CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>ICANN - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"960b881c-10e3-4015-90a8-15ca1df6ef3e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"ICANN","wgTitle":"ICANN","wgCurRevisionId":1280205187,"wgRevisionId":1280205187,"wgArticleId":15236,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: location","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Use American English from March 2021","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from March 2021","Pages with timeline metadata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2011","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Domain Name System","Domain name registries","History of the Internet","Information technology organizations","Internet governance organizations","Internet in the United States","Non-profit organizations based in California","Organizations based in Los Angeles","Playa Vista, Los Angeles","Organizations established in 1998","United States Department of Commerce","1998 establishments in California"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"ICANN","wgRelevantArticleId":15236,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q485750","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.20"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Icann_logo.svg/1200px-Icann_logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="955"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Icann_logo.svg/800px-Icann_logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="637"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Icann_logo.svg/640px-Icann_logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="510"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="ICANN - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-ICANN rootpage-ICANN skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=ICANN" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=ICANN" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=ICANN" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=ICANN" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Notable events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governmental_Advisory_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_Advisory_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Governmental Advisory Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_Advisory_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Representatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Observers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trusted_Community_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trusted_Community_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Trusted Community Representatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trusted_Community_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_input" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_input"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Democratic input </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_input-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Activities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Activities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute_Resolution_Policy_(UDRP)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute_Resolution_Policy_(UDRP)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Uniform Domain-Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute_Resolution_Policy_(UDRP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_elimination_of_public_DNS_whois" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_elimination_of_public_DNS_whois"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Proposed elimination of public DNS whois </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_elimination_of_public_DNS_whois-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposals_for_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposals_for_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Proposals for reform </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposals_for_reform-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Proposals for reform subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Proposals_for_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IBSA_proposal_(2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IBSA_proposal_(2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 IBSA proposal (2011) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IBSA_proposal_(2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation_(2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation_(2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation (2013) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation_(2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_Multistakeholder_Meeting_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Governance_(2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_Multistakeholder_Meeting_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Governance_(2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance (2013) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_Multistakeholder_Meeting_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Governance_(2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NetMundial_Initiative_(2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NetMundial_Initiative_(2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 NetMundial Initiative (2014) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NetMundial_Initiative_(2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TLD_expansion_and_concerns_about_specific_top-level_domains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TLD_expansion_and_concerns_about_specific_top-level_domains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 TLD expansion and concerns about specific top-level domains </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-TLD_expansion_and_concerns_about_specific_top-level_domains-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle TLD expansion and concerns about specific top-level domains subsection </button> <ul id="toc-TLD_expansion_and_concerns_about_specific_top-level_domains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-.sucks_domain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#.sucks_domain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 .sucks domain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-.sucks_domain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-.islam,_.halal_top_level_domains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#.islam,_.halal_top_level_domains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 .islam, .halal top level domains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-.islam,_.halal_top_level_domains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-.org_price_cap_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#.org_price_cap_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 .org price cap removal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-.org_price_cap_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-.amazon_gTLD_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#.amazon_gTLD_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 .amazon gTLD dispute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-.amazon_gTLD_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">ICANN</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" > 53 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آيكان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آيكان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8" title="আইসিএএনএন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইসিএএনএন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D1%96_%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Сеціўнае таварыства па надаванні імёнаў і нумароў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сеціўнае таварыства па надаванні імёнаў і нумароў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Интернет корпорация за присвоени имена и адреси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Интернет корпорация за присвоени имена и адреси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporaci%C3%B3n_de_Internet_para_la_Asignaci%C3%B3n_de_Nombres_y_N%C3%BAmeros" title="Corporación de Internet para la Asignación de Nombres y Números – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corporación de Internet para la Asignación de Nombres y Números" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آیکان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیکان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interneta_v%C4%81rdu_un_numuru_pie%C5%A1%C4%B7ires_korpor%C4%81cija" title="Interneta vārdu un numuru piešķires korporācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Interneta vārdu un numuru piešķires korporācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഐകാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐകാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آيكان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="آيكان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Internet_para_Atribui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Nomes_e_N%C3%BAmeros" title="Corporação da Internet para Atribuição de Nomes e Números – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corporação da Internet para Atribuição de Nomes e Números" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpora%C8%9Bia_Internet_pentru_Nume_%C8%99i_Numere_Alocate" title="Corporația Internet pentru Nume și Numere Alocate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Corporația Internet pentru Nume și Numere Alocate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternet_Tahsisli_Say%C4%B1lar_ve_%C4%B0simler_Kurumu" title="İnternet Tahsisli Sayılar ve İsimler Kurumu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnternet Tahsisli Sayılar ve İsimler Kurumu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Інтернет-корпорація з присвоєння імен та номерів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інтернет-корпорація з присвоєння імен та номерів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="ICANN" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0%E6%90%AD%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" title="互联网名称搭数字地址分配机构 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="互联网名称搭数字地址分配机构" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0%E4%B8%8E%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" title="互联网名称与数字地址分配机构 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="互联网名称与数字地址分配机构" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q485750#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:ICANN" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/ICANN">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICANN&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/ICANN">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICANN&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/ICANN" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/ICANN" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICANN&oldid=1280205187" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICANN&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=ICANN&id=1280205187&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FICANN">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FICANN">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=ICANN&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICANN&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:ICANN" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:ICANN" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q485750" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until December 11, 2025 at 22:24 UTC, due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American nonprofit organization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_on_Civil_Aviation_Noise" title="Independent Commission on Civil Aviation Noise">Independent Commission on Civil Aviation Noise</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Icann_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Icann_logo.svg/220px-Icann_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Icann_logo.svg/330px-Icann_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Icann_logo.svg/440px-Icann_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="207" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">ICANN</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">September 30, 1998; 26 years ago (1998-09-30)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/501(c)3_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)3 organization">501(c)3 organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Identification_Number" title="Taxpayer Identification Number">Tax ID no.</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">95-4712218</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data">Manage <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> numbers and <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> root</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, California, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Kurt Erik Lindqvist (CEO and <a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">president</a>)</li><li>Tripti Sinha (<a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chair of the Board</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a> (founder)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">428</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icann.org">icann.org</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485750#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024_-_transparent,_inverted.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Visualization of Internet routing paths"><img alt="Visualization of Internet routing paths" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/150px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/225px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/300px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">An <a href="/wiki/Opte_Project" title="Opte Project">Opte Project</a> visualization of <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing paths</a> through a portion of the Internet</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_activism" title="Data activism">Data activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_freedom" title="Internet freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena" title="List of Internet phenomena">Internet phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">Net neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacktivism" title="Slacktivism">Slacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Internet_usage" title="Global Internet usage">Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_vigilantism" title="Internet vigilantism">Vigilantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">Virtual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_volunteering" title="Virtual volunteering">Virtual volunteering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">Governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">IGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry#Number_Resource_Organization" title="Regional Internet registry">NRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ICANN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">ISOC</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Information_infrastructure" title="Information infrastructure">Information infrastructure</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" title="Internet exchange point">Internet exchange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">Internet Message Access Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Services</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_fax" title="Internet fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">File transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">search</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_currently_registered_Internet_domain_names" title="List of the oldest currently registered Internet domain names">Oldest domain names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Guides</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Internet-related_articles" title="Index of Internet-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Internet" title="Outline of the Internet">Outline</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet" title="Template:Internet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet" title="Template talk:Internet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="1" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 220px; float: right; clear: right; border: 1px solid #8888aa; padding: 5px; margin: 0 0 15px 15px; text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #ccf; text-align: center;">Internet history timeline </td></tr> <tr> <td> Early research and development: <ul><li>1960–1964: <a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> networking concepts developed</li> <li>1962–1964: <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> networking ideas</li> <li>1965 (1965): <a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> concepts conceived</li> <li>1966 (1966): <a href="/wiki/Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a> founded</li> <li>1967 (1967): <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> planning begins</li> <li>1967 (1967): <a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a></li> <li>1969 (1969): NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets</li> <li>1970 (1970): <a href="/wiki/InterNIC#History" title="InterNIC">Network Information Center</a> (NIC)</li> <li>1971 (1971): <a href="/wiki/Tymnet" title="Tymnet">Tymnet</a> switched-circuit network</li> <li>1972 (1972): Merit Network's packet-switched network operational</li> <li>1972 (1972): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA) established</li> <li>1973 (1973): <a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> network demonstrated</li> <li>1973 (1973): <a href="/wiki/PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</a> development begins</li> <li>1974 (1974): <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> specification published</li> <li>1975 (1975): <a href="/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a> commercial packet-switched network</li> <li>1976 (1976): <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> protocol approved and deployed on <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data networks</a></li> <li>1978 (1978): <a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a> introduced</li> <li>1979 (1979): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Activities Board</a> (IAB)</li> <li>1980 (1980): <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> news using <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li>1980 (1980): <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> standard introduced</li> <li>1981 (1981): <a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a> established</li></ul> Merging the networks and creating the Internet: <ul><li>1981 (1981): <a href="/wiki/CSNET" title="CSNET">Computer Science Network</a> (CSNET)</li> <li>1982 (1982): <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> protocol suite formalized</li> <li>1982 (1982): <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP)</li> <li>1983 (1983): <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS)</li> <li>1983 (1983): <a href="/wiki/MILNET" title="MILNET">MILNET</a> split off from ARPANET</li> <li>1984 (1984): <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI Reference Model</a> released</li> <li>1985 (1985): <a href="/wiki/Domain_names#Domain_name_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">First .COM domain name registered</a></li> <li>1986 (1986): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> with 56 kbit/s links</li> <li>1986 (1986): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF)</li> <li>1987 (1987): <a href="/wiki/UUNET" title="UUNET">UUNET</a> founded</li> <li>1988 (1988): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)</li> <li>1988 (1988): <a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a></li> <li>1988 (1988): Complete <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></li> <li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> (BGP)</li> <li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/PSINet" title="PSINet">PSINet</a> founded, allows commercial traffic</li> <li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/Federal_Internet_Exchange" title="Federal Internet