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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dead bell</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="/wiki/File:Glasgow_deid_bell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Glasgow_deid_bell.jpg/200px-Glasgow_deid_bell.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Glasgow_deid_bell.jpg/300px-Glasgow_deid_bell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Glasgow_deid_bell.jpg/400px-Glasgow_deid_bell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>The 1641 <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> ‘deid bell’, now on display in Glasgow's <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Palace,_Glasgow" title="People's Palace, Glasgow">People's Palace</a> on <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Green" title="Glasgow Green">Glasgow Green</a>. The bell features the city's <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>: the tree, the bell, the fish and the bird, recalling events from the life of <a href="/wiki/St_Mungo" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mungo">St Mungo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>dead bell</b> or <b>deid bell</b> (Scots), also a 'death', 'mort', 'lych', 'passing bell' or '<span title="Scots-language text"><span lang="sco" style="font-style: normal;">skellet bell</span></span>'<sup id="cite_ref-M130_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M130-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a form of <a href="/wiki/Hand_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand bell">hand bell</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and northern England<sup id="cite_ref-Church_monument_symbolism_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Church_monument_symbolism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in conjunction with deaths and funerals up until the 19th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_bell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belief in the supernatural was common in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and special protective powers were sometimes attributed to certain objects, including bells. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Church</a> itself condoned the use of bells to frighten away evil spirits and this ensured the practice's survival and development. Bells were often baptised, and once baptised were believed by many to possess the power to ward off evil spells and spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the dead bell was typical of this belief, rung for the recently deceased to keep evil spirits away from the body.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dead bell was therefore originally rung for two reasons: firstly to seek the prayers of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> for a dead person's soul, and secondly to drive away the evil spirits who stood at the foot of the dead person's bed and around the house.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the dead bell is illustrated on the <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a> at the funeral of <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> and may have been brought over to <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-W40_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W40-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayeux_Edward_Funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bayeux_Edward_Funeral.jpg/500px-Bayeux_Edward_Funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Bayeux_Edward_Funeral.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>The funeral procession of <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> to <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> as depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>. Note the dead bells held by the two people next to (below) the deceased.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_bell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> rang the dead bell through the streets for the repose of the soul of the deceased, especially if the individual was a benefactor of the church. It is known that the ancient bell of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mungo" title="Saint Mungo">Saint Mungo</a> (aka <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kentigern" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Kentigern">Saint Kentigern</a>) was used for this purpose. From 1454 a record survives of the bell being rung annually<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the soul of Johne Steuart (John Stewart), the first Provost of Glasgow, who had left lands and property to the church.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A record of 1509 for Sir Archibald Crawford of Cadder also shows that the ringing of the dead bell sometimes took place more than once and was intended to encourage others to pray for the deceased, his ancestors, and other Christian souls.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1594 the presbytery of Glasgow attempted to recover the right of use of the dead bell, arguing that it was an ecclesiastical and not a secular function.<sup id="cite_ref-MG24_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG24-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ballad of Willie's Lyke-Wake from the north of Scotland records the payment of a <a href="/wiki/Groat_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groat (coin)">groat</a> for the ringing of the dead bell at his funeral by the bedral or bell-man.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later, secular times, the bell ringer would pass through the streets of villages, towns or cities announcing the name of a recently deceased person, with details of the funeral. At the funeral the bell ringer, often the beadle, would walk at the head the cortege, solemnly ringing the bell from the home of the deceased until the church was reached.<sup id="cite_ref-M130_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M130-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bell was also sometimes used to indicate the point at which the coffin-bearers were changed.<sup id="cite_ref-L60_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L60-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dead bell ringer was instructed to go through the town no more than twice and was not permitted to use the words "faithful" or "God". He was not permitted to ring the bell before sunrise or after sunset.<sup id="cite_ref-N101_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N101-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kirk session records show that in one <a href="/wiki/Ayrshire" title="Ayrshire">Ayrshire</a> parish the dead bell ringer was paid at a rate of a penny a mile at first, rising to two pence per mile by 1762.<sup id="cite_ref-L60_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L60-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The income from the ringing of the dead bell went to the kirk session and was used to support the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-L60_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L60-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ballad of "Barbara Allan" reads:<sup id="cite_ref-N103_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N103-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table cellpadding="10" border="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#f4f4f4"> <p>"She had not gane a mile but twa,<br /> When she heard the deid bell ringing,<br /> And every jow that the deid bell gaed,<br /> Twas wae to Barbara Allan."