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<tr bgcolor="#B1B1B1"> <td height="1"><img src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/newsite/horiz_bar602.gif" width="603" height="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER" valign="BOTTOM" height="25"><font size="-1"> <a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/65/">CONTENTS</a> · <a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/65/">INDEX</a> · <a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/65/11.html">GUIDE</a> · <a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/br/65.html">BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD</a> </font></td></tr></table></form>  <table align="CENTER" width="601" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff">  <tr><td align="CENTER">Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.  <font size="-1">2001-05.</font></td></tr> <tr><td> </td></tr> <tr><td align="CENTER"><font color="#9C9C63" size="+2"><b>Key to Pronunciation</b></font></td></tr> <tr><td> </td></tr>  </table> <table align="CENTER" border="0" width="601" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#ffffff">  <tr><td> </td></tr> <tr><td><img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif"></td><td>sof<i>a</i> (s<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/omacr.gif">´f<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">), it<i>e</i>m (<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/imacr.gif">´t<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">m), eas<i>i</i>ly (<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">´z<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">l<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">), cann<i>o</i>n (k<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">n´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">n), circ<i>u</i>s (sûr´k<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">s)</td></tr><tr><td><img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif"></td><td><i>a</i>ct (<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">kt), b<i>a</i>t (b<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">t)</td></tr><tr><td><img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/amacr.gif"></td><td><i>a</i>pe (<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/amacr.gif">p), f<i>ai</i>l (f<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/amacr.gif">l), d<i>ay</i> (d<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/amacr.gif">)</td></tr><tr><td>â</td><td><i>ai</i>r (âr), c<i>a</i>re (kâr)</td></tr><tr><td>ä</td><td><i>a</i>rt (ärt), f<i>a</i>ther (fä´<i>th</i><img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">r)</td></tr><tr><td>b</td><td><i>b</i>ack (b<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">k), la<i>b</i>or (l<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/amacr.gif">´b<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">r), ca<i>b</i> (k<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">b)</td></tr><tr><td>ch</td><td><i>ch</i>in (ch<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">n), ha<i>tch</i>et (h<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">ch´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">t), ri<i>ch</i> (r<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">ch)</td></tr><tr><td>d</td><td><i>d</i>ock (d<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/obreve.gif">k), la<i>d</i>y (l<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/amacr.gif">´d<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">), sa<i>d</i> (s<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">d)</td></tr><tr><td><img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ebreve.gif"></td><td><i>e</i>nd (<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ebreve.gif">nd), st<i>ea</i>dy (st<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ebreve.gif">d´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">), m<i>e</i>t (m<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ebreve.gif">t)</td></tr><tr><td><img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif"></td><td><i>e</i>ve (<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">v), cl<i>ea</i>r (kl<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">r), s<i>ee</i> (s<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">)</td></tr><tr><td>f</td><td><i>f</i>at (f<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">t), <i>ph</i>ase (f<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/amacr.gif">z), cou<i>gh</i> (kôf)</td></tr><tr><td>g</td><td><i>g</i>et (g<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ebreve.gif">t), bi<i>gg</i>er (b<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">g´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">r), ta<i>g</i> (t<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">g)</td></tr><tr><td>h</td><td><i>h</i>and (h<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">nd), a<i>h</i>ead (<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">h<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ebreve.gif">d´)</td></tr><tr><td>hw</td><td><i>wh</i>eel (hw<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">l), <i>wh</i>ich (hw<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">ch)</td></tr><tr><td><img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif"></td><td><i>i</i>t (<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">t), p<i>i</i>ll (p<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">l), m<i>i</i>rror (m<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">r´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">r)</td></tr><tr><td><img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/imacr.gif"></td><td><i>i</i>ron (<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/imacr.gif">´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">rn), <i>eye</i> (<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/imacr.gif">), b<i>uy</i>er (b<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/imacr.gif">´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">r)</td></tr><tr><td>j</td><td><i>j</i>am (j<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">m), <i>g</i>in<i>g</i>er (j<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">n´j<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">r), e<i>dg</i>e (<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ebreve.gif">j)</td></tr><tr><td>k</td><td><i>k</i>it (k<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">t), ta<i>ck</i>le (t<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">k´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">l), <i>c</i>oo<i>k</i> (k<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/oobreve.gif">k)</td></tr><tr><td>l</td><td><i>l</i>itt<i>l</i>e (l<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">t´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">l), ho<i>ll</i>y (h<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/obreve.gif">l´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">), pu<i>ll</i> (p<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/oobreve.gif">l)</td></tr><tr><td>m</td><td><i>m</i>an (m<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">n), ha<i>mm</i>er (h<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">m´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">r), cli<i>mb</i> (kl<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/imacr.gif">m)</td></tr><tr><td>n</td><td><i>n</i>ew (n<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/oobreve.gif">), <i>kn</i>ow<i>n</i> (n<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/omacr.gif">n), wi<i>nn</i>er (w<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">n´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">r)</td></tr><tr><td>ng</td><td>si<i>ng</i>i<i>ng</i> (s<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">ng´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">ng), fi<i>n</i>ger (f<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">ng´g<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">r), sa<i>ng</i> (s<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">ng), sa<i>n</i>k (s<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">ngk)</td></tr><tr><td><img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/obreve.gif"></td><td>h<i>o</i>t (h<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/obreve.gif">t), b<i>o</i>dy (b<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/obreve.gif">d´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">)</td></tr><tr><td><img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/omacr.gif"></td><td><i>o</i>ver (<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/omacr.gif">´v<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">r), h<i>o</i>pe (h<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/omacr.gif">p), gr<i>ow</i> (gr<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/omacr.gif">)</td></tr><tr><td>ô</td><td><i>o</i>rbit (ôr´b<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">t), f<i>a</i>ll (fôl), s<i>aw</i> (sô)</td></tr><tr><td><img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/oobreve.gif"></td><td>f<i>oo</i>t (f<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/oobreve.gif">t), w<i>o</i>lf (w<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/oobreve.gif">lf), p<i>u</i>t (p<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/oobreve.gif">t), p<i>u</i>re (py<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/oobreve.gif">r)</td></tr><tr><td><img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/oomacr.gif"></td><td>b<i>oo</i>t (b<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/oomacr.gif">t), l<i>o</i>se (l<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/oomacr.gif">z), dr<i>ew</i> (dr<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/oomacr.gif">), tr<i>ue</i> (tr<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/oomacr.gif">)</td></tr><tr><td>oi</td><td><i>oi</i>l (oil), r<i>oy</i>al (roi´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">l), b<i>oy</i> (boi)</td></tr><tr><td>ou</td><td><i>ou</i>t (out), cr<i>ow</i>d (kroud), h<i>ow</i> (hou)</td></tr><tr><td>p</td><td><i>p</i>i<i>p</i>e (p<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/imacr.gif">p), ha<i>pp</i>y (h<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">p´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">)</td></tr><tr><td>r</td><td><i>r</i>oad (r<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/omacr.gif">d), appea<i>r</i>ed (<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">p<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">rd´), ca<i>r</i>pente<i>r</i> (kär´p<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">nt<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">r)</td></tr><tr><td>s</td><td><i>s</i>o (s<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/omacr.gif">), <i>c</i>ite (s<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/imacr.gif">t), ba<i>s</i>te (b<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/amacr.gif">st)</td></tr><tr><td>sh</td><td><i>sh</i>all (sh<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">l), <i>s</i>ure (sh<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/oomacr.gif">r), na<i>ti</i>on (n<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/amacr.gif">´sh<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">n)</td></tr><tr><td>t</td><td><i>t</i>igh<i>t</i> (t<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/imacr.gif">t), be<i>tt</i>er (b<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ebreve.gif">t´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">r), <i>t</i>alke<i>d</i> (tôkt)</td></tr><tr><td>th</td><td><i>th</i>in (th<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">n), ba<i>th</i> (b<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">th)</td></tr><tr><td><i>th</i></td><td><i>th</i>en (<i>th</i><img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ebreve.gif">n), fa<i>th</i>er (fä´<i>th</i><img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">r), ba<i>th</i>e (b<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/amacr.gif"><i>th</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ubreve.gif"></td><td>b<i>u</i>t (b<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ubreve.gif">t), fl<i>oo</i>d (fl<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ubreve.gif">d), s<i>o</i>me (s<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ubreve.gif">m)</td></tr><tr><td>û</td><td>c<i>u</i>rl (kûrl), g<i>i</i>rl (gûrl), f<i>e</i>rn (fûrn), w<i>o</i>rm (wûrm)</td></tr><tr><td>v</td><td><i>v</i>est (v<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ebreve.gif">st), tri<i>v</i>ial (tr<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">v´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif"><img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">l), e<i>v</i>e (<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">v)</td></tr><tr><td>w</td><td><i>w</i>ax (w<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">ks), t<i>w</i>ins (tw<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">nz)</td></tr><tr><td>y</td><td><i>y</i>ou (y<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/oomacr.gif">), on<i>i</i>on (<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ubreve.gif">n´y<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">n)</td></tr><tr><td>z</td><td><i>z</i>ipper (z<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">p´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">r), ea<i>s</i>e (<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">z), tread<i>s</i> (tr<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ebreve.gif">dz)</td></tr><tr><td>zh</td><td>plea<i>s</i>ure (pl<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ebreve.gif">zh´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">r), rou<i>g</i>e (r<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/oomacr.gif">zh)</td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td>FOREIGN SOUNDS</td></tr><tr><td>ö</td><td>as in French p<i>eu</i> (pö), German G<i>oe</i>the (gö´t<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">)</td></tr><tr><td>ü</td><td>as in French Cl<i>u</i>ny (klün<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">´)</td></tr><tr><td>kh</td><td>as in German a<i>ch</i> (äkh), i<i>ch</i> (<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">kh); Scottish lo<i>ch</i> (l<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/obreve.gif">kh)</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>this symbol indicates that the preceding vowel is nasal as in French c<i>i</i>nq (s<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">Nk), <i>u</i>n (öN), s<i>a</i>ns (säN), t<i>o</i>mbe (tôNb), <i>e</i>n (äN); Portuguese S<i>ão</i> Jo<i>ão</i> (souN zhwouN)</td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td>ACCENTS