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id="toc-Family_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contribution_to_literary_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contribution_to_literary_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contribution to literary criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contribution_to_literary_criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contribution to literary criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contribution_to_literary_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_as_a_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_as_a_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Criticism as a science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_as_a_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frye's_conceptual_framework_for_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frye's_conceptual_framework_for_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Frye's conceptual framework for literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frye's_conceptual_framework_for_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_order_of_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_order_of_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The order of words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_order_of_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_theory_of_the_imagination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_theory_of_the_imagination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>A theory of the imagination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_theory_of_the_imagination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frye's_critical_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frye's_critical_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Frye's critical method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frye's_critical_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archetypal_criticism_as_"a_new_poetics"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archetypal_criticism_as_"a_new_poetics""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Archetypal criticism as "a new poetics"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archetypal_criticism_as_"a_new_poetics"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences:_Vico_and_Blake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences:_Vico_and_Blake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Influences: Vico and Blake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences:_Vico_and_Blake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contribution_to_the_theorizing_of_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contribution_to_the_theorizing_of_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Contribution to the theorizing of Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contribution_to_the_theorizing_of_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Study_of_literary_productions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study_of_literary_productions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Study of literary productions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Study_of_literary_productions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Awards and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_by_Northrop_Frye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_by_Northrop_Frye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works by Northrop Frye</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_by_Northrop_Frye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Northrop Frye</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="نورثروب فراي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نورثروب فراي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BF_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Нортръп Фрай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нортръп Фрай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Northrop Frye" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Northrop Frye" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Northrop Frye" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Northrop Frye" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B9" title="Νόρθροπ Φράι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νόρθροπ Φράι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Northrop Frye" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Northrop Frye" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="نورتروپ فرای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نورتروپ فرای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Northrop Frye" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4%EB%9F%BD_%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4" title="노스럽 프라이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노스럽 프라이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5" title="Նորտրոպ Ֆրայ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նորտրոպ Ֆրայ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Northrop Frye" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Northrop Frye" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%27%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99" title="נורת'רופ פריי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נורת'רופ פריי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Нортроп Фрај – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нортроп Фрај" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4" title="ノースロップ・フライ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノースロップ・フライ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Northrop Frye" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਨੋਰਥਰੋਪ ਫ੍ਰਾਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੋਰਥਰੋਪ ਫ੍ਰਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Northrop Frye" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Northrop Frye" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Northrop Frye" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9,_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Фрай, Нортроп – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фрай, Нортроп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Northrop Frye" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Нортроп Фрај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нортроп Фрај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Northrop Frye" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Northrop Frye" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Нортроп Фрай – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нортроп Фрай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canadian literary critic (1912–1991)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a></div><div class="fn">Northrop Frye</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada">FRSC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Herman Northrop Frye</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1912-07-14</span>)</span>July 14, 1912<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke" title="Sherbrooke">Sherbrooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 23, 1991<span style="display:none">(1991-01-23)</span> (aged 78)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Helen Kemp Frye</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1937; died 1986)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Elizabeth Brown Frye</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1988)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ecclesiastical career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained</th><td class="infobox-data">1936</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._R._Leavis" title="F. R. Leavis">F. R. Leavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">I. A. