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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Colonisation (biology)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besiedlung" title="Besiedlung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Besiedlung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizaci%C3%B3n_(biolog%C3%ADa)" title="Colonización (biología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colonización (biología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloniigo_(biologio)" title="Koloniigo (biologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koloniigo (biologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_(%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="کلنی‌سازی (زیست‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلنی‌سازی (زیست‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_(biologie)" title="Colonisation (biologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonisation (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonisasi_(biologi)" title="Kolonisasi (biologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolonisasi (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengkolonian_(biologi)" title="Pengkolonian (biologi) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengkolonian (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonisatie_(biologie)" title="Kolonisatie (biologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kolonisatie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(ecologia)" title="Colonização (ecologia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colonização (ecologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Колонизация (биология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колонизация (биология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonisering_(biologi)" title="Kolonisering (biologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kolonisering (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonile%C5%9Fme_(biyoloji)" title="Kolonileşme (biyoloji) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kolonileşme (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%AE%96" title="定殖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="定殖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2041929#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the same species living closely together, see <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">Colony (biology)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biofilm-growth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biofilm-growth.svg/250px-Biofilm-growth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="636" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biofilm-growth.svg/330px-Biofilm-growth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biofilm-growth.svg/440px-Biofilm-growth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="1098" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing bacteria growing and forming into a biofilm on a surface</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Colonisation</b> or <b>colonization</b> is the spread and development of an organism in a new area or habitat. Colonization comprises the physical arrival of a species in a new area, but also its successful establishment within the local community. In <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, it is represented by the symbol <i>λ</i> (lowercase <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">lambda</a>) to denote the long-term intrinsic growth rate of a population. </p><p>Surrounding theories and applicable process have been introduced below. These include dispersal, colonisation-competition trade off and prominent examples that have been previously studied. </p><p>One classic <a href="/wiki/Scientific_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific model">scientific model</a> in <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a> posits that a species must continue to colonize new areas through its <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a> (called a <i><a href="/wiki/Taxon_cycle" title="Taxon cycle">taxon cycle</a></i>) in order to persist. Accordingly, colonisation and extinction are key components of <a href="/wiki/Island_biogeography" class="mw-redirect" title="Island biogeography">island biogeography</a>, a theory that has many applications in ecology, such as <a href="/wiki/Metapopulation" title="Metapopulation">metapopulations</a>. Another factor included in this scientific model is the competition-colonisation trade off. This idea goes into the driving factors of colonisation through many species that all share a need to expand. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scale">Scale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonisation_(biology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colonisation occurs on several scales. In the most basic form, as <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a> in the formation of communities of <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> on surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This microbiological colonisation also takes place within each animal or plant and is called <a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">microbiome</a>. </p><p>In small scales such as colonising new sites, perhaps as a result of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_change" title="Environmental change">environmental change</a>. And on larger scales where a species expands its <a href="/wiki/Range_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Range (biology)">range</a> to encompass new areas. This can be through a series of small encroachments, such as in <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant_encroachment" title="Woody plant encroachment">woody plant encroachment</a>, or by long-distance <a href="/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">dispersal</a>. The term <b>range expansion</b> is also used.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dispersal">Dispersal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonisation_(biology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dispersal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dispersion in biology is the dissemination, or scattering, of organisms over periods within a given area or over the Earth. The dispersion of species into new locations can be inspired by many causes. Often times species naturally disperse due to <a href="/wiki/Physiological_adaptations" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological adaptations">physiological adaptations</a> which allows for a higher survival rate of <a href="/wiki/Progeny_(genetic_descendant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progeny (genetic descendant)">progeny</a> in new ecosystems. Other times these driving factors are environmentally related, for example <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">competition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a>. Dispersion of different species can come in many forms. Some prime examples of this is flight of species across long distances, wind dispersal of plant and fungi progeny, long distance of travel in packs, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competition-colonisation_trade-off">Competition-colonisation trade-off</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonisation_(biology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Competition-colonisation trade-off"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The competition-colonisation trade-off refers to a driving factor that has a large influence over diversity and how it is maintained in a community. This is considered a driving factor because all species have to make a decision to entertain competition with others in the community or disperse from the community in hopes of a more optimal environment. This can span from available nutrient sources, light exposure, oxygen availability, reproduction competition, etc.. These trade offs are critical in the explanation of colonisation and why it happens. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pioneer_species_colonization_leading_to_primary_sucession.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pioneer_species_colonization_leading_to_primary_sucession.svg/220px-Pioneer_species_colonization_leading_to_primary_sucession.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pioneer_species_colonization_leading_to_primary_sucession.svg/330px-Pioneer_species_colonization_leading_to_primary_sucession.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pioneer_species_colonization_leading_to_primary_sucession.svg/440px-Pioneer_species_colonization_leading_to_primary_sucession.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>1. Bare rock 2. New species introduced 3. Death and accumulation of top soil 4. New species introduction displacing pioneer species 5. More nutrients and soil accumulation creates opportunities for larger species colonisation</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonisation_(biology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term is generally only used to refer to the spread of a species into new areas by <i>natural</i> means, as opposed to <i>unnatural</i> <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Species_translocation" title="Species translocation">translocation</a> by humans, which may lead to <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonisation_events">Colonisation events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonisation_(biology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonisation events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egretta_garzetta_tree_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Egretta_garzetta_tree_Greece.jpg/170px-Egretta_garzetta_tree_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Egretta_garzetta_tree_Greece.jpg/255px-Egretta_garzetta_tree_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Egretta_garzetta_tree_Greece.jpg/340px-Egretta_garzetta_tree_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="3124" /></a><figcaption>The range of the <a href="/wiki/Little_egret" title="Little egret">little egret</a> (<i>Egretta garzetta</i>) has expanded since the 20th century, with the species having colonised most of the New World.