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href="/web/20061214023101/http://www.bartleby.com/reference/">Reference</a> > <a href="/web/20061214023101/http://www.bartleby.com/65/">Columbia Encyclopedia</a></font></td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#B1B1B1"><td height="1"><img src="/web/20061214023101im_/http://www.bartleby.com/images/newsite/horiz_bar602.gif" width="602" height="1" alt=""></td></tr><tr><td> <table width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"><tr> <td align="LEFT" height="25" width="1%" valign="MIDDLE"><a href="/web/20061214023101/http://www.bartleby.com/65/12.html"><img src="/web/20061214023101im_/http://www.bartleby.com/images/newsite/lt.gif" border="0" width="8" height="17"></a></td> <td align="LEFT"><font face="Arial, Helvetica" size="-1">  <a href="/web/20061214023101/http://www.bartleby.com/65/12.html">PREVIOUS</a></font></td> <td align="RIGHT" height="25"><font face="Arial, Helvetica" size="-1"><a href="/web/20061214023101/http://www.bartleby.com/65/14.html">NEXT</a>  </font></td> <td align="RIGHT" width="1%" valign="MIDDLE"><a href="/web/20061214023101/http://www.bartleby.com/65/14.html"><img src="/web/20061214023101im_/http://www.bartleby.com/images/newsite/gt.gif" border="0" width="8" height="17"></a></td></tr></table></td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#B1B1B1"> <td height="1"><img src="/web/20061214023101im_/http://www.bartleby.com/images/newsite/horiz_bar602.gif" width="603" height="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER" valign="BOTTOM" height="25"><font size="-1"> <a href="/web/20061214023101/http://www.bartleby.com/65/">CONTENTS</a> · <a href="/web/20061214023101/http://www.bartleby.com/65/">INDEX</a> · <a href="/web/20061214023101/http://www.bartleby.com/65/11.html">GUIDE</a> · <a href="/web/20061214023101/http://www.bartleby.com/br/65.html">BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD</a> </font></td></tr></table></form>  <table align="CENTER" width="601" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff">  <tr><td align="CENTER">Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.  <font size="-1">2001-05.</font></td></tr> <tr><td> </td></tr> <tr><td align="CENTER"><font color="#9C9C63" size="+2"><b>Abbreviations</b></font></td></tr> <tr><td> </td></tr>  </table> <table align="CENTER" border="0" width="601" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#ffffff">  <tr><td> </td></tr> <tr><td>Å=angstrom</td></tr><tr><td>AA=Alcoholics Anonymous</td></tr><tr><td>AAA=Agricultural Adjustment Act; Agricultural Adjustment Administration; Agricultural Adjustment Agency</td></tr><tr><td>AAU=Amateur Athletic Union</td></tr><tr><td>A.B.=<i>Artium Baccalaureus</i> [Bachelor of Arts]</td></tr><tr><td>ABA=American Bar Association, American Basketball Association</td></tr><tr><td>abbr.=abbreviation(s), abbreviated</td></tr><tr><td>abr.=abridged</td></tr><tr><td>AC=alternating current</td></tr><tr><td>Acad.=Academy</td></tr><tr><td>ACLU=American Civil Liberties Union</td></tr><tr><td><font size="-1">A.D.