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub-discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theory</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or tradition</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archetypal_literary_criticism" title="Archetypal literary criticism">Archetypal literary criticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_School_of_communication_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto School of communication theory">Toronto School of communication theory</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_College,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria College, Toronto">Victoria College, Toronto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">Imagination</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetype</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_Criticism" title="Anatomy of Criticism">Anatomy of Criticism</a></i> (1957)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archetypal_literary_criticism" title="Archetypal literary criticism">Archetypes of literature</a></li><li>classless culture<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Garrison_mentality" title="Garrison mentality">garrison mentality</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._W._Powe" title="B. W. Powe">B. W. Powe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Herman Northrop Frye</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada">FRSC</a></span></span> (July 14, 1912 – January 23, 1991) was a Canadian <a href="/wiki/Literary_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary critic">literary critic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary theorist">literary theorist</a>, considered one of the most influential of the 20th century. </p><p>Frye gained international fame with his first book, <i><a href="/wiki/Fearful_Symmetry_(Frye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fearful Symmetry (Frye)">Fearful Symmetry</a></i> (1947), which led to the reinterpretation of the poetry of <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>. His lasting reputation rests principally on the theory of literary criticism that he developed in <i><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_Criticism" title="Anatomy of Criticism">Anatomy of Criticism</a></i> (1957), one of the most important works of literary theory published in the twentieth century. The American critic <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> commented at the time of its publication that <i>Anatomy</i> established Frye as "the foremost living student of Western literature."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frye's contributions to cultural and social criticism spanned a long career during which he earned widespread recognition and received many honours. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke" title="Sherbrooke">Sherbrooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, but raised in <a href="/wiki/Moncton" title="Moncton">Moncton</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, Frye was the third child of Herman Edward Frye and of Catherine Maud Howard.<sup id="cite_ref-Guide_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guide-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His much older brother, Howard, died in World War I; he also had a sister, Vera.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first cousin was the scientist <a href="/wiki/Alma_Howard" title="Alma Howard">Alma Howard</a>. Frye went to Toronto to compete in a national typing contest in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied for his undergraduate degree in philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_in_the_University_of_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria University in the University of Toronto">Victoria College in the University of Toronto</a>, where he edited the college literary journal, <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Victoriana" title="Acta Victoriana">Acta Victoriana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then studied theology at <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Toronto" title="Emmanuel College, Toronto">Emmanuel College</a> (like Victoria College, a constituent part of the University of Toronto). After a brief stint as a student minister in <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, he was ordained to the ministry of the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a>. He then studied at <a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MCreg_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCreg-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he was a member and Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Bodley_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodley Club">Bodley Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before returning to Victoria College, where he spent the remainder of his professional career.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_and_writing_career">Academic and writing career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic and writing career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frye rose to international prominence as a result of his first book, <i><a href="/wiki/Fearful_Symmetry_(Frye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fearful Symmetry (Frye)">Fearful Symmetry</a></i>, published in 1947. Until then, the prophetic poetry of <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> had long been poorly understood, and considered by some to be delusional ramblings. Frye found in it a system of metaphor derived from <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. His study of Blake's poetry was a major contribution to the subject. Moreover, Frye outlined an innovative manner of studying literature that was to deeply influence the study of literature in general. He was a major influence on <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>, and others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1974–1975 Frye was the Norton professor at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. But his primary position was as a professor at the University of Toronto, and then chancellor of Victoria College in the University of Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Northrop Frye did not have a PhD.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The intelligence service of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> spied on Frye, watching his participation in the anti–Vietnam War movement, an academic forum about China, and activism to end South African apartheid.<sup id="cite_ref-RCMP_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCMP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_life">Family life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Family life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frye married Helen Kemp, an educator, editor and artist, in 1937. She died in Australia while accompanying Frye on a lecture tour.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years after her death in 1986, he married Elizabeth Brown.