<br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Records show that the use of the dead bell was common in Eastern Scotland during the seventeenth and eighteenth century and for many years before.<sup id="cite_ref-W40_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W40-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In pre-reformation times the dead bell was also used to summon the priest to administer the last rites.<sup id="cite_ref-W40_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W40-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the eighteenth century, the church <a href="/wiki/Beadle" title="Beadle">beadle</a> went around the parish farms, Kirton, and hamlets at the time of the death and later when the funeral arrangements had been settled.<sup id="cite_ref-M130_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M130-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-W40_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W40-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At poor people's funerals the dead bell was hung on a tree and rung throughout the service.<sup id="cite_ref-W40_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W40-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dead bell was held in high regard and one bell ringer was reportedly sacked for an indecent use of the dead bell.<sup id="cite_ref-W40_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W40-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Court" title="Inns of Court">Inns of Court</a>, as well as the usual use, a passing bell was rung on the appointment of a member as a <a href="/wiki/Serjeant-at-Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Serjeant-at-Law">Serjeant-at-Law</a>, who was said to have "died to the Inn" as he left his Inn of Court and joined <a href="/wiki/Serjeant%27s_Inn" title="Serjeant's Inn">Serjeant's Inn</a>, until appointments of Serjeants ceased in the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_bell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Loudoun_Kirk" title="Loudoun Kirk">Loudoun Kirk</a> dead bell still survived in 1894, having originally been sent to the parishioners from Holland by <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Campbell,_2nd_Earl_of_Loudoun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Campbell, 2nd Earl of Loudoun (page does not exist)">James Campbell, 2nd Earl of Loudoun</a> who died in 1684. It had <i>Loudoun Kirk</i> cast in raised lettering and was used at funeral processions; it was held by Mrs. Semple at Loudoun Village in 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loudoun parish church at <a href="/wiki/Newmilns" title="Newmilns">Newmilns</a> has a dead bell inscribed "Countess of Loudoun". The <a href="/wiki/Kilmarnock" title="Kilmarnock">Kilmarnock</a> example had the town's name and the date "1639" and was preserved in the town hall. The <a href="/wiki/Galston,_East_Ayrshire" title="Galston, East Ayrshire">Galston</a> example had the name and the date "1722". The Maybole dead bell had no markings and after being exhibited at the 1911 Glasgow Exhibition it remained in the <a href="/wiki/Kelvingrove_Art_Gallery_and_Museum" title="Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum">Kelvingove Museum</a>'s collections.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Hawick" title="Hawick">Hawick</a> dead bell is recorded. </p><p>An example of 1641 from Glasgow was made to replace the ancient <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mungo" title="Saint Mungo">Saint Mungo</a>'s. This bell had the Chapter of Glasgow's seal on it, a tree and a salmon, together with a representation of an ancient square-shaped bell; like that of Saint Mungo, which still existed at that date.<sup id="cite_ref-MG25_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG25-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint Mungo's bell was rescued by a Glasgow magistrate, James Laing, after the reformation and the Glasgow officials purchased it for the substantial sum of £10 Scots in 1577.<sup id="cite_ref-MG24_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG24-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1640 the council had a new dead bell made, Saint Mungo's bell probably having become too worn. This was then used for many years and then lost; however, in 1867 it was recovered and returned to the Glasgow corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-MG25_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG25-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The present whereabouts of Saint Mungo's bell is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kilmarnock funeral bell carries the inscription "Kilmarnock, 1639" and is made of bell metal, 8 inches high and 7 inches wide at the mouth. Its use was remembered by local inhabitants still alive in the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1873 the <a href="/wiki/Dunblane" title="Dunblane">Dunblane</a> dead bell was kept in <a href="/wiki/Dunblane_Cathedral" title="Dunblane Cathedral">Dunblane Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-N104_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N104-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partick's dead bell was similar to Glasgow's and was dated 1726 and after many travels it was given to the Partick Curling Club.<sup id="cite_ref-N104_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N104-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hexham" title="Hexham">Hexham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penrith,_Cumbria" title="Penrith, Cumbria">Penrith</a> are recorded to have used dead bells as late at the 1870s in the case of <a href="/wiki/Penrith,_Cumbria" title="Penrith, Cumbria">Penrith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-N103_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N103-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gravestones">Gravestones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_bell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gravestones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Northern England and Scotland dead bells are not uncommon as symbols of death on funerary monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-Church_monument_symbolism_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Church_monument_symbolism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an emblem of mortality the dead bell was mainly confined to eighteenth-century tombstones in the North-East of Scotland, especially in Morayshire and Aberdeenshire. In Angus and Perthshire its use is rare and further south it only occurs on seventeenth-century stones.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The handbell is more common than the church bell and rope, the wooden handle on former being clearly depicted.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Omens">Omens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_bell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Omens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Hogg" title="James Hogg">James Hogg</a>, the Ettrick Shepherd, wrote that the dead bell was the 'tinkling in the ears' which the country people regard as the secret intelligence of some friend's decease.