</font>=<i>anno Domini</i> [in the year of the Lord]</td></tr><tr><td>AEC=Atomic Energy Commission</td></tr><tr><td>AFL=American Federation of Labor</td></tr><tr><td>AFL-CIO=American Federation of LaborCongress of Industrial Organizations</td></tr><tr><td>Afrik.=Afrikaans</td></tr><tr><td>AIA=American Institute of Architects</td></tr><tr><td>AKC=American Kennel Club</td></tr><tr><td>AL=American League (baseball)</td></tr><tr><td>ALA=American Library Association</td></tr><tr><td>Ala.=Alabama</td></tr><tr><td>alt.=altitude</td></tr><tr><td>Alta.=Alberta</td></tr><tr><td>A.M.=<i>Artium Magister</i> [Master of Arts]</td></tr><tr><td><font size="-1">A.M.</font>=<i>ante meridiem</i> [before noon]</td></tr><tr><td>AM=amplitude modulation</td></tr><tr><td>AMA=American Medical Association</td></tr><tr><td>amp=ampere(s)</td></tr><tr><td>amp-hr=ampere-hour(s)</td></tr><tr><td>amu=atomic mass unit(s)</td></tr><tr><td>antilog=antilogarithm</td></tr><tr><td>AP=Associated Press</td></tr><tr><td>Arab.=Arabic</td></tr><tr><td>Ariz.=Arizona</td></tr><tr><td>Ark.=Arkansas</td></tr><tr><td>A.S.=Anglo-Saxon</td></tr><tr><td>ASCAP=American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Assn.=Association</td></tr><tr><td>ASSR=Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</td></tr><tr><td>at. no.=atomic number</td></tr><tr><td>AT&T=American Telephone and Telegraph Company</td></tr><tr><td>at. wt.=atomic weight</td></tr><tr><td>A.U.=astronomical unit(s)</td></tr><tr><td>Aug.=August</td></tr><tr><td>AV=Authorized Version</td></tr><tr><td>avdp.=avoirdupois</td></tr><tr><td>Ave.=Avenue</td></tr><tr><td>b.=born, born in</td></tr><tr><td>B.A.=Bachelor of Arts</td></tr><tr><td>BBC=British Broadcasting Corporation</td></tr><tr><td><font size="-1">B.C.</font>=before Christ</td></tr><tr><td>B.D.=Bachelor of Divinity</td></tr><tr><td>B.Lit.=Bachelor of Literature</td></tr><tr><td>B.Mus.=Bachelor of Music</td></tr><tr><td>b.p.=boiling point</td></tr><tr><td>Brig. Gen.=Brigadier General</td></tr><tr><td>B.S.=Bachelor of Science</td></tr><tr><td>Btu=British thermal unit(s)</td></tr><tr><td>Bul.=Bulletin</td></tr><tr><td>Bulg.=Bulgarian</td></tr><tr><td>C=Celsius (centigrade)</td></tr><tr><td>c.=<i>circa</i> [about]</td></tr><tr><td>cal=calorie(s)</td></tr><tr><td>Calif.=California</td></tr><tr><td>Cant.=Canticles (Song of Solomon)</td></tr><tr><td>Capt.=Captain</td></tr><tr><td>CARE=Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere</td></tr><tr><td>cc=cubic centimeter(s)</td></tr><tr><td>cd=candela(s)</td></tr><tr><td>cent.=century, centuries</td></tr><tr><td>CENTO=Central Treaty Organization</td></tr><tr><td>CEO=chief executive officer</td></tr><tr><td>cgs=centimeter-gram-second</td></tr><tr><td>Chem.E.=Chemical Engineering</td></tr><tr><td>Chin.=Chinese</td></tr><tr><td>Chron.=Chronicles</td></tr><tr><td>CIA=Central Intelligence Agency</td></tr><tr><td>CID=Criminal Investigation Department</td></tr><tr><td>CIO=Congress of Industrial Organizations</td></tr><tr><td>cm=centimeter(s)</td></tr><tr><td>cm/sec<font size="-1"><sup>2</sup></font>=centimeter(s) per second per second</td></tr><tr><td>co.=county</td></tr><tr><td>Co.=County</td></tr><tr><td>Col.=Colonel, Colossians</td></tr><tr><td>Coll.=Collection</td></tr><tr><td>Colo.