Exchange">Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)</a></li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/Government_Open_Systems_Interconnection_Profile" title="Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile">GOSIP</a> (without <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a>)</li> <li>1990 (1990): ARPANET decommissioned</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">Advanced Network and Services</a> (ANS)</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/UUNET#Early_existence" title="UUNET">UUNET/Alternet</a> allows commercial traffic</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/Archie_(search_engine)" title="Archie (search engine)">Archie search engine</a></li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_information_server" title="Wide area information server">Wide area information server</a> (WAIS)</li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a></li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchange" title="Commercial Internet eXchange">Commercial Internet eXchange</a> (CIX)</li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">ANS CO+RE</a> allows commercial traffic</li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (WWW)</li> <li>1992 (1992): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)</li> <li>1992 (1992): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC) established</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">Classless Inter-Domain Routing</a> (CIDR)</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/InterNIC" title="InterNIC">InterNIC</a> established</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> added <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> access</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/NCSA_Mosaic" title="NCSA Mosaic">Mosaic web browser</a> released</li> <li>1994 (1994): <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">Full text web search engines</a></li> <li>1994 (1994): <a href="/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a> (NANOG) established</li></ul> Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet: <ul><li>1995 (1995): New Internet architecture with commercial <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a> connected at <a href="/wiki/Network_Access_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Access Point">NAPs</a></li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> decommissioned</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/GOSIP" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSIP">GOSIP</a> updated to allow <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a></li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/Very_high-speed_Backbone_Network_Service" title="Very high-speed Backbone Network Service">very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)</a></li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> proposed</li> <li>1996 (1996): <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> changes pricing model from hourly to monthly</li> <li>1998 (1998): <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)</a></li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11b</a> wireless networking</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Abilene_Network" title="Abilene Network">Abilene Network</a></li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/VBNS" class="mw-redirect" title="VBNS">vBNS+</a> allows broader access</li> <li>2000 (2000): <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> bursts</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Proposed_domains" title="Top-level domain">New top-level domain names activated</a></li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_II" title="Code Red II">Code Red II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nimda" title="Nimda">Nimda</a> worms</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I</a></li></ul> <ul><li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/National_LambdaRail" title="National LambdaRail">National LambdaRail</a> founded</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Internet_Governance" title="Working Group on Internet Governance">UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)</a></li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN WSIS phase II</a></li> <li>2006 (2006): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum</a></li> <li>2010 (2010): <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDs" title="Top-level domain">First internationalized country code top-level domains</a> registered</li> <li>2012 (2012): <a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domains" title="Generic top-level domain">ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names</a></li> <li>2013 (2013): <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation" title="Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a></li> <li>2014 (2014): <a href="/wiki/NetMundial_Initiative" title="NetMundial Initiative">NetMundial international Internet governance proposal</a></li> <li>2016 (2016): <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ICANN</a> contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st</li></ul> Examples of Internet services: <ul><li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a> Internet movie database</li> <li>1994 (1994): <a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo!</a> web directory</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> online retailer</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> online auction and shopping</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> classified advertisements</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a> search engine</li> <li>1996 (1996): <a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook (formerly Hotmail)</a> free web-based e-mail</li> <li>1996 (1996): <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">RankDex</a> search engine</li> <li>1997 (1997): <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></li> <li>1997 (1997): <a href="/wiki/Babel_Fish_(website)" title="Babel Fish (website)">Babel Fish</a> automatic translation</li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Groups" title="Yahoo Groups">Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)</a></li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> Internet payment system</li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> review aggregator</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/2channel" title="2channel">2ch</a> Anonymous textboard</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/I-mode" title="I-mode">i-mode</a> mobile internet service</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</li> <li>2000 (2000): <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> search engine</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Futaba_Channel" title="Futaba Channel">2chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> business networking</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a> social networking site</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> Internet voice calls</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent file</a> host</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> social networking site</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcast</a> media file series</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> image hosting</li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> video sharing</li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> link voting</li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> virtual globe</li> <li>2006 (2006): <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> microblogging</li> <li>2007 (2007): <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> anonymous news and information leaks</li> <li>2007 (2007): <a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Google Street View</a></li> <li>2007 (2007): <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> and virtual bookshop</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a> (EC2)</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a> cloud-based file hosting</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a>, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM-based</a> music streaming service</li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a> search engine</li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a>, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service</li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Threshold_pledge_system" title="Threshold pledge system">threshold pledge system</a></li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">digital currency</a></li> <li>2010 (2010): <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li> <li>2011 (2011): <a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li> <li>2011 (2011): <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a></li> <li>2012 (2012): <a href="/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a>, massive open online courses</li> <li>2016 (2016): <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video sharing">video sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICANN_Headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ICANN_Headquarters.jpg/220px-ICANN_Headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ICANN_Headquarters.jpg/330px-ICANN_Headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ICANN_Headquarters.jpg/440px-ICANN_Headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3891" /></a><figcaption>ICANN headquarters in the <a href="/wiki/Playa_Vista,_Los_Angeles" title="Playa Vista, Los Angeles">Playa Vista</a> neighborhood of Los Angeles.</figcaption></figure> The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈaɪkæn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">EYE-kan</a>) is a global <a href="/wiki/Multistakeholder_governance" title="Multistakeholder governance">multistakeholder group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a> headquartered in the United States responsible for coordinating the maintenance and procedures of several <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a> related to the <a href="/wiki/Namespace" title="Namespace">namespaces</a> and numerical spaces of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, ensuring the Internet's stable and secure operation.<a href="#cite_note-ICANN_Bylaws-2">[2]</a> ICANN performs the actual technical maintenance work of the Central Internet Address pools and <a href="/wiki/DNS_root_zone" title="DNS root zone">DNS root zone</a> registries pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA) function contract. The contract regarding the IANA <a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">stewardship</a> functions between ICANN and the <a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration" title="National Telecommunications and Information Administration">National Telecommunications and Information Administration</a> (NTIA) of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a> ended on October 1, 2016, formally transitioning the functions to the global multistakeholder community.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Much of its work has concerned the Internet's global <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS),<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> including policy development for internationalization of the DNS, introduction of new generic <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domains</a> (TLDs), and the operation of <a href="/wiki/Root_name_server" title="Root name server">root name servers</a>. The numbering facilities ICANN manages include the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> address spaces for <a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>, and the assignment of address blocks to <a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry" title="Regional Internet registry">regional Internet registries</a>. ICANN also maintains registries of Internet Protocol identifiers. ICANN's primary principles of operation have been described as helping preserve the operational stability of the Internet; promoting competition; achieving broad representation of the global Internet community; and developing policies appropriate to its mission through <a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">bottom-up</a>, consensus-based processes.<a href="#cite_note-Memorandum_of_understanding_between_the_U.S._Department_of_Commerce_and_Internet_Corporation_for_assigned_names_and_numbers-8">[8]</a> The organization has often included a motto of "One World. One Internet." on annual reports beginning in 2010, on less formal publications, as well as their official website.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> ICANN was officially incorporated in the state of California on September 30, 1998.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Originally headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Marina_del_Rey" class="mw-redirect" title="Marina del Rey">Marina del Rey</a> in the same building as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Information_Sciences_Institute" title="Information Sciences Institute">Information Sciences Institute</a> (ISI), its offices are now in the <a href="/wiki/Playa_Vista,_Los_Angeles" title="Playa Vista, Los Angeles">Playa Vista</a> neighborhood of Los Angeles. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> Before the establishment of ICANN, the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> function of administering registries of Internet protocol identifiers (including the distributing top-level domains and IP addresses) was performed by <a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a>, a computer science researcher who had been involved in the creation of <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, first at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> and then at USC-ISI.<a href="#cite_note-V._Cerf-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In 1997 Postel testified before Congress that this had come about as a "side task" to this research work.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The Information Sciences Institute was funded by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a>, as was <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a>'s Network Information Center, which also performed some assigned name functions.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> As the Internet grew and expanded globally, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> initiated a process to establish a new organization to perform the IANA functions. On January 30, 1998, the <a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration" title="National Telecommunications and Information Administration">National Telecommunications and Information Administration</a> (NTIA), an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce, issued for comment, "A Proposal to Improve the Technical Management of Internet Names and Addresses." The proposed rule making, or "Green Paper",<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> was published in the Federal Register on February 20, 1998, providing opportunity for public comment. NTIA received more than 650 comments as of March 23, 1998, when the comment period closed.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The Green Paper proposed certain actions designed to privatize the management of Internet names and addresses in a manner that allows for the development of competition and facilitates global participation in Internet management. The Green Paper proposed for discussion a variety of issues relating to <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a> management including private sector creation of a new not-for-profit corporation (the "new corporation") managed by a globally and functionally representative board of directors.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> ICANN was formed in response to this policy.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> ICANN managed the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) under contract to the United States Department of Commerce (DOC) and pursuant to an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-B._Carpenter,_F._Baker,_M._Roberts-19">[19]</a> ICANN was incorporated in California on September 30, 1998, with entrepreneur and philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Esther_Dyson" title="Esther Dyson">Esther Dyson</a> as founding chairwoman.<a href="#cite_note-kepler.ss.ca.gov-20">[20]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Public-benefit_nonprofit_corporation" title="Public-benefit nonprofit corporation">public-benefit nonprofit corporation</a> "organized under the California Nonprofit Public Benefit Corporation Law for charitable and public purposes."<a href="#cite_note-ArticlesICANN-21">[21]</a> ICANN was established in California due to the presence of Postel, who was a founder of ICANN and was set to be its first <a href="/wiki/Chief_Technology_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Technology Officer">Chief Technology Officer</a> prior to his unexpected death. ICANN formerly operated from the same <a href="/wiki/Marina_del_Rey,_California" title="Marina del Rey, California">Marina del Rey</a> building where Postel formerly worked, which is home to an office of the <a href="/wiki/Information_Sciences_Institute" title="Information Sciences Institute">Information Sciences Institute</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>. However, ICANN's headquarters is now located in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Playa_Vista,_Los_Angeles" title="Playa Vista, Los Angeles">Playa Vista</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Westside_(Los_Angeles_County)" title="Westside (Los Angeles County)">Los Angeles</a>. Per its original <a href="/wiki/By-law" title="By-law">by-laws</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> primary responsibility for policy formation in ICANN was to be delegated to three supporting organizations (Address Supporting Organization, Domain Name Supporting Organization, and Protocol Supporting Organization), each of which was to develop and recommend substantive policies and procedures for the management of the identifiers within their respective scope. They were also required to be financially independent from ICANN.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> As expected, the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry" title="Regional Internet registry">regional Internet registries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a> agreed to serve as the Address Supporting Organization and Protocol Supporting Organization respectively,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and ICANN issued a call for interested parties to propose the structure and composition of the Domain Name Supporting Organization.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In March 1999, the ICANN Board, based in part on the DNSO proposals received, decided instead on an alternate construction for the DNSO which delineated specific constituencies bodies within ICANN itself,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> thus adding primary responsibility for DNS policy development to ICANN's existing duties of oversight and coordination. On July 26, 2006, the United States government renewed the contract with ICANN for performance of the IANA function for an additional one to five years.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_cedes_control_of_the_Internet_-_but_what_now?-29">[29]</a> The context of ICANN's relationship with the U.S. government was clarified on September 29, 2006, when ICANN signed a new <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> with the United States Department of Commerce (DOC).<a href="#cite_note-BenedekBauer2008-30">[30]</a> This document gave the DOC oversight over some of the ICANN operations.<a href="#cite_note-BenedekBauer2008-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacKinnon2012-31">[31]</a> In July 2008, the DOC reiterated an earlier statement<a href="#cite_note-2005-07-us-32">[32]</a> that it has "no plans to transition management of the authoritative <a href="/wiki/Root_zone_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Root zone file">root zone file</a> to ICANN". The letter also stresses the separate roles of the IANA and <a href="/wiki/VeriSign" class="mw-redirect" title="VeriSign">VeriSign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._DoC_letter_to_ICANN-33">[33]</a> On September 30, 2009, ICANN signed an agreement with the DOC (known as the "Affirmation of Commitments") that confirmed ICANN's commitment to a <a href="/wiki/Multistakeholder_governance_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Multistakeholder governance model">multistakeholder governance model</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ZDNet2009-34">[34]</a> but did not remove it from DOC oversight and control. The Affirmation of Commitments, which aimed to create international oversight, ran into criticism.