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Même s'il n'avait pas obtenu en 2000 le prix Nobel de littérature « pour une œuvre marquée d'une amère prise de conscience et d'une ingéniosité langagière qui a ouvert des voies nouvelles à l'art du roman et du théâtre chinois », Gao Xingjian..." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/gao-xingjian/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="fr_FR" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Encyclopædia Universalis" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.universalis.fr/_web/static/icons/favicon.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="256" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="252" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Biographie de GAO XINGJIAN (1940- )" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Biographie de GAO XINGJIAN (1940- ). Même s'il n'avait pas obtenu en 2000 le prix Nobel de littérature « pour une œuvre marquée d'une amère prise de conscience et d'une ingéniosité langagière qui a ouvert des voies nouvelles à l'art du roman et du théâtre chinois », Gao Xingjian..." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@universalisfr" /> <meta name="location" content="France" /> <meta name="rating" content="General" /> <meta name="distribution" content="Global" /> <meta name="resource-type" content="document" /> <meta name="copyright" content="© Copyright 2024 - Universalis" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Universalis" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="default" /> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no,date=no,address=no,email=no,url=no" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_shared/pub/pub.css?1730108805" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_web/assets/css/home.css?1730119190" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_web/assets/css/classification.css?1730119190" media="all"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/gao-xingjian/" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Biographie de GAO XINGJIAN (1940- )","headline":"Biographie de GAO XINGJIAN (1940- )","description":"Biographie de GAO XINGJIAN (1940- ). M\u00eame s'il n'avait pas obtenu en 2000 le prix Nobel de litt\u00e9rature \u00ab\u00a0pour une \u0153uvre marqu\u00e9e d'une am\u00e8re prise de conscience et d'une ing\u00e9niosit\u00e9 langagi\u00e8re qui a ouvert des voies nouvelles \u00e0 l'art du roman et du th\u00e9\u00e2tre chinois\u00a0\u00bb, Gao Xingjian occuperait une place importante dans l'histoire de la litt\u00e9rature chinoise moderne. N\u00e9 en 1940 \u00e0 Ganzhou (Chine), dipl\u00f4m\u00e9 de la section de fran\u00e7ais de l'Institut des langues \u00e9trang\u00e8res de P\u00e9kin, d'abord interpr\u00e8te et traducteur du fran\u00e7ais, il commence par \u00e9crire de nombreuses pi\u00e8ces de th\u00e9\u00e2tre, dont certaines ont pu \u00eatre jou\u00e9es au Th\u00e9\u00e2tre artistique de P\u00e9kin. 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data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-biographie" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT010150_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT010150_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH230686" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Gao Xingjian" href="/media/gao-xingjian-ph230686/"><img id="PH230686" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/f/csm_ph230686_9d218afd7d.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Gao Xingjian - crédits : Eric Fougere/ Corbis/ Getty Images" data-description="Le livre le plus célèbre de l'écrivain français d'origine chinoise Gao Xingjian, La Montagne de l'âme (1995), renoue avec la tradition du roman initiatique chinois, tel Le Voyage en l’Occident (1592)." data-copyright="Eric Fougere/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="582" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Gao Xingjian </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Eric Fougere/ Corbis/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Même s'il n'avait pas obtenu en 2000 le prix Nobel de littérature « pour une œuvre marquée d'une amère prise de conscience et d'une ingéniosité langagière qui a ouvert des voies nouvelles à l'art du roman et du théâtre chinois », Gao Xingjian occuperait une place importante dans l'histoire de la littérature chinoise moderne. Né en 1940 à Ganzhou (Chine), diplômé de la section de français de l'Institut des langues étrangères de Pékin, d'abord interprète et traducteur du français, il commence par écrire de nombreuses pièces de théâtre, dont certaines ont pu être jouées au Théâtre artistique de Pékin. C'est notamment le cas de <em>L'Arrêt de bus</em> (1983) qui constitue une belle satire de la société pékinoise contemporaine, ou encore du <em>Signal d'alarme</em> (1982), qui met en scène, de façon astucieuse et drôle, une fille et des loubards dans un train. Mais la censure n'a pas longtemps toléré de telles impertinences. Installé en France dès 1988, Gao Xingjian n'a pas connu la tragédie de Tiananmen, mais il en a rendu l'esprit dans sa pièce <em>La Fuite</em> (1989), dans laquelle un couple se cache au lendemain du massacre. En français, on lui doit également des pièces telles qu’<em>Au bord de la vie</em> (1993), <em>Le Somnambule</em> (1995) ou <em>Ballade nocturne</em> (2010).