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Trois éléments </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CHINOISE (CIVILISATION) - La littérature, L'époque archaïque" href="/encyclopedie/chinoise-civilisation-la-litterature/2-l-epoque-archaique/"> 2. L'époque archaïque </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CHINOISE (CIVILISATION) - La littérature, L'Antiquité" href="/encyclopedie/chinoise-civilisation-la-litterature/3-l-antiquite/"> 3. L'Antiquité </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CHINOISE (CIVILISATION) - La littérature, Le Moyen Âge" href="/encyclopedie/chinoise-civilisation-la-litterature/4-le-moyen-age/"> 4. Le Moyen Âge </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CHINOISE (CIVILISATION) - La littérature, Les Temps modernes" href="/encyclopedie/chinoise-civilisation-la-litterature/5-les-temps-modernes/"> 5. Les Temps modernes </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CHINOISE (CIVILISATION) - La littérature, L'époque contemporaine (de 1912 à nos jours)" href="/encyclopedie/chinoise-civilisation-la-litterature/6-l-epoque-contemporaine-de-1912-a-nos-jours/"> 6. L'époque contemporaine (de 1912 à nos jours) </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CHINOISE (CIVILISATION) - La littérature, Thèmes et interprétations" href="/encyclopedie/chinoise-civilisation-la-litterature/7-themes-et-interpretations/"> 7. Thèmes et interprétations </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CHINOISE (CIVILISATION) - La littérature, La critique littéraire" href="/encyclopedie/chinoise-civilisation-la-litterature/8-la-critique-litteraire/"> 8. La critique littéraire </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CHINOISE (CIVILISATION) - La littérature, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/chinoise-civilisation-la-litterature/9-bibliographie/"> 9. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>CHINOISE (CIVILISATION)</strong><span class="label-sub"> La littérature</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC230057_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC230057_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH996829" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Confucius" href="/media/confucius-ph996829/"><img id="PH996829" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/6/csm_ph996829_decfa0a149.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Confucius - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Confucius (551 env.-479 env. av. J.-C.), figure presque légendaire de la sagesse chinoise." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="770" height="1024" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Confucius </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Les origines de la littérature chinoise sont à peu près contemporaines de deux autres littératures, celle de l'Inde et celle de l'Europe. Ici comme là, ces origines remontent à un ou deux millénaires avant l'ère chrétienne, et le nom de Confucius, vers l'an 500 avant J.-C., marque en Chine une première étape, une sorte de conscience critique qui suggère un rapprochement avec le Bouddha d'une part, avec Socrate de l'autre. S'il est vrai que toute caractérisation implique comparaison, c'est aux littératures de l'Inde et de l'Europe qu'on peut comparer la littérature chinoise pour essayer d'en dégager, soit par analogie, soit par contraste, quelques traits essentiels dont tout son développement apporte des illustrations. On s'en tiendra ici à l'Europe, dont l'histoire littéraire offre avec celle de la Chine des analogies et des différences également instructives.</p><p>Seuls avec l'Occident, dans l'ancien monde, les Chinois ont eu le sens de l'histoire et de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le sens du mot « philologie » (spécialement imprécis dans l'usage français) ne peut guère se définir que par opposition avec d'autres termes, parfois à peine moins vagues : linguistique, critique littéraire , histoire de la littérature. Le champ d'application de la philologie recouvre partiellement les divers domaines ainsi désignés, tout en conservant une spécificité qui, il est..." title="Article : PHILOLOGIE" href="/encyclopedie/philologie/">philologie</a>, qui a toujours manqué à l'Inde et au reste de l'Asie ; et ces disciplines ont joué dans leur littérature un rôle plus considérable encore que dans les nôtres. Il y a vingt siècles que l'on pratique en Chine la critique des textes, dans des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dès l'apparition de l' écriture , on s'efforça dans toutes les civilisations de conserver certains documents écrits, soit dans des locaux particuliers, comme ce fut le cas dans les palais et les temples du Moyen-Orient où l'on ne distinguait pas, parmi les tablettes conservées, les documents d' archives et les textes littéraires, soit, comme en Chine, parmi les trésors des princes. Puis..." title="Article : BIBLIOTHÈQUES" href="/encyclopedie/bibliotheques/">bibliothèques</a> pareilles à celle d'Alexandrie, et que s'y est constituée une <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot « tradition » (en latin traditio , « acte de transmettre ») vient du verbe tradere , « faire passer à un autre, livrer, remettre ». Littré en a distingué quatre sens principaux : « Action par laquelle on livre quelque chose à quelqu'un » ; « transmission de faits historiques, de doctrines religieuses, de légendes, d'âge en âge par voie orale et sans preuve aut..." title="Article : TRADITION" href="/encyclopedie/tradition/">tradition</a> historiographique d'où est sortie la documentation la plus suivie qui existe sur le passé d'aucune société humaine. Il est vrai que cette tradition s'est bureaucratisée et que, surtout à partir des Tang (618-907), l'histoire officielle est tombée entre les mains de fonctionnaires qui ont négligé la mise en œuvre vivante des documents utilisés, ou bien, s'ils essayaient de trier et d'interpréter ces documents, n'ont guère su s'élever au-dessus des préjugés de leur classe et de leur temps ; et ce n'est pas seulement l'histoire, c'est toute la littérature qui est restée en Chine plus impersonnelle qu'en Occident. D'autre part, le sens de la critique philologique a eu pour revers, en Chine, une floraison d'apocryphes et de falsifications littéraires comme on n'en trouve nulle part ailleurs. Si, très tôt, les Chinois s'exercèrent à faire l'histoire critique de leur littérature, la contrepartie en fut une singulière habileté à imiter les œuvres anciennes ; et beaucoup de faussaires s'attribuèrent ainsi soit des armes frelatées, mais efficaces dans les luttes et les controverses entre écoles, soit la gloriole d'avoir ressuscité de prétendus trésors de l'Antiquité.</p><p>L'Antiquité a toujours été en Chine entourée d'une vénération particulière. Toute eschatologie tendit à y être à rebours, c'est-à-dire que l'idéal futur y fut conçu comme un retour à l'âge d'or du passé. Aussi l'histoire de la littérature chinoise se présente-t-elle comme une suite de renaissances et de réformes, dont chacune prétendait restituer la pureté des sources. Le confucianisme prêchait le retour aux institutions des saints démiurges qui étaient censés avoir fondé la civilisation ; le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme de taoïsme ( daojia ) s'est appliqué d'abord aux écrits de certains mystiques de la Chine antique. C'est là une classification établie a posteriori par les bibliographes impériaux de l'époque des Han antérieurs (206 av.-9 apr. J.-C.). Parmi les nombreuses écoles philosophiques de la Chine pré-impériale, on chercherait vainement en effet une école « taoïste ». Le Dao ..." title="Article : TAOÏSME" href="/encyclopedie/taoisme/">taoïsme</a> se piquait de remonter plus haut encore, jusqu'à l'état de nature qui avait précédé toute <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot « civilisation » est employé en des sens très variés et souvent fort imprécis. D'une manière générale, on peut classer sous trois rubriques les significations qui lui sont attribuées explicitement ou implicitement. Premièrement, dans le langage le plus courant, le terme de civilisation est associé à un jugement de valeur et qualifie favorablement les sociétés à propos desq..." title="Article : CIVILISATION" href="/encyclopedie/civilisation/">civilisation</a>. Aussi le confucianisme a-t-il le culte du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="C'est vers le milieu du xv e siècle que la technique occidentale d'impression des textes au moyen de caractères mobiles fut mise au point, très vraisemblablement dans la région de Mayence . À partir de 1460, le nouvel art se répand très rapidement à travers l'Europe. Très rapidement également, on prend l'habitude d'illustrer les nouveaux livres au moyen d'illustrations gravées sur..." title="Article : LIVRE" href="/encyclopedie/livre/">livre</a>, par lequel se transmet la tradition civilisée ; et par là s'explique un trait propre à la Chine, et qui, lui aussi, la rapproche de nous : on y a toujours eu le goût du livre, de sa facture matérielle, le souci de sa conservation, le sens des bibliothèques et de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme bibliophilie est de création récente, mais la chose est fort ancienne. Déjà, les Assyro-Babyloniens conservaient parfois dans un étui de terre cuite les tablettes, elles-mêmes de terre cuite et quasi indestructibles, qui leur tenaient lieu de livre . En Grèce et à Rome, le rouleau de papyrus ( volumen ), souvent teint, se développait autour de bâtonnets d'ivoire terminés par d..." title="Article : BIBLIOPHILIE" href="/encyclopedie/bibliophilie/">bibliophilie</a>. Au contraire de l'Inde où l'élimination du bouddhisme a entraîné la disparition des écritures bouddhiques, la Chine a su conserver une grande partie des livres taoïstes quand, sous les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de HAN YU (768-824). Homme politique, écrivain, poète, penseur, Han Yu joua un rôle important dans l'histoire de la littérature chinoise dans la dernière période de la dynastie des Tang (618-907). Son mouvement de réforme de la prose chinoise se présente comme un retour à l'antique, qui n'est pas un retour en arrière. Les aspects divers de sa pensée, de sa personnalité, la..." title="Article : HAN YU (768-824)" href="/encyclopedie/han-yu/">Han</a> (206<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C230057_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="DEMIÉVILLE, Paul"><a title="Auteur : Paul DEMIÉVILLE" rel="author" href="/auteurs/paul-demieville/"><strong>Paul DEMIÉVILLE</strong></a> : membre de l'Institut, professeur honoraire au Collège de France </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="DIÉNY, Jean-Pierre"><a