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_bell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_toll" title="Funeral toll">Funeral toll</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_bell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_bell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-M130-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M130_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M130_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M130_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McKay, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Church_monument_symbolism-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Church_monument_symbolism_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Church_monument_symbolism_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090808081158/http://www.churchmonumentssociety.org/newfile21.htm">"Church monument symbolism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchmonumentssociety.org/newfile21.htm">the original</a> on 2009-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+monument+symbolism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchmonumentssociety.org%2Fnewfile21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091013133017/http://www.handbells.org.au/history/genhist.htm">"A little general history of bells and handbells"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handbells.org.au/history/genhist.htm">the original</a> on 2009-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+little+general+history+of+bells+and+handbells&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.handbells.org.au%2Fhistory%2Fgenhist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldandsold.com/articles01/article731.shtml">"Old and sold"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+and+sold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldandsold.com%2Farticles01%2Farticle731.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elfinspell.com/AndrewsBell.html">"The Passing Bell"</a>. Elfinspell<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Passing+Bell&rft.pub=Elfinspell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elfinspell.com%2FAndrewsBell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W40-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W40_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W40_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W40_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W40_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W40_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W40_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Willsher, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rampantscotland.com/know/blknow_flourish.htm">"Glasgow's coat of arms"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glasgow%27s+coat+of+arms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rampantscotland.com%2Fknow%2Fblknow_flourish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacGeorge, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MG24-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MG24_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG24_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacGeorge, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springthyme.co.uk/ballads/balladtexts/25_Willie%27sLykeWake.html">"Wllie's Lyke-wake"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wllie%27s+Lyke-wake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springthyme.co.uk%2Fballads%2Fballadtexts%2F25_Willie%2527sLykeWake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Love (2009), pp. 219–220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L60-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L60_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L60_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L60_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Love (1989), p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N101-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N101_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Napier (1873), p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N103-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N103_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-N103_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Napier (1873), p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adamson, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Love (2009), pp. 219–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MG25-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MG25_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG25_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacGeorge, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacGeorge, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kilmarnock Funeral Bell, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N104-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N104_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-N104_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Napier (1873), p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/thecollector/14170274/">"Dead Bell on tomstone"</a>. 13 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dead+Bell+on+tomstone&rft.date=2005-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fthecollector%2F14170274%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willsher, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Love (1989), p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040504035550/http://www.fife.50megs.com/dead-bell.htm">"Dead Bell"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fife.50megs.com/dead-bell.htm">the original</a> on May 4, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dead+Bell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fife.50megs.com%2Fdead-bell.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+bell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_bell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adamson, Archibald (1875). <i>Rambles Round Kilmarnock</i>. Kilmarnock : T. Stevenson.</li> <li>Arch & Hist Collections of relating to the counties of Ayr & Wigton. V. III. 1882.</li> <li>Love, Dane (1989). <i>Scottish Kirkyards</i>. London : Robert Hale. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7090-3667-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7090-3667-1">0-7090-3667-1</a>.</li> <li>Love, Dane (2009). <i>Legendary Ayrshire. Custom : Folklore : Tradition</i>. Auchinleck : Carn Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9518128-6-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9518128-6-0">978-0-9518128-6-0</a>.</li> <li>MacGregor, Andrew (1880). <i>Old Glasgow : The Place and the People</i>. Glasgow : Blackie & Son.</li> <li>McKay, Archibald (1880). <i>The History of Kilmarnock.</i> Kilmarnock : Archibald McKay.</li> <li>Napier, James (1873). <i>Notes and Remininscences Relating to Partick.</i> Glasgow : Hugh Hopkins.</li> <li>Stuart, Robert (1848). <i>Views and Notices of Glasgow in former times</i>. Glasgow | Robert Stuart & Co.