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<span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chronicles_and_Histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronicles_and_Histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Chronicles and Histories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronicles_and_Histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiographic_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiographic_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Historiographic controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul 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legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Family life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principal_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Principal works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principal_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Principal works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principal_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_novels,_novellas_and_short_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_novels,_novellas_and_short_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Historical novels, novellas and short stories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_novels,_novellas_and_short_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Histories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pamphlets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pamphlets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Pamphlets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pamphlets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandri_Herkulanu" title="Aleksandri Herkulanu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aleksandri Herkulanu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="الکساندر هرکولانو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکساندر هرکولانو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Алешандре Еркулану – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алешандре Еркулану" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alexandre Herculano" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alexandre Herculano" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alexandre Herculano" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexandre Herculano" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alexandre Herculano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alexandre Herculano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexandre Herculano" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alexandre Herculano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alexandre Herculano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%95" title="אלשנדרה הרקולנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלשנדרה הרקולנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Herculanus" title="Alexander Herculanus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander Herculanus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano_de_Carvalho_e_Ara%C3%BAjo" title="Alexandre Herculano de Carvalho e Araújo – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alexandre Herculano de Carvalho e Araújo" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alexandre Herculano" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="اليكساندر هيركولانو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليكساندر هيركولانو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexandre Herculano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alexandre Herculano" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Эркулану, Алешандре – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эркулану, Алешандре" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alexandre Herculano" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alexandre Herculano" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Алешандре Еркулану – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алешандре Еркулану" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q520688#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Alexandre Herculano</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandre_Herculano_Casa_Camilo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Alexandre_Herculano_Casa_Camilo.JPG/220px-Alexandre_Herculano_Casa_Camilo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Alexandre_Herculano_Casa_Camilo.JPG/330px-Alexandre_Herculano_Casa_Camilo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Alexandre_Herculano_Casa_Camilo.JPG/440px-Alexandre_Herculano_Casa_Camilo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2782" data-file-height="3795" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Alexandre Herculano de Carvalho e Araújo<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1810-03-28</span>)</span>28 March 1810<br /><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">13 September 1877<span style="display:none">(1877-09-13)</span> (aged 67)<br /><a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Portugal" title="Santarém, Portugal">Santarém</a>, Kingdom of