<a href="#cite_note-PC_World_2009-10-01-35">[35]</a> On March 10, 2016, ICANN and the DOC signed a historic, culminating agreement to finally remove ICANN and IANA from the control and oversight of the DOC.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> On October 1, 2016, ICANN was freed from U.S. government oversight.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Since its creation, ICANN has been the subject of criticism and controversy.<a href="#cite_note-DLTR_2001-02-14-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jeremy_Malcolm-39">[39]</a> In 2000, professor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Froomkin" title="Michael Froomkin">Michael Froomkin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami_School_of_Law" title="University of Miami School of Law">University of Miami School of Law</a> argued that ICANN's relationship with the U.S. Department of Commerce is illegal, in violation of either the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">federal statutes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DLJ_2000-10-40">[40]</a> On June 10, 2024, it was announced that Kurt Erik Lindqvist, who has been CEO of the <a href="/wiki/London_Internet_Exchange" title="London Internet Exchange">London Internet Exchange</a> since 2019, was to become the new president and CEO of ICANN on December 5, 2024.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_events">Notable events</h2></div> On March 18, 2002, publicly elected At-Large Representative for North America board member <a href="/wiki/Karl_Auerbach" title="Karl Auerbach">Karl Auerbach</a> sued ICANN in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Superior_Court" title="Los Angeles County Superior Court">Superior Court of Los Angeles County</a>, California, to gain access to ICANN's accounting records without restriction. Judge Dzintra Janavs ruled in Auerbach's favor on July 29, 2002.<a href="#cite_note-eff-42">[42]</a> During September and October 2003, ICANN played a crucial role in the conflict over <a href="/wiki/VeriSign" class="mw-redirect" title="VeriSign">VeriSign</a>'s "wild card" DNS service <a href="/wiki/Site_Finder" title="Site Finder">Site Finder</a>. After an open letter from ICANN issuing an ultimatum to VeriSign, later endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Architecture Board</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wildcard_entries_in_DNS_entries-43">[43]</a> the company voluntarily ended the service on October 4, 2003. After this action, VeriSign filed a lawsuit against ICANN on February 27, 2004, claiming that ICANN had exceeded its authority. By this lawsuit, VeriSign sought to reduce ambiguity about ICANN's authority. The antitrust component of VeriSign's claim was dismissed during August 2004. VeriSign's challenge that ICANN overstepped its contractual rights is currently outstanding. A proposed settlement already approved by ICANN's board would resolve VeriSign's challenge to ICANN in exchange for the right to increase pricing on .com domains. At the meeting of ICANN in Rome, which took place from March 2 to 6, 2004, ICANN agreed to ask approval of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Waiting_List_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Waiting List Service">Waiting List Service</a> of VeriSign.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On May 17, 2004, ICANN published a proposed budget for the year 2004–05. It included proposals to increase the openness and professionalism of its operations, and increased its proposed spending from US$8.27 million to $15.83 million.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The increase was to be funded by the introduction of new <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domains</a>, charges to <a href="/wiki/Domain_name_registry" title="Domain name registry">domain registries</a>, and a fee for some domain name registrations, renewals and transfers (initially US$0.20 for all domains within a country-code top-level domain, and US$0.25 for all others).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_European_National_Top_Level_Domain_Registries" title="Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries">Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries</a> (CENTR), which represents the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet registries</a> of 39 countries, rejected the increase, accusing ICANN of a lack of financial prudence and criticizing what it describes as ICANN's "unrealistic political and operational targets". Despite the criticism, the registry agreement for the top-level domains <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>jobs and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" />travel includes a US$2 fee on every domain the licensed companies sell or renew.<a href="#cite_note-theregister-45">[45]</a> After a second round of negotiations during 2004, the TLDs <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">eu</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><a href="/wiki/.asia" title=".asia">asia</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><a href="/wiki/.travel" title=".travel">travel</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><a href="/wiki/.jobs" title=".jobs">jobs</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><a href="/wiki/.mobi" title=".mobi">mobi</a>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><a href="/wiki/.cat" title=".cat">cat</a> were introduced during 2005. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerf%27s_Up-marquee-20071031.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cerf%27s_Up-marquee-20071031.jpg/220px-Cerf%27s_Up-marquee-20071031.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cerf%27s_Up-marquee-20071031.jpg/330px-Cerf%27s_Up-marquee-20071031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cerf%27s_Up-marquee-20071031.jpg/440px-Cerf%27s_Up-marquee-20071031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3769" data-file-height="2535" /></a><figcaption>ICANN meeting, Los Angeles USA, 2007. The sign refers to <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a>, then chairman of the board of directors, who is working on the so-called <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_Internet" title="Interplanetary Internet">Interplanetary Internet</a>.</figcaption></figure> On February 28, 2006, ICANN's board approved a settlement with VeriSign in the lawsuit resulting from SiteFinder that involved allowing VeriSign (the registry) to raise its registration fees by up to 7% a year.<a href="#cite_note-icann-46">[46]</a> This was criticised by a few members of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>' <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Small_Business_and_Entrepreneurship" title="United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship">Small Business Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-com-47">[47]</a> During February 2007, ICANN began procedures to end accreditation of one of their registrars, <a href="/wiki/RegisterFly" title="RegisterFly">RegisterFly</a> amid charges and lawsuits involving fraud, and criticism of ICANN's management of the situation. ICANN has been the subject of criticism as a result of its handling of RegisterFly, and the harm caused to thousands of clients as a result of what has been termed ICANN's "laissez faire attitude toward customer allegations of fraud".<a href="#cite_note-TheRegisterICANNCriticism1-48">[48]</a> On May 23, 2008, ICANN issued enforcement notices against ten accredited registrars and announced this through a press release entitled "'Worst Spam Offenders' Notified by ICANN, Compliance system working to correct Whois and other issues."<a href="#cite_note-icann1-49">[49]</a> This was largely in response to a report issued by <a href="/wiki/KnujOn" title="KnujOn">KnujOn</a>, called "The 10 Worst Registrars" in terms of spam advertised junk product sites and compliance failure.<a href="#cite_note-knujon-50">[50]</a> The mention of the word "<a href="/wiki/Spam_(electronic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (electronic)">spam</a>" in the title of the ICANN memo is somewhat misleading since ICANN does not address issues of spam or email abuse. Website content and usage are not within ICANN's mandate. However, the KnujOn report details how various registrars have not complied with their contractual obligations under the Registrar Accreditation Agreement (RAA).<a href="#cite_note-icann2-51">[51]</a> The main point of the KnujOn research was to demonstrate the relationships between compliance failure, illicit product traffic, and spam. The report demonstrated that out of 900 ICANN accredited registrars, fewer than 20 held 90% of the web domains advertised in spam. These same registrars were also most frequently cited by KnujOn as failing to resolve complaints made through the Whois Data Problem Reporting System (WDPRS). On June 26, 2008, the ICANN Board started a <a href="/wiki/.events" class="mw-redirect" title=".events">new process of TLD naming policy</a> to take a "significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top-level domains." This program envisioned the availability of many new or already proposed domains, as well a new application and implementation process.<a href="#cite_note-32nd_International_Public_ICANN_Meeting-52">[52]</a> On October 1, 2008, ICANN issued breach notices against Joker and Beijing Innovative Linkage Technology Ltd.<a href="#cite_note-icann3-53">[53]</a> after further researching reports and complaints issued by KnujOn. These notices gave the registrars 15 days to fix their Whois investigation efforts. In 2010, ICANN approved a major review of its policies with respect to <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a>, transparency, and public participation by the <a href="/wiki/Berkman_Center_for_Internet_and_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkman Center for Internet and Society">Berkman Center for Internet and Society</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-icann4-54">[54]</a> This external review was an assistance of the work of ICANN's Accountability and Transparency Review team.<a href="#cite_note-icann5-55">[55]</a> On February 3, 2011, ICANN announced that it had distributed the last batch of its remaining IPv4 addresses to the world's five regional Internet registries, the organizations that manage IP addresses in different regions. These registries began assigning the final IPv4 addresses within their regions until they ran out completely.<a href="#cite_note-icann6-56">[56]</a> On June 20, 2011, the ICANN board voted to end most restrictions on the names of <a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain" title="Generic top-level domain">generic top-level domains</a> (gTLD).<a href="#cite_note-VOA-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-yahoo-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-zdnet-59">[59]</a> Companies and organizations became able to choose essentially arbitrary top-level Internet domain names. The use of non-Latin characters (such as Cyrillic, Arabic, Chinese, etc.) is also allowed in gTLDs. ICANN began accepting applications for new gTLDS on January 12, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-VOA-57">[57]</a> The initial price to apply for a new gTLD was set at $185,000<a href="#cite_note-bbc-60">[60]</a> and the annual renewal fee is $25,000.<a href="#cite_note-icann7-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-mashable-62">[62]</a> During December 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> stated ICANN had long failed to provide safeguards that protect consumers from online <a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">swindlers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_2011-12-21-63">[63]</a> Following the 2013 <a href="/wiki/NSA_spying_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA spying scandal">NSA spying scandal</a>, ICANN endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Montevideo Statement">Montevideo Statement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-montevideo-64">[64]</a> although no direct connection between these could be proven.<a href="#cite_note-igdstatement-65">[65]</a> On October 1, 2016, ICANN ended its contract with the United States Department of Commerce National Telecommunications and Information Administration (<abbr>NTIA</abbr>) and entered the private sector.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a> (active since May 25, 2018) has had an impact on ICANN's operations, which had to be fixed via some last minute changes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> From its founding to the present, ICANN has been formally organized as a nonprofit corporation "for charitable and public purposes" under the California Nonprofit Public Benefit Corporation Law. It is managed by a 16-member board of directors composed of eight members selected by a nominating committee on which all the constituencies of ICANN are represented; six representatives of its Supporting Organizations, sub-groups that deal with specific sections of the policies under ICANN's purview; an at-large seat filled by an at-large organization; and the president / CEO, appointed by the board.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> There are currently three supporting organizations: the Generic Names Supporting Organization (GNSO) deals with policy making on <a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain" title="Generic top-level domain">generic top-level domains</a> (gTLDs);<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Country_Code_Names_Supporting_Organization" title="Country Code Names Supporting Organization">Country Code Names Supporting Organization</a> (ccNSO) deals with policy making on <a href="/wiki/Country-code_top-level_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Country-code top-level domain">country-code top-level domains</a> (ccTLDs); the <a href="/wiki/Address_Supporting_Organization" title="Address Supporting Organization">Address Supporting Organization</a> (ASO) deals with policy making on IP addresses.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> ICANN also relies on some advisory committees and other advisory mechanisms to receive advice on the interests and needs of stakeholders that do not directly participate in the Supporting Organizations.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> These include the Governmental Advisory Committee (GAC), which is composed of representatives of a large number of national governments from all over the world; the <a href="/wiki/At-Large_Advisory_Committee" title="At-Large Advisory Committee">At-Large Advisory Committee</a> (ALAC), which is composed of individual Internet users from around the world selected by each of the Regional At-Large Organizations (RALO)<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and Nominating Committee; the Root Server System Advisory Committee, which provides advice on the operation of the DNS root server system; the Security and Stability Advisory Committee (SSAC), which is composed of Internet experts who study security issues pertaining to ICANN's mandate; and the Technical Liaison Group (TLG), which is composed of representatives of other international technical organizations that focus, at least in part, on the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governmental_Advisory_Committee">Governmental Advisory Committee</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICANN_Government_Advisory_Committee.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ICANN_Government_Advisory_Committee.png/300px-ICANN_Government_Advisory_Committee.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ICANN_Government_Advisory_Committee.png/450px-ICANN_Government_Advisory_Committee.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ICANN_Government_Advisory_Committee.png/600px-ICANN_Government_Advisory_Committee.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Governmental Advisory Committee representatives</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Representatives">Representatives</h4></div> The Governmental Advisory Committee has representatives from 179 states and 38 Observer organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">African Union Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Observers">Observers</h4></div> In addition the following organizations are GAC Observers:<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Telecommunications_Union" title="African Telecommunications Union">African Telecommunications Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Telecommunity" title="Asia-Pacific Telecommunity">Asia-Pacific Telecommunity</a></li> <li>Caribbean Telecommunications Union (CTU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Telecommunications_Organisation" title="Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation">Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation</a> (CTO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Commission_for_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Commission for Africa">Economic Commission for Africa</a> (ECA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organization_for_Nuclear_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organization for Nuclear Research">European Organization for Nuclear Research</a> (CERN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="International Labour Office">International Labour Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Police_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="International Criminal Police Organization">International Criminal Police Organization</a> (INTERPOL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</a></li> <li>Latin American Association of Telecom Regulatory Agencies (REGULATEL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Arab_States" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Arab States">League of Arab States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">New Partnership for Africa's Development</a> (NEPAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Islamic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Islamic Cooperation">The Organization for Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a> (OIF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pacific_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of the Pacific Community">Secretariat of the Pacific Community</a> (SPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Telecommunication_Commission" title="Inter-American Telecommunication Commission">Inter-American Telecommunication Commission</a> (CITEL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Educational_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization">United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (UNESCO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trusted_Community_Representatives">Trusted Community Representatives</h3></div> As the operator of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority#Domain_names" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA domain name functions</a>, ICANN is responsible for the <a href="/wiki/DNSSEC" class="mw-redirect" title="DNSSEC">DNSSEC</a> management of the root zone. While day-to-day operations are managed by ICANN and <a href="/wiki/Verisign" title="Verisign">Verisign</a>, the trust is rooted in a group of Trusted Community Representatives. The members of this group must not be affiliated with ICANN, but are instead members of the broader DNS community, volunteering to become a Trusted Community Representative. The role of the representatives are primarily to take part in regular key ceremonies at a physical location, organized by ICANN, and to safeguard the key materials in between.