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<ul id="toc-Earliest_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Beginning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Near_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Near_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ancient Near East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Near_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>West Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.4</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron Age</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 148 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-148" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">148 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ystertydperk" title="Ystertydperk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ystertydperk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenzeit" title="Eisenzeit – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Eisenzeit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5_%E1%8B%98%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95" title="የብረት ዘመን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የብረት ዘመን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="العصر الحديدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الحديدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_de_Fierro" title="Edat de Fierro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Edat de Fierro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A7_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Երկաթէ Դար – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Երկաթէ Դար" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="লৌহ যুগ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লৌহ যুগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%C3%A1_del_fierro" title="Edá del fierro – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edá del fierro" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99mir_d%C3%B6vr%C3%BC" title="Dəmir dövrü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəmir dövrü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%86%D9%85%DB%8C" title="دمیر دؤنمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دمیر دؤنمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="লৌহ যুগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লৌহ যুগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Besi" title="Zaman Besi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Zaman Besi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thih-kh%C3%AC_S%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="Thih-khì Sî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thih-khì Sî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Тимер быуат – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тимер быуат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Жалезны век – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жалезны век" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Жалезны век – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жалезны век" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Желязна епоха – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Желязна епоха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%95%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྕགས་ཆས་སྤྱོད་པའི་དུས་རབས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྕགས་ཆས་སྤྱོད་པའི་དུས་རབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezno_doba" title="Željezno doba – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Željezno doba" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oadvezh_an_houarn" title="Oadvezh an houarn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oadvezh an houarn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_del_ferro" title="Edat del ferro – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edat del ferro" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80%C4%95" title="Тимĕр ĕмĕрĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тимĕр ĕмĕрĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doba_%C5%BEelezn%C3%A1" title="Doba železná – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Doba železná" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zera_re_Utare" title="Zera re Utare – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zera re Utare" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oes_yr_Haearn" title="Oes yr Haearn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oes yr Haearn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernalder" title="Jernalder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jernalder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenzeit" title="Eisenzeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eisenzeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauaaeg" title="Rauaaeg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rauaaeg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Εποχή του Σιδήρου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εποχή του Σιδήρου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A8_dal_f%C3%A8r" title="Etè dal fèr – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Etè dal fèr" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edad_del_Hierro" title="Edad del Hierro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edad del Hierro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferepoko" title="Ferepoko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ferepoko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdin_Aroa" title="Burdin Aroa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burdin Aroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86" title="عصر آهن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عصر آهن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loha_Yug" title="Loha Yug – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Loha Yug" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_fer" title="Âge du fer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Âge du fer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izertiid" title="Izertiid – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Izertiid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Iarannaois" title="An Iarannaois – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Iarannaois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_de_Ferro" title="Idade de Ferro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Idade de Ferro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Аьшка зама – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Аьшка зама" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="鐵器時代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鐵器時代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0%EA%B8%B0_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="철기 시대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="철기 시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Երկաթի դար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկաթի դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="लौह युग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लौह युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezno_doba" title="Željezno doba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Željezno doba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer-epoko" title="Fer-epoko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fer-epoko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panawen_ti_Landok" title="Panawen ti Landok – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Panawen ti Landok" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Besi" title="Zaman Besi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zaman Besi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1rn%C3%B6ld" title="Járnöld – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Járnöld" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_del_ferro" title="Età del ferro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Età del ferro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%9C" title="תקופת הברזל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקופת הברזל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaman_wesi" title="Jaman wesi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jaman wesi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91%C9%A9%C9%A3y%CA%8A%CA%8A_p%C9%A9nz%C9%A9_(Age_du_fer)" title="Ñɩɣyʊʊ pɩnzɩ (Age du fer) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ñɩɣyʊʊ pɩnzɩ (Age du fer)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რკინის ხანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რკინის ხანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%B2ka_%C5%BCelaz%C5%82a" title="Epòka żelazła – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Epòka żelazła" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%83%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96" title="Темір дәуірі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Темір дәуірі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oos_Horn" title="Oos Horn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Oos Horn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zama_za_Chuma" title="Zama za Chuma – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zama za Chuma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azilugal" title="Azilugal – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Azilugal" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laj_di_fer" title="Laj di fer – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Laj di fer" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdema_hesin%C3%AE" title="Serdema hesinî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Serdema hesinî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Темир доору – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Темир доору" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A9_dl_Fer" title="Eté dl Fer – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Eté dl Fer" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BC%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81" title="ອາຍຸທາດເຫຼັກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອາຍຸທາດເຫຼັກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dze%C4%BC%C5%BEalaiki" title="Dzeļžalaiki – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Dzeļžalaiki" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetas_ferrea" title="Aetas ferrea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aetas ferrea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzelzs_laikmets" title="Dzelzs laikmets – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzelzs laikmets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gele%C5%BEies_am%C5%BEius" title="Geležies amžius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Geležies amžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A6_do_f%C3%A6ro" title="Etæ do færo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Etæ do færo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iezertied" title="Iezertied – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Iezertied" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eda_de_Fero" title="Eda de Fero – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eda de Fero" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etaa_del_Ferr" title="Etaa del Ferr – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Etaa del Ferr" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaskor" title="Vaskor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vaskor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Железно време – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Железно време" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andron%27_ny_Vy" title="Andron' ny Vy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andron' ny Vy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="അയോയുഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അയോയുഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="लोह युग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लोह युग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რკინაშ ხანა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რკინაშ ხანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%89" title="عصر حديدى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عصر حديدى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Besi" title="Zaman Besi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Besi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidade_de_l_Fierro" title="Eidade de l Fierro – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eidade de l Fierro" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80_%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Төмөр зэвсгийн үе – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төмөр зэвсгийн үе" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="သံခေတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံခေတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJzertijd" title="IJzertijd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IJzertijd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iezertied" title="Iezertied – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Iezertied" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="लौह युग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लौह युग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="न युग – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="न युग" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%84%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="鉄器時代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鉄器時代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_d%22o_fierro" title="Età d"o fierro – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Età d"o fierro" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аьчка оьмар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Аьчка оьмар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisentidj" title="Iisentidj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iisentidj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernalderen" title="Jernalderen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jernalderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarnalderen" title="Jarnalderen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jarnalderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_dau_F%C3%A8rre" title="Edat dau Fèrre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edat dau Fèrre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%B1%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8C%D3%A7_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Кӱртньӧ курым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кӱртньӧ курым" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temir_davri" title="Temir davri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Temir davri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%97" title="ਲੋਹਾ ਯੁੱਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੋਹਾ ਯੁੱਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="لوہا ویلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوہا ویلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%82%8F%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ပသီႏခေတ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပသီႏခေတ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="د اوسپنې زمانه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اوسپنې زمانه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayan_Iej" title="Ayan Iej – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ayan Iej" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_d%C3%ABl_fer" title="Età dël fer – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Età dël fer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesentiet" title="Iesentiet – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Iesentiet" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoka_%C5%BCelaza" title="Epoka żelaza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Epoka żelaza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_do_Ferro" title="Idade do Ferro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Idade do Ferro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demir_devri" title="Demir devri – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Demir devri" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoca_Fierului" title="Epoca Fierului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Epoca Fierului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temp_da_fier" title="Temp da fier – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Temp da fier" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Желїзна доба – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Желїзна доба" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Железный век – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Железный век" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Тимир үйэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тимир үйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="लोहयुगम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लोहयुगम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edade_de_su_Ferru" title="Edade de su Ferru – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Edade de su Ferru" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airn_Age" title="Airn Age – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Airn Age" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iersentied" title="Iersentied – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Iersentied" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koha_e_Hekurit" title="Koha e Hekurit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Koha e Hekurit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etati_d%C3%BB_ferru" title="Etati dû ferru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Etati dû ferru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A9_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="යකඩ යුගය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යකඩ යුගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iron Age" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezn%C3%A1_doba" title="Železná doba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Železná doba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezna_doba" title="Železna doba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Železna doba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86" title="سەردەمی ئاسن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەردەمی ئاسن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Гвоздено доба – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гвоздено доба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezno_doba" title="Željezno doba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Željezno doba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautakausi" title="Rautakausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rautakausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rn%C3%A5ldern" title="Järnåldern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Järnåldern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahong_Bakal" title="Panahong Bakal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panahong Bakal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இரும்புக் காலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரும்புக் காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Тимер гасыр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тимер гасыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82" title="ఇనుప యుగం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇనుప యుగం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="ยุคเหล็ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคเหล็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demir_%C3%87a%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Demir Çağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Demir Çağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demir_asyry" title="Demir asyry – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Demir asyry" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Залізна доба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Залізна доба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%81%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="آہنی دور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آہنی دور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_del_fero" title="Età del fero – 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Iron_Age&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="The Iron Age">The Iron Age</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological period</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical/archaeological period known as the Iron Age. For the mythological Iron Age, see <a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Iron_Age" title="Category:Iron Age">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iron Age</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> ↑ <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East#Iron_Age" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> (1200–550 BC)</b> <ul><li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a> (1200–1150 BC)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Levant">Levant</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Europe</a></b> <ul><li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilizations">Aegean</a> (1200–700 BC)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Italy</a> (1100–700 BC)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Southeastern Europe">Balkans</a> (1100 BC – 150 AD)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Novocherkassk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Novocherkassk culture">Eastern Europe</a> (900 – 650 BC)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe#Central_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Central Europe</a> (800 – 50 BC)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Great Britain</a> (800 BC – 100 AD)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Northern Europe</a> (500 BC – 800 AD)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Western Europe</a> (800 BC – 1 AD)</span></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age in South Asia">South Asia</a> (1200–200 BC)</b></li> <li><b>Southeast Asia (1000–200 BC)</b> <ul><li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Vietnam</a> (1000 BC – 200 AD)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Ban_Chiang" title="Ban Chiang">Thailand</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 – 100 BC</span>)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Bujang_Valley" title="Bujang Valley">Malaysia</a> (500 BC – 200 AD)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Indonesia</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400 BC – 100 AD</span>)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Maitum_anthropomorphic_pottery" title="Maitum anthropomorphic pottery">Philippines</a> (5 BC – 500 AD)</span></li></ul></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#East_Asia">East Asia</a> (500 BC – 300 AD)</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">Africa</a> (2600 BC – 500 AD)</b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy#Iron_smelting_and_the_Iron_Age" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Iron Age metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeometallurgical_slag" title="Archaeometallurgical slag">Archaeometallurgical slag</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> ↓ <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iron_Age" title="Template:Iron Age"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iron_Age" title="Template talk:Iron Age"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iron_Age" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iron Age"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:World_history" title="Category:World history">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a><br /><span style="font-size:80%;">and <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <span style="font-size:120%">↑</span> <a href="/wiki/Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">before <i>Homo</i></a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nowrap">  </span>(<a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene epoch</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></dt> <dd> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i></li></ul></div></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">Early <i>Homo sapiens</i></a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipalaeolithic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistory</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East#Bronze_Age" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">South Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age#East_Asia" title="Bronze Age">East Asia</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a> </i></dd> <dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iron Age</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East#Iron_Age" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">South Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#East_Asia">East Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">West Africa</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">Recorded history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">Earliest records</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistory</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></dt> <dt><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern history</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:#efefef;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span style="font-size:120%">↓</span> <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nowrap">  </span>(<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene epoch</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_history_and_prehistory" title="Template:Human history and prehistory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_history_and_prehistory" title="Template talk:Human history and prehistory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_history_and_prehistory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human history and prehistory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By technological eras</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Premodern / <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">Pre-industrial</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">lithic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_technology" title="Ancient technology">Ancient</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Modern</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">Proto-industrialization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Age" title="Machine Age">Machine Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Age" title="Atomic Age">Atomic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Age" title="Jet Age">Jet Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Age" title="Space Age">Space Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">Third Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_transformation" title="Digital transformation">Digital transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">Fourth Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagination age">Imagination Age</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Future</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">Post-industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By historical regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Ancient Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Ancient China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Hellenistic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman technology">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance Europe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By type of technology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">History of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="History of computer hardware">History of computer hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering#History" title="Electrical engineering">History of electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="History of manufacturing">History of manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">History of maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_materials_science" title="History of materials science">History of materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement" title="History of measurement">History of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">History of simple machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology#History" title="Nuclear technology">History of nuclear technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport" title="History of transport">History of transport</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Technology timelines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline of historic inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">Technological revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technology_timelines" title="Category:Technology timelines">Complete list by category</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Article indices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_technology" title="Outline of technology">Outline of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline of prehistoric technology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_technology_sidebar" title="Template:History of technology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_technology_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of technology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_technology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of technology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Iron Age</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550 BC</span>) is the final epoch of the three historical <a href="/wiki/Metal_Ages" title="Metal Ages">Metal Ages</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been considered as the final age of the three-age division starting with <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a> (before recorded history) and progressing to <a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">protohistory</a> (before written history). In this usage, it is preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> (subdivided into the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>) and Bronze Age. These concepts originated for describing <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>. The indigenous cultures of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> did not develop an iron economy <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas"> before 1500</a>. </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Meteoric_iron" title="Meteoric iron">meteoric iron</a> has been used for millennia in many regions, the beginning of the Iron Age is defined locally around the world by archaeological convention when the production of smelted <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> tools and weapons) replaces their <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> equivalents in common use.