Portugal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery" title="Jerónimos Monastery">Jerónimos Monastery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Novel writer, poet, journalist, historian, politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Historical novel, <a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Eurico,_o_Presb%C3%ADtero" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurico, o Presbítero">Eurico, o Presbítero</a></i>, <i>O Monge de Cister</i>, <i>História de Portugal de Alexandre Herculano</i>, <i>História da Origem e Estabelecimento da Inquisição em Portugal</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alexandre Herculano de Carvalho e Araújo</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ɐlɨˈʃɐ̃dɾɨ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛɾkuˈlɐnu]</a></span>; 28 March 1810 – 13 September 1877) was a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> novelist and historian. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Herculano's family had humble origins. One of his <a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">grandfathers</a> was a foreman <a href="/wiki/Stonemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonemason">stonemason</a> in the royal employ. Herculano received his early education, comprising <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, at the Necessidades Monastery, and spent a year at the Royal Marine Academy studying mathematics with the intention of entering on a commercial career. In 1828 Portugal fell under the absolute rule of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel of Portugal">D. Miguel</a>, and Herculano, becoming involved in the unsuccessful military <i>pronunciamento</i> of August 1831, had to leave Portugal clandestinely and take refuge in England and France. In 1832 he accompanied the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberal</a> expedition to <a href="/wiki/Terceira_Island" title="Terceira Island">Terceira Island</a> as a volunteer, and was one of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">D. Pedro</a>'s famous army of 7,500 men who <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Mindelo" title="Landing at Mindelo">landed at Mindelo</a> and occupied <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>. He took part in all the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Porto" title="Siege of Porto">great siege</a>, and at the same time served as a librarian in the city archives. He published his first volume of verses, <i>A Voz de Propheta</i>, in 1832, and two years later another entitled <i>A Harpa do Crente</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911344_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911344-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Privation had made a man of him, and in these little books he proves himself a poet of deep feeling and considerable power of expression. The stirring incidents in the political emancipation of Portugal inspired his muse, and he describes the bitterness of exile, the adventurous expedition to Terceira, the heroic defence of Porto, and the final combats of liberty. In 1837 he founded the <i>Panorama</i> in imitation of the English <i><a href="/wiki/Penny_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Penny Magazine">Penny Magazine</a></i>, and there and in <i>Illustração</i> he published the historical tales which were afterwards collected into <i>Lendas e Narrativas</i>; in the same year he became royal librarian at the <a href="/wiki/Ajuda_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajuda Palace">Ajuda Palace</a>, which enabled him to continue his studies of the past. The Panorama had a large circulation and influence, and Herculano's biographical sketches of great men and his articles of literary and historical criticism did much to educate the middle class by acquainting them with the story of their nation, and with the progress of knowledge and the state of letters in foreign countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911344_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911344-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After spending his early years as a poet, Herculano introduced the historical novel into Portugal in 1844 by a book written in imitation of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>. <i>Eurico</i> treats of the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Visigoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigoth">Visigothic</a> monarchy and the beginnings of resistance in the Asturias which gave birth to the Christian kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. A second book, <i>Monge de Cister</i>, published in 1848, describes the time of <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Portugal" title="John I of Portugal">King João I</a>, when the middle class and the municipalities first asserted their power and elected a king who stood in opposition to the nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From an artistic standpoint, these stories are rather laboured productions, besides being ultra-romantic in tone; but they were written mainly with an educational goal, and, moreover, they deserve high praise for their style. Herculano had greater book-learning than Scott, but lacked descriptive talent and skill in dialogue. His touch is heavy, and these novels show no dramatic power, which accounts for his failure as a playwright, but their influence was as great as their followers were many.