<a href="#cite_note-iana-tcr-criteria-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_input">Democratic input</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">Memorandum of understanding</a> that set up the relationship between ICANN and the U.S. government, ICANN was given a mandate requiring that it operate "in a bottom-up, consensus-driven, democratic manner." However, the attempts that ICANN has made to establish an <a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure" title="Organizational structure">organizational structure</a> that would allow wide input from the global Internet community did not produce results amenable to the current Board. As a result, the At-Large constituency and direct election of board members by the global Internet community were soon abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-participation-77">[77]</a> ICANN <a href="/wiki/List_of_ICANN_meetings" title="List of ICANN meetings">holds periodic public meetings</a> rotated between continents for the purpose of encouraging global participation in its processes. Resolutions of the ICANN Board, preliminary reports, and minutes of the meetings are published on the ICANN website, sometimes in real-time. However, there are criticisms from ICANN constituencies including the Noncommercial Users Constituency (NCUC)<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/At-Large_Advisory_Committee" title="At-Large Advisory Committee">At-Large Advisory Committee</a> (ALAC) that there is not enough <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of information legislation">public disclosure</a> and that too many discussions and decisions take place out of sight of the public.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> During the early 2000s, there had been speculation that the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> might assume control of ICANN,<a href="#cite_note-U.N._Summit_to_Focus_on_Internet-80">[80]</a> followed by a negative reaction from the U.S. government<a href="#cite_note-2005-07-us-32">[32]</a> and worries about a division of the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-Power_grab_could_split_the_net-81">[81]</a> At UN's <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">World Summit on the Information Society</a> in Tunisia in November 2005, the world's governments agreed not to get involved in the day-to-day and technical operations of ICANN. However they also agreed to establish an international <a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">Internet Governance Forum</a>, with a consultative role on the future governance of the Internet. ICANN's Government Advisory Committee is currently established to provide advice to ICANN regarding public policy issues and has participation by many of the world's governments.<a href="#cite_note-icann_gac-82">[82]</a> Some have attempted to argue that ICANN was never given the authority to decide policy, e.g., choose new TLDs or exclude other interested parties who refuse to pay ICANN's US$185,000 fee but was to be a technical caretaker. Critics[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] suggest that ICANN should not be allowed to impose business rules on market participants and that all TLDs should be added on a <a href="/wiki/First-come,_first-served" class="mw-redirect" title="First-come, first-served">first-come, first-served</a> basis and the market should be the arbiter of who succeeds and who does not.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute_Resolution_Policy_(UDRP)">Uniform Domain-Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP)</h3></div> One task that ICANN was asked to do was to address the issue of domain name ownership resolution for <a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain" title="Generic top-level domain">generic top-level domains</a> (gTLDs). ICANN's attempt at such a policy was drafted in close cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO), and the result has now become known as the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute-Resolution_Policy" title="Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy">Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy</a> (UDRP). This policy essentially attempts to provide a mechanism for rapid, cheap and reasonable resolution of domain name conflicts, avoiding the traditional court system for disputes by allowing cases to be brought to one of a set of bodies that arbitrate domain name disputes. According to ICANN policy, domain registrants must agree to be bound by the UDRP—they cannot get a domain name without agreeing to this. Examination of the UDRP decision patterns has caused some<a href="#cite_note-vjolt-84">[84]</a> to conclude that compulsory domain name arbitration is less likely to give a fair hearing to domain name owners asserting defenses under the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> and other laws, compared to the federal courts of appeal in particular. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_elimination_of_public_DNS_whois">Proposed elimination of public DNS whois</h3></div> In 2013, the initial report of ICANN's Expert Working Group has recommended that the present form of <a href="/wiki/Whois" class="mw-redirect" title="Whois">Whois</a>, a utility that allows anyone to know who has registered a domain name on the Internet, should be "abandoned". It recommends it be replaced with a system that keeps most registration information secret (or "gated") from most Internet users, and only discloses information for "permissible purposes".<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> ICANN's list of permissible purposes includes domain name research, domain name sale and purchase, regulatory enforcement, personal data protection, legal actions, and abuse mitigation.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Whois has been a key tool of investigative journalists interested in determining who was disseminating information on the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The use of whois by journalists is not included in the list of permissible purposes in the initial report. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposals_for_reform">Proposals for reform</h2></div> Proposals have been made to internationalize ICANN's monitoring responsibilities (currently the responsibility of the US), to transform it into an international organization (under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>), and to "establish an intergovernmental mechanism enabling governments, on an equal footing, to carry out their role and responsibilities in international public policy issues pertaining to the Internet".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IBSA_proposal_(2011)">IBSA proposal (2011)</h3></div> One controversial proposal, resulting from a September 2011 summit between India, Brazil, and South Africa (IBSA), would seek to move Internet governance into a "UN Committee on Internet-Related Policy" (UN-CIRP).<a href="#cite_note-IBSA-2011-89">[89]</a> The action was a reaction to a perception that the principles of the 2005 Tunis Agenda for the Information Society have not been met.<a href="#cite_note-IBSA-2011-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The statement proposed the creation of a new political organization operating as a component of the United Nations to provide policy recommendations for the consideration of technical organizations such as ICANN and international bodies such as the ITU.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Subsequent to public criticisms, the Indian government backed away from the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation_(2013)">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation (2013)</h3></div> On October 7, 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Montevideo Statement">Montevideo Statement</a> on the Future of Internet Cooperation was released by the managers of a number of organizations involved in coordinating the Internet's global technical infrastructure, loosely known as the "I*" (or "I-star") group. Among other things, the statement "expressed strong concern over the undermining of the trust and confidence of Internet users globally due to recent revelations of pervasive monitoring and surveillance" and "called for accelerating the globalization of ICANN and IANA functions, towards an environment in which all stakeholders, including all governments, participate on an equal footing". This desire to reduce United States association with the internet is considered a reaction to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="PRISM (surveillance program)">NSA surveillance scandal</a>. The statement was signed by the managers of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Architecture Board</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>, and the five <a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry" title="Regional Internet registry">regional Internet address registries</a> (<a href="/wiki/African_Network_Information_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="African Network Information Center">African Network Information Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Registry_for_Internet_Numbers" title="American Registry for Internet Numbers">American Registry for Internet Numbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Network_Information_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre">Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_Caribbean_Internet_Addresses_Registry" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin America and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry">Latin America and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seaux_IP_Europ%C3%A9ens_Network_Coordination_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre">Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre</a>).<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-booting-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_Multistakeholder_Meeting_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Governance_(2013)">Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance (2013)</h3></div> During October 2013, <a href="/wiki/Fadi_Chehad%C3%A9" title="Fadi Chehadé">Fadi Chehadé</a>, former president and CEO of ICANN, met with Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff in Brasilia. Upon Chehadé's invitation, the two announced that Brazil would host an international summit on Internet governance during April 2014.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The announcement came after the <a href="/wiki/2013_global_surveillance_disclosures" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 global surveillance disclosures">2013 disclosures of mass surveillance</a> by the U.S. government, and Rousseff's speech at the opening session of the 2013 United Nations General Assembly, where she strongly criticized the American surveillance program as a "breach of international law". The "<a href="/wiki/Global_Multistakeholder_Meeting_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance">Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance</a> (NET mundial)" will include representatives of government, industry, civil society, and academia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum#IGF_VIII_—_Bali,_Indonesia_2013" title="Internet Governance Forum">IGF VIII meeting in Bali in October 2013</a> a commenter noted that Brazil intends the meeting to be a "<a href="/wiki/Summit_(meeting)" title="Summit (meeting)">summit</a>" in the sense that it will be high level with decision-making authority.<a href="#cite_note-IGF2013-Summary-97">[97]</a> The organizers of the "NET mundial" meeting have decided that an online forum called "/1net", set up by the I* group, will be a major conduit of non-governmental input into the three committees preparing for the meeting in April.<a href="#cite_note-booting-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama administration</a> that had joined critics of ICANN during 2011<a href="#cite_note-TWP_2011-03-01-100">[100]</a> announced in March 2014 that they intended to transition away from oversight of the IANA functions contract. The current contract that the <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Commerce Department">United States Department of Commerce</a> has with ICANN expired in 2015, in its place the NTIA will transition oversight of the IANA functions to the 'global multistakeholder community'.<a href="#cite_note-NTIA-IANA-Transition-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NetMundial_Initiative_(2014)">NetMundial Initiative (2014)</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/NetMundial_Initiative" title="NetMundial Initiative">NetMundial Initiative</a> is a plan for international governance of the Internet that was first proposed at the Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance (GMMFIG) conference (April 23–24, 2014)<a href="#cite_note-bbc-April2014-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-circleid-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-pctech-104">[104]</a> and later developed into the NetMundial Initiative by ICANN CEO <a href="/wiki/Fadi_Chehad%C3%A9" title="Fadi Chehadé">Fadi Chehadé</a> along with representatives of the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> (WEF)<a href="#cite_note-wef-105">[105]</a> and the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil), commonly referred to as "CGI.br".<a href="#cite_note-cgi-106">[106]</a> The meeting produced a nonbinding statement in favor of consensus-based decision-making. It represented a compromise and did not harshly condemn mass surveillance or support <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a>, despite initial endorsement for that from Brazil. The final resolution says ICANN should be controlled internationally by September 2015.<a href="#cite_note-businessweek-107">[107]</a> A minority of governments, including Russia, China, Iran and India, were unhappy with the final resolution and wanted multilateral management for the Internet (such as a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>-based model), rather than broader multistakeholder management.<a href="#cite_note-businessstandard-108">[108]</a> A month later, the Panel on Global Internet Cooperation and Governance Mechanisms (convened by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the World Economic Forum (WEF) with assistance from <a href="/wiki/The_Annenberg_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Annenberg Foundation">The Annenberg Foundation</a>), endorsed and included the NetMundial statement in its own report.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> During June 2014, France strongly attacked ICANN, saying ICANN is not a fit venue for Internet governance and that alternatives should be sought.<a href="#cite_note-AFP_2014-06-25-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TLD_expansion_and_concerns_about_specific_top-level_domains">TLD expansion and concerns about specific top-level domains</h2></div> During 2011, seventy-nine companies, including <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">The Coca-Cola Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and others, signed a petition against ICANN's new TLD program (sometimes referred to as a "commercial landgrab"<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_2012-06-13-111">[111]</a>), in a group organized by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_National_Advertisers" title="Association of National Advertisers">Association of National Advertisers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPR_2012-06-14-112">[112]</a> As of September 2014, this group, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Responsible_Internet_Domain_Oversight" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition for Responsible Internet Domain Oversight">Coalition for Responsible Internet Domain Oversight</a>, that opposes the rollout of ICANN's TLD expansion program, has been joined by 102 associations and 79 major companies.<a href="#cite_note-ANA_CRIDO-113">[113]</a> Partly as a response to this criticism, ICANN initiated an effort to protect trademarks in domain name registrations, which eventually culminated in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Trademark_Clearinghouse" title="Trademark Clearinghouse">Trademark Clearinghouse</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=".sucks_domain">.sucks domain</h3></div> ICANN has received more than $60 million from gTLD auctions,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> and has accepted the controversial domain name ".sucks" (referring to the primarily US slang for being inferior or objectionable).<a href="#cite_note-reg1-115">[115]</a> sucks domains are owned and controlled by the Vox Populi Registry which won the rights for .sucks gTLD in November 2014.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/.sucks_(registry)" class="mw-redirect" title=".sucks (registry)">.sucks domain registrar</a> has been described as "predatory, exploitive and coercive" by the Intellectual Property Constituency that advises the ICANN board.<a href="#cite_note-reg1-115">[115]</a> When the .sucks registry announced their pricing model, "most brand owners were upset and felt like they were being penalized by having to pay more to protect their brands."<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Because of the low utility of the ".sucks" domain, most fees come from "Brand Protection" customers registering their trademarks to prevent domains being registered.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Canadian brands had complained that they were being charged "exorbitant" prices to register their trademarks as premium names. FTC chair Edith Ramirez has written to ICANN to say the agency will take action against the .sucks owner if "we have reason to believe an entity has engaged in deceptive or unfair practices in violation of Section 5 of the FTC Act".<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The Register reported that intellectual property lawyers are infuriated that "the dot-sucks registry was charging trademark holders $2,500 for .sucks domains and everyone else $10."<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Bob_Goodlatte" title="Bob Goodlatte">Bob Goodlatte</a> has said that trademark holders are "being shaken down" by the registry's fees.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Jay Rockefeller</a> says that .sucks is "a predatory shakedown scheme" and "Approving '.sucks', a gTLD with little or no public interest value, will have the effect of undermining the credibility ICANN has slowly been building with skeptical stakeholders."<a href="#cite_note-reg1-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=".islam,_.halal_top_level_domains">.islam, .halal top level domains</h3></div> In a long-running dispute, ICANN has so far declined to allow a Turkish company to purchase the .islam and .halal gTLDs, after the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> objected that the gTLDs should be administered by an organization that represents all the world's 1.6 billion Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> After a number of attempts to resolve the issue the domains are still held "on hold".<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=".org_price_cap_removal">.org price cap removal</h3></div> In April 2019, ICANN proposed an end to the price cap of org domains<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> and effectively removed it in July in spite of having received 3,252 opposing comments and only six in favor.