<sup id="cite_ref-Guide_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guide-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in 1991 and was interred in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_Cemetery,_Toronto" title="Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto">Mount Pleasant Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contribution_to_literary_criticism">Contribution to literary criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contribution to literary criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The insights gained from his study of <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a> set Frye on his critical path and shaped his contributions to <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> and theory. He was the first critic to postulate a systematic theory of criticism, "to work out," in his own words, "a unified commentary on the theory of literary criticism" (<i>Stubborn Structure</i> 160). In so doing, he shaped the discipline of criticism. Inspired by his work on Blake, Frye developed and articulated his unified theory ten years after <i>Fearful Symmetry</i>, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_Criticism" title="Anatomy of Criticism">Anatomy of Criticism</a></i> (1957). He described this as an attempt at a "synoptic view of the scope, theory, principles, and techniques of literary criticism" (<i>Anatomy</i> 3). He asked, "what if criticism is a science as well as an art?" (7), Thus, Frye launched the pursuit which was to occupy the rest of his career—that of establishing criticism as a "coherent field of study which trains the imagination quite as systematically and efficiently as the sciences train the reason" (Hamilton 34). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_as_a_science">Criticism as a science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticism as a science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As A. C. Hamilton outlines in <i>Northrop Frye: Anatomy of his Criticism</i>, Frye's assumption of coherence for literary criticism carries important implications. Firstly and most fundamentally, it presupposes that literary criticism is a discipline in its own right, independent of literature. Claiming with <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> that "the artist… is not heard but overheard," Frye insists that </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The axiom of criticism must be, not that the poet does not know what he is talking about, but that he cannot talk about what he knows. To defend the right of criticism to exist at all, therefore, is to assume that criticism is a structure of thought and knowledge existing in its own right, with some measure of independence from the art it deals with (<i>Anatomy</i> 5).</p></blockquote> <p>This "declaration of independence" (Hart xv) is necessarily a measured one for Frye. For coherence requires that the autonomy of criticism, the need to eradicate its conception as "a parasitic form of literary expression,… a second-hand imitation of creative power" (<i>Anatomy</i> 3), sits in dynamic tension with the need to establish integrity for it as a discipline. For Frye, this kind of coherent, critical integrity involves claiming a body of knowledge for criticism that, while independent of literature, is yet constrained by it: "If criticism exists," he declares, "it must be an examination of literature in terms of a conceptual framework derivable from an inductive survey of the literary field" itself (<i>Anatomy</i> 7). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frye's_conceptual_framework_for_literature"><span id="Frye.27s_conceptual_framework_for_literature"></span>Frye's conceptual framework for literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Frye's conceptual framework for literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In seeking integrity for criticism, Frye rejects what he termed the deterministic fallacy. He defines this as the movement of "a scholar with a special interest in geography or economics [to] express . . . that interest by the rhetorical device of putting his favorite study into a causal relationship with whatever interests him less" (<i>Anatomy</i> 6). By attaching criticism to an external framework rather than locating the framework for criticism within literature, this kind of critic essentially "substitute[s] a critical attitude for criticism." For Frye critical integrity means that "the axioms and postulates of criticism . . . have to grow out of the art it deals with" (<i>Anatomy</i> 6). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northrop_Frye_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Northrop_Frye_Hall.JPG/220px-Northrop_Frye_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Northrop_Frye_Hall.JPG/330px-Northrop_Frye_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Northrop_Frye_Hall.JPG/440px-Northrop_Frye_Hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Northrop Frye Hall, University of Toronto</figcaption></figure> <p>Taking his cue from <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, Frye's methodology in defining a conceptual framework begins inductively, "follow[ing] the natural order and begin[ning] with the primary facts" (<i>Anatomy</i> 15). The primary facts, in this case, are the works of literature themselves. And what did Frye's inductive survey of these <i>facts</i> reveal? Significantly, they revealed "a general tendency on the part of great classics to revert to [primitive formulas]" (<i>Anatomy</i> 17). This revelation prompted his next move, or rather, 'inductive leap': </p> <blockquote><p>I suggest that it is time for criticism to leap to a new ground from which it can discover what the organizing or containing forms of its conceptual framework are. Criticism seems to be badly in need of a coordinating principle, a central hypothesis which, like the theory of evolution in biology, will see the phenomena it deals with as parts of a whole (<i>Anatomy</i> 16).</p></blockquote> <p>Arguing that "criticism cannot be a systematic [and thus scientific] study unless there is a quality in literature which enables it to be so," Frye puts forward the hypothesis that "just as there is an order of nature behind the natural sciences, so literature is not a piled aggregate of 'works,' but an order of words" (<i>Anatomy</i> 17). This order of words constitutes criticism's conceptual framework, its coordinating principle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_order_of_words">The order of words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The order of words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The recurring primitive formulas Frye noticed in his survey of the "greatest classics" provide literature with an order of words, a "skeleton" which allows the reader "to respond imaginatively to any literary work by seeing it in the larger perspective provided by its literary and social contexts" (Hamilton 20). Frye identifies these formulas as the "conventional <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">myths</a> and metaphors" which he calls "<a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypes</a>" (<i>Spiritus Mundi</i> 118). The archetypes of literature exist, Frye argues, as an order of words, providing criticism with a conceptual framework and a body of knowledge derived not from an ideological system but rooted in the imagination itself. Thus, rather than interpreting literary works from some ideological 'position' — what Frye calls the "superimposed critical attitude" (<i>Anatomy</i> 7) — criticism instead finds integrity within the literary field itself. </p><p>Criticism for Frye, then, is not a task of evaluation — that is, of rejecting or accepting a literary work — but rather simply of recognizing it for what it is and understanding it in relation to other works within the 'order of words' <sup id="cite_ref-Cotrupi_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotrupi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Cotrupi 4). Imposing value judgments on literature belongs, according to Frye, "only to the history of taste, and therefore follows the vacillations of fashionable prejudice" (<i>Anatomy</i> 9). Genuine criticism "progresses toward making the whole of literature intelligible" (<i>Anatomy</i> 9) so that its goal is ultimately knowledge and not evaluation. For the critic in Frye's mode, then, </p> <blockquote><p>... a literary work should be contemplated as a pattern of knowledge, an act that must be distinguished, at least initially, from any direct experience of the work, . . . [Thus] criticism begins when reading ends: no longer imaginatively subjected to a literary work, the critic tries to make sense out of it, not by going to some historical context or by commenting on the immediate experience of reading but by seeing its structure within literature and literature within <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> (Hamilton 27).