=Colorado</td></tr><tr><td>Comdr.=Commander</td></tr><tr><td>COMECON=Council for Mutual Economic Assistance</td></tr><tr><td>comp.=compiled, compiler</td></tr><tr><td>com. pop.=commune population</td></tr><tr><td>Comsat=Communications Satellite Corp.</td></tr><tr><td>Conn.=Connecticut</td></tr><tr><td>Cor.=Corinthians</td></tr><tr><td>CORE=Congress of Racial Equality</td></tr><tr><td>Corp.=Corporation</td></tr><tr><td>cos=cosine</td></tr><tr><td>cot=cotangent</td></tr><tr><td>coul=coulomb(s)</td></tr><tr><td>CPA=Certified Public Accountant</td></tr><tr><td>Cpl.=Corporal</td></tr><tr><td>CPO=Chief Petty Officer</td></tr><tr><td>csc=cosecant</td></tr><tr><td>cu=cubic</td></tr><tr><td>d.=died, died in</td></tr><tr><td>Dan.=Daniel; Danish</td></tr><tr><td>DAR=Daughters of the American Revolution</td></tr><tr><td>dB=decibel(s)</td></tr><tr><td>D.C.=District of Columbia</td></tr><tr><td>DC=direct current</td></tr><tr><td>D.C.L.=doctor of Civil Law</td></tr><tr><td>D.D.=Doctor of Divinity</td></tr><tr><td>D.D.S.=Doctor of Dental Surgery</td></tr><tr><td>DDT=dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane</td></tr><tr><td>Dec.=December</td></tr><tr><td>dec.=declination</td></tr><tr><td>Del.=Delaware</td></tr><tr><td>dept.=department</td></tr><tr><td>Deut.=Deuteronomy</td></tr><tr><td>dist.=district</td></tr><tr><td>div.=division</td></tr><tr><td>DNA=deoxyribonucleic acid</td></tr><tr><td>Dr.=doctor</td></tr><tr><td>dr.=dram(s)</td></tr><tr><td>D.Sc.=Doctor of Science</td></tr><tr><td>Du.=Dutch</td></tr><tr><td>E=east</td></tr><tr><td>EC=European Community</td></tr><tr><td>ECA=Economic Cooperation Administration</td></tr><tr><td>Eccles.=Ecclesiastes</td></tr><tr><td>Ecclus.=Ecclesiasticus</td></tr><tr><td>ECSC=European Coal and Steel Community</td></tr><tr><td>ed.=edited, edition, editor(s)</td></tr><tr><td>EDC=European Defense Community</td></tr><tr><td>E.E.=Electrical Engineering</td></tr><tr><td>EEA=European Economic Area</td></tr><tr><td>EEC=European Economic Community</td></tr><tr><td>EFTA=European Free Trade Association</td></tr><tr><td>e.g.=<i>exempli gratia</i> [for example]</td></tr><tr><td>emf=electromotive force</td></tr><tr><td>emu=electromagnetic unit(s)</td></tr><tr><td>Eng.=English</td></tr><tr><td>enl.=enlarged</td></tr><tr><td>EEOC=Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</td></tr><tr><td>Eph.=Ephesians</td></tr><tr><td>ERA=Emergency Relief Administration; Equal Rights Amendment</td></tr><tr><td>ERP=European Recovery Program</td></tr><tr><td>ESC=Economic and Social Council (UN)</td></tr><tr><td>ESP=extrasensory perception</td></tr><tr><td>est.=established; estimated</td></tr><tr><td>et al.=<i>et alii</i> [and others]</td></tr><tr><td>EU=European Union</td></tr><tr><td>eV=electron volts</td></tr><tr><td>Ex.=Exodus</td></tr><tr><td>Ezek.=Ezekiel</td></tr><tr><td>F=Fahrenheit; farad</td></tr><tr><td><i>F</i>=faces; force; formal</td></tr><tr><td>FAA=Federal Aviation Administration</td></tr><tr><td>fac.=facsimile</td></tr><tr><td>FAO=Food and Agriculture Organization</td></tr><tr><td>FBI=Federal Bureau of Investigation</td></tr><tr><td>FCC=Federal Communications Commission</td></tr><tr><td>FDA=Food and Drug Administration</td></tr><tr><td>Feb.