Eleanor J. Gibson</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Robert K. Merton</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger N. Shepard</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Kaye_Estes" title="William Kaye Estes">William K. Estes</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Julius_Wilson" title="William Julius Wilson">William Julius Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/R._Duncan_Luce" title="R. Duncan Luce">R. Duncan Luce</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gordon_H._Bower" title="Gordon H. Bower">Gordon H. Bower</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael I. Posner</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Mishkin" title="Mortimer Mishkin">Mortimer Mishkin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anne_Treisman" title="Anne Treisman">Anne Treisman</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Axelrod_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Axelrod (political scientist)">Robert Axelrod</a></dd> <dt>2015</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Biological_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Biological sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/C._B._van_Niel" title="C. B. van Niel">C. B. van Niel</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall W. Nirenberg</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis P. Rous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George G. Simpson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Van_Slyke" title="Donald Van Slyke">Donald D. Van Slyke</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Knipling" title="Edward F. Knipling">Edward F. Knipling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Albert Lipmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Cumming_Rose" title="William Cumming Rose">William C. Rose</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sewall_Wright" title="Sewall Wright">Sewall Wright</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Stewart_Cole" title="Kenneth Stewart Cole">Kenneth S. Cole</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry F. Harlow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heidelberger" title="Michael Heidelberger">Michael Heidelberger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sturtevant" title="Alfred Sturtevant">Alfred H. Sturtevant</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Horace_Barker" title="Horace Barker">Horace Barker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Brodie_(biochemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Brodie (biochemist)">Bernard B. Brodie</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Detlev_Bronk" title="Detlev Bronk">Detlev W. Bronk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jay_Laurence_Lush" title="Jay Laurence Lush">Jay Lush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Burrhus Frederic Skinner</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Huebner" title="Robert Huebner">Robert Huebner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert B. Sabin</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_I._Arnon" title="Daniel I. Arnon">Daniel I. Arnon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_W._Sutherland_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Earl W. Sutherland Jr.">Earl W. Sutherland Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Britton Chance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Erwin Chargaff</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_V._Neel" title="James V. Neel">James V. Neel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Augustine_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="James Augustine Shannon">James Augustine Shannon</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hallowell_Davis" title="Hallowell Davis">Hallowell Davis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gyorgy" title="Paul Gyorgy">Paul Gyorgy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sterling_B._Hendricks" title="Sterling B. Hendricks">Sterling B. Hendricks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orville_Vogel" title="Orville Vogel">Orville Alvin Vogel</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keith_Roberts_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Keith Roberts Porter">Keith Roberts Porter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Racker" title="Efraim Racker">Efraim Racker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Burris" title="Robert H. Burris">Robert H. Burris</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_C._Crosby" title="Elizabeth C. Crosby">Elizabeth C. Crosby</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_Reece_Stadtman" title="Earl Reece Stadtman">Earl Reece Stadtman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins" title="G. Ledyard Stebbins">George Ledyard Stebbins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Alfred_Weiss" title="Paul Alfred Weiss">Paul Alfred Weiss</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1981</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Handler" title="Philip Handler">Philip Handler</a></dd> <dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Benzer" title="Seymour Benzer">Seymour Benzer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Burton" title="Glenn W. Burton">Glenn W. Burton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Bachrach" title="Howard Bachrach">Howard L. Bachrach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wendell_L._Roelofs" title="Wendell L. Roelofs">Wendell L. Roelofs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berta_Scharrer" title="Berta Scharrer">Berta Scharrer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Henderson" title="Donald Henderson">Donald A. Henderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Mountcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernon Mountcastle">Vernon B. Mountcastle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Emil Palade</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joan_A._Steitz" title="Joan A. Steitz">Joan A. Steitz</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._DeBakey" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael E. DeBakey">Michael E. DeBakey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodor_O._Diener" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor O. Diener">Theodor O. Diener</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_Eagle" title="Harry Eagle">Harry Eagle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael S. Brown">Michael S. Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Norman_Cohen" title="Stanley Norman Cohen">Stanley Norman Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice R. Hilleman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric R. Kandel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Sussman Yalow</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Esau" title="Katherine Esau">Katherine Esau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Hamburger" title="Viktor Hamburger">Viktor Hamburger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Leder" title="Philip Leder">Philip Leder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_W._Sperry" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger W. Sperry">Roger W. Sperry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harland_G._Wood" title="Harland G. Wood">Harland G. Wood</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Boyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert W. Boyer">Herbert W. Boyer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_E._Koshland_Jr." title="Daniel E. Koshland Jr.">Daniel E. Koshland Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_G._Nathan" title="David G. Nathan">David G. Nathan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Avery" title="Mary Ellen Avery">Mary Ellen Avery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Evelyn_Hutchinson" title="G. Evelyn Hutchinson">G. Evelyn Hutchinson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elvin_A._Kabat" title="Elvin A. Kabat">Elvin A. Kabat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kates" title="Robert Kates">Robert W. Kates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marks_(scientist)" title="Paul Marks (scientist)">Paul A. Marks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Folke_K._Skoog" title="Folke K. Skoog">Folke K. Skoog</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Zamecnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Zamecnik">Paul C. Zamecnik</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Singer" title="Maxine Singer">Maxine Singer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Martin Temin</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salome_G._Waelsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Salome G. Waelsch">Salome G. Waelsch</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eisner" title="Thomas Eisner">Thomas Eisner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_F._Neufeld" title="Elizabeth F. Neufeld">Elizabeth F. Neufeld</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rich" title="Alexander Rich">Alexander Rich</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Weinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Weinberg">Robert A. Weinberg</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ames" title="Bruce Ames">Bruce Ames</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nancy_C._Andreasen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy C. Andreasen">Nancy C. Andreasen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Raven" title="Peter H. Raven">Peter H. Raven</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George F. Bass</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mario_R._Capecchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario R. Capecchi">Mario R. Capecchi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ann_Graybiel" title="Ann Graybiel">Ann Graybiel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gene_Likens" title="Gene Likens">Gene E. Likens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._McKusick" title="Victor A. McKusick">Victor A. McKusick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Varmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Varmus">Harold Varmus</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_E._Darnell" title="James E. Darnell">James E. Darnell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_M._Witkin" title="Evelyn M. Witkin">Evelyn M. Witkin</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_H._Snyder" title="Solomon H. Snyder">Solomon H. Snyder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yanofsky" title="Charles Yanofsky">Charles Yanofsky</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman E. Borlaug</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phillip_A._Sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip A. Sharp">Phillip A. Sharp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Starzl" title="Thomas Starzl">Thomas E. Starzl</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Torsten_N._Wiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsten N. Wiesel">Torsten N. Wiesel</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita R. Colwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nina_Fedoroff" title="Nina Fedoroff">Nina Fedoroff</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lubert_Stryer" title="Lubert Stryer">Lubert Stryer</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert J. Lefkowitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bert_W._O%27Malley" title="Bert W. O'Malley">Bert W. O'Malley</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis S. Collins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Fuchs" title="Elaine Fuchs">Elaine Fuchs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Craig_Venter" title="Craig Venter">J. Craig Venter</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Susan_L._Lindquist" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan L. Lindquist">Susan L. Lindquist</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_L._Brinster" title="Ralph L. Brinster">Ralph L. Brinster</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jaenisch" title="Rudolf Jaenisch">Rudolf Jaenisch</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Shapiro" title="Lucy Shapiro">Lucy Shapiro</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Hood" title="Leroy Hood">Leroy Hood</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sallie_Chisholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallie Chisholm">Sallie Chisholm</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/May_Berenbaum" title="May Berenbaum">May Berenbaum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Bruce Alberts</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rakesh_K._Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakesh K. Jain">Rakesh K. Jain</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Falkow" title="Stanley Falkow">Stanley Falkow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary-Claire_King" title="Mary-Claire King">Mary-Claire King</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simon_Levin" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Levin">Simon Levin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chemistry</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/F._Albert_Cotton" title="F. Albert Cotton">F. Albert Cotton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stork" title="Gilbert Stork">Gilbert Stork</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_C._Pimentel" title="George C. Pimentel">George C. Pimentel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Zare" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard N. Zare">Richard N. Zare</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_B._Gray" title="Harry B. Gray">Harry B. Gray</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Tseh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Tseh Lee">Yuan Tseh Lee</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_S._Marvel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl S. Marvel">Carl S. Marvel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Westheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Westheimer">Frank H. Westheimer</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Summer_Johnson" title="William Summer Johnson">William S. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Stockmayer" title="Walter H. Stockmayer">Walter H. Stockmayer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Max_Tishler" title="Max Tishler">Max Tishler</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_O._Baker" title="William O. Baker">William O. Baker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Konrad_E._Bloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Konrad E. Bloch">Konrad E. Bloch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elias_J._Corey" class="mw-redirect" title="Elias J. Corey">Elias J. Corey</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barry_Bernstein" title="Richard Barry Bernstein">Richard B. Bernstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harden_M._McConnell" title="Harden M. McConnell">Harden M. McConnell</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elkan_Blout" title="Elkan Blout">Elkan Blout</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_Folkers" title="Karl August Folkers">Karl Folkers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_D._Roberts" title="John D. Roberts">John D. Roberts</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Breslow" title="Ronald Breslow">Ronald Breslow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ensign_Simmons_Jr." title="Howard Ensign Simmons Jr.">Howard E. Simmons Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Hackerman" title="Norman Hackerman">Norman Hackerman</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_S._Hammond" title="George S. Hammond">George S. Hammond</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Isabella_L._Karle" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella L. Karle">Isabella L. Karle</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davidson_(biologist)" title="Norman Davidson (biologist)">Norman Davidson</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Darleane_C._Hoffman" title="Darleane C. Hoffman">Darleane C. Hoffman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Johnston" title="Harold S. Johnston">Harold S. Johnston</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_W._Cahn" title="John W. Cahn">John W. Cahn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides">George M. Whitesides</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stuart_A._Rice" title="Stuart A. Rice">Stuart A. Rice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(chemist)" title="John Ross (chemist)">John Ross</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_D._Baldeschwieler" title="John D. Baldeschwieler">John D. Baldeschwieler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_F._Hirschmann" title="Ralph F. Hirschmann">Ralph F. Hirschmann</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernest_R._Davidson" title="Ernest R. Davidson">Ernest R. Davidson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_A._Somorjai" title="Gábor A. Somorjai">Gábor A. Somorjai</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_I._Brauman" class="mw-redirect" title="John I. Brauman">John I. Brauman</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Lippard" title="Stephen J. Lippard">Stephen J. Lippard</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tobin_J._Marks" title="Tobin J. Marks">Tobin J. Marks</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marvin_H._Caruthers" title="Marvin H. Caruthers">Marvin H. Caruthers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dervan" title="Peter Dervan">Peter B. Dervan</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Sayed" title="Mostafa El-Sayed">Mostafa A. El-Sayed</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Fowler" title="Joanna Fowler">Joanna Fowler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Stubbe" title="JoAnne Stubbe">JoAnne Stubbe</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Benkovic" title="Stephen J. Benkovic">Stephen J. Benkovic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marye_Anne_Fox" title="Marye Anne Fox">Marye Anne Fox</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_K._Barton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline K. Barton">Jacqueline K. Barton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Stang" title="Peter J. Stang">Peter J. Stang</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Bard" title="Allen J. Bard">Allen J. Bard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/M._Frederick_Hawthorne" title="M. Frederick Hawthorne">M. Frederick Hawthorne</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Judith_P._Klinman" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith P. Klinman">Judith P. Klinman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Meinwald" title="Jerrold Meinwald">Jerrold Meinwald</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_L._Richmond" title="Geraldine L. Richmond">Geraldine L. Richmond</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/A._Paul_Alivisatos" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Paul Alivisatos">A. Paul Alivisatos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Engineering_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Engineering sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1962</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></dd> <dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_Pierce" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robinson Pierce">John Robinson Pierce</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Draper" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles S. Draper">Charles S. Draper</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Ammann" title="Othmar Ammann">Othmar H. Ammann</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clarence_L._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence L. Johnson">Clarence L. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Lewis" title="Warren K. Lewis">Warren K. Lewis</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude E. Shannon">Claude E. Shannon</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Land" title="Edwin H. Land">Edwin H. Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igor_I._Sikorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor I. Sikorsky">Igor I. Sikorsky</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nathan_M._Newmark" title="Nathan M. Newmark">Nathan M. Newmark</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_St._Clair_Kilby" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack St. Clair Kilby">Jack St. Clair Kilby</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_E._Mueller" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Mueller">George E. Mueller</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Edgerton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold E. Edgerton">Harold E. Edgerton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Whitcomb" title="Richard T. Whitcomb">Richard T. Whitcomb</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kompfner" title="Rudolf Kompfner">Rudolf Kompfner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Brazelton_Peck" title="Ralph Brazelton Peck">Ralph Brazelton Peck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abel_Wolman" title="Abel Wolman">Abel Wolman</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manson_Benedict" title="Manson Benedict">Manson Benedict</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Hayward_Pickering" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hayward Pickering">William Hayward Pickering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">Frederick E. Terman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(scientist)" title="Morris Cohen (scientist)">Morris Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Goldmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Goldmark">Peter C. Goldmark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Wilhelm_M%C3%BCller" title="Erwin Wilhelm Müller">Erwin Wilhelm Müller</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Emmett_N._Leith" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmett N. Leith">Emmett N. Leith</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raymond_D._Mindlin" title="Raymond D. Mindlin">Raymond D. Mindlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Noyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert N. Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_R._Parker" title="Earl R. Parker">Earl R. Parker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Heinemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward H. Heinemann">Edward H. Heinemann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Katz" title="Donald L. Katz">Donald L. Katz</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hewlett" title="Bill Hewlett">Bill Hewlett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_G._Trump" title="John G. Trump">John G. Trump</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wolfgang_Liepmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Wolfgang Liepmann">Hans Wolfgang Liepmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tung-Yen_Lin" title="Tung-Yen Lin">Tung-Yen Lin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernard_M._Oliver" title="Bernard M. Oliver">Bernard M. Oliver</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byron_Bird" title="Robert Byron Bird">Robert Byron Bird</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Bolton_Seed" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Bolton Seed">H. Bolton Seed</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Weber_(engineer)" title="Ernst Weber (engineer)">Ernst Weber</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willis_M._Hawkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis M. Hawkins">Willis M. Hawkins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_W._Housner" title="George W. Housner">George W. Housner</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_George_Drickamer" title="Harry George Drickamer">Harry George Drickamer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Grier" title="Herbert E. Grier">Herbert E. Grier</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Holonyak Jr.">Nick Holonyak Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luna_B._Leopold" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna B. Leopold">Luna B. Leopold</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Guyford_Stever" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Guyford Stever">H. Guyford Stever</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calvin_F._Quate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvin F. Quate">Calvin F. Quate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Roy_Whinnery" title="John Roy Whinnery">John Roy Whinnery</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Y._Cho" title="Alfred Y. Cho">Alfred Y. Cho</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ray_W._Clough" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray W. Clough">Ray W. Clough</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hermann_A._Haus" title="Hermann A. Haus">Hermann A. Haus</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_L._Flanagan" title="James L. Flanagan">James L. Flanagan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C._Kumar_N._Patel" title="C. Kumar N. Patel">C. Kumar N. Patel</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eli_Ruckenstein" title="Eli Ruckenstein">Eli Ruckenstein</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_N._Stevens" title="Kenneth N. Stevens">Kenneth N. Stevens</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yuan-Cheng_Fung" title="Yuan-Cheng Fung">Yuan-Cheng B. Fung</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Acrivos" title="Andreas Acrivos">Andreas Acrivos</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leo_Beranek" title="Leo Beranek">Leo Beranek</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Prausnitz" title="John Prausnitz">John M. Prausnitz</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_N._Lightfoot" title="Edwin N. Lightfoot">Edwin N. Lightfoot</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jan_D._Achenbach" title="Jan D. Achenbach">Jan D. Achenbach</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">David J. Wineland</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_E._K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n" title="Rudolf E. Kálmán">Rudolf E. Kálmán</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amnon_Yariv" title="Amnon Yariv">Amnon Yariv</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shu_Chien" title="Shu Chien">Shu Chien</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kailath" title="Thomas Kailath">Thomas Kailath</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mathematical,_statistical,_and_computer_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Lefschetz" title="Solomon Lefschetz">Solomon Lefschetz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marston_Morse" title="Marston Morse">H. Marston Morse</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Zariski" title="Oscar Zariski">Oscar Zariski</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Milnor" title="John Milnor">John Milnor</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cohen" title="Paul Cohen">Paul Cohen</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Neyman" title="Jerzy Neyman">Jerzy Neyman</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Feller" title="William Feller">William Feller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brauer" title="Richard Brauer">Richard Brauer</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_W._Backus" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Backus">John W. Backus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurt_O._Friedrichs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt O. Friedrichs">Kurt Otto Friedrichs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hassler_Whitney" title="Hassler Whitney">Hassler Whitney</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Doob" title="Joseph L. Doob">Joseph L. Doob</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald E. Knuth</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_H._Stone" title="Marshall H. Stone">Marshall H. Stone</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Isadore_Singer" title="Isadore Singer">Isadore Singer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lax" title="Peter Lax">Peter Lax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Zygmund" title="Antoni Zygmund">Antoni Zygmund</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Bott" title="Raoul Bott">Raoul Bott</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freedman" title="Michael Freedman">Michael Freedman</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Gomory" title="Ralph