title="Auteur : Jean-Pierre DIÉNY" rel="author" href="/auteurs/jean-pierre-dieny/"><strong>Jean-Pierre DIÉNY</strong></a> : directeur d'études à l'École pratique des hautes études </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="HERVOUET, Yves"><a title="Auteur : Yves HERVOUET" rel="author" href="/auteurs/yves-hervouet/"><strong>Yves HERVOUET</strong></a> : professeur à l'université de Paris-VII, directeur de l'Institut des hautes études chinoises au Collège de France </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="JULLIEN, François"><a title="Auteur : François JULLIEN" rel="author" href="/auteurs/francois-jullien/"><strong>François JULLIEN</strong></a> : ancien élève de l'École normale supérieure, agrégé de l'Université, maître assistant à l'université de Paris-VIII, Saint-Denis </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="PINO, Angel"><a title="Auteur : Angel PINO" rel="author" href="/auteurs/angel-pino/"><strong>Angel PINO</strong></a> : professeur émérite des Universités, université Bordeaux Montaigne </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="RABUT, Isabelle"><a title="Auteur : Isabelle RABUT" rel="author" href="/auteurs/isabelle-rabut/"><strong>Isabelle RABUT</strong></a> : professeure émérite à l'Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales (INALCO) </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : CHINOISE (CIVILISATION) - La littérature" href="/carte-mentale/chinoise-civilisation-la-litterature/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC230057_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Littératures" href="/classification/litteratures/"> Littératures </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Littératures contemporaines" href="/classification/litteratures/litteratures-contemporaines/"> Littératures contemporaines </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Littératures asiatiques contemporaines" href="/classification/litteratures/litteratures-contemporaines/litteratures-asiatiques-contemporaines/"> Littératures asiatiques contemporaines </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Littérature chinoise contemporaine"> <a title="Classification : Littérature chinoise contemporaine" href="/classification/litteratures/litteratures-contemporaines/litteratures-asiatiques-contemporaines/litterature-chinoise-contemporaine/"> Littérature chinoise contemporaine </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Littératures" href="/classification/litteratures/"> Littératures </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire des littératures" href="/classification/litteratures/histoire-des-litteratures/"> Histoire des littératures </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Littératures d'Extrême-Orient et d'Asie du Sud-Est" href="/classification/litteratures/histoire-des-litteratures/litteratures-d-extreme-orient-et-d-asie-du-sud-est/"> Littératures d'Extrême-Orient et d'Asie du Sud-Est </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Littérature chinoise"> <a title="Classification : Littérature chinoise" href="/classification/litteratures/histoire-des-litteratures/litteratures-d-extreme-orient-et-d-asie-du-sud-est/litterature-chinoise/"> Littérature chinoise </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC230057_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH996829" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Confucius" href="/media/confucius-ph996829/"> <img id="PH996829" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/6/csm_ph996829_decfa0a149.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Confucius - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Confucius (551 env.-479 env. av. J.-C.), figure presque légendaire de la sagesse chinoise." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="770" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Confucius </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH130064" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Mo Yan" href="/media/mo-yan-ph130064/"> <img id="PH130064" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/7/csm_ph130064_255e23f238.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Mo Yan - crédits : Sophie Bassouls/ Corbis/ Getty Images" data-description="Du Clan du sorgho à La Dure Loi du Karma, Mo Yan se fait le chroniqueur des mutations de la Chine contemporaine." data-copyright="Sophie Bassouls/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="683" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Mo Yan </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Sophie Bassouls/ Corbis/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH230686" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Gao Xingjian" href="/media/gao-xingjian-ph230686/"> <img id="PH230686" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/f/csm_ph230686_9d218afd7d.