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>, the Iron Age began during the late <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-Waldbaum-1978_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldbaum-1978-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>, this transition occurred simultaneously with the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/12th_century_BC" title="12th century BC">12th century BC</a> (1200–1100 BC). The technology soon spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> region and to <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> between the 12th and 11th century BC. Its further spread to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> was somewhat delayed, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> was not reached until about the start of the <a href="/wiki/5th_century_BC" title="5th century BC">5th century BC</a> (500 BC). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Iron Age in India</a> is stated as beginning with the ironworking <a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a>, dating from the <a href="/wiki/15th_century_BC" title="15th century BC">15th century BC</a>, through to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> in the <a href="/wiki/3rd_century_BC" title="3rd century BC">3rd century BC</a>. The term "Iron Age" in the archaeology of South, East, and Southeast Asia is more recent and less common than for Western Eurasia. Africa did not have a universal "Bronze Age", and many areas transitioned directly from stone to iron. Some archaeologists believe that iron metallurgy was developed in sub-Saharan Africa independently from Eurasia and neighbouring parts of Northeast Africa as early as <a href="/wiki/2000_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 BC">2000 BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eggert_2014_51–59_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eggert_2014_51–59-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holl-2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eze-Uzomaka_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eze-Uzomaka-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of the Iron Age ending with the beginning of the written <a href="/wiki/Historiographical_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiographical record">historiographical record</a> has not generalized well, as written language and steel use have developed at different times in different areas across the archaeological record. For instance, in China, <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">written history</a> started before iron smelting began, so the term is used infrequently for the archaeology of China. For the Ancient Near East, the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550 BC</span> is used traditionally and still usually as an end date; later dates are considered historical according to the record by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> despite considerable written records now being known from well back into the Bronze Age. In Central and Western Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman conquests</a> of the 1st century BC serve as marking the end of the Iron Age. The <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a> of Scandinavia is considered to end <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 800</span>, with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_concept">History of the concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing the extent of the Chernoles culture in Eastern Europe during the late Bronze Age." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png/220px-Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png/330px-Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png/440px-Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The three-age method of Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages was first used for the archaeology of Europe during the first half of the 19th century, and by the latter half of the 19th century, it had been extended to the archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Its name harks back to the mythological "<a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>. As an archaeological era, it was first introduced to Scandinavia by <a href="/wiki/Christian_J%C3%BCrgensen_Thomsen" title="Christian Jürgensen Thomsen">Christian Jürgensen Thomsen</a> during the 1830s. By the 1860s, it was embraced as a useful division of the "earliest history of mankind" in general<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and began to be applied in <a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a>. The development of the now-conventional <a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">periodization</a> in the archaeology of the Ancient Near East was developed during the 1920s and 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_of_"iron""><span id="Definition_of_.22iron.22"></span>Definition of "iron"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition of "iron""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy#Iron_smelting_and_the_Iron_Age" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Ferrous metallurgy § Iron smelting and the Iron Age</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Archaeometallurgical_slag" title="Archaeometallurgical slag">Archaeometallurgical slag</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg/170px-Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg/255px-Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg/340px-Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Willamette_Meteorite" title="Willamette Meteorite">Willamette Meteorite</a>, the sixth largest in the world, is an <a href="/wiki/Iron_meteorite" title="Iron meteorite">iron–nickel meteorite</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Meteoric iron, a natural <a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93nickel_alloy" title="Iron–nickel alloy">iron–nickel alloy</a>, was used by various ancient peoples thousands of years before the Iron Age. The earliest-known meteoric iron artifacts are nine small beads dated to <a href="/wiki/3200_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3200 BC">3200 BC</a>, which were found in burials <a href="/wiki/Gerzeh_culture" title="Gerzeh culture">at Gerzeh in Lower Egypt</a>, having been shaped by careful hammering.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The characteristic of an Iron Age culture is the mass production of tools and weapons made not just of found iron, but from <a href="/wiki/Smelting#Early_iron_smelting" title="Smelting">smelted steel alloys</a> with an added <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> content.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Only with the capability of the production of carbon steel does <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">ferrous metallurgy</a> result in tools or weapons that are harder and lighter than <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Smelted iron appears sporadically in the archeological record from the middle <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. Whilst terrestrial iron is abundant naturally, temperatures above 1,250 °C (2,280 °F) are required to smelt it, impractical to achieve with the technology available commonly until the end of the second millennium BC. In contrast, the components of bronze—tin with a melting point of 231.9 °C (449.4 °F) and copper with a relatively moderate melting point of 1,085 °C (1,985 °F)—were within the capabilities of Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kilns</a>, which date back to 6000 BC and were able to produce temperatures greater than 900 °C (1,650 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to specially designed furnaces, ancient iron production required the development of complex procedures for the removal of impurities, the regulation of the admixture of carbon, and the invention of hot-working to achieve a useful balance of hardness and strength in steel. The use of steel has also been regulated by the economics of the metallurgical advancements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_cq2dux45wcc0t5ea7aq4cj7akcexbmr"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" coords="457,21,562,45" title="Bronze Age" alt="Bronze Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Stone_Age" coords="177,21,275,45" title="Stone Age" alt="Stone Age" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_cq2dux45wcc0t5ea7aq4cj7akcexbmr" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/cq2dux45wcc0t5ea7aq4cj7akcexbmr.png" /></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_evidence">Earliest evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Earliest evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest tentative evidence for iron-making is a small number of iron fragments with the appropriate amounts of carbon admixture found in the Proto-Hittite layers at <a href="/wiki/Kaman-Kaleh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Kaman-Kalehöyük">Kaman-Kalehöyük</a> in modern-day Turkey, dated to 2200–2000 BC. Akanuma (2008) concludes that "The combination of carbon dating, archaeological context, and <a href="/wiki/Archaeometallurgy" title="Archaeometallurgy">archaeometallurgical</a> examination indicates that it is likely that the use of ironware made of steel had already begun in the third millennium BC in Central Anatolia".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Souckova-Siegolová (2001) shows that iron implements were made in Central Anatolia in very limited quantities about 1800 BC and were in general use by elites, though not by commoners, during the New Hittite Empire (≈1400–1200 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, recent archaeological remains of iron-working in the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> Valley in India have been dated tentatively to 1800 BC. Tewari (2003) concludes that "knowledge of iron smelting and manufacturing of iron artifacts was well known in the Eastern Vindhyas and iron had been in use in the Central Ganga Plain, at least from the early second millennium BC".<sup id="cite_ref-Tewari_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tewari-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a> increasing numbers of smelted iron objects (distinguishable from meteoric iron by the lack of <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> in the product) appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. </p><p>African sites are revealing dates as early as 2000–1200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-millermintz_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millermintz-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eze-Uzomaka_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eze-Uzomaka-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some recent studies date the inception of iron metallurgy in Africa between 3000 and 2500 BC, with evidence existing for early iron metallurgy in parts of Nigeria, Cameroon, and Central Africa, from as early as around 2,000 BC. The Nok culture of Nigeria may have practiced iron smelting from as early as 1000 BC, while the nearby Djenné-Djenno culture of the Niger Valley in Mali shows evidence of iron production from c. 250 BC. Iron technology across much of sub-Saharan Africa has an African origin dating to before 2000 BC. These findings confirm the independent invention of iron smelting in sub-Saharan Africa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning">Beginning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Beginning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krieger_von_Hirschlanden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Krieger_von_Hirschlanden.jpg/220px-Krieger_von_Hirschlanden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Krieger_von_Hirschlanden.jpg/330px-Krieger_von_Hirschlanden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Krieger_von_Hirschlanden.jpg/440px-Krieger_von_Hirschlanden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="2875" /></a><figcaption>Copy of The <a href="/wiki/Warrior_of_Hirschlanden" title="Warrior of Hirschlanden">Warrior of Hirschlanden</a> (German: <i>Krieger von Hirschlanden</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statue</a> of a nude <a href="/wiki/Phallic_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Phallic symbol">ithyphallic</a> warrior made of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>, the oldest known Iron Age life-size anthropomorphic statue north of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern archaeological evidence identifies the start of large-scale global iron production about 1200 BC, marking the end of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. The Iron Age in Europe is often considered as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Snodgrass" title="Anthony Snodgrass">Anthony Snodgrass</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that a shortage of tin and trade disruptions in the Mediterranean about 1300 BC forced <a href="/wiki/Smith_(metalwork)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith (metalwork)">metalworkers</a> to seek an alternative to bronze. Many bronze implements were recycled into weapons during that time, and more widespread use of iron resulted in improved steel-making technology and lower costs. When tin became readily available again, iron was cheaper, stronger and lighter, and forged iron implements superseded cast bronze tools permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Central</a> and Western Europe, the Iron Age lasted from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800 BC</span> to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1 BC</span>, beginning in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">pre-Roman Iron Age</a> Northern Europe in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span>, and reaching <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Northern Scandinavian</a> Europe about <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span>. </p><p>The Iron Age in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> is considered to last from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200 BC</span> (the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a>) to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550 BC</span> (or <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opis" title="Battle of Opis">539 BC</a>), roughly the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> with <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, marking the end of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-historical" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-historical">proto-historical</a> period. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a>, because writing was developed first, there is no recognizable prehistoric period characterized by ironworking, and the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age China">Bronze Age China</a> transitions almost directly into the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> of imperial China. <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age China">"Iron Age"</a> in the context of China is used sometimes for the transitional period of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900 BC</span> to 100 BC during which ferrous metallurgy was present even if not dominant. </p> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_imiwsiee36p7reh4nvi9n73lfhlak24"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" coords="388,163,496,184" title="Maurya Empire" alt="Maurya Empire" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" coords="312,164,370,185" title="Northern Black Polished Ware" alt="Northern Black Polished Ware" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Painted_Gray_Ware" coords="190,164,242,185" title="Painted Gray Ware" alt="Painted Gray Ware" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Viking_Age" coords="639,139,730,160" title="Viking Age" alt="Viking Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" coords="556,140,636,161" title="Germanic Iron Age" alt="Germanic Iron Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" coords="465,140,529,161" title="Roman Iron Age" alt="Roman Iron Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pre%2DRoman_Iron_Age" coords="342,140,428,161" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age" alt="Pre-Roman Iron Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" coords="377,115,475,135" title="Roman Italy" alt="Roman Italy" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" coords="286,116,367,136" title="Etruscan civilization" alt="Etruscan civilization" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" coords="201,116,293,136" title="Villanovan culture" alt="Villanovan culture" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" coords="273,91,370,111" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt" alt="Late Period of ancient Egypt" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" coords="143,92,318,112" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt" alt="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" coords="441,66,544,87" title="Roman Empire" alt="Roman Empire" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" coords="351,67,431,88" title="La Tène culture" alt="La Tène culture" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" coords="248,67,334,88" title="Hallstatt culture" alt="Hallstatt culture" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" coords="310,42,435,63" title="Classical Greece" alt="Classical Greece" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" coords="230,43,344,64" title="Archaic Greece" alt="Archaic Greece" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" coords="150,43,269,64" title="Greek Dark Ages" alt="Greek Dark Ages" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" coords="301,18,398,39" title="Achaemenid Empire" alt="Achaemenid Empire" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_imiwsiee36p7reh4nvi9n73lfhlak24" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/imiwsiee36p7reh4nvi9n73lfhlak24.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Near_East">Ancient Near East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient Near East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Iron Age in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> is believed to have begun after the discovery of iron smelting and smithing techniques in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> during the late <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd millennium BCE">2nd millennium BC</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-Waldbaum-1978_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldbaum-1978-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery">bloomery</a> smelting of iron is found at <a href="/wiki/Tell_Hammeh" title="Tell Hammeh">Tell Hammeh</a>, Jordan about 930 BC (determined from <a href="/wiki/C14_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="C14 dating"><sup>14</sup>C dating</a>). </p><p>The Early Iron Age in the Caucasus area is divided conventionally into two periods, Early Iron I, dated to about 1100 BC, and the Early Iron II phase from the tenth to ninth centuries BC. Many of the material culture traditions of the Late Bronze Age continued into the Early Iron Age. Thus, there is a sociocultural continuity during this transitional period.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Iran, the earliest actual iron artifacts were unknown until the 9th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Iran, the best studied archaeological site during this time period is <a href="/wiki/Teppe_Hasanlu" title="Teppe Hasanlu">Teppe Hasanlu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Asia">West Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: West Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian">Mesopotamian</a> states of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, the initial use of iron reaches far back, to perhaps 3000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest smelted iron artifacts known is a dagger with an iron blade found in a <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattic</a> tomb in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, dating from 2500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-cowen_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cowen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The widespread use of iron weapons which replaced bronze weapons rapidly disseminated throughout the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> (North Africa, southwest <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>) by the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. </p><p>The development of iron smelting was once attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> of Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age. As part of the Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age, the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a> saw the slow, comparatively continuous spread of iron-working technology in the region. It was long believed that the success of the Hittite Empire during the Late Bronze Age had been based on the advantages entailed by the "monopoly" on ironworking at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Muhly-2003_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhly-2003-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, the invading <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a> would have been responsible for spreading the knowledge through that region. The idea of such a "Hittite monopoly" has been examined more thoroughly and no longer represents a scholarly consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-Muhly-2003_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhly-2003-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are some iron objects from Bronze Age Anatolia, the number is comparable to iron objects found in Egypt and other places of the same time period; and only a small number of these objects are weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:center; margin:0 0 1em 1em; clear:right;"> <caption>Early examples and distribution of non-precious metal finds<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Freeserve is (rather was) merely an ISP, not a "work" (October 2023)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:130px;">Date </th> <th style="width:60px;">Crete </th> <th style="width:60px;">Aegean </th> <th style="width:60px;">Greece </th> <th style="width:60px;">Cyprus </th> <th style="width:80px;">Sub-totals </th> <th style="width:60px;">Anatolia </th> <th style="width:60px;">Totals </th></tr> <tr> <td>1300–1200 BC </td> <td>5 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background:#DDEEFF;">16 </td> <td>33 </td> <td style="background:#DDEEFF;">49 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFFDD;"> <td><span class="nowrap"><b>Total Bronze Age</b></span> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background:#DDEEFF;">16 </td> <td>33 </td> <td style="background:#DDEEFF;">49 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1200–1100 BC </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>26 </td> <td style="background:#DDEEFF;">37 </td> <td>N/A </td> <td style="background:#DDEEFF;">37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1100–1000 BC </td> <td>13 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>33 </td> <td style="background:#DDEEFF;">80 </td> <td>N/A </td> <td style="background:#DDEEFF;">80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000–900 BC </td> <td>37+ </td> <td>30 </td> <td>115 </td> <td>29 </td> <td style="background:#DDEEFF;">211 </td> <td>N/A </td> <td style="background:#DDEEFF;">211 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFFDD;"> <td><b>Total Iron Age</b> </td> <td>51 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>163 </td> <td>88 </td> <td style="background:#DDEEFF;">328 </td> <td>N/A </td> <td style="background:#DDEEFF;">328 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_p8ahydrwttpkr30pn90gtzb6hm0zwok"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" coords="667,9,787,30" title="Sassanid Empire" alt="Sassanid Empire" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" coords="557,9,677,30" title="Parthian Empire" alt="Parthian Empire" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" coords="452,9,572,30" title="Seleucid Empire" alt="Seleucid Empire" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" coords="356,9,448,30" title="Achaemenid Empire" alt="Achaemenid Empire" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ramesside_Period" coords="50,-1,169,20" title="Ramesside Period" alt="Ramesside Period" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" coords="137,-1,267,20" title="Ancient Near East" alt="Ancient Near East" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_p8ahydrwttpkr30pn90gtzb6hm0zwok" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/p8ahydrwttpkr30pn90gtzb6hm0zwok.png" /></div> <p>Dates are approximate; consult particular article for details. </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f2d97f; color:black;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd880; color:black;"> </span> Prehistoric (or <a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Proto-historic</a>) Iron Age <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cccccc; color:black;"> </span> Historic Iron Age</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt">Egypt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period of Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aflo_178168414.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Aflo_178168414.jpg/220px-Aflo_178168414.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Aflo_178168414.jpg/330px-Aflo_178168414.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Aflo_178168414.jpg/440px-Aflo_178168414.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>Sword with the name of Merneptah, Ugarit. <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Iron metal is singularly scarce in collections of Egyptian antiquities. Bronze remained the primary material there until the conquest by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> in 671 BC. The explanation of this would seem to be that the relics are in most cases the paraphernalia of tombs, the funeral vessels and vases, and iron being considered an impure metal by the ancient Egyptians it was never used in their manufacture of these or for any religious purposes. It was attributed to Seth, the spirit of evil who according to Egyptian tradition governed the central deserts of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Abusir" title="Abusir">Black Pyramid of Abusir</a>, dating before 2000 BC, <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Maspero" title="Gaston Maspero">Gaston Maspero</a> found some pieces of iron. In the funeral text of <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepi I">Pepi I</a>, the metal is mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sword bearing the name of pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> as well as a battle axe with an iron blade and gold-decorated bronze shaft were both found in the excavation of Ugarit.<sup id="cite_ref-cowen_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cowen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun%27s_meteoric_iron_dagger" title="Tutankhamun's meteoric iron dagger">dagger with an iron blade found in Tutankhamun's tomb</a>, 13th century BC, was examined recently and found to be of meteoric origin.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle,_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg/220px-Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg/330px-Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg/440px-Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maiden_Castle,_Dorset" title="Maiden Castle, Dorset">Maiden Castle</a>, Dorset, England. More than 2,000 Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Hillforts_in_Britain" title="Hillforts in Britain">hillforts</a> are known in Britain.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe, the Iron Age is the last stage of <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">prehistoric Europe</a> and the first of the <a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">protohistoric</a> periods, which initially means descriptions of a particular area by Greek and Roman writers. For much of Europe, the period came to an abrupt local end after conquest by the Romans, though ironworking remained the dominant technology until recent times. Elsewhere it may last until the early centuries AD, and either Christianization or a new conquest during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Iron working</a> was introduced to Europe during the late 11th century BC,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, and slowly spread northwards and westwards over the succeeding 500 years. The Iron Age did not start when iron first appeared in Europe but it began to replace bronze in the preparation of tools and weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It did not happen at the same time throughout Europe; local cultural developments played a role in the transition to the Iron Age. For example, the Iron Age of <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistoric Ireland</a> begins about 500 BC (when the Greek Iron Age had already ended) and finishes about 400 AD. The widespread use of the technology of iron was implemented in Europe simultaneously with Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prehistoric Iron Age in Central Europe is divided into two periods based on the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> (early Iron Age) and <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a> (late Iron Age) cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Material cultures of Hallstatt and La Tène consist of 4 phases (A, B, C, D).