=February</td></tr><tr><td>FEPC=Fair Employment Practices Committee</td></tr><tr><td>Finn.=Finnish</td></tr><tr><td>fl.=<i>floruit</i> [flourished]</td></tr><tr><td>Fla.=Florida</td></tr><tr><td>fl oz=fluid ounce(s)</td></tr><tr><td>FM=frequency modulation</td></tr><tr><td>Fr.=French</td></tr><tr><td>ft=foot, feet</td></tr><tr><td>FTC=Federal Trade Commission</td></tr><tr><td>ft-lb=foot-pound(s)</td></tr><tr><td>G=gauss</td></tr><tr><td>Ga.=Georgia</td></tr><tr><td>Gal.=Galatians</td></tr><tr><td>gal.=gallon(s)</td></tr><tr><td>Gall.=Gallery</td></tr><tr><td>GATT=General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</td></tr><tr><td>GDP=gross domestic product</td></tr><tr><td>Gen.=General, Genesis</td></tr><tr><td>Ger.=German</td></tr><tr><td>GeV=billion electron volts</td></tr><tr><td>GHz=gigahertz</td></tr><tr><td>GMT=Greenwich mean time</td></tr><tr><td>GNP=gross national product</td></tr><tr><td>GOP=Grand Old Party (Republican Party)</td></tr><tr><td>Gov.=Governor</td></tr><tr><td>Gr.=Greek</td></tr><tr><td>grad.=graduated, graduated at</td></tr><tr><td>H=henry</td></tr><tr><td><font size="-1"><sup>h</sup></font>=hour</td></tr><tr><td>Hab.=Habakkuk</td></tr><tr><td>Hag.=Haggai</td></tr><tr><td>Heb.=Hebrew; Hebrews (NT)</td></tr><tr><td>H.M.S.=His (Her) Majesty's Ship; His (Her) Majesty's Service</td></tr><tr><td>Hon.=the Honorable</td></tr><tr><td>hp=horsepower</td></tr><tr><td>hr=hour(s)</td></tr><tr><td>Hung.=Hungarian</td></tr><tr><td>Hz=hertz or cycle(s) per second</td></tr><tr><td>IAU=International Astronomical Union</td></tr><tr><td>IBM=International Business Machines Corp.</td></tr><tr><td>IBT=International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen, and Helpers of America (Teamsters Union)</td></tr><tr><td>ICAO=International Civil Aviation Organization</td></tr><tr><td>ICBM=intercontinental ballistic missile</td></tr><tr><td>ICC=Interstate Commerce Commission</td></tr><tr><td>Icel.=Icelandic</td></tr><tr><td>i.e.=<i>id est</i> [that is]</td></tr><tr><td>IGY=International Geophysical Year</td></tr><tr><td>ILGWU=International Ladies Garment Workers Union</td></tr><tr><td>Ill.=Illinois</td></tr><tr><td>ILO=International Labor Organization</td></tr><tr><td>IMF=International Monetary Fund</td></tr><tr><td>in.=inch(es)</td></tr><tr><td>inc.=incorporated</td></tr><tr><td>Ind.=Indiana</td></tr><tr><td>Inst.=Institute, Institution</td></tr><tr><td>introd.=introduction</td></tr><tr><td>IQ=intelligence quotient</td></tr><tr><td>IRA=Individual Retirement Account; Irish Republican Army</td></tr><tr><td>IRBM=intermediate-range ballistic missile</td></tr><tr><td>IRS=Internal Revenue Service</td></tr><tr><td>Isa.=Isaiah</td></tr><tr><td>Ital.=Italian</td></tr><tr><td>ITU=International Telecommunications Union</td></tr><tr><td>IUPAC=International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</td></tr><tr><td>IWW=Industrial Workers of the World</td></tr><tr><td>j=joule(s)</td></tr><tr><td>Jan.=January</td></tr><tr><td>Jap.=Japanese</td></tr><tr><td>J.D.=<i>Juris Doctor</i> [Doctor of Law]</td></tr><tr><td>Jer.=Jeremiah</td></tr><tr><td>jg=junior grade</td></tr><tr><td>Jr.