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title="À propos du projet, ce que vous pouvez faire, où trouver les informations"><span>Communauté</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes" title="Liste des modifications récentes sur le wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Modifications récentes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipédia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'encyclopédie libre" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-fr.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div 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emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr" class=""><span>Faire un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=Client+%28%C3%A9conomie%29" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire." class=""><span>Créer un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connecter</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages pour les contributeurs déconnectés <a href="/wiki/Aide:Premiers_pas" aria-label="En savoir plus sur la contribution"><span>en savoir plus</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_contributions" title="Une liste des modifications effectuées depuis cette adresse IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_discussions" title="La page de discussion pour les contributions depuis cette adresse IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Histoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Histoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Histoire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Histoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_économique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_économique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Importance économique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance_économique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Typologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_avec_le_fonds_de_commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_avec_le_fonds_de_commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Liens avec le fonds de commerce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_avec_le_fonds_de_commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Annexe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annexe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Annexe</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annexe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Client (économie)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 48 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="زبون – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زبون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Клиент – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клиент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(economia)" title="Client (economia) – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Client (economia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1kazn%C3%ADk" title="Zákazník – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zákazník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunde" title="Kunde – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kunde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunde" title="Kunde – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kunde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer" title="Customer – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Customer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliente_(econom%C3%ADa)" title="Cliente (economía) – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cliente (economía)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klient_(majandus)" title="Klient (majandus) – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klient (majandus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezero_(ekonomia)" title="Bezero (ekonomia) – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bezero (ekonomia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="خریدار – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خریدار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiakas" title="Asiakas – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Asiakas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klant" title="Klant – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Klant" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupac" title="Kupac – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kupac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cgyf%C3%A9l" title="Ügyfél – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ügyfél" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelanggan" title="Pelanggan – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelanggan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliento" title="Kliento – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kliento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B0skiptavinur" title="Viðskiptavinur – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Viðskiptavinur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clientela_(economia)" title="Clientela (economia) – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clientela (economia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%A7%E5%AE%A2" title="顧客 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="顧客" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsa%C9%A3" title="Amsaɣ – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amsaɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EA%B0%9D" title="고객 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고객" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client" title="Client – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Client" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="गाहा – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गाहा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klant" title="Klant – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klant" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunde" title="Kunde – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kunde" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunde" title="Kunde – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kunde" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%95" title="ਗਾਹਕ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਾਹਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="پېرودونکی – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پېرودونکی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliente_(economia)" title="Cliente (economia) – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cliente (economia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Заказчик – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Заказчик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crienti" title="Crienti – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Crienti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupac" title="Kupac – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kupac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1kazn%C3%ADk" title="Zákazník – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zákazník" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Купац – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Купац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kund" title="Kund – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kund" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mteja" title="Mteja – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mteja" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/labang" title="labang – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="labang" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="வாடிக்கையாளர் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாடிக்கையாளர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kustomer" title="Kustomer – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kustomer" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BC%C5%9Fteri" title="Müşteri – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Müşteri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Замовник – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Замовник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%81%DA%A9" title="گاہک – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گاہک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mijoz" title="Mijoz – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mijoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1ch_h%C3%A0ng" title="Khách hàng – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khách hàng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="קונה – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קונה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%A7%E5%AE%A2" title="顧客 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="顧客" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%A7%E5%AE%A2" title="顧客 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="顧客" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q852835#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Client" class="mw-disambig" title="Client">Client</a>. </p> </div></div> <p>Un <b>client</b>, au sens <a href="/wiki/%C3%89conomie_(activit%C3%A9_humaine)" title="Économie (activité humaine)">économique</a>, est la personne ou l'entité qui prend la décision d'acheter un bien ou service, de façon occasionnelle ou habituelle, à un <a href="/wiki/Fournisseur" title="Fournisseur">fournisseur</a> (voir <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a>). C'est une personne qui confie ses intérêts à une autre personne (expert) en échange d'un bien. </p><p>Le client est donc à distinguer : </p> <ul><li>du <a href="/wiki/Consommateur" title="Consommateur">consommateur</a> : le consommateur n'est pas forcément l'acheteur, et l'acheteur d'un équipement, service ou bien professionnel ne fait pas un acte direct de consommation ;</li> <li>des termes <a href="/wiki/Utilisateur_(commerce)" title="Utilisateur (commerce)">utilisateurs</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Usager" title="Usager">usagers</a> (termes utilisés plutôt dans les services publics, où les utilisateurs n'ont pas le choix du fournisseur) ;</li> <li>du <i>chaland</i>, un terme qui a vieilli et est de moins en moins utilisé mais qui reste présent dans des vocables comme <i><a href="/wiki/Zone_de_chalandise" title="Zone de chalandise">zone de chalandise</a></i> ou <i><a href="/wiki/Achalandage" title="Achalandage">achalandage</a></i>.</li></ul> <p>On emploie aussi le terme « client interne » appartenant à une entreprise ou organisation (à distinguer du client externe, situé hors de l'entreprise ou hors de l'organisation) pour désigner celui qui est le bénéficiaire d'un échange interne (ex: le service production est le client interne du service maintenance). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Client_(%C3%A9conomie)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Client_(%C3%A9conomie)&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dans la <a href="/wiki/Rome_antique" title="Rome antique">Rome antique</a>, la clientèle (dérivé du mot latin : cliens) est l'ensemble des personnes protégées par un personnage de haut rang (le patron). Par extension, le terme signifie aujourd'hui l'ensemble des partisans et/ou des électeurs d'un parti ou d'un homme politique. </p><p>À partir des années 1990, dans les <a href="/wiki/Pays_d%C3%A9velopp%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Pays développés">pays développés</a>, une sorte d'<span class="citation">« idéologie du client »</span> a été propagée, <span class="citation">« L’homme de la rue ne serait plus n’importe qui : il serait le client, monarque incongru, doué d’une indéfectible raison et de pouvoirs absolus. »</span><sup id="cite_ref-ideologieclient_LMD_1998_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ideologieclient_LMD_1998-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. De <a href="/wiki/Grandes_entreprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandes entreprises">grandes entreprises</a> ont mis l'accent sur le thème : « La satisfaction du client doit être notre obsession. »<sup id="cite_ref-ideologieclient_LMD_1998_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ideologieclient_LMD_1998-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ces idées ont eu des effets positifs et négatifs sur les clients et les <a href="/wiki/Employ%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Employés">employés</a>, mais surtout ont accru la <a href="/wiki/Rentabilit%C3%A9" title="Rentabilité">rentabilité</a> de ces grandes entreprises. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance_économique"><span id="Importance_.C3.A9conomique"></span>Importance économique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Client_(%C3%A9conomie)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Importance économique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Client_(%C3%A9conomie)&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Importance économique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/%C3%89conomie_de_march%C3%A9" title="Économie de marché">économie de marché</a> la notion de client est centrale puisqu'elle est l'origine de la demande, d'où l'organisation nécessaire d'un espace aménagé pour faciliter et développer les échanges (par exemple les cartels, monopoles et oligopoles doivent être sévèrement combattus), et le libre choix de leurs fournisseurs par les clients potentiels (appelés aussi <a href="/wiki/Prospect_(marketing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospect (marketing)">prospects</a>). La prospérité d'une entreprise dépend de la satisfaction de ses clients et de sa capacité à traiter leurs <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9clamation_client" title="Réclamation client">réclamations</a>. Les méthodes pour identifier, satisfaire, attirer et conserver les clients relèvent du <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>. </p><p>Des études récentes ont démontré que la relation entre la production et les attentes des utilisateurs est loin d'être instaurée. En effet, environ 10 % à 40 % seulement des consommateurs continuent d'utiliser un produit après un premier achat<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typologie">Typologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Client_(%C3%A9conomie)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Typologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Client_(%C3%A9conomie)&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Typologie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selon l'APCE (<a href="/wiki/Agence_pour_la_cr%C3%A9ation_d%27entreprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Agence pour la création d'entreprises">Agence pour la création d'entreprises</a>), il est important de repérer le type de relation