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronicles_and_Histories">Chronicles and Histories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chronicles and Histories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:25_Escudos_c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brant_le_centenaire_de_de_la_mort_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9crivain_Alexandre_Herculano,_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/25_Escudos_c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brant_le_centenaire_de_de_la_mort_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9crivain_Alexandre_Herculano%2C_1977.jpg/220px-25_Escudos_c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brant_le_centenaire_de_de_la_mort_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9crivain_Alexandre_Herculano%2C_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/25_Escudos_c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brant_le_centenaire_de_de_la_mort_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9crivain_Alexandre_Herculano%2C_1977.jpg/330px-25_Escudos_c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brant_le_centenaire_de_de_la_mort_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9crivain_Alexandre_Herculano%2C_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/25_Escudos_c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brant_le_centenaire_de_de_la_mort_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9crivain_Alexandre_Herculano%2C_1977.jpg/440px-25_Escudos_c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brant_le_centenaire_de_de_la_mort_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9crivain_Alexandre_Herculano%2C_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Alexandre Herculano</figcaption></figure> <p>These and editions of two old chronicles, the "Chronicle of Dom <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastião of Portugal">Sebastião</a>" (1839) and the "Annals of king <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_III_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="João III of Portugal">João III</a>" (1844), prepared Herculano for his life's work, and the year 1846 saw the first volume of his "History of Portugal from the Beginning of the Monarchy to the end of the Reign of <a href="/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal" title="Afonso III of Portugal">Afonso III</a>", a book written on critical lines and based on documents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difficulties he encountered in producing it were very great, for the foundations had been ill-prepared by his predecessors, and he was obliged to be artisan and architect at the same time. He had to collect manuscripts from all parts of Portugal, decipher, classify and weigh them before he could begin work, and then he found it necessary to break with precedents and destroy traditions. Serious students in Portugal and abroad welcomed the book as an historical work of the first rank, for its evidence of careful research, its able marshalling of facts, its scholarship and its painful accuracy, while the sculptural simplicity of the style and the correctness of the diction made it a Portuguese classic. The second volume of his history appeared in 1847, the third in 1849, and the fourth in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiographic_controversy">Historiographic controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historiographic controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first volume, however, gave rise to a celebrated controversy, because Herculano had reduced the famous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ourique" title="Battle of Ourique">battle of Ourique</a>, which was supposed to have seen the birth of the Portuguese monarchy, to the dimensions of a mere skirmish, and denied the apparition of Christ to <a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal" title="Afonso I of Portugal">King Afonso</a>, a fable first circulated in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herculano was denounced from the pulpit and by the press for his lack of <i><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a></i> and piety, and after bearing the attack for some time his pride drove him to reply. In a letter to the cardinal <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Lisbon" title="Patriarch of Lisbon">patriarch of Lisbon</a> entitled <i>Eu e o Clero</i> (1850), he denounced the fanaticism and ignorance of the clergy in plain terms, and this provoked a fierce pamphlet war marked by much personal abuse. A professor of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> in Lisbon intervened to sustain the accepted view of the battle, and charged Herculano and his supporter, <a href="/wiki/Pascual_de_Gayangos_y_Arce" title="Pascual de Gayangos y Arce">Pascual de Gayangos</a> with ignorance of the Arab historians and of their language. The conduct