=Junior</td></tr><tr><td>K=Kelvin</td></tr><tr><td>kc=kilocycle(s)</td></tr><tr><td>kg=kilogram(s)</td></tr><tr><td>KGB=<i>Komityet Gosudarstvyennoy Byezopasnosti</i> [Committee for State Security]</td></tr><tr><td>kgm=kilogram meter(s)</td></tr><tr><td>KKK=Ku Klux Klan</td></tr><tr><td>kl=kiloliter(s)</td></tr><tr><td>km=kilometer(s)</td></tr><tr><td>kw=kilowatt(s)</td></tr><tr><td>kwh=kilowatt hour(s)</td></tr><tr><td>Ky.=Kentucky</td></tr><tr><td>£=<i>librae</i> [pounds]</td></tr><tr><td>La.=Louisiana</td></tr><tr><td>Lam.=Lamentations</td></tr><tr><td>Lat.=Latin</td></tr><tr><td>lat.=latitude</td></tr><tr><td>lb=<i>libra</i> [pound], <i>librae</i> [pounds]</td></tr><tr><td>Lev.=Leviticus</td></tr><tr><td>L.H.D.=<i>Litterarum Humaniorum Doctor</i> [Doctor of Humane</td></tr><tr><td>Letters]</td></tr><tr><td>Lib.=Library</td></tr><tr><td>lim=limit</td></tr><tr><td>Lith.=Lithuanian</td></tr><tr><td>Litt.B.=<i>Litterarum Baccalaureus</i> [Bachelor of Literature]</td></tr><tr><td>Litt.D.=<i>Litterarum Doctor</i> [Doctor of Literature]</td></tr><tr><td>LL.B.=<i>Legum Baccalaureus</i> [Bachelor of Laws]</td></tr><tr><td>LL.D.=<i>Legum Doctor</i> [Doctor of Laws]</td></tr><tr><td>ln=logarithm, natural</td></tr><tr><td>log=logarithm</td></tr><tr><td>long.=longitude</td></tr><tr><td>LSD=lysergic acid diethylamide</td></tr><tr><td>Lt.=Lieutenant</td></tr><tr><td>Lt. Col.=Lieutenant Colonel</td></tr><tr><td>Ltd.=Limited</td></tr><tr><td>Lt. Gen.=Lieutenant General</td></tr><tr><td>Lt. Gov.=Lieutenant Governor</td></tr><tr><td>M=molar</td></tr><tr><td>m=meter(s)</td></tr><tr><td><i>m</i>=molal</td></tr><tr><td><font size="-1"><sup>m</sup></font>=minute(s)</td></tr><tr><td>M.A.=Masters of Arts</td></tr><tr><td>Mac.=Maccabees</td></tr><tr><td>Maj. Gen.=Major General</td></tr><tr><td>Mal.=Malachi</td></tr><tr><td>Man.=Manitoba</td></tr><tr><td>Mass.=Massachusetts</td></tr><tr><td>mass no.=mass number</td></tr><tr><td>Mat.=Matthew</td></tr><tr><td>M.D.=<i>Medicinae Doctor</i> [Doctor of Medicine]</td></tr><tr><td>Md.=Maryland</td></tr><tr><td>M.E.=Mechanical Engineering; Middle English</td></tr><tr><td>MeV=million electron volts</td></tr><tr><td>Mex.=Mexican</td></tr><tr><td>mg=milligram(s)</td></tr><tr><td>M.H.G.=Middle High German</td></tr><tr><td>mi=mile(s)</td></tr><tr><td>Mich.=Michigan</td></tr><tr><td>min=minute(s)</td></tr><tr><td>Minn.=Minnesota</td></tr><tr><td>Miss.=Mississippi</td></tr><tr><td>mks=meter-kilogram-second</td></tr><tr><td>ml=milliliter(s)</td></tr><tr><td>Mlle=<i>Mademoiselle</i> [Miss]</td></tr><tr><td>mm=millimeter(s)</td></tr><tr><td>Mme=<i>Madame</i> [Mrs.]</td></tr><tr><td>Mo.=Missouri</td></tr><tr><td>Mont.=Montana</td></tr><tr><td>m.p.=melting point</td></tr><tr><td>mph=miles per hour</td></tr><tr><td>Mr.=Mister (always abbreviated)</td></tr><tr><td>Mrs.=Mistress (always abbreviated)</td></tr><tr><td>M.S.=Master of Science</td></tr><tr><td>MS, MSS=manuscript(s)</td></tr><tr><td>Ms.=variant of Miss or Mrs. that does not indicate marital status (not a true abbreviation)</td></tr><tr><td>m/sec<font size="-1"><sup>2</sup></font>=meters per second per second</td></tr><tr><td>Msgr=Monsignor</td></tr><tr><td>mt.