</li> <li>Willsher, Betty and Hunter, Doreen (1978). <i>Stones. A Guide to Some Remarkable Eighteenth Century Gravestones</i>. Edinburgh : Canongate; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903937-36-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-903937-36-0">0-903937-36-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_bell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/A_Researcher%27s_Guide_to_Local_History_Terminology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:A Researcher's Guide to Local History Terminology">A Researcher's Guide to Local History Terminology</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masonicinfo.com/mortality.htm">"Symbols of Mortality"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Symbols+of+Mortality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masonicinfo.com%2Fmortality.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+bell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bells" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bells" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">Bells</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background and <br />terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-cot" title="Bell-cot">Bell-cot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellfounding" title="Bellfounding">Bellfounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-gable" title="Bell-gable">Bell-gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_pattern" title="Bell pattern">Bell pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">Bell tower / Campanile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-ringer" title="Bell-ringer">Bell-ringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfry_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfry (architecture)">Belfry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourdon_(bell)" title="Bourdon (bell)">Bourdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanology" title="Campanology">Campanology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Index_of_campanology_articles" title="Index of campanology articles">index</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peal" title="Peal">Peal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_bells" title="Ring of bells">Ring of bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_tone" title="Strike tone">Strike tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_clock" title="Striking clock">Striking clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvonnitsa" title="Zvonnitsa">Zvonnitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agog%C3%B4" title="Agogô">Agogô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">Altar bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluphone" title="Aluphone">Aluphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babendil" title="Babendil">Babendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_tree" title="Bell tree">Bell tree</a></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bianzhong" title="Bianzhong">Bianzhong</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_bell" title="Bicycle bell">Bicycle bell</a></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bonsh%C5%8D" title="Bonshō">Bonshō</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_bell" title="Call bell">Call bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_bell" title="Cat bell">Cat bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">Church bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowbell_(instrument)" title="Cowbell (instrument)">Cowbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotal_bell" title="Crotal bell">Crotal bell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dead bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorbell" title="Doorbell">Doorbell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku">Dōtaku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">Handbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_bell" title="Jingle bell">Jingle bell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kane_(instrument)" title="Kane (instrument)">Kane</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-ring" title="Mini-ring">Mini-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_bell" title="Ship's bell">Ship's bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_bell" title="Servant bell">Servant bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_bell" title="Standing bell">Standing bell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Suzu_(bell)" title="Suzu (bell)">Suzu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintinnabulum" title="Tintinnabulum">Tintinnabulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Tubular bells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ringing styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chiming <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">Chime</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Canpan%C3%B2" title="Canpanò">Canpanò</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellacombe_apparatus" title="Ellacombe apparatus">Ellacombe apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian Orthodox bell ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blagovest" title="Blagovest">Blagovest</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_circle_ringing" title="Full circle ringing">Full circle ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_ringing" title="Change ringing">Change ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_changes" title="Call changes">Call changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_ringing" title="Method ringing">Method ringing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_bell_ringing" title="Bolognese bell ringing">Bolognese bell ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_bell_ringing" title="Veronese bell ringing">Veronese bell ringing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable bells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heaviest_bells" title="List of heaviest bells">List of heaviest bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangiga_bells" title="Balangiga bells">Balangiga bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_of_Good_Luck" title="Bell of Good Luck">Bell of Good Luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_of_King_Seongdeok" title="Bell of King Seongdeok">Bell of King Seongdeok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Bell" title="Freedom Bell">Freedom Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bell_of_Dhammazedi" title="Great Bell of Dhammazedi">Great Bell of Dhammazedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tom_(bell)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tom (bell)">Great Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Great_Bell_Tower" title="Ivan the Great Bell Tower">Ivan the Great Bell Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peace_Bell" title="Japanese Peace Bell">Japanese Peace Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gloriosa" title="Maria Gloriosa">Maria Gloriosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingun_Bell" title="Mingun Bell">Mingun Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bells_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris">Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Bell" title="Olympic Bell">Olympic Bell</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Petersglocke" title="Petersglocke">Petersglocke</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund Bell">Sigismund Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Bells" title="Swan