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> A few months later, the owner of the domain, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Interest_Registry" title="Public Interest Registry">Public Interest Registry</a>, proposed to sell the domain to investment firm <a href="/wiki/Ethos_Capital" title="Ethos Capital">Ethos Capital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=".amazon_gTLD_dispute">.amazon gTLD dispute</h3></div> In May 2019, ICANN decided in favor of granting exclusive administration rights to <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">amazon.com</a> for the .amazon gTLD after a 7 year long dispute with the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Cooperation_Treaty_Organization" title="Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization">Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO)</a>. <a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_DNS_root" title="Alternative DNS root">Alternative DNS root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_name_scams" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain name scams">Domain name scams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">Domain name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_name_registrar" title="Domain name registrar">Domain name registrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name" title="Internationalized domain name">Internationalized domain name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">Top-level domain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Country code top-level domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain" title="Generic top-level domain">Generic top-level domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GeoTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GeoTLD">Geographic top-level domain</a> (GeoTLD)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Registration_Authority" title="IEEE Registration Authority">IEEE Registration Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterNIC" title="InterNIC">InterNIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ICANN_meetings" title="List of ICANN meetings">List of ICANN meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_quangos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States quangos">List of United States quangos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation" title="Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetMundial_Initiative" title="NetMundial Initiative">NetMundial Initiative</a>, a plan for governance of the Internet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Solutions" title="Network Solutions">Network Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneWebDay" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWebDay">OneWebDay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenNIC" title="OpenNIC">OpenNIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_Clearinghouse" title="Trademark Clearinghouse">Trademark Clearinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute-Resolution_Policy" title="Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy">Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS">WHOIS</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/annual-report-2024-en.pdf">"2024 Complete Report"</a> (PDF). ICANN. Retrieved October 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICANN&rft.atitle=2024+Complete+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fannual-report-2024-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICANN_Bylaws-2"><a href="#cite_ref-ICANN_Bylaws_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/governance/bylaws-en">"ICANN Bylaws"</a>. July 30, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICANN+Bylaws&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fresources%2Fpages%2Fgovernance%2Fbylaws-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/news/blog/cheers-to-the-multistakeholder-community">"Cheers to the Multistakeholder Community"</a>. ICANN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cheers+to+the+Multistakeholder+Community&rft.pub=ICANN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fnews%2Fblog%2Fcheers-to-the-multistakeholder-community&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/news/blog/final-implementation-update">"Final Implementation Update"</a>. ICANN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Implementation+Update&rft.pub=ICANN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fnews%2Fblog%2Ffinal-implementation-update&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2016-10-01-en">"Stewardship of IANA Functions Transitions to Global Internet Community as Contract with U.S. Government Ends"</a>. ICANN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stewardship+of+IANA+Functions+Transitions+to+Global+Internet+Community+as+Contract+with+U.S.+Government+Ends&rft.pub=ICANN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fnews%2Fannouncement-2016-10-01-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntia.doc.gov/press-release/2016/statement-assistant-secretary-strickling-iana-functions-contract">"Statement of Assistant Secretary Strickling on IANA Functions Contract"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration" title="National Telecommunications and Information Administration">National Telecommunications and Information Administration</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+Assistant+Secretary+Strickling+on+IANA+Functions+Contract&rft.pub=National+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntia.doc.gov%2Fpress-release%2F2016%2Fstatement-assistant-secretary-strickling-iana-functions-contract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoppell2005" class="citation journal cs1">Koppell, Jonathan GS (January 17, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2005.00434.x">"Pathologies of Accountability: ICANN and the Challenge of "Multiple Accountabilities Disorder""</a>. Public Administration Review. 65 (1): 94–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6210.2005.00434.x">10.1111/j.1540-6210.2005.00434.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+Review&rft.atitle=Pathologies+of+Accountability%3A+ICANN+and+the+Challenge+of+%22Multiple+Accountabilities+Disorder%22&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=2005-01-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6210.2005.00434.x&rft.aulast=Koppell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+GS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6210.2005.00434.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memorandum_of_understanding_between_the_U.S._Department_of_Commerce_and_Internet_Corporation_for_assigned_names_and_numbers-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Memorandum_of_understanding_between_the_U.S._Department_of_Commerce_and_Internet_Corporation_for_assigned_names_and_numbers_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/mou-jpa/icann-mou-25nov98-en.htm">"Memorandum of understanding between the U.S. Department of Commerce and Internet Corporation for assigned names and numbers"</a>. November 25, 1998. Retrieved October 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorandum+of+understanding+between+the+U.S.+Department+of+Commerce+and+Internet+Corporation+for+assigned+names+and+numbers&rft.date=1998-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fagreements%2Fmou-jpa%2Ficann-mou-25nov98-en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/annual-report-2010-en.pdf">"ICANN Annual Report 2010"</a> (PDF). ICANN. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICANN&rft.atitle=ICANN+Annual+Report+2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fannual-report-2010-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuran" class="citation web cs1">Duran, Clint. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/articles-incorporation-30sep98-en.pdf">"ICANN - Articles of Incorporation"</a> (PDF). ICANN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180705171207/https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/articles-incorporation-30sep98-en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICANN&rft.atitle=ICANN+-+Articles+of+Incorporation&rft.aulast=Duran&rft.aufirst=Clint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Farticles-incorporation-30sep98-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-V._Cerf-11"><a href="#cite_ref-V._Cerf_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFV._Cerf1998" class="citation cs1">V. Cerf (October 17, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2468">I REMEMBER IANA</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2468">10.17487/RFC2468</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2468">2468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+REMEMBER+IANA&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=1998-10-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2468&rft.au=V.+Cerf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZittrain2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Zittrain, Jonathan (March 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/117093/us-withdraws-icann-why-its-no-big-deal">"No, Barack Obama Isn't Handing Control of the Internet Over to China"</a>. The New Republic. Retrieved March 31, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=No%2C+Barack+Obama+Isn%27t+Handing+Control+of+the+Internet+Over+to+China&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft.aulast=Zittrain&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F117093%2Fus-withdraws-icann-why-its-no-big-deal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/science/hsy268140.000/hsy268140_0.HTM">"Internet Domain Names, Part I"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internet+Domain+Names%2C+Part+I&rft.pub=United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommdocs.house.gov%2Fcommittees%2Fscience%2Fhsy268140.000%2Fhsy268140_0.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeNardis2009" class="citation book cs1">DeNardis, Laura (2009). Protocol Politics: The Globalization of Internet Governance. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04257-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04257-4"><bdi>978-0-262-04257-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protocol+Politics%3A+The+Globalization+of+Internet+Governance&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-262-04257-4&rft.aulast=DeNardis&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNTIA/PTO" class="citation web cs1">NTIA/PTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/domainname130.htm">"Internet Domain Names"</a>. www.ntia.doc.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ntia.doc.gov&rft.atitle=Internet+Domain+Names&rft.au=NTIA%2FPTO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntia.doc.gov%2Fntiahome%2Fdomainname%2Fdomainname130.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/6_5_98dns.txt">"Management of Internet Names and Addresses"</a>. Dept of Commerce/NTIA. Retrieved March 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Management+of+Internet+Names+and+Addresses&rft.pub=Dept+of+Commerce%2FNTIA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntia.doc.gov%2Ffiles%2Fntia%2Fpublications%2F6_5_98dns.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeil" class="citation web cs1">Weil, Nancy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunsite.uakom.sk/sunworldonline/swol-06-1998/swol-06-ntia.html">"New U.S. policy turns 'Net governance over to private sector"</a>. SunWorld. Retrieved April 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+U.S.+policy+turns+%27Net+governance+over+to+private+sector&rft.pub=SunWorld&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunsite.uakom.sk%2Fsunworldonline%2Fswol-06-1998%2Fswol-06-ntia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2014" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Ted G. (2014). Book of Extremes: Why the 21st Century Isn't Like the 20th Century. Springer. pp. 65–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319069265" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319069265"><bdi>978-3319069265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Extremes%3A+Why+the+21st+Century+Isn%27t+Like+the+20th+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3319069265&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Ted+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-B._Carpenter,_F._Baker,_M._Roberts-19"><a href="#cite_ref-B._Carpenter,_F._Baker,_M._Roberts_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB._Carpenter,_F._Baker,_M._Roberts2000" class="citation cs1">B. Carpenter, F. Baker, M. Roberts (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2860">MoU Between IETF and ICANN concerning IANA</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2860">10.17487/RFC2860</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2860">2860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MoU+Between+IETF+and+ICANN+concerning+IANA&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2860&rft.au=B.+Carpenter%2C+F.+Baker%2C+M.+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-kepler.ss.ca.gov-20"><a href="#cite_ref-kepler.ss.ca.gov_20-0">^</a> California Secretary of State, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kepler.ss.ca.gov/corpdata/ShowAllList?QueryCorpNumber=C2121683">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070321194344/http://kepler.ss.ca.gov/corpdata/ShowAllList?QueryCorpNumber=C2121683">Archived</a> March 21, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. [Retrieved 2009-09-18]. </li> <li id="cite_note-ArticlesICANN-21"><a href="#cite_ref-ArticlesICANN_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/articles-2012-02-25-en">"Articles of Incorporation of Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers"</a>. Los Angeles: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. November 21, 1998. Retrieved February 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Articles+of+Incorporation+of+Internet+Corporation+for+Assigned+Names+and+Numbers&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Internet+Corporation+for+Assigned+Names+and+Numbers&rft.date=1998-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fresources%2Fpages%2Farticles-2012-02-25-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/about/governance/bylaws/bylaws-06nov98-en.htm#VI">"ICANN"</a>. icann.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icann.org&rft.atitle=ICANN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fgovernance%2Fbylaws%2Fbylaws-06nov98-en.htm%23VI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/pressbriefings/icann/briefingbook/executivesummaries.html#SOs">"Executive Summary of DNS/ICANN Issues"</a>. Berkman Center. Retrieved February 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Summary+of+DNS%2FICANN+Issues&rft.pub=Berkman+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyber.law.harvard.edu%2Fpressbriefings%2Ficann%2Fbriefingbook%2Fexecutivesummaries.html%23SOs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.icann.org/en/meetings/santiago/santiago-resolutions.htm">"Santiago Resolutions"</a>. ICANN Board Resolutions. ICANN. Retrieved May 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICANN+Board+Resolutions&rft.atitle=Santiago+Resolutions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.icann.org%2Fen%2Fmeetings%2Fsantiago%2Fsantiago-resolutions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/pressbriefings/icann/briefingbook/executivesummaries.html">"Executive Summary of DNS/ICANN Now, ICANN policy is being set by ambiguous so-called Communities. In a dramatic departure from IANA, ICANN has allowed secrecy and concealment of the true ownership of domain names. There are whole sets of nominee registrants whose purpose is to conceal the true ownership of domain names. Issues"</a>. Harvard Cyberlaw Briefing Book. Berkman Center. Retrieved May 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Cyberlaw+Briefing+Book&rft.atitle=Executive+Summary+of+DNS%2FICANN+Now%2C+ICANN+policy+is+being+set+by+ambiguous+so-called+Communities.+In+a+dramatic+departure+from+IANA%2C+ICANN+has+allowed+secrecy+and+concealment+of+the+true+ownership+of+domain+names.+There+are+whole+sets+of+nominee+registrants+whose+purpose+is+to+conceal+the+true+ownership+of+domain+names.+Issues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyber.law.harvard.edu%2Fpressbriefings%2Ficann%2Fbriefingbook%2Fexecutivesummaries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnso.org/history/www.dnso.org/docs/dnso-app-timetable.htm">"DNSO Application Timetable"</a>. DNSO. Retrieved May 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DNSO+Application+Timetable&rft.pub=DNSO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnso.org%2Fhistory%2Fwww.dnso.org%2Fdocs%2Fdnso-app-timetable.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFICANN_Board" class="citation web cs1">ICANN Board. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.icann.org/en/meetings/singapore/singapore-statement.htm">"DNSO Singapore Statement"</a>. ICANN. Retrieved May 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DNSO+Singapore+Statement&rft.pub=ICANN&rft.au=ICANN+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.icann.org%2Fen%2Fmeetings%2Fsingapore%2Fsingapore-statement.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.icann.org/en/meetings/singapore/dnso-formation.htm">"DNSO Formation Concepts"</a>. ICANN. Retrieved May 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DNSO+Formation+Concepts&rft.pub=ICANN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.icann.org%2Fen%2Fmeetings%2Fsingapore%2Fdnso-formation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_States_cedes_control_of_the_Internet_-_but_what_now?-29"><a href="#cite_ref-United_States_cedes_control_of_the_Internet_-_but_what_now?_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/07/27/ntia_icann_meeting/">"United States cedes control of the Internet – but what now?"</a>. The Register. July 27, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=United+States+cedes+control+of+the+Internet+%E2%80%93+but+what+now%3F&rft.date=2006-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2006%2F07%2F27%2Fntia_icann_meeting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BenedekBauer2008-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BenedekBauer2008_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BenedekBauer2008_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang_BenedekVeronika_BauerMatthias_C._Kettemann2008" class="citation book cs1">Wolfgang Benedek; Veronika Bauer; Matthias C. Kettemann (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ie7Yqiw85TcC&pg=PA16">Internet Governance and the Information Society: Global Perspectives and European Dimensions</a>. Eleven International Publishing. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-77596-56-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-77596-56-2"><bdi>978-90-77596-56-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+Governance+and+the+Information+Society%3A+Global+Perspectives+and+European+Dimensions&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Eleven+International+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-77596-56-2&rft.au=Wolfgang+Benedek&rft.au=Veronika+Bauer&rft.au=Matthias+C.+Kettemann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Die7Yqiw85TcC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKinnon2012-31"><a href="#cite_ref-MacKinnon2012_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRebecca_MacKinnon2012" class="citation book cs1">Rebecca MacKinnon (January 31, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A1Ll03dPL1cC&pg=PA207">Consent of the Networked: The Worldwide Struggle For Internet Freedom</a>. Basic Books. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02442-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02442-1"><bdi>978-0-465-02442-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consent+of+the+Networked%3A+The+Worldwide+Struggle+For+Internet+Freedom&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2012-01-31&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02442-1&rft.au=Rebecca+MacKinnon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA1Ll03dPL1cC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2005-07-us-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2005-07-us_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2005-07-us_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/07/01/bush_net_policy/">"Bush administration annexes Internet"</a>. The Register. July 1, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Bush+administration+annexes+Internet&rft.date=2005-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2005%2F07%2F01%2Fbush_net_policy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-U.S._DoC_letter_to_ICANN-33"><a href="#cite_ref-U.S._DoC_letter_to_ICANN_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080806210631/http://www.ntia.doc.gov/comments/2008/ICANN_080730.html">"U.S. DoC letter to ICANN's Chairman"</a>. July 30, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/comments/2008/ICANN_080730.html">the original</a> on August 6, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+DoC+letter+to+ICANN%27s+Chairman&rft.date=2008-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntia.doc.gov%2Fcomments%2F2008%2FICANN_080730.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZDNet2009-34"><a href="#cite_ref-ZDNet2009_34-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/us-government-finally-lets-icann-go/">"US Government finally lets ICANN go"</a>, Eileen Yu, <a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a>, September 30, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-PC_World_2009-10-01-35"><a href="#cite_ref-PC_World_2009-10-01_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGross2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Gross, Grant (October 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/172986/article.html">"New ICANN Agreement Runs into Criticism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PC_World" title="PC World">PC World</a>. Retrieved September 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+World&rft.atitle=New+ICANN+Agreement+Runs+into+Criticism&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F172986%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarrell2016" class="citation news cs1">Farrell, Maria (March 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/14/icann-internet-control-domain-names-iana">"Quietly, symbolically, US control of the internet was just ended"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved March 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Quietly%2C+symbolically%2C+US+control+of+the+internet+was+just+ended&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2016%2Fmar%2F14%2Ficann-internet-control-domain-names-iana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003063641/https://www.yahoo.com/tech/u-government-no-longer-controls-160017929.html">"The U.S. government no longer controls the Internet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Tech" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Tech">Yahoo! Tech</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/tech/u-government-no-longer-controls-160017929.html">the original</a> on October 3, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+Tech&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+government+no+longer+controls+the+Internet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Ftech%2Fu-government-no-longer-controls-160017929.