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Culture </th> <th>Phase A </th> <th>Phase B </th> <th>Phase C </th> <th>Phase D </th></tr> <tr> <th>Hallstatt </th> <td>1200–700 BC<br />Flat graves </td> <td>1200–700 BC<br />Pottery made of polychrome </td> <td>700–600 BC<br />Heavy iron and bronze swords </td> <td>600–475 BC<br />Dagger swords, brooches, and ring ornaments, girdle mounts </td></tr> <tr> <th>La Tène </th> <td>450–390 BC<br />S-shaped, spiral and round designs </td> <td>390–300 BC<br />Iron swords, heavy knives, lanceheads </td> <td>300–100 BC<br />Iron chains, iron swords, belts, heavy spearheads </td> <td>100–15 BC<br />Iron reaping-hooks, saws, scythes and hammers </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cogotas-II_(dagas)-Segunda_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cogotas-II_%28dagas%29-Segunda_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg/170px-Cogotas-II_%28dagas%29-Segunda_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cogotas-II_%28dagas%29-Segunda_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg/255px-Cogotas-II_%28dagas%29-Segunda_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cogotas-II_%28dagas%29-Segunda_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg/340px-Cogotas-II_%28dagas%29-Segunda_Edad_del_Hierro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A sword of the Iron Age Cogotas II culture in Spain.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Iron Age in Europe is characterized by an elaboration of designs of weapons, implements, and utensils.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are no longer cast but hammered into shape, and decoration is elaborate and curvilinear rather than simple rectilinear; the forms and character of the ornamentation of the northern European weapons resemble in some respects Roman arms, while in other respects they are peculiar and evidently representative of northern art.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A2nia_de_Briteiros" title="Citânia de Briteiros">Citânia de Briteiros</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a>, Portugal, is one of the examples of archaeological sites of the Iron Age. This settlement (fortified villages) covered an area of 3.8 hectares (9.4 acres), and served as a Celtiberian stronghold against Roman invasions. İt dates more than 2500 years back. The site was researched by Francisco Martins Sarmento starting from 1874. A number of <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphoras</a> (containers usually for wine or olive oil), coins, fragments of pottery, weapons, pieces of jewelry, as well as ruins of a bath and its <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pedra formosa</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">handsome stone</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) revealed here.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Iron Age in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> began when iron objects appear among the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> (China) between the 10th century BC and the 7th century BC, such as those found at the cemetery site of Chawuhukou.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a> is an Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th</span> to 3rd centuries BC) identified by excavated artifacts and mummified humans found in the <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Altay_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Altay Mountains">Altay Mountains</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_China#Iron" title="History of metallurgy in China">History of metallurgy in China § Iron</a></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_igsv2589kdtjb0bzaawx9xg95u7xt0c"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" coords="582,44,695,65" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea" alt="Three Kingdoms of Korea" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Proto%E2%80%93Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" coords="408,35,533,56" title="Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea" alt="Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gojoseon" coords="283,44,391,65" title="Gojoseon" alt="Gojoseon" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Kofun_period" coords="695,24,759,45" title="Kofun period" alt="Kofun period" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" coords="473,24,537,45" title="Yayoi period" alt="Yayoi period" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Early_Imperial_China" coords="525,6,639,27" title="Early Imperial China" alt="Early Imperial China" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Imperial_China" coords="525,-5,639,16" title="Imperial China" alt="Imperial China" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Iron_Age_China" coords="173,-6,287,15" title="Iron Age China" alt="Iron Age China" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" coords="258,4,372,25" title="Warring States period" alt="Warring States period" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Period" coords="98,4,228,25" title="Spring and Autumn Period" alt="Spring and Autumn Period" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_igsv2589kdtjb0bzaawx9xg95u7xt0c" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/igsv2589kdtjb0bzaawx9xg95u7xt0c.png" /></div> <p>Dates are approximate; consult particular article for details. </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f2d97f; color:black;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd880; color:black;"> </span> Prehistoric (or Proto-historic) Iron Age <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cccccc; color:black;"> </span> Historic Iron Age</li></ul> <p>In China, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Chinese bronze inscriptions</a> are found around 1200 BC, preceding the development of iron metallurgy, which was known by the 9th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large seal script</a> is identified with a group of characters from a book entitled <i>Shǐ Zhòu Piān</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800 BC). Therefore, in China <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a> had given way to history periodized by ruling dynasties by the start of iron use, so "Iron Age" is not used typically to describe a period of Chinese history. Iron metallurgy reached the <a href="/wiki/Yangtse_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtse River">Yangtse Valley</a> toward the end of the 6th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The few objects were found at <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>. The mortuary evidence suggests that the initial use of iron in <a href="/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan">Lingnan</a> belongs to the mid-to-late <a href="/wiki/Warring_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Warring States">Warring States</a> period (from about 350 BC). Important non-precious husi style metal finds include iron tools found at the tomb at Guwei-cun of the 4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The techniques used in Lingnan are a combination of bivalve moulds of distinct southern tradition and the incorporation of piece mould technology from the <i>Zhongyuan</i>. The products of the combination of these two periods are bells, vessels, weapons and ornaments, and the sophisticated cast. </p><p>An Iron Age culture of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> has been associated tentatively with the <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhung_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Zhung culture">Zhang Zhung culture</a> described by early Tibetan writings. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Japan"></span> In Japan, iron items, such as tools, weapons, and decorative objects, are postulated to have entered Japan during the late <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 BC – 300 AD)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 250–538 AD), most likely from the Korean Peninsula and China. </p><p>Distinguishing characteristics of the Yayoi period include the appearance of new pottery styles and the start of intensive rice agriculture in paddy fields. Yayoi culture flourished in a geographic area from southern <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a> to northern <a href="/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Honshū">Honshū</a>. The Kofun and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka periods</a> are sometimes referred to collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato period</a>; The word <i>kofun</i> is Japanese for the type of <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">burial mounds</a> dating from that era. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Korea"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Silla-Iron.armor-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Korea-Silla-Iron.armor-01.jpg/220px-Korea-Silla-Iron.armor-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Korea-Silla-Iron.armor-01.jpg/330px-Korea-Silla-Iron.armor-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Korea-Silla-Iron.armor-01.jpg/440px-Korea-Silla-Iron.armor-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> chest and neck armour from the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Korea" title="National Museum of Korea">National Museum of Korea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> (3rd century AD).</figcaption></figure> <p>Iron objects were introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean peninsula">Korean peninsula</a> through trade with chiefdoms and state-level societies in the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a> area during the 4th century BC, just at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Warring States Period">Warring States Period</a> but prior to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han dynasty">Western Han dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kim_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kim-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taylor_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yoon proposes that iron was first introduced to chiefdoms located along North Korean river valleys that flow into the Yellow Sea such as the Cheongcheon and Taedong Rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iron production quickly followed during the 2nd century BC, and iron implements came to be used by farmers by the 1st century in southern Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-kim_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kim-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known cast-iron axes in southern Korea are found in the <a href="/wiki/Geum_River" title="Geum River">Geum River</a> <a href="/wiki/River_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="River basin">basin</a>. The time that iron production begins is the same time that complex chiefdoms of <a href="/wiki/Samhan" title="Samhan">Proto-historic Korea</a> emerged. The complex chiefdoms were the precursors of early states such as <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaya_confederacy" title="Gaya confederacy">Gaya</a><sup id="cite_ref-taylor_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iron ingots were an important mortuary item and indicated the wealth or prestige of the deceased during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Iron Age in India</a></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_s64zd50pliuqypjcestcpjqmqfiosit"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" coords="797,89,866,110" title="Maurya Empire" alt="Maurya Empire" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" coords="764,80,827,101" title="Nanda Empire" alt="Nanda Empire" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" coords="724,89,821,110" title="Shaishunaga dynasty" alt="Shaishunaga dynasty" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" coords="652,89,732,110" title="Haryanka dynasty" alt="Haryanka dynasty" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" coords="547,89,628,110" title="Pradyota dynasty" alt="Pradyota dynasty" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Brihadratha_dynasty" coords="280,89,378,110" title="Brihadratha dynasty" alt="Brihadratha dynasty" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" coords="658,57,766,77" title="Mahajanapadas" alt="Mahajanapadas" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Janapada" coords="397,57,477,77" title="Janapada" alt="Janapada" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" coords="397,24,527,45" title="Iron Age in India" alt="Iron Age in India" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Magadha" coords="0,103,65,93" title="Magadha" alt="Magadha" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_s64zd50pliuqypjcestcpjqmqfiosit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/s64zd50pliuqypjcestcpjqmqfiosit.png" /></div> <p>Dates are approximate; consult particular article for details. </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f2d97f; color:black;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd880; color:black;"> </span> Prehistoric (or Proto-historic) Iron Age <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cccccc; color:black;"> </span> Historic Iron Age</li></ul> <p>The earliest evidence of <a href="/wiki/Iron_smelting" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron smelting">iron smelting</a> predates the emergence of the Iron Age proper by several centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iron was being used in <a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a> to manufacture some items in the 3rd millennium BC such as a small copper/bronze bell with an iron clapper, a copper/bronze rod with two iron decorative buttons, and a copper/bronze mirror handle with a decorative iron button.