=mountain</td></tr><tr><td>Mt.=Mount, Mountain</td></tr><tr><td>mts.=mountains</td></tr><tr><td>Mts.=Mountains</td></tr><tr><td>Mus.=Museum</td></tr><tr><td>Mus.B.=<i>Musicae Baccalaureus</i> [Bachelor of Music]</td></tr><tr><td>Mus.D.=<i>Musicae Doctor</i> [Doctor of Music]</td></tr><tr><td>N=north; Newton(s)</td></tr><tr><td><i>N</i>=normal (unit of measure)</td></tr><tr><td>NAACP=National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</td></tr><tr><td>NAFTA=North American Free Trade Agreement</td></tr><tr><td>NASA=National Aeronautics and Space Administration</td></tr><tr><td>Nasdaq=National Association of Securities Dealers Automatic Quotations</td></tr><tr><td>NATO=North Atlantic Treaty Organization</td></tr><tr><td>N.B.=New Brunswick</td></tr><tr><td>NBA=National Basketball Association</td></tr><tr><td>N.C.=North Carolina</td></tr><tr><td>NCAA=National Collegiate Athletic Association</td></tr><tr><td>NCO=Noncommissioned Officer</td></tr><tr><td>N.Dak.=North Dakota</td></tr><tr><td>NE=northeast</td></tr><tr><td>NEA=National Education Association</td></tr><tr><td>Nebr.=Nebraska</td></tr><tr><td>Neh.=Nehemiah</td></tr><tr><td>Nev.=Nevada</td></tr><tr><td>New Lat.=New Latin</td></tr><tr><td>N.F.=Newfoundland</td></tr><tr><td>NFL=National Football League</td></tr><tr><td>N.H.=New Hampshire</td></tr><tr><td>NHL=National Hockey League</td></tr><tr><td>N.J.=New Jersey</td></tr><tr><td>NL=National League (baseball)</td></tr><tr><td>NLRB=National Labor Relations Board</td></tr><tr><td>N.Mex.=New Mexico</td></tr><tr><td>NNW=northwest</td></tr><tr><td>no.=<i>numero</i> [number]</td></tr><tr><td>Nor.=Norwegian</td></tr><tr><td>Nov.=November</td></tr><tr><td>NRA=National Recovery Administration</td></tr><tr><td>NRC=Nuclear Regulatory Commission</td></tr><tr><td>N.S.=New Style; Nova Scotia</td></tr><tr><td>NSF=National Science Foundation</td></tr><tr><td>Num.=Numbers</td></tr><tr><td>N.Y.=New York</td></tr><tr><td>NYA=National Youth Administration</td></tr><tr><td>NYSE=New York Stock Exchange</td></tr><tr><td>OAS=Organization of American States</td></tr><tr><td>Obad.=Obadiah</td></tr><tr><td>Oct.=October</td></tr><tr><td>O.E.=Old English</td></tr><tr><td>OECD=Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development</td></tr><tr><td>OEO=Office of Economic Opportunity</td></tr><tr><td>OES=Office of Economic Stabilization</td></tr><tr><td>O.Fr.=Old French</td></tr><tr><td>O.H.G.=Old High German</td></tr><tr><td>Okla.=Oklahoma</td></tr><tr><td>O.N.=Old Norse</td></tr><tr><td>Ont.=Ontario</td></tr><tr><td>Op.=<i>Opus</i> [work]</td></tr><tr><td>OPA=Office of Price Administration</td></tr><tr><td>O.S.=Old Style</td></tr><tr><td>OSCE=Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</td></tr><tr><td>OSS=Office of Strategic Services</td></tr><tr><td>oz=ounce(s)</td></tr><tr><td>Pa.=Pennsylvania</td></tr><tr><td>PAU=Pan American Union</td></tr><tr><td>Pd.D.=<i>Pedagogiae Doctor</i> [Doctor of Pedagogy]</td></tr><tr><td>P.E.I.=Prince Edward Island</td></tr><tr><td>Pers.=Persian</td></tr><tr><td>PFC=Private First Class</td></tr><tr><td>PGA=Professional Golfers Association</td></tr><tr><td>Ph.B.