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DLTR_2001-02-14-38"><a href="#cite_ref-DLTR_2001-02-14_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFuller2001" class="citation journal cs1">Fuller, Kathleen E. (February 14, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=dltr">"ICANN: The Debate Over Governing the Internet"</a> (PDF). Duke Law & Technology Review. Retrieved September 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duke+Law+%26+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=ICANN%3A+The+Debate+Over+Governing+the+Internet&rft.date=2001-02-14&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.duke.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1000%26context%3Ddltr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeremy_Malcolm-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Jeremy_Malcolm_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Malcolm, Jeremy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malcolm.id.au/thesis/sec-icann-criticisms.html">"2.1.3. Criticisms"</a>. Multi-Stakeholder Public Policy Governance and its Application to the Internet Governance Forum (PhD). <a href="/wiki/Murdoch_University" title="Murdoch University">Murdoch University</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/436943765">436943765</a>. Retrieved September 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Multi-Stakeholder+Public+Policy+Governance+and+its+Application+to+the+Internet+Governance+Forum&rft.inst=Murdoch+University&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F436943765&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malcolm.id.au%2Fthesis%2Fsec-icann-criticisms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DLJ_2000-10-40"><a href="#cite_ref-DLJ_2000-10_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFroomkin2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Froomkin" title="Michael Froomkin">Froomkin, Michael</a> (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://personal.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/articles/icann.pdf">"Wrong Turn in Cyberspace"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Duke_Law_Journal" title="Duke Law Journal">Duke Law Journal</a>. 50 (17). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1373113">10.2307/1373113</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10535%2F3464">10535/3464</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-7086">0012-7086</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1373113">1373113</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/sf82007022">sf82007022</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1567016">1567016</a>. Retrieved September 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duke+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Wrong+Turn+in+Cyberspace&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=17&rft.date=2000-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10535%2F3464&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1373113%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1373113&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1567016&rft.issn=0012-7086&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Fsf82007022&rft.aulast=Froomkin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersonal.law.miami.edu%2F~froomkin%2Farticles%2Ficann.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/announcements/details/icann-selects-next-president-and-ceo-10-06-2024-en">"ICANN Selects Next President and CEO"</a>. ICANN. June 10, 2024. Retrieved June 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICANN&rft.atitle=ICANN+Selects+Next+President+and+CEO&rft.date=2024-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fannouncements%2Fdetails%2Ficann-selects-next-president-and-ceo-10-06-2024-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eff-42"><a href="#cite_ref-eff_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/press/releases/court-grants-access-net-regulatory-corp-records">"Court Grants Access to Net Regulatory Corp Records"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>. July 29, 2002. Retrieved November 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Frontier+Foundation&rft.atitle=Court+Grants+Access+to+Net+Regulatory+Corp+Records&rft.date=2002-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eff.org%2Fpress%2Freleases%2Fcourt-grants-access-net-regulatory-corp-records&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wildcard_entries_in_DNS_entries-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Wildcard_entries_in_DNS_entries_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeoff_Huston2003" class="citation web cs1">Geoff Huston (October 17, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence/2003-10-17-crocker-wildcards.html">"Wildcard entries in DNS entries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">IAB</a>. Retrieved June 23, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wildcard+entries+in+DNS+entries&rft.pub=IAB&rft.date=2003-10-17&rft.au=Geoff+Huston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iab.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcorrespondence%2F2003-10-17-crocker-wildcards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/financials/proposed-budget-14may04.pdf">"ICANN Proposed Budget - Fiscal Year 2004-2005"</a> (PDF). ICANN. May 17, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICANN+Proposed+Budget+-+Fiscal+Year+2004-2005&rft.pub=ICANN&rft.date=2004-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Ffinancials%2Fproposed-budget-14may04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theregister-45"><a href="#cite_ref-theregister_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/03/31/icann_2buck_fee">"ICANN imposes $2 Internet tax"</a>. The Register. March 31, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=ICANN+imposes+%242+Internet+tax&rft.date=2005-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2005%2F03%2F31%2Ficann_2buck_fee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-icann-46"><a href="#cite_ref-icann_46-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/announcements/announcement-28feb06.htm">"ICANN Board Approves VeriSign Settlement Agreements"</a>, Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), February 28, 2006. Retrieved November 1, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-com-47"><a href="#cite_ref-com_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102140253/http://news.cnet.com/Domain-name-price-hikes-come-under-fire/2100-1030_3-6081336.html?tag=nefd.top">"Domain name price hikes come under fire – CNET News"</a>. January 2, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/Domain-name-price-hikes-come-under-fire/2100-1030_3-6081336.html?tag=nefd.top">the original</a> on January 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Domain+name+price+hikes+come+under+fire+%E2%80%93+CNET+News&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2FDomain-name-price-hikes-come-under-fire%2F2100-1030_3-6081336.html%3Ftag%3Dnefd.top&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheRegisterICANNCriticism1-48"><a href="#cite_ref-TheRegisterICANNCriticism1_48-0">^</a> The Register, Burke Hansen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/03/03/icann_registerfly_domain/">Of ICANN and the Registerfly meltdown</a>, March 3, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-icann1-49"><a href="#cite_ref-icann1_49-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-23may08-en.htm">"'Worst Spam Offenders' Notified by ICANN</a>, News release, Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), May 23, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-knujon-50"><a href="#cite_ref-knujon_50-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knujon.com/registrars/#may08RegistrarReport">"2008 ICANN Registrar Report"</a>, KnujOn.com </li> <li id="cite_note-icann2-51"><a href="#cite_ref-icann2_51-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/registrars/ra-agreement-17may01.htm">"Registrar Accreditation Agreement"</a>, Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), May 17, 2001 with updates 2002–2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-32nd_International_Public_ICANN_Meeting-52"><a href="#cite_ref-32nd_International_Public_ICANN_Meeting_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://par.icann.org/">"32nd International Public ICANN Meeting"</a>. ICANN. June 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=32nd+International+Public+ICANN+Meeting&rft.pub=ICANN&rft.date=2008-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpar.icann.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-icann3-53"><a href="#cite_ref-icann3_53-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-01oct08-en.htm">"Announcement 1 October 2002"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120221231129/http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-01oct08-en.htm">Archived</a> February 21, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-icann4-54"><a href="#cite_ref-icann4_54-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-10aug10-en.htm">"Accountability and Transparency Review Team – Selection of Independent Expert and Update on ATRT Review"</a>, News release, Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), August 10, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-icann5-55"><a href="#cite_ref-icann5_55-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://community.icann.org/display/atrt/The+Accountability+and+Transparency+Review+Team;jsessionid=20B32EA76A0A674F629A8D72132CBF19">"The First AART (Accountability and Transparency Review Team) Review was Completed in December 2010"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726164953/https://community.icann.org/display/atrt/The+Accountability+and+Transparency+Review+Team;jsessionid=20B32EA76A0A674F629A8D72132CBF19">Archived</a> July 26, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), January 17, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-icann6-56"><a href="#cite_ref-icann6_56-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/news/releases/release-03feb11-en.pdf">"Available Pool of Unallocated IPv4 Internet Addresses Now Completely Emptied"</a>, News release, Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), February 3, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-VOA-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VOA_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VOA_57-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/english/news/science-technology/New-Internet-Name-Rule-Opens-Door-to-Huge-Changes-124180874.html">New Internet Name Rule Opens Door to Huge Changes.</a> <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>, June 20, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-yahoo-58"><a href="#cite_ref-yahoo_58-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110620/ap_on_hi_te/as_internet_domain_names;_ylt=Arq2MV_LZjTuVPrs9JafjPJ34T0D;_ylu=X3oDMTJ0OGxxanN2BGFzc2V0A2FwLzIwMTEwNjIwL2FzX2ludGVybmV0X2RvbWFpbl9uYW1lcwRwb3MDNQRzZWMDeW5fYXJ0aWNsZV9zdW1tYXJ5X2xpc3QEc2xrA2ludGVybmV0bWluZA--">Internet minders OK vast expansion of domain names</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, June 20, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-zdnet-59"><a href="#cite_ref-zdnet_59-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/networking/2011/06/20/icann-to-allow-any-word-as-a-domain-40093152/">Icann to allow any word as a domain</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a>, June 20, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-60"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_60-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13835997">ICANN increases web domain suffixes</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, June 20, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-icann7-61"><a href="#cite_ref-icann7_61-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-20jun11-en.htm">"ICANN Approves Historic Change to Internet's Domain Name System – Board Votes to Launch New Generic Top-Level Domains"</a>, News release, Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), June 20, 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-mashable-62"><a href="#cite_ref-mashable_62-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2011/06/20/icann-top-level-domains/">"ICANN Approves New Top-Level Domains, So Prepare For .Whatever"</a>, Stan Schroeder, Mashable Tech, June 20, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN_2011-12-21-63"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_2011-12-21_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilian2011" class="citation web cs1">Milian, Mark (December 21, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/22/tech/web/icann/">"Keepers of the Internet face their greatest challenges ever"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Retrieved September 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keepers+of+the+Internet+face+their+greatest+challenges+ever&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2011-12-21&rft.aulast=Milian&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2011%2F12%2F22%2Ftech%2Fweb%2Ficann%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-montevideo-64"><a href="#cite_ref-montevideo_64-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2013-10-07-en">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a>, ICANN, October 7, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-igdstatement-65"><a href="#cite_ref-igdstatement_65-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetgovernance.org/2014/02/19/do-the-nsa-revelations-have-anything-to-do-with-internet-governance/">Do the NSA revelations have anything to do with Internet governance?</a>, Internet Governance Project, February 19, 2014. Retrieved November 27, 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2016-10-01-en">"Stewardship of IANA Functions Transitions to Global Internet Community as Contract with U.S. Government Ends – ICANN"</a>. icann.org. Retrieved October 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icann.org&rft.atitle=Stewardship+of+IANA+Functions+Transitions+to+Global+Internet+Community+as+Contract+with+U.S.+Government+Ends+%E2%80%93+ICANN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fnews%2Fannouncement-2016-10-01-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVaughan-Nichols" class="citation web cs1">Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/home-and-office/networking/icann-makes-last-minute-whois-changes-to-address-gdpr-requirements/">"ICANN makes last minute WHOIS changes to address GDPR requirements - ZDNet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=ICANN+makes+last+minute+WHOIS+changes+to+address+GDPR+requirements+-+ZDNet&rft.aulast=Vaughan-Nichols&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Fhome-and-office%2Fnetworking%2Ficann-makes-last-minute-whois-changes-to-address-gdpr-requirements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/about/governance/bylaws#VI">BYLAWS FOR INTERNET CORPORATION FOR ASSIGNED NAMES AND NUMBERS | A California Nonprofit Public-Benefit Corporation</a>. ICANN. Retrieved April 28, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icannwiki.org/Generic_Names_Supporting_Organization">"Generic Names Supporting Organization"</a>. ICANNWiki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Generic+Names+Supporting+Organization&rft.pub=ICANNWiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficannwiki.org%2FGeneric_Names_Supporting_Organization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/resources">"Bylaws For Internet Corporation For Assigned Names And Numbers"</a>. icann.org. Go to Governance, Bylaws, ARTICLE VIII-Article X. February 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icann.org&rft.atitle=Bylaws+For+Internet+Corporation+For+Assigned+Names+And+Numbers&rft.date=2012-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fresources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/resources">"Bylaws For Internet Corporation For Assigned Names And Numbers"</a>. icann.org. Go to Governance, Bylaws, ARTICLE XI and ARTICLE XI-A. February 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icann.org&rft.atitle=Bylaws+For+Internet+Corporation+For+Assigned+Names+And+Numbers&rft.date=2012-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fresources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://community.icann.org/display/atlarge/Regional+At-Large+Organisations">"Regional At-Large Organisations – ALAC – Confluence"</a>. community.icann.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=community.icann.org&rft.atitle=Regional+At-Large+Organisations+%E2%80%93+ALAC+%E2%80%93+Confluence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.icann.org%2Fdisplay%2Fatlarge%2FRegional%2BAt-Large%2BOrganisations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/resources">"Bylaws For Internet Corporation For Assigned Names And Numbers"</a>. icann.org. Go to Governance, Bylaws, ARTICLE XI and ARTICLE XI-A, Section 2. February 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icann.org&rft.atitle=Bylaws+For+Internet+Corporation+For+Assigned+Names+And+Numbers&rft.date=2012-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fresources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gac.icann.org/">"GAC Website (Main)"</a>. gac.icann.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gac.icann.org&rft.atitle=GAC+Website+%28Main%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgac.icann.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119083947/https://gacweb.icann.org/display/gacweb/GAC+Observers">"GAC Observers – GAC Website (Main)"</a>. gacweb.icann.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gacweb.icann.org/display/gacweb/GAC+Observers">the original</a> on January 19, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gacweb.icann.org&rft.atitle=GAC+Observers+%E2%80%93+GAC+Website+%28Main%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgacweb.icann.org%2Fdisplay%2Fgacweb%2FGAC%2BObservers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iana-tcr-criteria-76"><a href="#cite_ref-iana-tcr-criteria_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/help/tcr-criteria">"Criteria for Trusted Community Representatives"</a>. IANA. May 12, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Criteria+for+Trusted+Community+Representatives&rft.pub=IANA&rft.date=2017-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fhelp%2Ftcr-criteria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-participation-77"><a href="#cite_ref-participation_77-0">^</a> ICANN decided to reduce direct public ("at large") participation on March 14, 2002, at a public meeting in <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, Ghana. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnso.icann.org/about/stakeholders-constituencies/ncsg/ncuc">"Non-Commercial Users – Generic Names Supporting Organization"</a>. gnso.icann.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gnso.icann.org&rft.atitle=Non-Commercial+Users+%E2%80%93+Generic+Names+Supporting+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgnso.icann.org%2Fabout%2Fstakeholders-constituencies%2Fncsg%2Fncuc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyber.harvard.edu/icann/publicparticipation/">"Public Participation in ICANN: A Preliminary Study"</a>. cyber.harvard.edu. Retrieved August 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cyber.