liant un fournisseur à sa clientèle. </p><p>En effet, d'un type de clientèle à l'autre, les bonnes pratiques montrent que l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude_de_march%C3%A9" title="Étude de marché">étude de marché</a>, le mode d'entrée en relation, ou l'entretien des relations ne doivent pas être conduits de manière uniforme. Parmi les types les plus rencontrés, on peut citer : </p> <ul><li>la <a href="/wiki/Client%C3%A8le_identifiable" title="Clientèle identifiable">clientèle identifiable</a></li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Client%C3%A8le_diffuse" title="Clientèle diffuse">clientèle diffuse</a></li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Client%C3%A8le_localisable" title="Clientèle localisable">clientèle localisable</a></li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Client%C3%A8le_de_masse" title="Clientèle de masse">clientèle de masse</a></li> <li>la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Client%C3%A8le_transformatrice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clientèle transformatrice (page inexistante)">clientèle transformatrice</a></li> <li>etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liens_avec_le_fonds_de_commerce">Liens avec le fonds de commerce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Client_(%C3%A9conomie)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Liens avec le fonds de commerce" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Client_(%C3%A9conomie)&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens avec le fonds de commerce"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La clientèle est l'élément essentiel d'un <a href="/wiki/Fonds_de_commerce" title="Fonds de commerce">fonds de commerce</a>. D'une manière générale, la clientèle est la valeur que représentent les relations entre le fonds et les personnes qui demandent à l'exploitant des biens et des services. Certains auteurs détachent la clientèle, attirée par une certaine estime à l'égard du commerçant, de l'<a href="/wiki/Achalandage" title="Achalandage">achalandage</a>. La loi française du <time class="nowrap" datetime="1909-03-17" data-sort-value="1909-03-17">17 mars 1909</time> a pu sembler les distinguer mais les auteurs s'accordent à dire que les deux termes sont utilisés à titre de synonyme. La jurisprudence n'attache aucune importance à la distinction (Com. <time class="nowrap" datetime="1973-02-27" data-sort-value="1973-02-27">27 février 1973</time>). </p><p>Si la clientèle n'existe que dans la mesure où d'autres éléments permettent sa constitution (local, marque, etc.), il n'en demeure pas moins que la cession de tous les autres éléments du fonds ne peut pas valoir vente de fonds de commerce ; en revanche, la cession d'une clientèle seule reviendra à céder le fonds. </p><p>La clientèle est irréfragable en matière contractuelle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Client_(%C3%A9conomie)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Client_(%C3%A9conomie)&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ideologieclient_LMD_1998-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ideologieclient_LMD_1998_1-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-ideologieclient_LMD_1998_1-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1998/12/LAZULY/11399">L’idéologie du client</a> Le monde diplomatique, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : français">(fr)</abbr> Open for business (2007), Jaap Bloem & Menno van Doorn (trad. Audrey Vuillermier), éd. VINT, 2007 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-90-75414-20-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-90-75414-20-2"><span class="nowrap">978-90-75414-20-2</span></a>)</small>, p. 52</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annexe">Annexe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Client_(%C3%A9conomie)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Annexe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Client_(%C3%A9conomie)&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Annexe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wikiquote"><a href="https://fr.wikiquote.org/wiki/Client_(%C3%A9conomie)" class="extiw" title="q:Client (économie)">Client (économie)</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikiquote</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Client_(%C3%A9conomie)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Client_(%C3%A9conomie)&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : français">(fr)</abbr> <i><a href="/wiki/La_dynamique_du_client" class="mw-redirect" title="La dynamique du client">La dynamique du client</a></i>, Richard Whiteley et <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mulliez" title="Gérard Mulliez">Gérard Mulliez</a>, Maxima, Paris, 1994 (<abbr class="abbr" title="Première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> éd.)</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : français">(fr)</abbr> <i>Open for business</i>, Jaap Bloem & Menno van Doorn (trad. Audrey Vuillermier), éd. VINT, 2007 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-90-75414-20-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-90-75414-20-2"><span class="nowrap">978-90-75414-20-2</span></a>)</small>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Client_(%C3%A9conomie)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Client_(%C3%A9conomie)&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vente" title="Vente">Vente</a></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Commerce" title="Portail du commerce"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Shopping_bag_ballonicon2.svg/24px-Shopping_bag_ballonicon2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Shopping_bag_ballonicon2.svg/36px-Shopping_bag_ballonicon2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Shopping_bag_ballonicon2.svg/48px-Shopping_bag_ballonicon2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Commerce" title="Portail:Commerce">Portail du commerce</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Client_(économie)&oldid=218172137">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Client_(économie)&oldid=218172137</a> ».</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Accueil" title="Catégorie:Accueil">Catégories</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Fonctionnement_de_l%27entreprise" title="Catégorie:Fonctionnement de l'entreprise">Fonctionnement de l'entreprise</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Vente" title="Catégorie:Vente">Vente</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Catégories cachées : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Commerce/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Commerce/Articles liés">Portail:Commerce/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:%C3%89conomie/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Économie/Articles liés">Portail:Économie/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Société/Articles liés">Portail:Société/Articles liés</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 29 août 2024 à 23:20.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citation_et_r%C3%A9utilisation_du_contenu_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia:Citation et réutilisation du contenu de Wikipédia">Droit d'auteur</a> : les textes sont disponibles sous <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions</a> ; d’autres conditions peuvent s’appliquer. 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