=<i>Philosophiae Baccalaureus</i> [Bachelor of Philosophy]</td></tr><tr><td>Ph.D.=<i>Philosophiae Doctor</i> [Doctor of Philosophy]</td></tr><tr><td>Philip.=Philippians</td></tr><tr><td>pl.=plural</td></tr><tr><td>PLC=public limited company</td></tr><tr><td><font size="-1">P.M.</font>=<i>post meridiem</i> [afternoon]</td></tr><tr><td>PO=Petty Officer</td></tr><tr><td>Pol.=Polish</td></tr><tr><td>pop.=population</td></tr><tr><td>Port.=Portuguese</td></tr><tr><td>Pr. of Manas.=Prayer of Manasses</td></tr><tr><td>Prov.=Proverbs</td></tr><tr><td>prov(s).=province(s)</td></tr><tr><td>Ps.=Psalm</td></tr><tr><td>pseud.=pseudonym</td></tr><tr><td>Pss.=Psalms</td></tr><tr><td>pt.=part(s)</td></tr><tr><td>pt=pint(s)</td></tr><tr><td>pub.=published; publisher</td></tr><tr><td>Pvt.=Private</td></tr><tr><td>PWA=Public Works Administration</td></tr><tr><td>qt=quart(s)</td></tr><tr><td>Que.=Quebec</td></tr><tr><td>R=Roentgen</td></tr><tr><td>R.A.=right ascension</td></tr><tr><td>RAF=Royal Air Force</td></tr><tr><td>repr.=reprinted</td></tr><tr><td>Rev.=Revelation; the Reverend</td></tr><tr><td>rev.=revised</td></tr><tr><td>R.I.=Rhode Island</td></tr><tr><td>R.N.=registered nurse</td></tr><tr><td>RNA=ribonucleic acid</td></tr><tr><td>Rom.=Romanian, Romans</td></tr><tr><td>ROTC=Reserve Officers Training Corps</td></tr><tr><td>rpm=revolution(s) per minute</td></tr><tr><td>RR=railroad</td></tr><tr><td>RSFSR=Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic</td></tr><tr><td>RSV=Revised Standard Version</td></tr><tr><td>Rt. Rev.=the Right Reverend</td></tr><tr><td>Rus.=Russian</td></tr><tr><td>RV=Revised Version</td></tr><tr><td>S=south</td></tr><tr><td><font size="-1"><sup>s</sup></font>=second(s)</td></tr><tr><td>Sam.=Samuel</td></tr><tr><td>Sask.=Saskatchewan</td></tr><tr><td>S.C.=South Carolina</td></tr><tr><td>Sc.D.=<i>Scientiae Doctor</i> [Doctor of Science]</td></tr><tr><td>S.Dak.=South Dakota</td></tr><tr><td>SE=southeast</td></tr><tr><td>SEATO=Southeast Asia Treaty Organization</td></tr><tr><td>SEC=Securities and Exchange Commission</td></tr><tr><td>sec=second(s); secant</td></tr><tr><td>Sept.=September</td></tr><tr><td>Ser.=Series</td></tr><tr><td>Sgt.=Sergeant</td></tr><tr><td>sin=sine</td></tr><tr><td>S.J.=<i>Societas Jesu</i> [Society of Jesus]</td></tr><tr><td>Skt.=Sanskrit</td></tr><tr><td>Song=Song of Solomon</td></tr><tr><td>SOS=distress signal (not a true abbreviation)</td></tr><tr><td>Span.=Spanish</td></tr><tr><td>SPCA=Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals</td></tr><tr><td>SPCC=Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children</td></tr><tr><td>sp. gr.=specific gravity</td></tr><tr><td>sq=square</td></tr><tr><td>Sr.=Senior</td></tr><tr><td>S.S.=Steamship</td></tr><tr><td>SSR=Soviet Socialist Republic</td></tr><tr><td>St.=Saint; Street</td></tr><tr><td>S.T.D.=<i>Sacrae Theologiae Doctor</i> [Doctor of Sacred</td></tr><tr><td>Theology]</td></tr><tr><td>Ste=Sainte [feminine of Saint]</td></tr><tr><td>STP=standard temperature and pressure</td></tr><tr><td>SW=southwest</td></tr><tr><td>Swed.=Swedish</td></tr><tr><td>tan=tangent</td></tr><tr><td>TASS=<i>Telegraphnoye Agentstvo Sovyetskovo Soyuza</i> [Soviet</td></tr><tr><td>News Agency]</td></tr><tr><td>Tenn.