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Public+Participation+in+ICANN%3A+A+Preliminary+Study&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyber.harvard.edu%2Ficann%2Fpublicparticipation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-U.N._Summit_to_Focus_on_Internet-80"><a href="#cite_ref-U.N._Summit_to_Focus_on_Internet_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A36852-2003Dec4?language=printer">"U.N. Summit to Focus on Internet"</a>. The Washington Post. December 5, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.N.+Summit+to+Focus+on+Internet&rft.date=2003-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fac2%2Fwp-dyn%2FA36852-2003Dec4%3Flanguage%3Dprinter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Power_grab_could_split_the_net-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Power_grab_could_split_the_net_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712201315/http://news.cnet.com/2010-1071_3-5886556.html">"Power grab could split the net"</a>. CNET. October 3, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/2010-1071_3-5886556.html">the original</a> on July 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Power+grab+could+split+the+net&rft.date=2005-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F2010-1071_3-5886556.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-icann_gac-82"><a href="#cite_ref-icann_gac_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170752/http://gac.icann.org/about-gac/">"About GAC | GAC Website"</a>. gac.icann.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gac.icann.org/about-gac/">the original</a> on July 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gac.icann.org&rft.atitle=About+GAC+%26%23124%3B+GAC+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgac.icann.org%2Fabout-gac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2000" class="citation journal cs1">Weinberg, Jonathan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1373114">"ICANN and the Problem of Legitimacy"</a>. Duke Law Journal. 50 (1): 187–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1373114">10.2307/1373114</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10535%2F2623">10535/2623</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-7086">0012-7086</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1373114">1373114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duke+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=ICANN+and+the+Problem+of+Legitimacy&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E260&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10535%2F2623&rft.issn=0012-7086&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1373114%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1373114&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1373114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vjolt-84"><a href="#cite_ref-vjolt_84-0">^</a> Hannibal Travis, The Battle for Mindshare: the Emerging Consensus that the First Amendment Protects Corporate Criticism and Parody on the Internet, 10 Virginia Journal of Law and Technology 3, 32–34 (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vjolt.net/vol10/issue1/v10i1_a3-Travis.pdf">Vjolt.net</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/groups/other/gtld-directory-services/initial-report-24jun13-en.pdf">"Initial Report from the Expert Working Group on gTLD Directory Services: A Next Generation Registration Directory Service"</a> (PDF). ICANN Expert Working Group. June 24, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Initial+Report+from+the+Expert+Working+Group+on+gTLD+Directory+Services%3A+A+Next+Generation+Registration+Directory+Service&rft.pub=ICANN+Expert+Working+Group&rft.date=2013-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fgroups%2Fother%2Fgtld-directory-services%2Finitial-report-24jun13-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2014" class="citation news cs1">Murphy, Kevin (June 13, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domainincite.com/16855-whois-killer-is-a-recipe-for-a-clusterfuck">"Whois "killer" is a recipe for a clusterfuck"</a>. Domain Incite. Retrieved June 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Whois+%22killer%22+is+a+recipe+for+a+clusterfuck&rft.date=2014-06-13&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdomainincite.com%2F16855-whois-killer-is-a-recipe-for-a-clusterfuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpaglobal.com/newlegalreview/5558/icann_earmarks_domains_record_">Intellectual Property Solutions & Legal Support Services</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054828/http://www.cpaglobal.com/newlegalreview/5558/icann_earmarks_domains_record_">Archived</a> September 21, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CPA Global. Retrieved April 28, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jour.sc.edu/news/csj/CSJNov04.html">Sjmc: Common Sense Journalism</a>. Jour.sc.edu. Retrieved April 28, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-IBSA-2011-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IBSA-2011_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBSA-2011_89-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalivre.org.br/artigos/IBSA_recommendations_Internet_Governance.pdf">"Recommendations from the IBSA (India-Brazil-South Africa) Multistakeholder meeting on Global Internet Governance"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005063245/http://www.culturalivre.org.br/artigos/IBSA_recommendations_Internet_Governance.pdf">Archived</a> October 5, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, September 1–2, 2011, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs2/tunis/off/6rev1.html">"Tunis Agenda for the Information Society"</a>, World Summit on the Information Society, November 18, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/india-statement-un-cirp/">"India's Statement Proposing UN Committee for Internet-Related Policy"</a>. Centre for Internet and Society. Retrieved August 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%27s+Statement+Proposing+UN+Committee+for+Internet-Related+Policy&rft.pub=Centre+for+Internet+and+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcis-india.org%2Finternet-governance%2Fblog%2Findia-statement-un-cirp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaul" class="citation web cs1">Kaul, Mahima. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094900/http://uncut.indexoncensorship.org/2012/10/india-internet-governance/">"India changes its internet governance position – backs away from UN proposal"</a>. UNCUT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uncut.indexoncensorship.org/2012/10/india-internet-governance/">the original</a> on November 3, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+changes+its+internet+governance+position+%E2%80%93+backs+away+from+UN+proposal&rft.pub=UNCUT&rft.aulast=Kaul&rft.aufirst=Mahima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funcut.indexoncensorship.org%2F2012%2F10%2Findia-internet-governance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-07oct13-en.htm">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a>, ICANN, October 7, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/10/11/internet_heavyweights_turn_backs_on_snoopy_us_demand_global_oversight/">"Brazil's anti-NSA prez urged to SNATCH keys to the internet from America"</a>, Rik Myslewski, The Register, October 11, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-booting-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-booting_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-booting_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilton_Mueller2013" class="citation news cs1">Milton Mueller (November 19, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetgovernance.org/2013/11/19/booting-up-brazil/">"Booting up Brazil"</a>. IGP Blog. Retrieved February 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IGP+Blog&rft.atitle=Booting+up+Brazil&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft.au=Milton+Mueller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetgovernance.org%2F2013%2F11%2F19%2Fbooting-up-brazil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJmFAMJNx94">"Entrevista com Fadi Chehadé: Brasil sediará encontro mundial de governança da internet em 2014"</a>, Palácio do Planalto, October 9, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-IGF2013-Summary-97"><a href="#cite_ref-IGF2013-Summary_97-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intgovforum.org/cms/Chair%27s%20Summary%20IGF%202013%20Final.Nov1v1.pdf">"Chair's Summary"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423201746/http://www.intgovforum.org/cms/Chair%27s%20Summary%20IGF%202013%20Final.Nov1v1.pdf">Archived</a> April 23, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Eighth Meeting of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), Bali, Indonesia, October 22–25, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circleid.com/posts/20140127_centr_internet_governance_in_2013_and_whats_coming_up_in_2014/">"CENTR: Internet Governance in 2013 and What's Coming Up in 2014"</a>. CircleID. January 27, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CircleID&rft.atitle=CENTR%3A+Internet+Governance+in+2013+and+What%27s+Coming+Up+in+2014&rft.date=2014-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circleid.com%2Fposts%2F20140127_centr_internet_governance_in_2013_and_whats_coming_up_in_2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Wilson2013" class="citation news cs1">Paul Wilson (November 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circleid.com/posts/2013112_what_is_1net_to_me/">"What Is "1net" to Me"</a>. CircleID blog. Retrieved February 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CircleID+blog&rft.atitle=What+Is+%221net%22+to+Me&rft.date=2013-11-29&rft.au=Paul+Wilson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circleid.com%2Fposts%2F2013112_what_is_1net_to_me%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TWP_2011-03-01-100"><a href="#cite_ref-TWP_2011-03-01_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShapira2011" class="citation news cs1">Shapira, Ian (March 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/28/AR2011022803719.html">"Obama administration joins critics of U.S. nonprofit group that oversees Internet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved September 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+administration+joins+critics+of+U.S.+nonprofit+group+that+oversees+Internet&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2011%2F02%2F28%2FAR2011022803719.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NTIA-IANA-Transition-101"><a href="#cite_ref-NTIA-IANA-Transition_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/press-release/2014/ntia-announces-intent-transition-key-internet-domain-name-functions">"NTIA Announces Intent to Transition Key Internet Domain Name Functions"</a>. NTIA. Retrieved October 25, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NTIA&rft.atitle=NTIA+Announces+Intent+to+Transition+Key+Internet+Domain+Name+Functions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntia.doc.gov%2Fpress-release%2F2014%2Fntia-announces-intent-transition-key-internet-domain-name-functions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-April2014-102"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-April2014_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27108869">"Future of the internet debated at NetMundial in Brazil"</a>. BBC News. April 23, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Future+of+the+internet+debated+at+NetMundial+in+Brazil&rft.date=2014-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-27108869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-circleid-103"><a href="#cite_ref-circleid_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circleid.com/posts/20140504_netmundial_multistakeholder_statement_concludes_act_one_of_2014/">"NETmundial Multistakeholder Statement Concludes Act One of 2014 Internet Governance Trifecta"</a>. CircleID. May 3, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CircleID&rft.atitle=NETmundial+Multistakeholder+Statement+Concludes+Act+One+of+2014+Internet+Governance+Trifecta&rft.date=2014-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circleid.com%2Fposts%2F20140504_netmundial_multistakeholder_statement_concludes_act_one_of_2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pctech-104"><a href="#cite_ref-pctech_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pctechmag.com/2014/05/icann-releases-roadmap-timeline-for-future-management-of-internet/">"ICANN Releases Roadmap, Timeline for Future Management of Internet"</a>. PC Tech Magazine. May 21, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Tech+Magazine&rft.atitle=ICANN+Releases+Roadmap%2C+Timeline+for+Future+Management+of+Internet&rft.date=2014-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpctechmag.com%2F2014%2F05%2Ficann-releases-roadmap-timeline-for-future-management-of-internet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wef-105"><a href="#cite_ref-wef_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209062622/https://agenda.weforum.org/topic/global-issues/future-of-the-internet/internet-governance-geo-politics/">"NETmundial Initiative – Debrief with Founding Partners"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenda.weforum.org/topic/global-issues/future-of-the-internet/internet-governance-geo-politics/">the original</a> on February 9, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NETmundial+Initiative+%E2%80%93+Debrief+with+Founding+Partners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagenda.weforum.org%2Ftopic%2Fglobal-issues%2Ffuture-of-the-internet%2Finternet-governance-geo-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cgi-106"><a href="#cite_ref-cgi_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgi.br/noticia/public-declaration-on-the-netmundial-initiative-issued-by-members-of-the-board-of-cgi-br/">"Public Declaration on the NETmundial Initiative issued by members of the board of CGI.br"</a>. Retrieved June 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Declaration+on+the+NETmundial+Initiative+issued+by+members+of+the+board+of+CGI.br&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgi.br%2Fnoticia%2Fpublic-declaration-on-the-netmundial-initiative-issued-by-members-of-the-board-of-cgi-br%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-businessweek-107"><a href="#cite_ref-businessweek_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140430142040/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-30/at-netmundial-the-u-dot-s-dot-kept-its-companies-on-the-global-stage">"At NETmundial, the U.S. Kept Its Companies on the Global Stage"</a>. Bloomberg BusinessWeek. April 30, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-30/at-netmundial-the-u-dot-s-dot-kept-its-companies-on-the-global-stage">the original</a> on April 30, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+BusinessWeek&rft.atitle=At+NETmundial%2C+the+U.S.+Kept+Its+Companies+on+the+Global+Stage&rft.date=2014-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Farticles%2F2014-04-30%2Fat-netmundial-the-u-dot-s-dot-kept-its-companies-on-the-global-stage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-businessstandard-108"><a href="#cite_ref-businessstandard_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/the-future-of-the-internet-114050300990_1.html">"The future of the internet"</a>. Business Standard. May 3, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=The+future+of+the+internet&rft.date=2014-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fopinion%2Fthe-future-of-the-internet-114050300990_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606202714/http://internetgovernancepanel.org/panel-report">"Towards a Collaborative, Decentralized Internet Governance Ecosystem – report by the Panel on Global Internet Cooperation and Governance Mechanisms"</a>. May 20, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://internetgovernancepanel.org/panel-report">the original</a> on June 6, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Towards+a+Collaborative%2C+Decentralized+Internet+Governance+Ecosystem+%E2%80%93+report+by+the+Panel+on+Global+Internet+Cooperation+and+Governance+Mechanisms&rft.date=2014-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finternetgovernancepanel.org%2Fpanel-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP_2014-06-25-110"><a href="#cite_ref-AFP_2014-06-25_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/france-attacks-icann-unfit-internet-governance-233956870.html">"France attacks ICANN as unfit for internet governance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! News">Yahoo! News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. June 25, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=France+attacks+ICANN+as+unfit+for+internet+governance&rft.date=2014-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Ffrance-attacks-icann-unfit-internet-governance-233956870.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Guardian_2012-06-13-111"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_2012-06-13_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArthur2012" class="citation web cs1">Arthur, Charles (June 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/jun/13/icann-criticised-commercial-landgrab-internet">"Icann criticised over 'commercial landgrab' of internet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved September 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Icann+criticised+over+%27commercial+landgrab%27+of+internet&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2012%2Fjun%2F13%2Ficann-criticised-commercial-landgrab-internet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR_2012-06-14-112"><a href="#cite_ref-NPR_2012-06-14_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChappell2012" class="citation web cs1">Chappell, Bill (June 14, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2012/06/13/154960405/icanns-call-for-new-domain-names-brings-criticism-and-357-million">"ICANN's Call For New Domain Names Brings Criticism, And $357 Million"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. Retrieved September 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICANN%27s+Call+For+New+Domain+Names+Brings+Criticism%2C+And+%24357+Million&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2012-06-14&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Falltechconsidered%2F2012%2F06%2F13%2F154960405%2Ficanns-call-for-new-domain-names-brings-criticism-and-357-million&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANA_CRIDO-113"><a href="#cite_ref-ANA_CRIDO_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ana.net/content/show/id/crido">"Coalition for Responsible Internet Domain Oversight (CRIDO)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Association_of_National_Advertisers" title="Association of National Advertisers">ANA</a>. Retrieved September 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coalition+for+Responsible+Internet+Domain+Oversight+%28CRIDO%29&rft.pub=ANA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ana.net%2Fcontent%2Fshow%2Fid%2Fcrido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/04/17/icann_gltd_auction_money/">"ICANN banked $60m from dot-word auctions. Just what exactly is it going to spend it all on?"</a>. The Register. April 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=ICANN+banked+%2460m+from+dot-word+auctions.+Just+what+exactly+is+it+going+to+spend+it+all+on%3F&rft.date=2015-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2015%2F04%2F17%2Ficann_gltd_auction_money%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reg1-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reg1_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reg1_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reg1_115-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/04/10/icann_ftc_dot_sucks/">"ICANN urges US, Canada: Help us stop the 'predatory' monster we created ... dot-sucks!"</a>. The Register. April 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=ICANN+urges+US%2C+Canada%3A+Help+us+stop+the+%27predatory%27+monster+we+created+...+dot-sucks%21&rft.date=2015-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2015%2F04%2F10%2Ficann_ftc_dot_sucks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/2015/05/20/dot-sucks-web-address">"Dot Sucks Web Address"</a>. Retrieved November 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dot+Sucks+Web+Address&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2015%2F05%2F20%2Fdot-sucks-web-address&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circleid.com/posts/20150625_is_sucks_pricing_model_gaining_traction_with_other_registries/">"Is .SUCKS Pricing Model Gaining Traction With Other Registries?"