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artefacts including small knives and blades have been discovered in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> which have been dated between 2400 BC and 1800 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">history of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent</a> began prior to the 3rd millennium BC. Archaeological sites in India, such as Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila, Lahuradewa, <a href="/wiki/Kosambi" title="Kosambi">Kosambi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jhusi" title="Jhusi">Jhusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> show iron implements in the period 1800–1200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Tewari_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tewari-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the evidence from the sites Raja Nala ka tila, Malhar suggest the use of Iron in c. 1800/1700 BC. The extensive use of iron smelting is from <a href="/wiki/Sonbhadra_district" title="Sonbhadra district">Malhar</a> and its surrounding area. This site is assumed as the center for smelted bloomer iron to this area due to its location in the Karamnasa River and Ganga River. This site shows agricultural technology as iron implements sickles, nails, clamps, spearheads, etc., by at least c. 1500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological excavations in Hyderabad show an Iron Age burial site.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The beginning of the 1st millennium BC saw extensive developments in iron metallurgy in India. Technological advancement and mastery of iron metallurgy were achieved during this period of peaceful settlements. One ironworking centre in <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</a> has been dated to the first millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Drakonoff_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drakonoff-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">Southern India</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>) iron appeared as early as 12th to 11th centuries BC; these developments were too early for any significant close contact with the northwest of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Drakonoff_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drakonoff-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a> mention metallurgy.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Indian <a href="/wiki/Mauryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan">Mauryan</a> period saw advances in metallurgy.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 300 BC, certainly by 200 AD, high-quality steel was produced in southern India, by what would later be called the <a href="/wiki/Crucible_steel" title="Crucible steel">crucible technique</a>. In this system, high-purity wrought iron, charcoal, and glass were mixed in a crucible and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The protohistoric Early Iron Age in Sri Lanka lasted from 1000 BC to 600 BC. Radiocarbon evidence has been collected from <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a> and Aligala shelter in <a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deraniyagala_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deraniyagala-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anuradhapura settlement is recorded to extend 10 ha (25 acres) by 800 BC and grew to 50 ha (120 acres) by 700–600 BC to become a town.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skeletal remains of an Early Iron Age chief were excavated in Anaikoddai, <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a>. The name "Ko Veta" is engraved in <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Seal_(insignia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (insignia)">seal</a> buried with the skeleton and is assigned by the excavators to the 3rd century BC. Ko, meaning "King" in Tamil, is comparable to such names as Ko Atan and Ko Putivira occurring in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> inscriptions in south India.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also speculated that Early Iron Age sites may exist in <a href="/wiki/Kandarodai" title="Kandarodai">Kandarodai</a>, Matota, <a href="/wiki/Pilapitiya" title="Pilapitiya">Pilapitiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tissamaharama" title="Tissamaharama">Tissamaharama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deraniyagala_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deraniyagala-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest undisputed deciphered <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a> of the 3rd century BC, in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>. Several inscriptions were thought to be pre-Ashokan by earlier scholars; these include the <a href="/wiki/Piprahwa" title="Piprahwa">Piprahwa</a> relic casket inscription, the <a href="/wiki/Barli_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Barli inscription">Badli pillar inscription</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu" title="Bhattiprolu">Bhattiprolu</a> relic casket inscription, the <a href="/wiki/Sohgaura_copper_plate_inscription" title="Sohgaura copper plate inscription">Sohgaura copper plate inscription</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mahasthangarh" title="Mahasthangarh">Mahasthangarh</a> Brahmi inscription, the <a href="/wiki/Eran" title="Eran">Eran</a> coin legend, the <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> coin legends, and the inscription on the silver coins of <a href="/wiki/Sophytes" title="Sophytes">Sophytes</a>. However, more recent scholars have dated them to later periods.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_eevoozu198ge7bwyxery8z9k1x2nk0w"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" coords="582,44,695,65" title="Tarumanagara" alt="Tarumanagara" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Buni_culture" coords="419,35,522,56" title="Buni culture" alt="Buni culture" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Indonesia" coords="255,44,419,65" title="Prehistory of Indonesia" alt="Prehistory of Indonesia" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%2D1521)" coords="584,24,693,45" title="History of the Philippines (900-1521)" alt="History of the Philippines (900-1521)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" coords="402,14,538,35" title="History of the Philippines" alt="History of the Philippines" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Igorot_society" coords="280,24,394,45" title="Igorot society" alt="Igorot society" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" coords="168,14,293,35" title="Sa Huỳnh culture" alt="Sa Huỳnh culture" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Imperial_Vietnam" coords="520,6,645,27" title="Imperial Vietnam" alt="Imperial Vietnam" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo_culture" coords="525,-5,639,16" title="Óc Eo culture" alt="Óc Eo culture" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" coords="162,-6,298,15" title="Sa Huỳnh culture" alt="Sa Huỳnh culture" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_eevoozu198ge7bwyxery8z9k1x2nk0w" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/eevoozu198ge7bwyxery8z9k1x2nk0w.png" /></div> <p>Dates are approximate; consult particular article for details. </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd880; color:black;"> </span> Prehistoric (or <a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Proto-historic</a>) Iron Age <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cccccc; color:black;"> </span> Historic Iron Age</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lingling-o.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lingling-o.JPG/200px-Lingling-o.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lingling-o.JPG/300px-Lingling-o.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lingling-o.JPG/400px-Lingling-o.JPG 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Lingling-o earrings from <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeology in Thailand at sites Ban Don Ta Phet and Khao Sam Kaeo yielding metallic, stone, and glass artifacts stylistically associated with the Indian subcontinent suggest Indianization of Southeast Asia beginning in the 4th to 2nd centuries BC during the late Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh culture">Sa Huynh culture</a> showed evidence of an extensive trade network. Sa Huynh beads were made from glass, carnelian, agate, olivine, zircon, gold and garnet; most of these materials were not local to the region and were most likely imported. Han-dynasty-style bronze mirrors were also found in Sa Huynh sites. Conversely, Sa Huynh produced ear ornaments have been found in archaeological sites in Central Thailand, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Orchid_Island" title="Orchid Island">Orchid Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 211–217">: 211–217 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">Iron metallurgy in Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nok_culture" title="Nok culture">Nok culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urewe" title="Urewe">Urewe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_bloomery_furnace_types.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/African_bloomery_furnace_types.png/220px-African_bloomery_furnace_types.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/African_bloomery_furnace_types.png/330px-African_bloomery_furnace_types.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/African_bloomery_furnace_types.png/440px-African_bloomery_furnace_types.png 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="2251" /></a><figcaption>Examples of African bloomery furnace types</figcaption></figure> <p>Early evidence for iron technology in Sub-Saharan Africa can be found at sites such as <a href="/wiki/KM2_and_KM3_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="KM2 and KM3 sites">KM2 and KM3</a> in northwest <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> and parts of Nigeria and the Central African Republic. <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> was one of the relatively few places in Africa to have a sustained Bronze Age along with <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and much of the rest of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Archaeometallurgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeometallurgical">Archaeometallurgical</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">scientific knowledge and technological development</a> originated in numerous centers of Africa; the centers of origin were located in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>; consequently, as these origin centers are located within inner Africa, these archaeometallurgical developments are thus native African technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-Bandama_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bandama-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iron metallurgical development occurred 2631–2458 BC at Lejja, in Nigeria, 2136–1921 BC at Obui, in Central Africa Republic, 1895–1370 BC at Tchire Ouma 147, in Niger, and 1297–1051 BC at Dekpassanware, in Togo.<sup id="cite_ref-Bandama_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bandama-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Very early copper and bronze working sites in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> may date to as early as 1500 BC. There is also evidence of iron metallurgy in Termit, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> from around this period.<sup id="cite_ref-millermintz_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millermintz-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> was a major manufacturer and exporter of iron after the expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Nubian dynasty</a> from Egypt by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrians</a> in the 7th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though there is some uncertainty, some archaeologists believe that iron metallurgy was developed independently in sub-Saharan West Africa, separately from Eurasia and neighboring parts of North and Northeast Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Eggert_2014_51–59_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eggert_2014_51–59-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holl-2009_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological sites containing iron smelting furnaces and slag have also been excavated at sites in the <a href="/wiki/Nsukka" title="Nsukka">Nsukka</a> region of southeast <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igboland</a>: dating to 2000 BC at the site of <a href="/wiki/Lejja" title="Lejja">Lejja</a> (Eze-Uzomaka 2009)<sup id="cite_ref-Eze-Uzomaka_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eze-Uzomaka-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holl-2009_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to 750 BC and at the site of <a href="/wiki/Opi_(archaeological_site)" title="Opi (archaeological site)">Opi</a> (Holl 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-Holl-2009_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site of Gbabiri (in the Central African Republic) has yielded evidence of iron metallurgy, from a reduction furnace and blacksmith workshop; with earliest dates of 896–773 BC and 907–796 BC, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Eggert_2014_53–54_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eggert_2014_53–54-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, smelting in bloomery-type furnaces appear in the <a href="/wiki/Nok_culture" title="Nok culture">Nok culture</a> of central Nigeria by about 550 BC and possibly a few centuries earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eggert_2014_51–59_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eggert_2014_51–59-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eggert_2014_53–54_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eggert_2014_53–54-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iron and copper working in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> spread south and east from Central Africa in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a>, from the Cameroon region to the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> in the 3rd century BC, reaching the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape</a> around 400 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-millermintz_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millermintz-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, iron working may have been practiced in central Africa as early as the 3rd millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instances of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">carbon steel</a> based on complex preheating principles were found to be in production around the 1st century AD in northwest <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Typical_bloomery_iron_production_operational_sequence.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Typical_bloomery_iron_production_operational_sequence.webp/220px-Typical_bloomery_iron_production_operational_sequence.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Typical_bloomery_iron_production_operational_sequence.webp/330px-Typical_bloomery_iron_production_operational_sequence.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Typical_bloomery_iron_production_operational_sequence.webp/440px-Typical_bloomery_iron_production_operational_sequence.