of the controversy, which lasted some years, did credit to none of the contending parties, but Herculano's statement of the facts was eventually universally accepted as correct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_Inquisition">History of the Inquisition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History of the Inquisition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his youth, the excesses of absolutism had made Herculano a Liberal, and the attacks on his history turned this man, full of sentiment and deep religious conviction, into an anti-clerical who began to distinguish between political <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> and Christianity. His "History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal" (1854–1855), relating the thirty years' struggle between King John III and the <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>—he to establish the tribunal and they to prevent him—was compiled, as the preface showed, to stem the ultramontane reaction, but nonetheless carried weight because it was a recital of events with little or no comment or evidence of passion in its author.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Next to these two books ("History of Portugal from the beginning of the monarchy to the end of the reign of Afonso III" and "History of the origin and establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal"), his study, "Condition of the working classes on the peninsula from the seventh to the twelfth century" (<i>"Do Estado das classes servas na Peninsula desde o VII. até o XII. seculo"</i>), was Herculano's most valuable contribution to history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1856 Herculano began editing a series of <i>Portugalliae monumenta historica</i>, but personal differences between him and the keeper of the Archives, which he necessarily frequented, interrupted his historical studies. On the death of his friend <a href="/wiki/Pedro_V_of_Portugal" title="Pedro V of Portugal">King Pedro V</a>, Herculano left the Ajuda and retired to a country house near <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Portugal" title="Santarém, Portugal">Santarém</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alliance of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> and Catholicism, represented by Herculano and his fellow poetic historians <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a> had ended as the movement known as <a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a> grew within the Catholic hierarchy after the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>. Disillusioned with mankind and despairing of the future of his country, Herculano rarely emerged from his retirement; when he did so, it was to fight political and religious reactionaries. Herculano defended Portugal's monastic orders (advocating their reform rather than suppression) and successfully opposed the entry of foreign religious orders. He supported the rural clergy and idealized the village priest in his <i>Pároco da Aldeia</i>, an imitation, unconscious or otherwise, of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a>'s "The Vicar of Wakefield". Herculano also opposed the Concordat of February 21, 1857, between Portugal and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, regulating the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Padroado_in_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Padroado in the East">Portuguese Padroado in the East</a>. Herculano supported <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriage</a>, although his "Studies on Civil Marriage" (<i>"Estudos sobre o Casamento Civil"</i>) was banned (put on the <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English historian <a href="/wiki/Lord_Acton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Acton">Lord Acton</a> and German historian <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a> experienced similar problems, especially as they all fought the new <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> (1854) and <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a> (1871). Other key documents issued by <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a> during the ecclesiastical retrenchment include the <a href="/wiki/Syllabus_of_Errors" title="Syllabus of Errors">Syllabus of Errors</a> (1864) and <a href="/wiki/Etsi_multa" title="Etsi multa">Etsi multa</a> (1873).