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Gao Xingjian - crédits : Eric Fougere/ Corbis/ Getty Images" data-description="Le livre le plus célèbre de l'écrivain français d'origine chinoise Gao Xingjian, La Montagne de l'âme (1995), renoue avec la tradition du roman initiatique chinois, tel Le Voyage en l’Occident (1592)." data-copyright="Eric Fougere/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="582" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Gao Xingjian </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Eric Fougere/ Corbis/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC230057_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/astronomie/#c46138"> <span class="rg">ASTRONOMIE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">James LEQUEUX</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">11 339 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">20 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ASTRONOMIE" href="/encyclopedie/astronomie/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Télescope spatial Hubble - crédits : VMGROUP" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/d/csm_vi040007_1df92215b8.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Quant aux Chinois, ils pratiquent l’astronomie depuis l’Antiquité. Ils s’intéressent alors surtout aux événements temporaires survenant dans le ciel et qui leur paraissent comme autant de présages : éclipses, apparition d’étoiles nouvelles, de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="En 1950, l’astronome américain Fred Whipple fut l’un des premiers à comprendre qui étaient ces voyageuses capables d’illuminer le ciel nocturne de leur vaste chevelure. En des termes inversement proportionnels à leur beauté, il les décrivit comme des « boules de neige sale ». D’après ce modèle, la matière glacée qui compose les comètes passe directement de l’état soli..." title="Article : COMÈTES" href="/encyclopedie/cometes/">comètes</a>, etc. Ils consignent soigneusement... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/calendriers/#c46138"> <span class="rg">CALENDRIERS</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Paul PARISOT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">9 907 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : CALENDRIERS" href="/encyclopedie/calendriers/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Calendrier aztèque - crédits : Universal History Archive/ Universal Images Group/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/6/c/csm_pa080884_1f9220afcf.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Nos connaissances surl'astronomie et le calendrier chinois sont dues au travail monumental réalisé entre 1723 et 1759 par le jésuite français Antoine Gaubil. Pendant les trente-six années qu'il passe à Pékin, sa fonction de traducteur et d'interprète lui permet d'être en contact permanent avec la cour... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/chine-hommes-et-dynamiques-territoriales/#c46138"> <span class="rg">CHINE - </span><span class="rm">Hommes et dynamiques territoriales</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Thierry SANJUAN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">9 801 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : CHINE - Hommes et dynamiques territoriales" href="/encyclopedie/chine-hommes-et-dynamiques-territoriales/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Chine: population - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/3/csm_ca130711_ac015b3a30.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...comme l'extension d'un monde chinois qui trouve son foyer originel dans le bassin moyen du fleuve Jaune dès le II<sup>e</sup> millénaire avant J.-C. Plus largement, la Chine se veut le foyer de civilisation de l'Asie orientale dans la mesure où elle était elle-même l'ensemble du monde, « tout ce qui était sous le... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/chine-l-enigme-de-l-homme-de-bronze-exposition/"> <span class="rg">CHINE : L'ÉNIGME DE L'HOMME DE BRONZE </span><span class="rm">(exposition)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Viviane REGNOT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">934 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> L'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les expositions prennent dans la vie culturelle une place toujours plus importante, au point que des réactions apparaissent pour en déplorer les éventuels excès, tenant soit à la saturation du public concerné, soit, en ce qui concerne les professionnels, à la prépondérance accordée parfois à l'accrochage au détriment des objets exposés.. De telles préoccupations sont toutefois étr..." title="Article : EXPOSITION" href="/encyclopedie/exposition/">exposition</a><em>Chine</em><em> :</em><em> l'énigme de l'homme de bronze. Archéologie du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La province du Sichuan s'étend au cœur de l'espace chinois et couvre 569 000 kilomètres carrés ; sa population atteignait 81,7 millions d'habitants en 2006. Elle rassemble deux domaines bien différents : le tiers occidental est constitué, comme le sud-est du Tibet et l'ouest du Yunnan , d'une succession de hautes chaînes (plus de 3 000 m) parallèles, de direction nord-sud, et de..." title="Article : SICHUAN ou SETCHOUAN" href="/encyclopedie/sichuan-setchouan/">Sichuan</a> (XII</em><em><sup>e</sup></em><em>-III</em><em><sup>e</sup></em><em> </em><em>s. av. J.-C.)</em>, un des sommets de l'année de la Chine en France, eut lieu du 14 octobre 2003 au 28 janvier 2004 à la salle Saint-Jean de l'Hôtel de Ville de Paris. Elle avait pour commissaires...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/civilisation-chinoise/"> Afficher les 10 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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