</p><p>Influencé par Beckett, Adamov, Ionesco et Nathalie Sarraute, le théâtre de Gao Xingjian qu'on représente un peu partout dans le monde, aussi bien aux États-Unis qu'en Australie ou à Hong Kong, aurait suffi à asseoir la notoriété de son auteur. Mais ce dernier, au cours de ses années françaises, a cru nécessaire de faire le bilan de son expérience. Deux romans viennent ainsi compléter l'œuvre antérieure. Le premier est le plus réussi. <em>La Montagne de l'âme</em> (1995) est un livre admirable. Aventure intérieure, voyage initiatique, remontée vers la lumière, ce parcours à travers les montagnes sacrées du Sichuan est composé de courtes scènes, ponctuées par l'emploi alterné du je/tu/il. Le second roman, consacré à ses amours et à la révolution culturelle, est intitulé <em>Le Livre</em> (ou la Bible) <em>d'un homme seul</em> (2000). Largement autobiographique, il relate, après son enfance, les « dix années noires », telles que Gao les a vécues.</p><p>Naturalisé français en 1998, Gao Xingjian est aussi un peintre réputé, dont les encres, très expressives, sont souvent exposées. Son discours à Stockholm mérite également d'être mentionné. En contrepoint à ses réflexions sur la condition de l'écrivain (sur laquelle il reviendra dans <em>Le Témoignage de la littérature</em>, 2004 et dans <em>De la création</em>, 2013), il y dénonce avec une liberté rare les exactions commises par le régime communiste à l'égard de ses confrères, et constate que la situation actuelle est pire que sous l'Empire. Les autorités chinoises, de leur côté, ont feint d'ignorer la récompense suédoise. À Stockholm, l'ambassadeur de Chine populaire aurait néanmoins félicité son collègue français pour l'œuvre de ce prix Nobel, « écrite en chinois par un Français ».</p><div class="clearfix"></div><p class="author"> — Paul BADY</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" 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<a title="Classification : Écrivains d'Asie" href="/classification/litteratures/ecrivains/ecrivains-d-asie/"> Écrivains d'Asie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Écrivains chinois"> <a title="Classification : Écrivains chinois" href="/classification/litteratures/ecrivains/ecrivains-d-asie/ecrivains-chinois/"> Écrivains chinois </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Littératures" href="/classification/litteratures/"> Littératures </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Écrivains" href="/classification/litteratures/ecrivains/"> Écrivains </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Écrivains européens" href="/classification/litteratures/ecrivains/ecrivains-europeens/"> Écrivains européens </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Écrivains de langue française" 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href="/classification/litteratures/auteurs-dramatiques/auteurs-dramatiques-non-occidentaux/"> Auteurs dramatiques non occidentaux </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yT010150_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Média</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-12 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH230686" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Gao Xingjian" href="/media/gao-xingjian-ph230686/"> <img id="PH230686" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/f/csm_ph230686_9d218afd7d.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Gao Xingjian - crédits : Eric Fougere/ Corbis/ Getty Images" data-description="Le livre le plus célèbre de l'écrivain français d'origine chinoise Gao Xingjian, La Montagne de l'âme (1995), renoue avec la tradition du roman initiatique chinois, tel Le Voyage en l’Occident (1592)." data-copyright="Eric Fougere/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="582" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Gao Xingjian </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Eric Fougere/ Corbis/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT010150_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/chinoise-civilisation-la-litterature/#c27249"> <span class="rg">CHINOISE (CIVILISATION) - </span><span class="rm">La littérature</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Paul DEMIÉVILLE</span> , <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre DIÉNY</span> , <span rel="author">Yves HERVOUET</span> , <span rel="author">François JULLIEN</span> , <span rel="author">Angel PINO</span> et <span rel="author">Isabelle RABUT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">47 508 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : CHINOISE (CIVILISATION) - La litt&eacute;rature" href="/encyclopedie/chinoise-civilisation-la-litterature/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Confucius - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/6/csm_ph996829_9e2e3ea810.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...le nouveau roman, la <em>beat generation</em>, le théâtre de l'absurde, l'humour noir ou le réalisme magique de la littérature latino-américaine. Prix Nobel de littérature en 2000, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de GAO XINGJIAN (1940- ). Même s'il n'avait pas obtenu en 2000 le prix Nobel de littérature « pour une œuvre marquée d'une amère prise de conscience et d'une ingéniosité langagière qui a ouvert des voies nouvelles à l'art du roman et du théâtre chinois », Gao Xingjian occuperait une place importante dans l'histoire de la littérature chinoise moderne. Né en 1940 à Ganzh..." title="Article : GAO XINGJIAN (1940- )" href="/encyclopedie/gao-xingjian/">Gao Xingjian</a> (né en 1940) publie en 1981 un essai très remarqué intitulé <em>Xiandai xiaoshuo jiqiao chutan </em>(<em>Essai...</em> </div> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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