AND HYPHENS</td></tr><tr><td>´</td><td>primary accent, written after accented vowel or syllable: Nebraska (n<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">br<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">s´k<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">), James Buchanan (by<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/oomacr.gif">k<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">´n<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">n)</td></tr><tr><td>´´</td><td>secondary accent: Mississippi (m<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">s´´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">s<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">p´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>dash, replacing obvious portion of pronunciation: hegemony (h<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">j<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ebreve.gif">m´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">n<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">, h<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">, h<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">j´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">m<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/omacr.gif">´´n<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/emacr.gif">, h<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ebreve.gif">g´<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">)</td></tr><tr><td>-</td><td>hyphen, to prevent ambiguity in syllabification: Erlanger (ûr´l<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/abreve.gif">ng-<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">r), dishearten (d<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/ibreve.gif">s-här´t<img border="0" align="absbottom" src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/pronunciation/schwa.gif">n)</td></tr></table></td></tr> <tr><td> </td></tr> </table>  <table align="CENTER" width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><font size="1">The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright © 2002 Columbia University Press</font></td></tr></table>  <table align="CENTER" width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr><td><br></td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER" valign="TOP" height="25"><font size="-1"> <a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/65/">CONTENTS</a> · <a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/65/">INDEX</a> · <a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/65/11.html">GUIDE</a> · <a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/br/65.html">BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD</a></font></td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#B1B1B1"><td height="1"><img src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/newsite/horiz_bar602.gif" width="601" alt="" height="1"></td></tr> <tr><td><table width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"><tr><td align="LEFT" height="25" width="1%" valign="MIDDLE"><a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/65/11.html"><img src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/newsite/lt.gif" border="0" width="8" height="17"></a></td> <td align="LEFT"><font face="Arial, Helvetica" size="-1">  <a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/65/11.html">PREVIOUS</a></font></td> <td align="RIGHT" height="25"><font face="Arial, Helvetica" size="-1"><a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/65/13.html">NEXT</a>  </font></td> <td align="RIGHT" width="1%" valign="MIDDLE"><a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/65/13.html"><img src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/newsite/gt.gif" border="0" width="8" height="17"></a></td></tr></table></td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#B1B1B1"> <td height="1"><img src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/newsite/horiz_bar602.gif" alt="" width="603" height="1"></td></tr>   <tr><td> </td></tr> <tr><td><table align="CENTER"> <tr><td align="CENTER">  <center> <form method="get" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207221815/http://www.google.com/custom" target="_top"> <table bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr><td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" align="left" height="32"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207221815/http://www.google.com/"> <img src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/include/Logo_25wht.gif" width="75" height="32" border="0" alt="Google" align="middle"></img></a> <input type="text" name="q" size="20" maxlength="255" value=""></input> <input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search"></input> <input type="hidden" name="client" value="pub-5691076175788952"></input> <input type="hidden" name="forid" value="1"></input> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="ISO-8859-1"></input> <input type="hidden" name="oe" value="ISO-8859-1"></input> <input type="hidden" name="cof" value="GALT:#008000;GL:1;DIV:#336699;VLC:663399;AH:center;BGC:FFFFFF;LBGC:336699;ALC:0000FF;LC:0000FF;T:000000;GFNT:0000FF;GIMP:0000FF;FORID:1;"></input> <input type="hidden" name="hl" value="en"></input> </td></tr></table> </form> </center>  </td></tr> </table></td></tr> <tr><td align="CENTER" height="25" width="1%" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="Arial, Helvetica" size="-1">Click <a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/bookstore/65.html">here</a> to shop the <a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/bookstore/65.html">Bartleby Bookstore</a>.</font></td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#B1B1B1"> <td height="1"><img src="/web/20061207221815im_/http://bartleby.com/images/newsite/horiz_bar602.gif" alt="" width="603" height="1"></td></tr>  <tr valign="bottom" align="center"><td> <a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/sv/welcome.html" target="_top"><font color="#0b074f" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-2">Welcome</font></a> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-2">· <a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/press/index.html" target="_top"><font color="#0b074f">Press</font></a> · <a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/sv/advertising.html" target="_top"><font color="#0b074f">Advertising</font></a> · <a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/link/" target="_top"><font color="#0b074f">Linking</font></a> · <a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/sv/terms.html" target="_top"><font color="#0b074f">Terms of Use</font></a> · © 2005 <a href="/web/20061207221815/http://bartleby.com/" target="_top"><font color="#0b074f">Bartleby.com</font></a></font> </td></tr> <tr><td> </td></tr>  </table> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" align="center"><tr><td align="center"><iframe src="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207221815if_/http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=bartlebylibrary&o=1&p=40&l=ur1&category=holiday&banner=0K3GRKHPCV6NR4MMCMG2&f=ifr" width="120" height="60" scrolling="no" border="0" style="border:none;" frameborder="0"></iframe></td> <td align="center">   <center> <script language="JavaScript"> var bnum=new Number(Math.floor(99999999 * Math.random())+1); 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