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption>Typical bloomery iron production operational sequence starting with acquiring raw materials through smelting and smithing</figcaption></figure> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_i122fjzv9j00aa6d0kv4ay0xv3nn4ka"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" coords="554,29,673,50" title="Bantu expansion" alt="Bantu expansion" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nok_culture" coords="474,29,527,50" title="Nok culture" alt="Nok culture" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sub%2DSaharan_Africa" coords="199,19,335,40" title="Sub-Saharan Africa" alt="Sub-Saharan Africa" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/African_Iron_Age" coords="501,19,626,40" title="African Iron Age" alt="African Iron Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Aksumite_Empire" coords="666,4,786,25" title="Aksumite Empire" alt="Aksumite Empire" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" coords="531,4,651,25" title="Kingdom of Kush" alt="Kingdom of Kush" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" coords="383,4,558,25" title="Third Intermediate Period" alt="Third Intermediate Period" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_i122fjzv9j00aa6d0kv4ay0xv3nn4ka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/i122fjzv9j00aa6d0kv4ay0xv3nn4ka.png" /></div> <p>Dates are approximate; consult particular article for details </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f2d97f; color:black;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd880; color:black;"> </span> Prehistoric (or Proto-historic) Iron Age <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cccccc; color:black;"> </span> Historic Iron Age</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">Blast furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogou" title="Fogou">Fogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jublains_archeological_site" title="Jublains archeological site">Jublains archeological site</a>, example in northwest France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iron_Age_states" title="List of Iron Age states">List of Iron Age states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">List of archaeological periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeological sites by country">List of archaeological sites by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Roman metallurgy</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/The-Metal-Ages">The Metal Ages</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMilisauskas2002" class="citation book cs1">Milisauskas, Sarunas, ed. 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Astroem.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Mediterranean+Archaeology&rft.atitle=From+bronze+to+iron%3A+the+transition+from+the+bronze+age+to+the+iron+age+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Waldbaum&rft.aufirst=Jane+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fixtheo.de%2FRecord%2F1076737951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eggert_2014_51–59-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eggert_2014_51–59_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eggert_2014_51–59_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eggert_2014_51–59_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggert2014" class="citation book cs1">Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56505-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56505-9"><bdi>978-0-521-56505-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bronze+Age+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56505-9&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZ-CV14nXHcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Encyclopedia of World Art: Landscape in art to Micronesian cultures</i>. McGraw-Hill. 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Art%3A+Landscape+in+art+to+Micronesian+cultures&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeally2002" class="citation web cs1">Keally, Charles T. 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"Samhan Sigi Jujocheolbu-eui Yutong Yangsang-e Daehan Geomto" [A Study of the Distribution Patterns of Cast Iron Axes in the Samhan Period]. <i>Yongnam Kogohak [Yongnam Archaeological Review]</i> (in Korean) (31): 1–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yongnam+Kogohak+%5BYongnam+Archaeological+Review%5D&rft.atitle=Samhan+Sigi+Jujocheolbu-eui+Yutong+Yangsang-e+Daehan+Geomto&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=1-29&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Do-heon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taylor-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taylor_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taylor_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1989" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Sarah (1989). "The introduction and development of iron production in Korea: A survey". <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 422–433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1989.9980082">10.1080/00438243.1989.9980082</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-8243">0043-8243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+introduction+and+development+of+iron+production+in+Korea%3A+A+survey&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=422-433&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.1989.9980082&rft.issn=0043-8243&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoon1989" class="citation journal cs1">Yoon, D. S (1989). "Early iron metallurgy in Korea". <i>Archaeological Review from Cambridge</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 92–99. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-4332">0261-4332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Review+from+Cambridge&rft.atitle=Early+iron+metallurgy+in+Korea&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=92-99&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0261-4332&rft.aulast=Yoon&rft.aufirst=D.+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2001" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Gina Lee (2001). <i>State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives</i>. Richmond, Surrey: Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1323-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1323-9"><bdi>0-7007-1323-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Formation+in+Korea%3A+Historical+and+Archaeological+Perspectives&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Surrey&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7007-1323-9&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Gina+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lee, Sung-joo (1998). <i>Silla – Gaya Sahoe-eui Giwon-gwa Seongjang</i> [<i>The Rise and Growth of Silla and Gaya Society</i>] (in Korean). Seoul: Hakyeon Munhwasa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silla+%E2%80%93+Gaya+Sahoe-eui+Giwon-gwa+Seongjang&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Hakyeon+Munhwasa&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Sung-joo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTewari2003" class="citation journal cs1">Tewari, Rakesh (2003). "The origins of iron working in India: new evidence from the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>77</b> (297). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 536–544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00092590">10.1017/s0003598x00092590</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>. <q>the date of the beginning of iron smelting in India may well be placed as early as the sixteenth century BC ... by about the early decade of thirteenth century BCE iron smelting was definitely known in India on a bigger scale.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+iron+working+in+India%3A+new+evidence+from+the+Central+Ganga+Plain+and+the+Eastern+Vindhyas&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=297&rft.pages=536-544&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x00092590&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft.aulast=Tewari&rft.aufirst=Rakesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Kenoyer1999_Metal%20Technologies%20of%20the%20Indus%20Valley%20Tradition.pdf">"Metal Technologies of the Indus Valley Tradition in Pakistan and Western India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Harappa</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harappa&rft.atitle=Metal+Technologies+of+the+Indus+Valley+Tradition+in+Pakistan+and+Western+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harappa.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2FKenoyer1999_Metal%2520Technologies%2520of%2520the%2520Indus%2520Valley%2520Tradition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Rare-discovery-pushes-back-Iron-Age-in-India/articleshow/47322021.cms">"Rare discovery pushes back Iron Age in India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 18 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Rare+discovery+pushes+back+Iron+Age+in+India&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fhyderabad%2FRare-discovery-pushes-back-Iron-Age-in-India%2Farticleshow%2F47322021.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao" class="citation journal cs1">Rao, Kp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37685699">"Iron Age in South India: Telangana and Andhra Pradesh"</a>. <i>South Asian Archaeology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Iron+Age+in+South+India%3A+Telangana+and+Andhra+Pradesh&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Kp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37685699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanjan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ranjan, Amit (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37049072">"The Northern Black Painted Ware Culture of Middle Ganga Plain: Recent Perspective"</a>. <i>Manaviki</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manaviki&rft.atitle=The+Northern+Black+Painted+Ware+Culture+of+Middle+Ganga+Plain%3A+Recent+Perspective&rft.date=2014-01&rft.aulast=Ranjan&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37049072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Venkateshwarlu2008" class="citation news cs1">K. Venkateshwarlu (10 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/iron-age-burial-site-discovered/article1335326.ece">"Iron Age burial site discovered"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Iron+Age+burial+site+discovered&rft.date=2008-09-10&rft.au=K.+Venkateshwarlu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Firon-age-burial-site-discovered%2Farticle1335326.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drakonoff-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drakonoff_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakonoff_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiakonoff1991" class="citation book cs1">Diakonoff, I. M. (27 August 1991). <i>Early Antiquity</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14465-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-14465-8"><bdi>0-226-14465-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Antiquity&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991-08-27&rft.isbn=0-226-14465-8&rft.aulast=Diakonoff&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Olivelle, Patrick</a> (1998). <i>Upaniṣads</i>. 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In Breunig, P. (ed.). <i>Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context</i>. Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-393724846-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-393724846-2"><bdi>978-393724846-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+iron+in+West+and+Central+Africa&rft.btitle=Nok%3A+African+Sculpture+in+Archaeological+Context&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Africa+Magna+Verlag+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-393724846-2&rft.aulast=Eggert&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBBn1BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerVan_Der_Merwe1994" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Duncan E.; Van Der Merwe, Nikolaas J. (1994). "Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Recent Research". <i>The Journal of African History</i>. <b>35</b> (1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 1–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700025949">10.1017/s0021853700025949</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8537">0021-8537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Early+Metal+Working+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa%3A+A+Review+of+Recent+Research&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-36&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700025949&rft.issn=0021-8537&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Duncan+E.&rft.au=Van+Der+Merwe%2C+Nikolaas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuivervan_der_Merwe1968" class="citation journal cs1">Stuiver, Minze; van der Merwe, Nicolaas J. (1968). "Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 54–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F200878">10.1086/200878</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204">0011-3204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Radiocarbon+Chronology+of+the+Iron+Age+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=54-58&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F200878&rft.issn=0011-3204&rft.aulast=Stuiver&rft.aufirst=Minze&rft.au=van+der+Merwe%2C+Nicolaas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="#CITEREFTylecote1975">Tylecote 1975</a> (see below)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle2009" class="citation journal cs1">Pringle, Heather (9 January 2009). "Seeking Africa's first Iron Men". <i>Science</i>. <b>323</b> (5911): 200–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.323.5911.200">10.1126/science.323.5911.200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19131604">19131604</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206583802">206583802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Seeking+Africa%27s+first+Iron+Men&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=5911&rft.pages=200-202&rft.date=2009-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206583802%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19131604&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.323.5911.200&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtAvery1978" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, Peter; Avery, Donald H. (22 September 1978). "Complex Iron Smelting and Prehistoric Culture in Tanzania: Recent discoveries show complex technological achievement in African iron production". <i>Science</i>. <b>201</b> (4361): 1085–1089. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.201.4361.1085">10.1126/science.201.4361.1085</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17830304">17830304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Complex+Iron+Smelting+and+Prehistoric+Culture+in+Tanzania%3A+Recent+discoveries+show+complex+technological+achievement+in+African+iron+production.