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_legacy">Political legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the domain of letters he remained until his death a veritable pontiff, and an article or book of his was an event celebrated from one end of Portugal to the other. The nation continued to look up to him for intellectual leadership, but, in his later years, lacking hope himself, he could not stimulate others or use to advantage the powers conferred upon him. In politics he remained a constitutional Liberal of the old type, and, for him, the people were the middle classes in opposition to the lower, which he saw to have been the supporters of tyranny in all ages, while he considered <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">radicalism</a> to mean a return via <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutism</a>. However, though he conducted political propaganda campaigns in the press in his early days, Herculano never exercised much influence in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character">Character</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grave as most of his writings are, they include a short description of a crossing from <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> to Granville, in which he satirizes English character and customs, and he reveals an unexpected sense of humour. A rare capacity for tedious work, a dour <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Catonian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Catonian">Catonian</a> rectitude, a passion for truth, pride, irritation when criticized, and independence of character are the marks of Herculano as a man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He could be broken but never bent, and his rude frankness accorded with his hard, sombre face, and he often alienated men's sympathies though he seldom lost their respect. His lyricism is vigorous, feeling but austere, and almost entirely subjective and personal, while his pamphlets are distinguished by energy of conviction, strength of affirmation, and contempt for weaker and more ignorant opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His <i>History of Portugal</i> is a great but incomplete monument. A lack of imagination and a deficit of the philosophic spirit prevented him from penetrating or drawing characters, but his analytical gift, joined to persevering toil and honesty of purpose, enabled him to present a faithful account of ascertained facts and a satisfactorily lucid explanation of political and economic events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His remains lie in a majestic tomb in the <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery" title="Jerónimos Monastery">Jerónimos Monastery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m,_Lisbon" title="Belém, Lisbon">Belém</a>, near Lisbon, which was raised by public subscription. His more important works have gone through many editions, and his name is still one to reckon with when considering modern historians of Portugal and of the Iberian peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_life">Family life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Family life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1866, Herculano married Mariana Hermínia de Meira, born around 1830<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="A source is missing to validate Mariana's birth date around 1830 (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, whom he had first fallen in love with at the age of 26. At the time, he decided to prioritize his literary ambitions over this relationship, a choice he later described as a sacrifice. He explained in a letter to his friend Joaquim Filipe de Soure that he wanted someone to care for him in his old age and that he never wished to have children, believing it incompatible with his work. In his correspondence, Herculano often mentioned Mariana, including updates about her health, which reflected his ongoing concern for her well-being. These references contrasted with his otherwise formal tone and demonstrated a degree of tenderness in their relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principal_works">Principal works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Principal works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herculano_poetry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Herculano_poetry.jpg/220px-Herculano_poetry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Herculano_poetry.jpg/330px-Herculano_poetry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Herculano_poetry.jpg/440px-Herculano_poetry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A piece of Herculano's poetry engraved on his tomb: "Sleep? Only the cold corpse sleeps, which does not feel; the soul flies, and shelters at the feet of the Almighty."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Voice of the Prophet (<i>A Voz do Profeta</i>) 1836</li> <li>The Believer's Harp (<i>A Harpa do Crente</i>) 1838</li> <li>Poems (<i>Poesias</i>) 1850</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Frontier of Africa, or Three Nights of Heartburn (<i>O Fronteiro de África ou três noites aziagas</i>) A drama based on Portuguese history, in three acts, staged in Lisbon, in 1838, at the Salitre Theatre, revived in Rio de Janeiro in 1862</li> <li>The Princes in Ceuta (<i>Os Infantes em Ceuta</i>) 1842</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Village Parson (<i>O Pároco de Aldeia</i>) 1851</li> <li>The Galician: Life, Sayings, and Deeds of Lázaro Tomé (<i>O Galego: Vida, ditos e feitos de Lázaro Tomé</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_novels,_novellas_and_short_stories"><span id="Historical_novels.2C_novellas_and_short_stories"></span>Historical novels, novellas and short stories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Historical novels, novellas and short stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Jester</i> (<i>O Bobo</i>) 1828–1843</li> <li><i>The Monasticon</i> (‘’O Monasticon’’) duology: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eurico,_the_Presbyter" title="Eurico, the Presbyter">Eurico, the Presbyter</a>: Visigoth Era</i> (<i>Eurico, o Presbítero: Época Visigótica</i>) 1844</li> <li><i>The Monk of Cister</i>; in the time of João I (<i>O Monge de Cister; Época de D. João I</i>) 1848, 2 volumes</li></ul></li> <li><i>Legends and Narratives</i> (<i>Lendas e narrativas</i>) 1851, collection of novellas and short stories <ul><li><i>Legends and Narratives</i>, Volume 1 (<i>Lendas e narrativas, 1.