E. Gomory">Ralph E. Gomory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Keller" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph B. Keller">Joseph B. Keller</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Karlin" title="Samuel Karlin">Samuel Karlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saunders_Mac_Lane" title="Saunders Mac Lane">Saunders Mac Lane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Spencer" title="Donald C. Spencer">Donald C. Spencer</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_F._Carrier" title="George F. Carrier">George F. Carrier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cole_Kleene" title="Stephen Cole Kleene">Stephen Cole Kleene</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Alberto Calderón">Alberto Calderón</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_David_Kruskal" title="Martin David Kruskal">Martin David Kruskal</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Cocke_(computer_scientist)" title="John Cocke (computer scientist)">John Cocke</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nirenberg" title="Louis Nirenberg">Louis Nirenberg</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Karp" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Karp">Richard Karp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smale" title="Stephen Smale">Stephen Smale</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Shing-Tung Yau</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cathleen_Synge_Morawetz" title="Cathleen Synge Morawetz">Cathleen Synge Morawetz</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Felix_Browder" title="Felix Browder">Felix Browder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coifman" title="Ronald Coifman">Ronald R. Coifman</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Griggs_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Griggs Thompson">John Griggs Thompson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karen_Uhlenbeck" title="Karen Uhlenbeck">Karen Uhlenbeck</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calyampudi_Radhakrishna_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao">Calyampudi R. Rao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elias_M._Stein" title="Elias M. Stein">Elias M. Stein</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Glimm" title="James Glimm">James G. Glimm</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_R._de_Boor" title="Carl R. de Boor">Carl R. de Boor</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Sullivan" title="Dennis Sullivan">Dennis P. Sullivan</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Efron" title="Bradley Efron">Bradley Efron</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hyman_Bass" title="Hyman Bass">Hyman Bass</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew J. Viterbi</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_B._Mumford" class="mw-redirect" title="David B. Mumford">David B. Mumford</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Tapia" title="Richard A. Tapia">Richard A. Tapia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_W._Golomb" title="Solomon W. Golomb">Solomon W. Golomb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mazur" title="Barry Mazur">Barry Mazur</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Chorin" title="Alexandre Chorin">Alexandre Chorin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell">David Blackwell</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Artin" title="Michael Artin">Michael Artin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physical_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physical sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis W. Alvarez</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Rubey" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rubey">William Rubey</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes">Jacob Bjerknes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring_(chemist)" title="Henry Eyring (chemist)">Henry Eyring</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_H._Van_Vleck" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Van Vleck">John H. Van Vleck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Beams" title="Jesse Beams">Jesse Beams</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Birch_(geophysicist)" title="Francis Birch (geophysicist)">Francis Birch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Breit" title="Gregory Breit">Gregory Breit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hammett" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Hammett">Louis Hammett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doughty_Bartlett" title="Paul Doughty Bartlett">Paul Bartlett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Panofsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke" title="Robert H. Dicke">Robert H. Dicke</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allan_R._Sandage" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan R. Sandage">Allan R. Sandage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_C._Slater" title="John C. Slater">John C. Slater</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wheeler" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Wheeler">John A. Wheeler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saul_Winstein" title="Saul Winstein">Saul Winstein</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ewing" title="Maurice Ewing">Maurice Ewing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arie_Jan_Haagen-Smit" title="Arie Jan Haagen-Smit">Arie Jan Haagen-Smit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Haensel" title="Vladimir Haensel">Vladimir Haensel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rathbun_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Rathbun Wilson">Robert Rathbun Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Alfred Fowler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linus_Carl_Pauling" class="mw-redirect" title="Linus Carl Pauling">Linus Carl Pauling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Sanborn_Pitzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer">Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_A._Bethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans A. Bethe">Hans A. Bethe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_O._Hirschfelder" title="Joseph O. Hirschfelder">Joseph O. Hirschfelder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Sarett" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Sarett">Lewis Sarett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bright_Wilson" title="Edgar Bright Wilson">Edgar Bright Wilson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit">Samuel Goudsmit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Gutowsky" title="Herbert S. Gutowsky">Herbert S. Gutowsky</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Rossini" title="Frederick Rossini">Frederick Rossini</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Verner_Suomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verner Suomi">Verner Suomi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Feynman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard P. Feynman">Richard P. Feynman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Mark">Herman Mark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Purcell" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward M. Purcell">Edward M. Purcell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Sinfelt" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sinfelt">John Sinfelt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Weisskopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Weisskopf">Victor F. Weisskopf</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip W. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._Margaret_Burbidge" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Margaret Burbidge">E. Margaret Burbidge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Landsberg" title="Helmut Landsberg">Helmut Landsberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Munk" title="Walter Munk">Walter Munk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruno_B._Rossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruno B. Rossi">Bruno B. Rossi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Schrieffer" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Robert Schrieffer">J. Robert Schrieffer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_J._Buchsbaum" title="Solomon J. Buchsbaum">Solomon J. Buchsbaum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Crane" title="H. Richard Crane">H. Richard Crane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Chen-Ning Yang</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Abelson" title="Philip Abelson">Philip Abelson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elsasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Elsasser">Walter Elsasser</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Lauterbur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Lauterbur">Paul C. Lauterbur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Pake" title="George Pake">George Pake</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_A._Van_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Van Allen">James A. Van Allen</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/D._Allan_Bromley" title="D. Allan Bromley">D. Allan Bromley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chu_Ching-wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu Ching-wu">Paul Ching-Wu Chu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arnold_O._Beckman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold O. Beckman">Arnold O. Beckman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Sharp" title="Robert P. Sharp">Robert Sharp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stommel" title="Henry Stommel">Henry Stommel</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Allan M. Cormack</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._McMillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. McMillan">Edwin M. McMillan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pound" title="Robert Pound">Robert Pound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Schawlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur L. Schawlow">Arthur L. Schawlow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Stone" title="Edward C. Stone">Ed Stone</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_M._Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene M. Shoemaker">Eugene M. Shoemaker</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Vera Rubin</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Overhauser" title="Albert Overhauser">Albert Overhauser</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dehmelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Dehmelt">Hans Dehmelt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Goldreich" title="Peter Goldreich">Peter Goldreich</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wallace_S._Broecker" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace S. Broecker">Wallace S. Broecker</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Rosenbluth" title="Marshall Rosenbluth">Marshall Rosenbluth</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Wetherill" title="George Wetherill">George Wetherill</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Don_L._Anderson" title="Don L. Anderson">Don L. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_N._Bahcall" title="John N. Bahcall">John N. Bahcall</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">James Cronin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willis_E._Lamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis E. Lamb">Willis E. Lamb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_P._Ostriker" title="Jeremiah P. Ostriker">Jeremiah P. Ostriker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_F._White" title="Gilbert F. White">Gilbert F. White</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Cohen" title="Marvin L. Cohen">Marvin L. Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Keeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Keeling">Charles Keeling</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Garwin" title="Richard Garwin">Richard Garwin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/W._Jason_Morgan" title="W. Jason Morgan">W. Jason Morgan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Brent_Dalrymple" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Brent Dalrymple">G. Brent Dalrymple</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Clayton" title="Robert N. Clayton">Robert N. Clayton</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._Alpher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph A. Alpher">Ralph A. Alpher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Thompson" title="Lonnie Thompson">Lonnie Thompson</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kleppner" title="Daniel Kleppner">Daniel Kleppner</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fay_Ajzenberg-Selove" title="Fay Ajzenberg-Selove">Fay Ajzenberg-Selove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pence_Slichter" title="Charles Pence Slichter">Charles P. Slichter</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berni_Alder" title="Berni Alder">Berni Alder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_E._Gunn_(astronomer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Gunn (astronomer)">James E. Gunn</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esther_M._Conwell" title="Esther M. Conwell">Esther M. Conwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Washington" title="Warren M. Washington">Warren M. Washington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Drell" title="Sidney Drell">Sidney Drell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Faber" title="Sandra Faber">Sandra Faber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates" title="Sylvester James Gates">Sylvester James Gates</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sean_Solomon" title="Sean Solomon">Sean C. Solomon</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Repligen_Corporation_Award_in_Chemistry_of_Biological_Processes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Repligen_Corporation_Award_in_Chemistry_of_Biological_Processes" title="Template:Repligen Corporation Award in Chemistry of Biological Processes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Repligen_Corporation_Award_in_Chemistry_of_Biological_Processes" title="Template