</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_theory_of_the_imagination">A theory of the imagination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: A theory of the imagination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once asked whether his critical theory was <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a>, Frye responded, "Oh, it's entirely Romantic, yes" (Stingle 1). It is Romantic in the same sense that Frye attributed Romanticism to Blake: that is, "in the expanded sense of giving a primary place to imagination and individual feeling" (Stingle 2). As artifacts of the imagination, literary works, including "the pre-literary categories of <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">myth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folk-tale</a>" (<i>Archetypes</i> 1450) form, in Frye's vision, a potentially unified imaginative experience. He reminds us that literature is the "central and most important extension" of <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>: "... every human society possesses a mythology which is inherited, transmitted and diversified by literature" (<i>Words with Power</i> xiii). Mythology and literature thus inhabit and function within the same imaginative world, one that is "governed by conventions, by its own modes, symbols, myths and genres" (Hart 23). Integrity for criticism requires that it too operates within the sphere of the imagination, and not seek an organizing principle in ideology. To do so, claims Frye, </p> <blockquote><p>... leaves out the central structural principles that literature derives from myth, the principles that give literature its communicating power across the centuries through all ideological changes. Such structural principles are certainly conditioned by social and historical factors and do not transcend them, but they retain a continuity of form that points to an identity of the literary organism distinct from all its adaptations to its social environment (<i>Words with Power</i> xiii).</p></blockquote> <p>Myth therefore provides structure to literature simply because literature as a whole is "displaced mythology" (Bates 21).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Who is Bates? Only referred to once and not in bibliography. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hart makes the point well when he states that "For Frye, the story, and not the argument, is at the centre of literature and society. The base of society is mythical and narrative and not ideological and dialectical" (19). This idea, which is central in Frye's criticism, was first suggested to him by <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frye's_critical_method"><span id="Frye.27s_critical_method"></span>Frye's critical method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Frye's critical method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frye uses the terms 'centripetal' and 'centrifugal' to describe his critical method. Criticism, Frye explains, is essentially centripetal when it moves inwardly, towards the structure of a text; it is centrifugal when it moves outwardly, away from the text and towards society and the outer world. Lyric poetry, for instance, like Keats's "<a href="/wiki/Ode_on_a_Grecian_Urn" title="Ode on a Grecian Urn">Ode on a Grecian Urn</a>", is predominantly centripetal, stressing the sound and movement and imagery of the ordered words. Rhetorical novels, like <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i>, are predominantly centrifugal, stressing the thematic connection of the stories and characters to the social order. The "Ode" has centrifugal tendencies, relying for its effects on elements of history and pottery and visual aesthetics. <i>Cabin</i> has centripetal tendencies, relying on syntax and lexical choice to delineate characters and establish mood. But the one veers inward, the other pushes outward. Criticism reflects these movements, centripetally focusing on the aesthetic function of literature, centrifugally on the social function of literature. </p><p>While some critics or schools of criticism emphasize one movement over the other, for Frye, both movements are essential: "criticism will always have two aspects, one turned toward the structure of literature and one turned toward the other cultural phenomena that form the social environment of literature" (<i>Critical Path</i> 25). He would therefore agree, at least in part, with the <a href="/wiki/New_Criticism" title="New Criticism">New Critics</a> of his day in their centripetal insistence on structural analysis. But for Frye this is only part of the story: "It is right," he declares, "that the first effort of critical apprehension should take the form of a rhetorical or structural analysis of a work of art. But a purely structural approach has the same limitation in criticism that it has in biology." That is, it doesn't develop "any explanation of how the structure came to be what it was and what its nearest relatives are. Structural analysis brings rhetoric back to criticism, but we need a new poetics as well . . ." (<i>Archetypes</i> 1447). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archetypal_criticism_as_"a_new_poetics""><span id="Archetypal_criticism_as_.22a_new_poetics.22"></span>Archetypal criticism as "a new poetics"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Archetypal criticism as "a new poetics""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Archetypal_literary_criticism" title="Archetypal literary criticism">Archetypal literary criticism</a></div> <p>For Frye, this "new poetics" is to be found in the principle of the mythological framework, which has come to be known as 'archetypal criticism'. It is through the lens of this framework, which is essentially a centrifugal movement of backing up from the text towards the archetype, that the social function of literary criticism becomes apparent. Essentially, "what criticism can do," according to Frye, "is awaken students to successive levels of awareness of the mythology that lies behind the ideology in which their society indoctrinates them" (Stingle 5). That is, the study of recurring structural patterns grants students an emancipatory distance from their own society, and gives them a vision of a higher human state — the <a href="/wiki/Longinus_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longinus (literature)">Longinian sublime</a> — that is not accessible directly through their own experience, but ultimately transforms and expands their experience, so that the poetic model becomes a model to live by. In what he terms a "kerygmatic mode," myths become "myths to live by" and metaphors "metaphors to live in," which ". . . not only work for us but constantly expand our horizons, [so that] we may enter the world of [kerygma or transformative power] and pass on to others what we have found to be true for ourselves" (<i>Double Vision</i> 18). </p><p>Because of its important social function, Frye felt that literary criticism was an essential part of a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_education" title="Liberal education">liberal education</a>, and worked tirelessly to communicate his ideas to a wider audience. "For many years now," he wrote in 1987, "I have been addressing myself primarily, not to other critics, but to students and a nonspecialist public, realizing that whatever new directions can come to my discipline will come from their needs and their intense if unfocused vision" (<i>Auguries</i> 7). It is therefore fitting that his last book, published posthumously, should be one that he describes as being "something of a shorter and more accessible version of the longer books, <i>The Great Code</i> and <i>Words with Power</i>," which he asks his readers to read sympathetically, not "as proceeding from a judgment seat of final conviction, but from a rest stop on a pilgrimage, however near the pilgrimage may now be to its close" (<i>Double Vision</i> Preface). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences:_Vico_and_Blake">Influences: Vico and Blake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influences: Vico and Blake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a>, in <i>The New Science</i>, posited a view of language as fundamentally figurative, and introduced into <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> discourse the notion of the role of the imagination in creating meaning. For Vico, poetic discourse is prior to philosophical discourse; <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> is in fact derivative of <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>. Frye readily acknowledged the debt he owed to Vico in developing his literary theory, describing him as "the first modern thinker to understand that all major verbal structures have descended historically from poetic and mythological ones" (<i>Words with Power</i> xii). </p><p>However, it was <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a>, Frye's "Virgilian guide" (Stingle 1), who first awakened Frye to the "mythological frame of our culture" <sup id="cite_ref-Cotrupi_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotrupi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Cotrupi 14). In fact, Frye claims that his "second book [<i>Anatomy</i>] was contained in embryo in the first [<i>Fearful Symmetry</i>]" (<i>Stubborn Structure</i> 160). For it was in reflecting on the similarity between Blake and Milton that Frye first stumbled upon the "principle of the mythological framework," the recognition that "the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> was a mythological framework, cosmos or body of stories, and that societies live within a mythology" (Hart 18). Blake thus led Frye to the conviction that the Bible provided Western societies with the mythology which informed all of Western literature. As Hamilton asserts, "Blake's claim that 'the Old and New Testaments are the Great Code of Art' became the central doctrine of all [Frye's] criticism" (39). This 'doctrine' found its fullest expression in Frye's appropriately named <i>The Great Code</i>, which he described as "a preliminary investigation of Biblical structure and <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)" title="Typology (theology)">typology</a>" whose purpose was ultimately to suggest "how the structure of the Bible, as revealed by its narrative and imagery, was related to the conventions and genres of Western literature" (<i>Words with Power</i> xi). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contribution_to_the_theorizing_of_Canada">Contribution to the theorizing of Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contribution to the theorizing of Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1950s, Frye wrote annual surveys of Canadian poetry for the <i>University of Toronto Quarterly</i>, which led him to observe recurrent themes and preoccupations in Canadian poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Frye elaborated on these observations, especially in his conclusion to <a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Klinck" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl F. Klinck">Carl F. Klinck</a>'s <i>Literary History of Canada</i> (1965). In this work, Frye presented the idea of the "<a href="/wiki/Garrison_mentality" title="Garrison mentality">garrison mentality</a>" as the attitude from which Canadian literature has been written. The garrison mentality is the attitude of a member of a community that feels isolated from cultural centres and besieged by a hostile landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-Frye_1965_342_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frye_1965_342-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frye maintained that such communities were peculiarly Canadian, and fostered a literature that was formally immature, that displayed deep moral discomfort with "uncivilized" nature, and whose narratives reinforced social norms and values.<sup id="cite_ref-Frye_1965_342_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frye_1965_342-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frye also aided James Polk in compiling <i><a href="/wiki/Divisions_on_a_Ground" title="Divisions on a Ground">Divisions on a Ground: Essays on Canadian Culture</a></i> (1982).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the posthumous <i>Collected Works of Northrop Frye</i>, his writings on Canada occupy the thick 12th volume.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Garrison mentality</b> </p><p>Frye collected his disparate writings on Canadian writing and painting in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bush_Garden" title="The Bush Garden">The Bush Garden: Essays on the Canadian Imagination</a></i> (1971). He coined phrases like <i>the Garrison Mentality</i>, a theme that summarizes Canadian literature. Margaret Atwood adopted his approach and elaborated on this in her book <i><a href="/wiki/Survival:_A_Thematic_Guide_to_Canadian_Literature" title="Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature">Survival</a></i> (1972).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Canadian identity in literature</b> </p><p>Based on his observations of Canadian literature, Frye concluded that, by extension, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a> was defined by a fear of nature, by the history of settlement and by unquestioned adherence to the community. However, Frye perceived the ability and advisability of Canadian (literary) identity to move beyond these characteristics. Frye proposed the possibility of movement beyond the literary constraints of the garrison mentality: growing urbanization, interpreted as greater control over the environment, would produce a society with sufficient confidence for its writers to compose more formally advanced detached literature.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Study_of_literary_productions">Study of literary productions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Study of literary productions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frye's international reputation allowed him to champion Canadian literature at a time when to do so was considered provincial. Frye argued that regardless of the formal quality of the writing, it was imperative to study Canadian literary productions in order to understand the Canadian imagination and its reaction to the Canadian environment.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northrop_Frye_statue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Northrop_Frye_statue.JPG/220px-Northrop_Frye_statue.