Bells">Swan Bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Bell_(Boston)" title="Temple Bell (Boston)"><i>Temple Bell</i> (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar_Bell" title="Tsar Bell">Tsar Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_Association" title="World Peace Bell Association">World Peace Bells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_(Newport,_Kentucky)" title="World Peace Bell (Newport, Kentucky)">Kentucky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bell_Temple" title="Big Bell Temple">Yongle Big Bell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bell founders <br />and foundries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bergholtz_Bellfoundry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bergholtz Bellfoundry (page does not exist)">Bergholtz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergholtz_klockgjuteri" class="extiw" title="sv:Bergholtz klockgjuteri">sv</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilbie_family" title="Bilbie family">Bilbie family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Chokhov" title="Andrey Chokhov">Andrey Chokhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cockey#Origins_of_the_family" title="Edward Cockey">Cockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Eijsbouts_bell_foundry" title="Royal Eijsbouts bell foundry">Royal Eijsbouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashpir_Ganusov" title="Kashpir Ganusov">Kashpir Ganusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanden_Gheyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanden Gheyn">Vanden Gheyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillett_%26_Johnston" title="Gillett & Johnston">Gillett & Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassmayr_Bell_Foundry" title="Grassmayr Bell Foundry">Grassmayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Graye" title="Miles Graye">Miles Graye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatch_bell_foundry" title="Hatch bell foundry">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_and_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hemony" title="Pieter and François Hemony">Pieter and François Hemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hodson_(bell-founder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Hodson (bell-founder)">Christopher Hodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Illenfeld" title="Franciscus Illenfeld">Franciscus Illenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juutila_Foundry" title="Juutila Foundry">Juutila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Fonderia_Marinelli" title="Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli">Marinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McShane_Bell_Foundry" title="McShane Bell Foundry">McShane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meneely_Bell_Foundry" class="mw-redirect" title="Meneely Bell Foundry">Meneely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murphy_(bellfounder)" title="John Murphy (bellfounder)">John Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olsen_Nauen_Bell_Foundry" title="Olsen Nauen Bell Foundry">Olsen Nauen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glockengie%C3%9Ferei_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glockengießerei Otto (page does not exist)">Glockengießerei Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonderie_Paccard" title="Fonderie Paccard">Paccard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_%26_Fritsen" title="Petit & Fritsen">Petit & Fritsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Phelps_(bell-founder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Phelps (bell-founder)">Richard Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudhall_of_Gloucester" title="Rudhall of Gloucester">Rudhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_and_William_Rufford" title="John and William Rufford">John and William Rufford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarlouiser_Glockengie%C3%9Ferei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saarlouiser Glockengießerei (page does not exist)">Saarlouiser Glockengießerei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schilling_(bellfounder_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schilling (bellfounder family) (page does not exist)">Schilling</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schilling_(Glockengie%C3%9Ferfamilie)" class="extiw" title="de:Schilling (Glockengießerfamilie)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_%26_Co" title="John Taylor & Co">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Watts_(bellfounder)" title="Hugh Watts (bellfounder)">Hugh Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner_%26_Sons" title="John Warner & Sons">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry" title="Whitechapel Bell Foundry">Whitechapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_van_Wou" title="Geert van Wou">Geert van Wou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dove%27s_Guide_for_Church_Bell_Ringers" title="Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers">Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenmuseum_Stiftskirche_Herrenberg" title="Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg">Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Memorial_Museum" title="Liberty Bell Memorial Museum">Liberty Bell Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Museum" title="Liberty Bell Museum">Liberty Bell Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bell_Festival" title="National Bell Festival">National Bell Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bell_ringing_organizations" title="List of bell ringing organizations">Ringing organizations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Bell,_American_Legion" title="Freedom Bell, American Legion">Freedom Bell, American Legion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Bells" title="All the Bells">All the Bells</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Death" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death" title="Template:Death"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death" title="Template talk:Death"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cell_death" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_necrosis" title="Temporal lobe necrosis">Temporal lobe necrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activation-induced_cell_death" title="Activation-induced cell death">AICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoikis" title="Anoikis">Anoikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">Autophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_apoptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic apoptosis">Intrinsic apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">Necroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraptosis" title="Paraptosis">Paraptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthanatos" title="Parthanatos">Parthanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoptosis" title="Phenoptosis">Phenoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoapoptosis" title="Pseudoapoptosis">Pseudoapoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroptosis" title="Pyroptosis">Pyroptosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">Autolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoschizis" title="Autoschizis">Autoschizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">Eschar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogenic_cell_death" title="Immunogenic