talk:Repligen Corporation Award in Chemistry of Biological Processes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Repligen_Corporation_Award_in_Chemistry_of_Biological_Processes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Repligen Corporation Award in Chemistry of Biological Processes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Repligen_Corporation_Award_in_Chemistry_of_Biological_Processes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Repligen_Corporation_Award_in_Chemistry_of_Biological_Processes" title="Repligen Corporation Award in Chemistry of Biological Processes">Repligen Corporation Award in Chemistry of Biological Processes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Weber" title="Gregorio Weber">Gregorio Weber</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bruice" title="Thomas Bruice">Thomas C. Bruice</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_H._Abeles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert H. Abeles (page does not exist)">Robert H. Abeles</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Benkovic" title="Stephen J. Benkovic">Stephen J. Benkovic</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_A._Scheraga" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold A. Scheraga">Harold A. Scheraga</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_W._Parson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William W. Parson (page does not exist)">William W. Parson</a> (1991)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frank H. Westheimer</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_R._Knowles" title="Jeremy R. Knowles">Jeremy R. Knowles</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_P._Klinman" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith P. Klinman">Judith P. Klinman</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Wallace_Cleland" title="W. Wallace Cleland">W. Wallace Cleland</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jencks" title="William Jencks">William P. Jencks</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Spudich" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Spudich">James A. Spudich</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Eisenberg" title="David Eisenberg">David S. Eisenberg</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_T._Walsh" title="Christopher T. Walsh">Christopher T. Walsh</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_A._Frey" title="Perry A. Frey">Perry A. Frey</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowena_G._Matthews" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowena G. Matthews">Rowena G. Matthews</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._Dale_Poulter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. Dale Poulter (page does not exist)">C. Dale Poulter</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._Gerlt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John A. Gerlt (page does not exist)">John A. Gerlt</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Stubbe" title="JoAnne Stubbe">JoAnne Stubbe</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._Cane" title="David E. Cane">David E. Cane</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vern_L._Schramm" title="Vern L. Schramm">Vern L. Schramm</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Marletta" title="Michael Marletta">Michael Marletta</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung-Wen_(Ben)_Liu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hung-Wen (Ben) Liu (page does not exist)">Hung-Wen (Ben) Liu</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Raushel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Raushel (page does not exist)">Frank Raushel</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_T._Raines" title="Ronald T. Raines">Ronald T. Raines</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Armstrong_(scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Armstrong (scientist) (page does not exist)">Richard Armstrong</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Fierke" title="Carol Fierke">Carol Fierke</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Christianson" title="David W. Christianson">David W. Christianson</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_D._Lipscomb_(scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John D. Lipscomb (scientist) (page does not exist)">John Lipscomb</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_S._Blanchard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John S. Blanchard (page does not exist)">John S. Blanchard</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadhg_Begley" title="Tadhg Begley">Tadhg Begley</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfred_A._van_der_Donk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilfred A. van der Donk (page does not exist)">Wilfred A. van der Donk</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_H._Gelb" title="Michael H. Gelb">Michael H. Gelb</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1983" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_1983" title="Template:FRS 1983"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_1983" title="Template talk:FRS 1983"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_1983" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 1983"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1983" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1983">in 1983</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Aitken" title="Martin Aitken">Martin Aitken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bateson" title="Patrick Bateson">Patrick Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cocking" title="Edward Cocking">Edward Cocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivaramakrishna_Chandrasekhar" title="Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar">Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Deslongchamps" title="Pierre Deslongchamps">Pierre Deslongchamps</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166884" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166884">William Douglas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._John_Ellis" title="R. John Ellis">R. John Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ferguson-Smith" title="Malcolm Ferguson-Smith">Malcolm Ferguson-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Fersht" title="Alan Fersht">Alan Fersht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Gambling" class="mw-redirect" title="William Alexander Gambling">William Alexander Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Graham_Gass" title="Ian Graham Gass">Ian Graham Gass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_R._Gibbons" title="Ian R. Gibbons">Ian Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gray_(chemist)" title="George Gray (chemist)">George Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Guillery" title="Ray Guillery">Ray Guillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)" title="Richard Henderson (biologist)">Richard Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hooley" title="Christopher Hooley">Christopher Hooley</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165253" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165253">Anthony James</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Anthony_Lawrence" title="Peter Anthony Lawrence">Peter Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Lawson_(scientist)" title="John D. Lawson (scientist)">John Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lusztig" title="George Lusztig">George Lusztig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_David_Marsden" class="mw-redirect" title="C David Marsden">C David Marsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Metcalf" title="Donald Metcalf">Donald Metcalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_O%27Nions" title="Keith O'Nions">Keith O'Nions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Paige" title="Ted Paige">Ted Paige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Pepper" title="Michael Pepper">Michael Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._D._Powell" title="Michael J. D. Powell">Michael J. D. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Randle" title="Philip Randle">Philip Randle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Roitt" title="Ivan Roitt">Ivan Roitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Sargeson" title="Alan Sargeson">Alan Sargeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_W._Sciama" title="Dennis W. Sciama">Dennis Sciama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Sneddon" title="Ian Sneddon">Ian Sneddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Southern" title="Edwin Southern">Edwin Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Spalding" title="Brian Spalding">Brian Spalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Unwin" title="Nigel Unwin">Nigel Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Ward_(physicist)" title="Ian Ward (physicist)">Ian Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Weinberg" title="Felix Weinberg">Felix Weinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Weissmann" title="Charles Weissmann">Charles Weissmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Westcott" title="John Westcott">John Westcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Williams_(biochemist)" title="Dudley Williams (biochemist)">Dudley Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statute 12</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Anatole_Abragam" title="Anatole Abragam">Anatole Abragam</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/G._Evelyn_Hutchinson" title="G. Evelyn Hutchinson">G. Evelyn Hutchinson</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Leray" title="Jean Leray">Jean Leray</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stommel" title="Henry Stommel">Henry Stommel</a></li> <li> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frank Westheimer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907789#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907789#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907789#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000119544663">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/120810399">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1973293/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/141195126">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011066800">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2017164139">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987010649537405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=267516">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7004026259">Scopus</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd141195126.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64t83n4">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&oldid=1252758935">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&oldid=1252758935</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1912_births" title="Category:1912 births">1912 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2007_deaths" title="Category:2007 deaths">2007 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_chemists" title="Category:20th-century American chemists">20th-century American chemists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_American_scientists" title="Category:Jewish American scientists">Jewish American scientists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Medal_of_Science_laureates" title="Category:National Medal of Science laureates">National Medal of Science laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_University_faculty" title="Category:Harvard University faculty">Harvard University faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dartmouth_College_alumni" title="Category:Dartmouth College alumni">Dartmouth College alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_members_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society">Foreign members of the Royal Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences">Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences_alumni" title="Category:Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni">Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_Jews" title="Category:20th-century American Jews">20th-century American Jews</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_Jews" title="Category:21st-century American Jews">21st-century American Jews</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" title="Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society">Members of the American Philosophical Society</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 20:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Westheimer&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-kv7lh","wgBackendResponseTime":165,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.209","walltime":"1.413","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9914,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":287451,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6833,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":257279,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1177.599 1 -total"," 38.30% 451.015 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.84% 245.420 29 Template:Cite_journal"," 16.95% 199.634 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 11.86% 139.700 1 Template:Winners_of_the_National_Medal_of_Science"," 11.19% 131.719 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 9.55% 112.473 16 Template:Rp"," 8.77% 103.300 16 Template:R/superscript"," 7.01% 82.524 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.46% 64.311 9 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.723","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7966292,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2d8xz","timestamp":"20241123043140","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Frank Westheimer","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frank_Westheimer","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q907789","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q907789","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-03-20T10:17:19Z","dateModified":"2024-10-22T20:42:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/4\/41\/Frank_Westheimer.jpg","headline":"American chemist (1912\u20132007)"}</script> </body> </html>