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Northrop_Frye_statue.JPG/330px-Northrop_Frye_statue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Northrop_Frye_statue.JPG/440px-Northrop_Frye_statue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Northrop Frye statue outside the entrance of <a href="/wiki/Moncton_Public_Library" title="Moncton Public Library">Moncton Public Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Blue_Cross_Centre" title="Blue Cross Centre">Blue Cross Centre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Frye was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Royal Society of Canada">Royal Society of Canada</a> in 1951 and awarded the Royal Society's <a href="/wiki/Lorne_Pierce_Medal" title="Lorne Pierce Medal">Lorne Pierce Medal</a> (1958) and its <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Chauveau_Medal" title="Pierre Chauveau Medal">Pierre Chauveau Medal</a> (1970). He was named University Professor by the University of Toronto in 1967. He won the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Council_Molson_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada Council Molson Prize">Canada Council Molson Prize</a> in 1971, and the Royal Bank Award in 1978. In 1987 he received the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Award#Governor_General's_Literary_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General's Award">Governor General's Literary Award</a> and the Toronto Arts Lifetime Achievement Award.<sup id="cite_ref-NFCbio_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFCbio-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an Honorary Fellow or Member of the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (1976), and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_and_Institute_of_Arts_and_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters">American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters</a> (1981).<sup id="cite_ref-NFCbio_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFCbio-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Northrop Frye was made a Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, he was honoured by the government of Canada with his image on a <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_on_stamps_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people on stamps of Canada">postage stamp</a>. An international literary festival <a href="/wiki/The_Frye_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="The Frye Festival">The Frye Festival</a>, named in Frye's honour, takes place every April in Moncton, New Brunswick. </p><p>The Northrop Frye Centre, part of Victoria College at the University of Toronto, was named in his honour,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was the Humanities Stream of the <i>Vic One</i> Program at Victoria College and the Northrop Frye Centre for Comparative Literature at the University of Toronto. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Frye School">Northrop Frye School</a> in Moncton was named in his honour. A statue shows Frye sitting on a park bench outside the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Moncton_Public_Library" title="Moncton Public Library">Moncton Public Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another casting of the statue and bench by artists Darren Byers and Fred Harrison sits at Victoria College at the University of Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frye was named a <a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">National Historic Person</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_by_Northrop_Frye">Works by Northrop Frye</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works by Northrop Frye"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a list of his books, including the volumes in the <i><a href="/wiki/Collected_Works_of_Northrop_Frye" title="Collected Works of Northrop Frye">Collected Works of Northrop Frye</a></i>, an ongoing project under the editorship of <a href="/wiki/Alvin_A._Lee" title="Alvin A. Lee">Alvin A. Lee</a>. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fearful_Symmetry_(Frye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fearful Symmetry (Frye)">Fearful Symmetry: A Study of William Blake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_Criticism" title="Anatomy of Criticism">Anatomy of Criticism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Educated_Imagination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Educated Imagination (page does not exist)">The Educated Imagination</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fables_of_Identity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fables of Identity (page does not exist)">Fables of Identity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot_(Frye_book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. S. Eliot (Frye book) (page does not exist)">T. S. Eliot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Well-Tempered_Critic_(Frye)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Well-Tempered Critic (Frye)">The Well-Tempered Critic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Natural_Perspective&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Natural Perspective (page does not exist)">A Natural Perspective: The Development of Shakespearean Comedy and Romance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Return_of_Eden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Return of Eden (page does not exist)">The Return of Eden: Five Essays on Milton's Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fools_of_Time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fools of Time (page does not exist)">Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Modern_Century&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Modern Century (page does not exist)">The Modern Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Study_of_English_Romanticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Study of English Romanticism (page does not exist)">A Study of English Romanticism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Stubborn_Structure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Stubborn Structure (page does not exist)">The Stubborn Structure: Essays on Criticism and Society</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bush_Garden" title="The Bush Garden">The Bush Garden: Essays on the Canadian Imagination</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Critical_Path_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Critical Path (book) (page does not exist)">The Critical Path: An Essay on the Social Context of Literary Criticism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secular_Scripture:_A_Study_of_the_Structure_of_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Secular Scripture: A Study of the Structure of Romance">The Secular Scripture: A Study of the Structure of Romance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiritus_Mundi_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiritus Mundi (book) (page does not exist)">Spiritus Mundi: Essays on Literature, Myth, and Society</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye_on_Culture_and_Literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northrop Frye on Culture and Literature (page does not exist)">Northrop Frye on Culture and Literature: A Collection of Review Essays</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creation_and_Recreation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Creation and Recreation (page does not exist)">Creation and Recreation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Great Code (page does not exist)">The Great Code: The Bible and Literature</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divisions_on_a_Ground" title="Divisions