<sup>o</sup> tomo</i>) 1851 <ul><li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Qaid" title="Qaid">Qaid</a> of Santarém</i> (<i>O Alcaide de Santarém</i> 950–961)</li> <li><i>Médsceatt by Charter of Spain</i> (<i>Arras por Foro de Espanha</i>, archaic Portuguese for "Fee by Charter of Spain", 1371–2)</li> <li><i>The Castle of Faria</i> (<i>O Castelo de Faria</i> 1373)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vaulted_Ceiling" title="The Vaulted Ceiling">The Vaulted Ceiling</a></i> (<i>A Abóbada</i> 1401)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Legends and Narratives</i>, Volume 2 (<i>Lendas e narrativas, 2.<sup>o</sup> tomo</i>) 1851 <ul><li><i>Destruction of Auria: Spanish Legends (8th century)</i> (<i>Destruição de Áuria: Lendas Espanholas (século VIII)</i>)</li> <li><i>The Black Bishop</i> (<i>O Bispo Negro</i> 1130)</li> <li><i>The Death of the Toiler</i> (<i>A Morte do Lidador</i> 1170)</li> <li><i>The Emprazado: Chronicle of Spain</i> (<i>O Emprazado: Crónica de Espanha</i> 1312)</li> <li><i>The Assassinated Master: Chronicle of the Templars</i> (<i>O Mestre Assassinado: Crónica dos Templários</i> 1320)</li> <li><i>Master Gil: A Chronicle of the Fifteenth Century</i> (<i>Mestre Gil: Crónica (Século XV)</i>)</li> <li><i>Three Months in Calcutta: First Account of the Indian States, 1498</i> (<i>Três Meses em Calecut: Primeira Crónica dos Estados da Índia, 1498</i>)</li> <li><i>The Chronicler: To live and believe in another time</i> (<i>O Cronista: Viver e Crer de Outro Tempo</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Histories">Histories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Histories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"History of Portugal from the beginning of the monarchy to the end of the reign of Afonso III" (<i>História de Portugal: 1.<sup>a</sup> época, desde an origem da monarquia até D. Afonso III</i>) 1846–1853</li> <li>"History of the origin and establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal" (<i>História da Origem e Estabelecimento da Inquisição em Portugal</i>) 1854–1859</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portugaliae_Monumenta_Historica" title="Portugaliae Monumenta Historica">Historical Monuments of Portugal</a></i> (<i>Portugaliae Monumenta Historica</i>) 1856–1873</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pamphlets">Pamphlets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pamphlets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pamphlets: Public Questions, Volume 1 (Opúsculos: Questões Públicas, Tomo I) <ul><li>The Voice of the Prophet (<i>A Voz do Profeta</i>) 1837</li> <li>Theatre, Ethics, Censorship (<i>Teatro, Moral, Censura</i>) 1841</li> <li>The Exits (<i>Os Egressos</i>) 1842</li> <li>On the Economic System (<i>Da Instituição das Caixas Económicas</i>) 1844</li> <li>The Nuns of Lorvão (<i>As Freiras de Lorvão</i>) 1853</li> <li>The Condition of the Church's Records of the Kingdom (<i>Do Estado dos Arquivos Eclesiásticos do Reino</i>) 1857</li> <li>The Suppression of Lectures in the Barracks (<i>A Supressão das Conferências do Casino</i>) 1871</li></ul></li> <li>Pamphlets: Public Questions, Volume 2 (<i>Opúsculos: Questões Públicas, Tomo II</i>) <ul><li>Patriotic Monuments (<i>Monumentos Pátrios</i>) 1838</li> <li>On Intellectual Property (<i>Da Propriedade Literária</i>) 1851–1852</li> <li>Letter to the Academy of Sciences (<i>Carta à Academia das Ciências</i>) 1856</li> <li>Mousinho da Silveira 1856</li> <li>Letter to the Members of the Cintra Club (<i>Carta aos Eleitores do Círculo de Cintra</i>) 1858</li> <li>Manifest of the Popular Association for the Advancement of Education of Women (<i>Manifesto da Associação Popular Promotora da Educação do Sexo Feminino</i>) 1858</li></ul></li> <li>Pamphlets: Controversies and Historical Studies, Volume 1 (<i>Opúsculos: Controvérsias e Estudos Históricos, Tomo I</i>) <ul><li>The Battle of Ourique (<i>A Batalha de Ourique</i>): <ul><li>I. Me and the Clergy (<i>Eu e o Clero</i>) 1850</li> <li>II. Peaceful Considerations (<i>Considerações Pacificas</i>) 1850</li> <li>III. Solemn Words (<i>Solemnia Verba</i>) 1850</li> <li>IV. Solemn Words (<i>Solemnia Verba</i>) 1850</li> <li>V. The Science of an Arab Academic (<i>A Ciência Arábico-Académica</i>) 1851</li></ul></li> <li>"Condition of the working classes on the peninsula from the seventh to the twelfth century" (<i>Do estado das classes servas na Península, desde o VIII até o XII Século</i>) 1858</li></ul></li> <li>Pamphlets: Public Questions, Volume 3 (<i>Opúsculos: Questões Públicas, Tomo III</i>) <ul><li>The Ties that Bind (<i>Os Vínculos</i>) 1856</li> <li>Immigration (<i>A Emigração</i>) 1870–1875</li></ul></li> <li>Pamphlets: Controversies and Historical Studies, Volume 2 (<i>Opúsculos: Controvérsias e Estudos Históricos, Tomo II</i>) <ul><li>Portuguese historians (<i>Historiadores portugueses</i>) 1839–1840: <ul><li>Fernão Lopes</li> <li>Gomes Eanes de Azurara</li> <li>Vasco Fernandes de Lucena and Rui de Pina</li> <li>Garcia de Resende</li></ul></li> <li>Letters about the History of Portugal (<i>Cartas Sobre a História de Portugal</i>) 1842</li> <li>Answer to the Criticisms of Vilhena Saldanha (<i>Resposta às Censuras de Vilhena Saldanha</i>) 1846</li> <li>Letter to the Editor of the Universal Review (<i>Carta ao Redactor da Revista Universal</i>)</li> <li>On the Existence and non-Existence of Feudalism in Portugal (<i>Da Existência e não Existência do Feudalismo em Portugal</i>) 1875–1877</li> <li>Explanations (<i>Esclarecimentos</i>): <ul><li>A. Gothic Destinies (<i>Sortes Góticas</i>)</li> <li>B. Feudalism (<i>Feudo</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Pamphlets: Controversies and Historical Studies, Volume 4 (<i>Opúsculos: Controvérsias e Estudos Históricos, Tomo IV</i>) <ul><li>An Old Newtown (<i>Uma Vila-Nova Antiga</i>)</li> <li>Random Thoughts about an Obscure Man (<i>Cogitações Soltas de um Homem Obscuro</i>)</li> <li>Portuguese Archeology (<i>Arqueologia Portuguesa</i>): <ul><li>The Adventure of Cardinal Alexandrino (<i>Viagem de Cardeal Alexandrino</i>);</li> <li>Characteristic of Lisbon (<i>Aspecto de Lisboa</i>);</li> <li>The Adventure of Two Knights (<i>Viagem dos Cavaleiros Tron e Lippomani</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>A Little Light in the Thick Darkness (<i>Pouca luz em muitas trevas</i>)</li> <li>Notes on the History of Royal Virtue (<i>Apontamentos para a historia dos bens da coroa</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Pamphlets: Public Questions, Volume 4 (<i>Opúsculos: Questões Públicas, Tomo IV</i>) <ul><li>Two Eras and Two Monuments, or the Royal Farm at Mafra (<i>Duas Épocas e Dois Monumentos ou a Granja Real de Mafra</i>)</li> <li>Brief Thoughts on Some Aspects of the Farm Economy (<i>Breves Reflexões Sobre Alguns Pontos de Economia Agrícola</i>)</li> <li>The Farm of Calhariz (<i>A Granja do Calhariz</i>)</li> <li>A Legal Project (<i>Projecto de Decreto</i>)</li> <li>Peace and the National Interest (<i>O País e a Nação</i>)</li> <li>Representation of Belém City Hall to the National Government (<i>Representação da Câmara Municipal de Belém ao Governo</i>)</li> <li>Representation of Belém City Hall to Parliament (<i>Representação da Câmara Municipal de Belém ao Parlamento</i>)</li> <li>Agricultural Subsidy Project (<i>Projecto de Caixa de Socorros Agrícolas</i>)</li> <li>On the Question of Forais (<i>Sobre a Questão dos Forais</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Pamphlets on Literature: <ul><li>What is the condition of our literature? What path will it take? (<i>Qual é o Estado da Nossa Literatura? Qual é o Trilho que Ela Hoje Tem a Seguir?</i>)</li> <li>Poetry: Imitation, Beauty, Unity (<i>Poesia: Imitação—Belo—Unidade</i>)</li> <li>Origins of Modern Theatre: Portuguese Theatre up to the End of the Sixteenth Century (<i>Origens do Teatro Moderno: Teatro Português até aos Fins do Século XVI</i>)</li> <li>Accounts of Portuguese Chivalry (<i>Novelas de Cavalaria Portuguesas</i>)</li> <li>History of Modern Theatre: Spanish Theatre (<i>Historia do Teatro Moderno: Teatro Espanhol</i>)</li> <li>Popular Portuguese Beliefs or Popular Superstitions (<i>Crenças Populares Portuguesas ou Superstições Populares</i>)</li> <li>The House of Gonzalo, a Comedy in Five Acts: An Opinion (<i>A Casa de Gonçalo, Comédia em Cinco Actos: Parecer</i>)</li> <li>Historic Praise for Sebastian Xavier Botelho (<i>Elogio Histórico de Sebastião Xavier Botelho</i>)</li> <li>Lady Maria Teles, a Drama in Five Acts: An Opinion (<i>D. Maria Teles, Drama em Cinco Actos: Parecer</i>)</li> <li>Lady Leonor de Almeida, Marquess of Alorna (<i>D. Leonor de Almeida, Marquesa de Alorna</i>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>From the Isle of Jersey to Granville (<i>De Jersey a Granville</i>) 1831</li> <li><i>Estudos sobre o casamento civil: por occasião do opusculo do sr. Visconde de Seabra sobre este assumpto</i> 1866 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Estudos_sobre_o_casamento_civil.html?id=uDk-AAAAIAAJ">(Digitalized at Google)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911344-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911344_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911344_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrestage1911">Prestage 1911</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage1911345_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrestage1911">Prestage 1911</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFernandes2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fernandes, Raul Miguel Rosado (September 2019). "Alexandre Herculano, o solitário, o eremita da Ajuda e da Quinta de Vale de Lobos.". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comum.rcaap.pt/bitstream/10400.26/46126/1/Memorias_Letras_XL_vol_II.pdf"><i>Memórias da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Classe de Letras, Tomo XL – Volume II</i></a> [<i>Memoirs of the Lisbon Academy of Sciences, Class of Humanities, Volume XL – Volume II</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in European Portuguese). Vol. XL–II. Academia das Ciências de Lisboa. pp. 359 360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-623-369-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-623-369-5"><bdi>978-972-623-369-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexandre+Herculano%2C+o+solit%C3%A1rio%2C+o+eremita+da+Ajuda+e+da+Quinta+de+Vale+de+Lobos.&rft.btitle=Mem%C3%B3rias+da+Academia+das+Ci%C3%AAncias+de+Lisboa%2C+Classe+de+Letras%2C+Tomo+XL+%E2%80%93+Volume+II&rft.pages=359+360&rft.pub=Academia+das+Ci%C3%AAncias+de+Lisboa&rft.date=2019-09&rft.isbn=978-972-623-369-5&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=Raul+Miguel+Rosado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomum.rcaap.pt%2Fbitstream%2F10400.26%2F46126%2F1%2FMemorias_Letras_XL_vol_II.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Herculano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jm6jVx5f0a4C&q=%22To+Sleep+">"Chambers's Journal"</a>. W & R Chambers. August 28, 1902 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chambers%27s+Journal&rft.pub=W+%26+R+Chambers&rft.date=1902-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djm6jVx5f0a4C%26q%3D%2522To%2BSleep%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Herculano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ford, Jeremiah Denis Mathias (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Alejandro Herculano de Carvalho e Araujo"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Alejandro_Herculano_de_Carvalho_e_Araujo">"Alejandro Herculano de Carvalho e Araujo" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alejandro+Herculano+de+Carvalho+e+Araujo&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Jeremiah+Denis+Mathias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Herculano" class="Z3988"></span> Endnotes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Serpa_Pimentel" title="António de Serpa Pimentel">DE SERPA PIMENTEL</a>, <i>Herculano e o seu tempo</i> (Lisbon, 1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">VON DÖLLINGER</a>, <i>Gedächtnisrede auf A. Herculano</i> in his <i>Akademische Vorträge</i></li> <li>ROMERO ORTIZ, <i>La literatura portuguesa en el siglo XIX</i> (Madrid, 1870)</li> <li>DE VASCONCELLOS, <i>Portugiesische Litteratur</i> in GROEBER, <i>Grundriss der romanischen Philologie</i>, vol. II, pt. II, pp. 372 sqq.</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Attribution:</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrestage1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Prestage" title="Edgar Prestage">Prestage, Edgar</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Herculano_de_Carvalho_e_Araujo,_Alexandre" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Herculano de Carvalho e Araujo, Alexandre">Herculano de Carvalho e Araujo, Alexandre</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 344–345.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herculano+de+Carvalho+e+Araujo%2C+Alexandre&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=344-345&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Prestage&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Herculano" class="Z3988"></span> Authorities cited: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Serpa_Pimentel" title="António de Serpa Pimentel">António de Serpa Pimentel</a>, <i>Alexandre Herculano e o seu tempo</i> (Lisbon, 1881)</li> <li>A. Romero Ortiz, <i>La Litteratura Portuguesa en el siglo XIX.</i> (Madrid, 1869)</li> <li>Moniz Barreto, <i>Revista de Portugal</i> (July 1889)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Herculano&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.pt/index/geral/aut/PT/22536.html">Digitized works of Herculano, Alexandre, - PURL.PT - Biblioteca Nacional Digital</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3118">Works by Alexandre Herculano</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Herculano%2C%20Alexandre%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alexandre%20Herculano%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Herculano%2C%20Alexandre%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alexandre%20Herculano%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Herculano%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Alexandre%20Herculano%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Herculano%2C%20Alexandre%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alexandre%20Herculano%22%29%20OR%20%28%221810-1877%22%20AND%20Herculano%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Alexandre 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmhK9M9DwqdpYb4JgPmh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11898389X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50051418">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11886532s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11886532s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36515238">Australia</a></span></li><li><span 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