</figcaption></figure> <p>Large-scale notable pre-historic colonisation events include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arthropods">Arthropods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonisation_(biology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arthropods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>the colonisation of the Earth's land by the first animals, the <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>. The first fossils of land animals come from <a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">millipedes</a>. These were seen about 450 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humans">Humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonisation_(biology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Early_human_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Early human migration">early human migration</a> and colonisation of areas outside Africa according to the <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">recent African origin</a> paradigm, resulting in the extinction of <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_megafauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleistocene megafauna">Pleistocene megafauna</a>, although the role of humans in this event is controversial.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonisation_(biology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>the colonisation of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Cattle_egret" title="Cattle egret">cattle egret</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_egret" title="Little egret">little egret</a></li> <li>the colonisation of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Little_egret" title="Little egret">little egret</a></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iguana_iguana_Portoviejo_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Iguana_iguana_Portoviejo_04.jpg/220px-Iguana_iguana_Portoviejo_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Iguana_iguana_Portoviejo_04.jpg/330px-Iguana_iguana_Portoviejo_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Iguana_iguana_Portoviejo_04.jpg/440px-Iguana_iguana_Portoviejo_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4198" data-file-height="2985" /></a><figcaption>Image of the green Iguana that colonized Anguilla.</figcaption></figure>the colonisation of western North America by the <a href="/wiki/Barred_owl" title="Barred owl">barred owl</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the colonisation of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Seaboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Seaboard">East Coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Brewer%27s_blackbird" title="Brewer's blackbird">Brewer's blackbird</a></li> <li>the colonisation-westwards spread across <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Collared_dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Collared dove">collared dove</a></li> <li>the spread across the eastern USA of the <a href="/wiki/House_finch" title="House finch">house finch</a></li> <li>the expansion into the southern and western areas of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Hadeda_Ibis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadeda Ibis">Hadeda Ibis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reptiles">Reptiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonisation_(biology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>the colonisation of <a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a> by <a href="/wiki/Green_iguana" title="Green iguana">Green iguanas</a> following a <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_dispersal" title="Oceanic dispersal">rafting event</a> in 1995</li> <li>the colonisation of <a href="/wiki/Burmese_python" title="Burmese python">Burmese pythons</a> into the Florida Everglades. The release of snakes came from the desire to breed them and sell them as exotic pets. As they grew people became unable to care for the animals and began to release them into the Everglades.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dragonflies">Dragonflies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonisation_(biology)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dragonflies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>the colonisation of Britain by the <a href="/wiki/Small_red-eyed_damselfly" title="Small red-eyed damselfly">small red-eyed damselfly</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moths">Moths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonisation_(biology)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Moths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>the colonisation of Britain by <a href="/wiki/Blair%27s_shoulder-knot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blair's shoulder-knot">Blair's shoulder-knot</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_Vertebrates">Land Vertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonisation_(biology)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Land Vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The colonisation of Madagascar by <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_land_invasion" title="Vertebrate land invasion">land-bound vertebrates</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants">Plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonisation_(biology)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The colonisation of <i><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pinus</a></i> species through wind dispersion.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonisation_(biology)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventive_plant" title="Adventive plant">Adventive plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">Colony (biology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_species" title="Pioneer species">Pioneer species</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonisation_(biology)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Social and Ecological Interactions in the Galapagos Islands. pp. <span class="nowrap">45–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-65909-1_3">10.1007/978-3-319-65909-1_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-65908-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-65908-4"><bdi>978-3-319-65908-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123297">7123297</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colonization+of+Parasites+and+Vectors&rft.btitle=Disease+Ecology&rft.series=Social+and+Ecological+Interactions+in+the+Galapagos+Islands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7123297%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-65909-1_3&rft.isbn=978-3-319-65908-4&rft.aulast=Bataille&rft.aufirst=Arnaud&rft.au=Levin%2C+Iris+I.&rft.au=Sari%2C+Eloisa+H.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonisation+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWyseHulme2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wyse, Sarah V.; Hulme, Philip E. 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"Competition–colonisation trade-offs are found among but not within wind-dispersed Pinus species". <i>Functional Ecology</i>. <b>36</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1023–</span>1035. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022FuEco..36.1023W">2022FuEco..36.1023W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1365-2435.14004">10.1111/1365-2435.14004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Functional+Ecology&rft.atitle=Competition%E2%80%93colonisation+trade-offs+are+found+among+but+not+within+wind-dispersed+Pinus+species&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1023-%3C%2Fspan%3E1035&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1365-2435.14004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022FuEco..36.1023W&rft.aulast=Wyse&rft.aufirst=Sarah+V.&rft.au=Hulme%2C+Philip+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonisation+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonisation_(biology)&oldid=1273288728">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonisation_(biology)&oldid=1273288728</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Community_ecology" title="Category:Community ecology">Community ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecological_processes" title="Category:Ecological processes">Ecological processes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecology_terminology" title="Category:Ecology terminology">Ecology terminology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 February 2025, at 16:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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