on a Ground">Divisions on a Ground: Essays on Canadian Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Myth_of_Deliverance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Myth of Deliverance (page does not exist)">The Myth of Deliverance: Reflections on Shakespeare's Problem Comedies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harper_Handbook_to_Literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harper Handbook to Literature (page does not exist)">Harper Handbook to Literature</a></i> (with Sheridan Baker and George W. Perkins)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On Education (page does not exist)">On Education</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=No_Uncertain_Sounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No Uncertain Sounds (page does not exist)">No Uncertain Sounds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_and_Metaphor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth and Metaphor (page does not exist)">Myth and Metaphor: Selected Essays</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Words_with_Power&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Words with Power (page does not exist)">Words with Power: Being a Second Study of The Bible and Literature</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reading_the_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reading the World (page does not exist)">Reading the World: Selected Writings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Double_Vision_of_Language,_Nature,_Time,_and_God&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Double Vision of Language, Nature, Time, and God (page does not exist)">The Double Vision of Language, Nature, Time, and God</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_World_in_a_Grain_of_Sand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A World in a Grain of Sand (page does not exist)">A World in a Grain of Sand: Twenty-Two Interviews with Northrop Frye</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflections_on_the_Canadian_Literary_Imagination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reflections on the Canadian Literary Imagination (page does not exist)">Reflections on the Canadian Literary Imagination: A Selection of Essays by Northrop Frye</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythologizing_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mythologizing Canada (page does not exist)">Mythologizing Canada: Essays on the Canadian Literary Imagination</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye_on_Shakespeare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northrop Frye on Shakespeare (page does not exist)">Northrop Frye on Shakespeare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye_in_Conversation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northrop Frye in Conversation (page does not exist)">Northrop Frye in Conversation</a></i> (an interview with <a href="/wiki/David_Cayley" title="David Cayley">David Cayley</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Eternal_Act_of_Creation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Eternal Act of Creation (page does not exist)">The Eternal Act of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collected_Works_of_Northrop_Frye" title="Collected Works of Northrop Frye">Collected Works of Northrop Frye</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye_on_Religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northrop Frye on Religion (page does not exist)">Northrop Frye on Religion</a></i></li></ul> <p>Beyond these publications, Frye edited fifteen books, composed essays and chapters that appear in over sixty books, and wrote over one hundred articles and reviews in academic journals. From 1950 to 1960 he wrote the annual critical and bibliographical survey of <i>Canadian poetry for Letters in Canada, University of Toronto Quarterly</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denham, Robert D. (compiler), <i>Northrop Frye: An Enumerative Bibliography</i>, Scarecrow Press, 1974, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forst, G.N. (Winter 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710081428/http://canlitsubmit.ca/canlit.ca/reviews.php?t=anatomy_of_imagination">"Anatomy of Imagination."</a> <i>Canadian Literature #195,</i> Context(e)s. (pp. 141–43). Retrieved on: October 20, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guide-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guide_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guide_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">University of Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.vicu.utoronto.ca/special/F11fryefonds.htm">Guide to the Northrop Frye papers</a>. Victoria University Library Special Collections (F 11) Northrop Frye fonds. Retrieved on: November 30, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.stu.ca/stu/sites/nble/f/frye_herman_northrop.html">Herman Northrop Frye</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170723040742/http://w3.stu.ca/stu/sites/nble/f/frye_herman_northrop.html">Archived</a> 2017-07-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New Brunswick literary Encyclopedia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CE_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayre, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/northrop-frye/">"Frye, Herman Northrop"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>. Historica Foundation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://actavictoriana.ca/">"Acta victoriana"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acta+victoriana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Factavictoriana.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthrop+Frye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCreg-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MCreg_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevens1964" class="citation book cs1">Levens, R.G.C., ed. (1964). <i>Merton College Register 1900–1964</i>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 274.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merton+College+Register+1900%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthrop+Frye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye2001" class="citation book cs1">Frye, Northrop (2001). Denham, Robert D. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diariesofnorthro0000frye"><i>Diaries</i></a></span>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3538-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3538-8"><bdi>0-8020-3538-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaries&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8020-3538-8&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Northrop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiariesofnorthro0000frye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthrop+Frye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.vicu.utoronto.ca/collections/special_collections/f11_northrop_frye">"Northrop Frye Fonds 11"</a>. <i>E.J. Pratt Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E.J.+Pratt+Library&rft.atitle=Northrop+Frye+Fonds+11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.vicu.utoronto.ca%2Fcollections%2Fspecial_collections%2Ff11_northrop_frye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthrop+Frye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120701091351/http://figureground.ca/interviews/b-w-powe/">"B. W. Powe | Figure/Ground Communication"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://figureground.ca/interviews/b-w-powe/">the original</a> on 2012-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B.+W.