=Tennessee</td></tr><tr><td>Thess.=Thessalonians</td></tr><tr><td>Tim.=Timothy</td></tr><tr><td>TNT=trinitrotoluene, trinitrototoluol</td></tr><tr><td>tr.=translated, translation, translator(s)</td></tr><tr><td>Turk.=Turkish</td></tr><tr><td>TVA=Tennessee Valley Authority</td></tr><tr><td>UAW=United Automobile Workers</td></tr><tr><td>UHF=ultrahigh frequency</td></tr><tr><td>Ukr.=Ukrainian</td></tr><tr><td>UMW=United Mine Workers</td></tr><tr><td>UN=United Nations</td></tr><tr><td>UNESCO=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural</td></tr><tr><td>Organization</td></tr><tr><td>UNICEF=United Nations Children's Fund</td></tr><tr><td>uninc.=unincorporated</td></tr><tr><td>Univ.=University</td></tr><tr><td>UNRRA=United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration</td></tr><tr><td>UPI=United Press International</td></tr><tr><td>U.S.=United States</td></tr><tr><td>USA=United States Army</td></tr><tr><td>USAF=United States Air Force</td></tr><tr><td>USCG=United States Coast Guard</td></tr><tr><td>USMC=United States Marine Corps</td></tr><tr><td>USN=United States Navy</td></tr><tr><td>USO=United Service Organization</td></tr><tr><td>U.S.S.=United States Ship</td></tr><tr><td>USSR=Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</td></tr><tr><td>UT=universal time</td></tr><tr><td>V=volt(s)</td></tr><tr><td>v.=<i>versus</i></td></tr><tr><td>VA=Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Administration</td></tr><tr><td>Va.=Virginia</td></tr><tr><td>var.=variety (in botany)</td></tr><tr><td>Ved.=Vedic</td></tr><tr><td>VFW=Veterans of Foreign Wars</td></tr><tr><td>VHF=very high frequency</td></tr><tr><td>VISTA=Volunteers in Service to America</td></tr><tr><td>vol.=volume(s)</td></tr><tr><td>vs.=<i>versus</i></td></tr><tr><td>Vt.=Vermont</td></tr><tr><td>W=west; watt(s)</td></tr><tr><td>WAC=Women's Army Corps</td></tr><tr><td>Wash.=Washington</td></tr><tr><td>WAVES=Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service (United States</td></tr><tr><td>Women's Naval Reserve)</td></tr><tr><td>WCTU=Women's Christian Temperance Union</td></tr><tr><td>WEU=Western European Union</td></tr><tr><td>WFTU=World Federation of Trade Unions</td></tr><tr><td>WHO=World Health Organization</td></tr><tr><td>Wis.=Wisconsin</td></tr><tr><td>WMO=World Meteorological Organization</td></tr><tr><td>WPA=Work Projects Administration</td></tr><tr><td>wt.=weight</td></tr><tr><td>WTO=World Trade Organization</td></tr><tr><td>W.Va.=West Virginia</td></tr><tr><td>Wyo.=Wyoming</td></tr><tr><td>yd=yard(s)</td></tr><tr><td>YMCA=Young Men's Christian Association</td></tr><tr><td>YMHA=Young Men's Hebrew Association</td></tr><tr><td>YWCA=Young Women's Christian Association</td></tr><tr><td>YWHA=Young Women's Hebrew Association</td></tr><tr><td>Zech.=Zechariah</td></tr><tr><td>Zeph.=Zephaniah</td></tr></table></td></tr> <tr><td> </td></tr> </table>  <table align="CENTER" width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><font size="1">The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 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