cell death">Immunogenic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cell_death" title="Ischemic cell death">Ischemic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophe" title="Mitotic catastrophe">Mitotic catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_gene" title="Suicide gene">Suicide gene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">Accidental death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">Brainstem death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">Clinical death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_on_arrival" title="Dead on arrival">DOA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Death by natural causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_sign" title="Lazarus sign">Lazarus sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_syndrome" title="Lazarus syndrome">Lazarus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death#Medical_declaration" title="Legal death">Medical declaration of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">Terminal illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Unnatural death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Death-related_lists" title="Category:Death-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">Causes of death by rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deaths_by_year" title="Lists of deaths by year">Notable deaths by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">Expressions related to death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" title="Lists of people by cause of death">People by cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">Premature obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unusual deaths">Unusual deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_dishonor_the_dead" title="List of ways people dishonor the dead">List of ways people dishonor the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_honor_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ways people honor the dead">List of ways people honor the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_effect" title="Birthday effect">Birthday effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">Maternal mortality in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromort" title="Micromort">Micromort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk_adjusted_mortality_rate" title="Risk adjusted mortality rate">RAMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Body</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropreservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropreservation">Neuropreservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">Maceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">Disposal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(body_disposal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)">Resomation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beating_heart_cadaver" title="Beating heart cadaver">Beating heart cadaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_donation" title="Body donation">Body donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaveric_spasm" title="Cadaveric spasm">Cadaveric spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">Dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmortem_caloricity" title="Postmortem caloricity">Postmortem caloricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_interval" title="Post-mortem interval">Post-mortem interval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other aspects</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">Carrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_customs" title="Category:Death customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_midwife" title="Death midwife">Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">Mourning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_mourning" title="Online mourning">Online mourning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">Obituary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">Palingenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paranormal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reincarnation_research" title="Template:Reincarnation research">Reincarnation research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">Cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">Death certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Declared death <i>in absentia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">Inquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_dying" title="Prohibition of dying">Prohibition of dying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death tech (page does not exist)">Death tech</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Tech" class="extiw" title="pt:Death Tech">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">Funeral director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Necrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostratinomy" title="Biostratinomy">Biostratinomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatology" title="Thanatology">Thanatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_burial_money" title="Chinese burial money">Chinese burial money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_for_the_dead" title="Coins for the dead">Coins for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">Death anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personification of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Death camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">Death from laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_hoax" title="Death hoax">Death hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_messenger" title="Death messenger">Death messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_notification" title="Death notification">Death notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_panel" title="Death panel">Death panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonic_death_pose" title="Opisthotonic death pose">Death pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-positive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-positive movement">Death-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_death" title="Dignified death">Dignified death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_death" title="Hierarchy of death">Hierarchy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Death" title="Museum of Death">Museum of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophobia" title="Necrophobia">Necrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_death" title="Philosophy of death">Philosophy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanabot (page does not exist)">Thanabot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief_bot" class="extiw" title="ca:Grief bot">ca</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatosensitivity" title="Thanatosensitivity">Thanatosensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Death" title="Category:Death">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, 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