&rft.volume=201&rft.issue=4361&rft.pages=1085-1089&rft.date=1978-09-22&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17830304&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.201.4361.1085&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Avery%2C+Donald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Iron Age</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Iron+Age&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Iron+Age">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Iron+Age&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkerMaurerPischkeRauch2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bakker, Jan David; Maurer, Stephan; <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rn-Steffen_Pischke" title="Jörn-Steffen Pischke">Pischke, Jörn-Steffen</a>; Rauch, Ferdinand (16 August 2021). "Of Mice and Merchants: Connectedness and the Location of Economic Activity in the Iron Age". <i>The Review of Economics and Statistics</i>. MIT Press - Journals: 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Frest_a_00902">10.1162/rest_a_00902</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6535">0034-6535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Economics+and+Statistics&rft.atitle=Of+Mice+and+Merchants%3A+Connectedness+and+the+Location+of+Economic+Activity+in+the+Iron+Age&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2021-08-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Frest_a_00902&rft.issn=0034-6535&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Jan+David&rft.au=Maurer%2C+Stephan&rft.au=Pischke%2C+J%C3%B6rn-Steffen&rft.au=Rauch%2C+Ferdinand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2017" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Claudia (16 August 2017). <i>Rethinking Prehistoric Central Asia: Shepherds, Farmers, and Nomads</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315173696">10.4324/9781315173696</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-17369-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-17369-6"><bdi>978-1-315-17369-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Prehistoric+Central+Asia%3A+Shepherds%2C+Farmers%2C+and+Nomads&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315173696&rft.isbn=978-1-315-17369-6&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollis1984" class="citation book cs1">Collis, John (1984). <i>The European Iron Age</i>. London: B.T. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-3452-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-3452-1"><bdi>978-0-7134-3452-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Iron+Age&rft.place=London&rft.pub=B.T.+Batsford&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-3452-1&rft.aulast=Collis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe2004" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, B.W. (2004). <i>Iron Age Britain</i>. English Heritage (Rev. ed.). B.T. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-704186-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-704186-2"><bdi>978-0-00-704186-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Age+Britain&rft.series=English+Heritage&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=B.T.+Batsford&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-00-704186-2&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=B.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis-KimballBashilovTiablonskiĭ1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeannine_Davis-Kimball" title="Jeannine Davis-Kimball">Davis-Kimball, J.</a>; Bashilov, V.A.; Tiablonskiĭ, L.T. (1995). <i>Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age</i>. Zinat Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885979-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885979-00-1"><bdi>978-1-885979-00-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads+of+the+Eurasian+Steppes+in+the+Early+Iron+Age&rft.pub=Zinat+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-885979-00-1&rft.aulast=Davis-Kimball&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Bashilov%2C+V.A.&rft.au=Tiablonski%C4%AD%2C+L.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinPiasetzky2011" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Piasetzky, Eli (2011). "The Iron Age Chronology Debate: Is the Gap Narrowing?". <i>Near Eastern Archaeology</i>. <b>74</b> (1): 50–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5615%2Fneareastarch.74.1.0050">10.5615/neareastarch.74.1.0050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-2076">1094-2076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Near+Eastern+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Iron+Age+Chronology+Debate%3A+Is+the+Gap+Narrowing%3F&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-54&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5615%2Fneareastarch.74.1.0050&rft.issn=1094-2076&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Piasetzky%2C+Eli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson1987" class="citation book cs1">Jacobson, E. (1987). <i>Burial Ritual, Gender, and Status in South Siberia in the Late Bronze-early Iron Age</i>. Papers on inner Asia. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burial+Ritual%2C+Gender%2C+and+Status+in+South+Siberia+in+the+Late+Bronze-early+Iron+Age&rft.series=Papers+on+inner+Asia&rft.pub=Indiana+University%2C+Research+Institute+for+Inner+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazar1997" class="citation journal cs1">Mazar, Amihai (1997). "Iron Age Chronology: A Reply to I. Finkelstein". <i>Levant</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 157–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Flev.1997.29.1.157">10.1179/lev.1997.29.1.157</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-8914">0075-8914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Levant&rft.atitle=Iron+Age+Chronology%3A+A+Reply+to+I.+Finkelstein&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=157-167&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Flev.1997.29.1.157&rft.issn=0075-8914&rft.aulast=Mazar&rft.aufirst=Amihai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazar2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mazar, Amihai (2011). "The Iron Age Chronology Debate: Is the Gap Narrowing? Another Viewpoint". <i>Near Eastern Archaeology</i>. <b>74</b> (2): 105–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5615%2Fneareastarch.74.2.0105">10.5615/neareastarch.74.2.0105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-2076">1094-2076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Near+Eastern+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Iron+Age+Chronology+Debate%3A+Is+the+Gap+Narrowing%3F+Another+Viewpoint&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-111&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5615%2Fneareastarch.74.2.0105&rft.issn=1094-2076&rft.aulast=Mazar&rft.aufirst=Amihai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedvedskaya1982" class="citation book cs1">Medvedskaya, I.N. (1982). <i>Iran: Iron Age I</i>. BAR international series. B.A.R. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86054-156-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86054-156-1"><bdi>978-0-86054-156-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Iron+Age+I&rft.series=BAR+international+series&rft.pub=B.A.R.&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-86054-156-1&rft.aulast=Medvedskaya&rft.aufirst=I.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinnie1971" class="citation book cs1">Shinnie, P.L. (1971). <i>The African Iron Age</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-813158-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-813158-8"><bdi>978-0-19-813158-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+Iron+Age&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-813158-8&rft.aulast=Shinnie&rft.aufirst=P.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripathi2001" class="citation book cs1">Tripathi, V. (2001). <i>The Age of Iron in South Asia: Legacy and Tradition</i>. Aryan Books International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Iron+in+South+Asia%3A+Legacy+and+Tradition&rft.pub=Aryan+Books+International&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Tripathi&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTylecote1975" class="citation book cs1">Tylecote, R.F. (1975). <i>A History of Metallurgy</i>. Great Britain: Institute of Materials.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Metallurgy&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Institute+of+Materials&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Tylecote&rft.aufirst=R.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldbaum1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Waldbaum, J.C. (1978). <i>From Bronze to Iron: The Transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the Eastern Mediterranean</i>. Vol. 54–55. P. Aström. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-85058-79-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-85058-79-2"><bdi>978-91-85058-79-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Bronze+to+Iron%3A+The+Transition+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Iron+Age+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean&rft.pub=P.+Astr%C3%B6m&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-91-85058-79-2&rft.aulast=Waldbaum&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resourcesforhistory.com">A site with a focus on Iron Age Britain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218105026/http://resourcesforhistory.com/">Archived</a> 18 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from resourcesforhistory.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive">Human Timeline (Interactive)</a>—<a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> (August 2016).</li></ul> <dl><dt>Publications</dt></dl> <ul><li>Andre Gunder Frank and William R. Thompson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/ironagetext.pdf">Early "Iron Age economic expansion and contraction revisited"</a>. American Institute of Archaeology, San Francisco, January 2004.</li></ul> <dl><dt>News</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13082240">"Mass burial suggests massacre at Iron Age hill fort"</a>. Archaeologists have found evidence of a massacre linked to Iron Age warfare at a <a href="/wiki/Fin_Cop" title="Fin Cop">hill fort</a> in Derbyshire. BBC. 17 April 2011</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Stone Age">Later Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipaleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Continent" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone-Age_Poland" title="Stone-Age Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_British_Isles" title="Neolithic British Isles">British</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Continent" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Copper metallurgy in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_in_Romania" title="Bronze Age in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">History of ferrous metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_meteorite" title="Iron meteorite">Iron meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Continent" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe"> Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">List of archaeological periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_periods" title="List of time periods">List of time periods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bronze_Age" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Template:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Template talk:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="Discuss this 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culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorican_Tumulus_culture" title="Armorican Tumulus culture">Armorican Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">Chinese Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stones_culture" title="Deer stones culture">Deer stones culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deverel%E2%80%93Rimbury_culture" title="Deverel–Rimbury culture">Deverel–Rimbury culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elp_culture" title="Elp culture">Elp culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewart_Park_Phase" title="Ewart Park Phase">Ewart Park Phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezero_culture" title="Ezero culture">Ezero culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazkov_culture" title="Glazkov culture">Glazkov culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Argar" title="El Argar">Argaric culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Late Jomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_culture" title="Karasuk culture">Karasuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze dagger culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture">Okunev culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penard_Period" title="Penard Period">Penard Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samus_culture" title="Samus culture">Samus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-Western_Iberian_Bronze" title="South-Western Iberian Bronze">South-Western Iberian Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex_culture" title="Wessex culture">Wessex culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilburton-Wallington_Phase" title="Wilburton-Wallington Phase">Wilburton-Wallington Phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(North Caucasus<br />and Transcaucasia)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban_culture" title="Koban culture">Koban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri-Shomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar-Burial_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jar-Burial Culture">Jar-Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly%E2%80%93Gadabay_culture" title="Khojaly–Gadabay culture">Khojaly–Gadabay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>↓ <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iron Age</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11764#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11764#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11764#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4014102-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85068153">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946304b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946304b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572799">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="doba železná"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137453&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560414205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/1c81ac15-58ac-4267-8697-34a27d09d46e">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/024601">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=14754">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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