</a>. CircleID. June 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CircleID&rft.atitle=Is+.SUCKS+Pricing+Model+Gaining+Traction+With+Other+Registries%3F&rft.date=2015-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circleid.com%2Fposts%2F20150625_is_sucks_pricing_model_gaining_traction_with_other_registries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuardian_Staff2015" class="citation news cs1">Guardian Staff (March 23, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2015/mar/23/why-you-should-buy-your-dot-sucks-domain-name">"Why You Should Buy Your Dot Sucks Domain Name"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved November 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+You+Should+Buy+Your+Dot+Sucks+Domain+Name&rft.date=2015-03-23&rft.au=Guardian+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2Fshortcuts%2F2015%2Fmar%2F23%2Fwhy-you-should-buy-your-dot-sucks-domain-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626201116/http://www.ipprotheinternet.com/ipprotheinternetnews/article.php?article_id=4446">"Canada weighs in on .sucks debate"</a>. IP Pro. June 19, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipprotheinternet.com/ipprotheinternetnews/article.php?article_id=4446">the original</a> on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IP+Pro&rft.atitle=Canada+weighs+in+on+.sucks+debate&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipprotheinternet.com%2Fipprotheinternetnews%2Farticle.php%3Farticle_id%3D4446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/06/15/canada_to_icann_take_off_you_hoser/">"Canada to ICANN in dot-sucks dot-rumble: Take off, you hoser!"</a>. The Register. June 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Canada+to+ICANN+in+dot-sucks+dot-rumble%3A+Take+off%2C+you+hoser%21&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2015%2F06%2F15%2Fcanada_to_icann_take_off_you_hoser%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/05/19/new-domain-sparks-icann-debate/">"A Debate Over the Domain '.sucks'"</a>. Wall Street Journal. May 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Debate+Over+the+Domain+%27.sucks%27&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fdigits%2F2015%2F05%2F19%2Fnew-domain-sparks-icann-debate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2013" class="citation news cs1">Murphy, Kevin (November 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domainincite.com/15034-will-icann-be-forced-to-reject-islamic-gtlds">"Will ICANN be forced to reject Islamic gTLDs?"</a>. DomainIncite. Retrieved May 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DomainIncite&rft.atitle=Will+ICANN+be+forced+to+reject+Islamic+gTLDs%3F&rft.date=2013-11-14&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdomainincite.com%2F15034-will-icann-be-forced-to-reject-islamic-gtlds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2018" class="citation news cs1">McCarthy, Kieren (July 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/07/30/icann_muslim_ban/">"The internet's very own Muslim ban continues: DNS overlord insists it can freeze dot-words"</a>. The Register. Retrieved May 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=The+internet%27s+very+own+Muslim+ban+continues%3A+DNS+overlord+insists+it+can+freeze+dot-words&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Kieren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2018%2F07%2F30%2Ficann_muslim_ban%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2019" class="citation web cs1">McCarthy, Kieren (April 26, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/04/26/dot_org_price_increases/">"Internet industry freaks out over proposed unlimited price hikes on org domain names"</a>. The Register. Retrieved November 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Internet+industry+freaks+out+over+proposed+unlimited+price+hikes+on+org+domain+names&rft.date=2019-04-26&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Kieren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2019%2F04%2F26%2Fdot_org_price_increases%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2019" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Timothy B. (July 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2019/07/icann-eliminates-org-domain-price-caps-despite-lopsided-opposition/">"ICANN eliminates org domain price caps despite lopsided opposition"</a>. Ars Technica. Retrieved November 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=ICANN+eliminates+org+domain+price+caps+despite+lopsided+opposition&rft.date=2019-07-01&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Timothy+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Ftech-policy%2F2019%2F07%2Ficann-eliminates-org-domain-price-caps-despite-lopsided-opposition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2019" class="citation web cs1">McCarthy, Kieren (November 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/11/20/org_registry_sale_shambles/">"Internet world despairs as non-profit .org sold for $$$$ to private equity firm, price caps axed"</a>. The Register. Retrieved November 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Internet+world+despairs+as+non-profit+.org+sold+for+%24%24%24%24+to+private+equity+firm%2C+price+caps+axed&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Kieren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2019%2F11%2F20%2Forg_registry_sale_shambles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/amazon-wins-amazon-domain-name-aggravating-south-american-region-and-undermining-digital-commons-118186">"Amazon wins '.amazon' domain name, aggravating South American region and undermining digital commons"</a>. June 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amazon+wins+%27.amazon%27+domain+name%2C+aggravating+South+American+region+and+undermining+digital+commons&rft.date=2019-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Famazon-wins-amazon-domain-name-aggravating-south-american-region-and-undermining-digital-commons-118186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarlington2019" class="citation news cs1">Darlington, Shasta (April 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/18/world/americas/amazon-domain-name.html">"Battle for .amazon Domain Pits Retailer Against South American Nations"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/18/world/americas/amazon-domain-name.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Battle+for+.amazon+Domain+Pits+Retailer+Against+South+American+Nations&rft.date=2019-04-18&rft.aulast=Darlington&rft.aufirst=Shasta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F18%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Famazon-domain-name.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Brito, Jerry. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techland.time.com/2011/03/05/icann-vs-the-world/">ICANN vs. the World</a>." <a href="/wiki/TIME_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME (magazine)">TIME</a>. March 5, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.</li> <li>Franda, Marcus, The Emergence of an International Regime, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55587-999-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55587-999-3">1-55587-999-3</a></li> <li>Wass, Erica, Addressing the World, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-2809-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-2809-X">0-7425-2809-X</a></li> <li>Paré, Daniel J. Internet Governance in Transition, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1846-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1846-9">0-7425-1846-9</a></li> <li>Mueller, Milton L. Ruling the Root, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-13412-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-13412-8">0-262-13412-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFroomkin2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Froomkin" title="Michael Froomkin">Froomkin, Michael</a> (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://personal.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/articles/icann.pdf">"Wrong Turn in Cyberspace"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Duke_Law_Journal" title="Duke Law Journal">Duke Law Journal</a>. 50 (17). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1373113">10.2307/1373113</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10535%2F3464">10535/3464</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-7086">0012-7086</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1373113">1373113</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/sf82007022">sf82007022</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1567016">1567016</a>. Retrieved September 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duke+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Wrong+Turn+in+Cyberspace&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=17&rft.date=2000-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10535%2F3464&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1373113%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1373113&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1567016&rft.issn=0012-7086&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Fsf82007022&rft.aulast=Froomkin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersonal.law.miami.edu%2F~froomkin%2Farticles%2Ficann.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHill2014" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Richard (2014). "Chapter 4 Internet Governance: The Last Gasp of Colonialism, or Imperialism by Other Means?". The Evolution of Global Internet Governance. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. pp. 79–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-45299-4_5">10.1007/978-3-642-45299-4_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-45298-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-45298-7"><bdi>978-3-642-45298-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4+Internet+Governance%3A+The+Last+Gasp+of+Colonialism%2C+or+Imperialism+by+Other+Means%3F&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Global+Internet+Governance&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-45299-4_5&rft.isbn=978-3-642-45298-7&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:ICANN" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:ICANN">ICANN</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icann.org">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485750#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/954712218">"Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers"</a>. Internal Revenue Service filings. <a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a> Nonprofit Explorer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ProPublica+Nonprofit+Explorer&rft.atitle=Internet+Corporation+for+Assigned+Names+and+Numbers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojects.propublica.org%2Fnonprofits%2Forganizations%2F954712218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dns.icann.org/">ICANN DNS Operations</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icannwiki.org">"ICANN Wiki"</a>. ICANN. <q>People and companies related to ICANN</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICANN+Wiki&rft.pub=ICANN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icannwiki.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBallMathieu-Leger2014" class="citation news cs1">Ball, James; Mathieu-Leger, Laurence (February 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/video/2014/feb/28/who-holds-seven-keys-internet-web-security-video">"Who holds the seven keys to the internet?"</a> (video). Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology&rft.atitle=Who+holds+the+seven+keys+to+the+internet%3F&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Mathieu-Leger%2C+Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2Fvideo%2F2014%2Ffeb%2F28%2Fwho-holds-seven-keys-internet-web-security-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICANN" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ICANN&#039;s_structure_and_board_of_directors516" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ICANN_structure" title="Template:ICANN structure"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ICANN_structure" title="Template talk:ICANN structure"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ICANN_structure" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ICANN structure"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ICANN&#039;s_structure_and_board_of_directors516" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ICANN</a>'s structure and board of directors</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supporting organizations (6 representatives on the board)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Address <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_Supporting_Organization" title="Address Supporting Organization">ASO</a></li></ul></li> <li>Generic Names <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generic_Names_Supporting_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Generic Names Supporting Organization (page does not exist)">GNSO</a></li></ul></li> <li>Country Code Names <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_Code_Names_Supporting_Organization" title="Country Code Names Supporting Organization">CCNSO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory committees (5 representatives)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>At Large <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At-Large_Advisory_Committee" title="At-Large Advisory Committee">ALAC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Root Server System <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root_Server_System_Advisory_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Root Server System Advisory Committee (page does not exist)">RSSAC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Security & Stability <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Security_%26_Stability_Advisory_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Security & Stability Advisory Committee (page does not exist)">SSAC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Technical Liaison Group <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_Liaison_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technical Liaison Group (page does not exist)">TLG</a></li></ul></li> <li>Internet Engineering Task Force <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental (1 representative)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Governmental Advisory Committee <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governmental_Advisory_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Governmental Advisory Committee (page does not exist)">GAC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others (9 representatives)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Independent representatives (8), selected through a <a href="/wiki/Nominating_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominating committee">nominating committee</a></li> <li>Director and CEO, appointed by the rest of the board of directors</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>More details are available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.icann.org/en/groups/chart">www.icann.org/en/groups/chart</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485750#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata942" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485750#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata942" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485750#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000104165898">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/155828460">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/6099601-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99080285">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49285886">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/8044315">Norway</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1494371">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICANN&oldid=1280205187">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICANN&oldid=1280205187</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Domain_Name_System" title="Category:Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Domain_name_registries" title="Category:Domain name registries">Domain name registries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Internet" title="Category:History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Information_technology_organizations" title="Category:Information technology organizations">Information technology organizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_governance_organizations" title="Category:Internet governance organizations">Internet governance organizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Internet in the United States">Internet in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-profit_organizations_based_in_California" title="Category:Non-profit organizations based in California">Non-profit organizations based in California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_based_in_Los_Angeles" title="Category:Organizations based in Los Angeles">Organizations based in Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Playa_Vista,_Los_Angeles" title="Category:Playa Vista, Los Angeles">Playa Vista, Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_established_in_1998" title="Category:Organizations established in 1998">Organizations established in 1998</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="Category:United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1998_establishments_in_California" title="Category:1998 establishments in California">1998 establishments in California</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">CS1 maint: location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_March_2021" title="Category:Use American English from March 2021">Use American English from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2021" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2021">Use mdy dates from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_timeline_metadata" title="Category:Pages with timeline metadata">Pages with timeline metadata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_February_2011" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2011">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 March 2025, at 04:50 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICANN&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >ICANN</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 53 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-b98c64bff-lt5cm","wgBackendResponseTime":350,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.000","walltime":"3.615","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16825,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":356528,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":44065,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":400754,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3288.400 1 -total"," 64.78% 2130.161 1 Template:Reflist"," 30.93% 1016.980 2 Template:Cite_ietf"," 14.10% 463.761 67 Template:Cite_web"," 7.81% 256.974 1 Template:Internet_history_timeline"," 7.29% 239.689 128 Template:Timeline-event"," 7.10% 233.445 2 Template:Cite_IETF/doctypes"," 6.49% 213.272 126 Template:Start_date"," 5.58% 183.401 5 Template:Cite_book"," 5.20% 170.955 2 Template:Cite_IETF/makelink"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.164","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11431024,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","23.1"],["?","180","13.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","9.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","7.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","4.6"],["(for generator) \u003Cmw.lua:684\u003E","60","4.6"],["assert","40","3.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","3.1"],["[others]","300","23.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.eqiad.main-9f7bcf8db-bxcsd","timestamp":"20250319180014","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"ICANN","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ICANN","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q485750","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q485750","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-22T07:45:59Z","dateModified":"2025-03-13T04:50:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/20\/Icann_logo.svg","headline":"organization responsible for coordinating the maintenance and procedures of several databases related to the namespaces of the Internet"}</script> </body> </html>