+Powe+%26%23124%3B+Figure%2FGround+Communication&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffigureground.ca%2Finterviews%2Fb-w-powe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthrop+Frye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RCMP-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RCMP_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/rcmp-spied-on-northrop-frye-1.1105512">"RCMP spied on Northrop Frye"</a>. CBC News. 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=RCMP+spied+on+Northrop+Frye&rft.date=2011-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Farts%2Frcmp-spied-on-northrop-frye-1.1105512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthrop+Frye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University of Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.vicu.utoronto.ca/special/F12hfryefonds.htm">Helen Kemp Frye (1910-1986)</a>. Victoria University Library Special Collections (F12) Helen Kemp Frye fonds. Retrieved on: November 30, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cotrupi-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cotrupi_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotrupi_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cotrupi, Caterina N., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rh8gcNF9YXkC&dq=cotrupi+vico&pg=PA82">Northrop Frye and the Poetics of Process</a> (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8141-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8141-4">978-0-8020-8141-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutcheonNorthrop_Frye1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Hutcheon" title="Linda Hutcheon">Hutcheon, Linda</a>; Northrop Frye (1995). <i>Introduction: Field Notes of a Public Critic, The Bush Garden</i>. Toronto: Anansi. pp. ix.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction%3A+Field+Notes+of+a+Public+Critic%2C+The+Bush+Garden&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Anansi&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Hutcheon&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Northrop+Frye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthrop+Frye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frye_1965_342-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frye_1965_342_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frye_1965_342_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryeCarl_F._Klinck1965" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frye, Northrop</a>; Carl F. Klinck (1965). <i>Conclusion, Literary History of Canada</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 342.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conclusion%2C+Literary+History+of+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Northrop&rft.au=Carl+F.+Klinck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthrop+Frye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a critical discussion on Canadianness see: Marc A. Bauch: <i>Canadian Self-Perception and Self-Representation in English-Canadian Drama after 1967.</i> Wiku-Verlag, Köln 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-865534-07-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-865534-07-4">3-865534-07-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye2003" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frye, Northrop</a> (2003). Jean O'Grady; David Staines (eds.). <i>Collected Works of Northrop Frye Volume 12: Northrop Frye on Canada</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Northrop+Frye+Volume+12%3A+Northrop+Frye+on+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Northrop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthrop+Frye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marc A. Bauch: <i>Canadian Self-Perception and Self-Representation in English-Canadian Drama after 1967</i>. Wiku-Verlag, Köln 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-865534-07-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-865534-07-4">3-865534-07-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryeCarl_F._Klinck1965" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frye, Northrop</a>; Carl F. Klinck (1965). <i>Conclusion, Literary History of Canada</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 351.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conclusion%2C+Literary+History+of+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Northrop&rft.au=Carl+F.+Klinck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthrop+Frye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryeCarl_F._Klinck1965" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frye, Northrop</a>; Carl F. Klinck (1965). <i>Conclusion, Literary History of Canada</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 334.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conclusion%2C+Literary+History+of+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Northrop&rft.au=Carl+F.+Klinck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthrop+Frye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NFCbio-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NFCbio_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NFCbio_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vic.utoronto.ca/academics/Research_Centres/fryecentre/fryebio.htm">Northrop Frye</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329120857/http://www.vic.utoronto.ca/academics/Research_Centres/fryecentre/fryebio.htm">Archived</a> 2019-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Victoria College, University of Toronto. Retrieved on: November 30, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry Palmer Gallery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harrypalmergallery.ab.ca/galcompeh/frye.html">Northrop Frye</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080927044007/http://www.harrypalmergallery.ab.ca/galcompeh/frye.html">Archived</a> 2008-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Companions of the Order of Canada Gallery E-H. Retrieved on: November 30, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University of Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vicu.utoronto.ca/fryecentre">University of Victoria, Northrop Frye Centre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100130033655/http://vicu.utoronto.ca/fryecentre/">Archived</a> 2010-01-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/northrop-frye-statue-unveiled-for-literary-fans-1.1254181">Northrop Frye statue unveiled for literary fans</a>, CBC News Feb. 21, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViola_Pruss2017" class="citation news cs1">Viola Pruss (March 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/bronze-statues-prime-minister-project-nb-1.4006438">"N.B. artists chosen to cast bronze statues of prime ministers"</a>. CBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=N.B.+artists+chosen+to+cast+bronze+statues+of+prime+ministers&rft.date=2017-03-05&rft.au=Viola+Pruss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnew-brunswick%2Fbronze-statues-prime-minister-project-nb-1.4006438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthrop+Frye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/parks-canada/news/2018/03/government-of-canada-announces-12-new-national-historic-designations.html">Government of Canada Announces 12 New National Historic Designations</a>, Parks Canada news release, March 27, 2018</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hart" title="Jonathan Hart">Hart, Jonathan</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15yJAgAAQBAJ"><i>Northrop Frye: The Theoretical Imagination</i></a>. Critics of the Twentieth Century. London: Routledge (published 2005). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13490437-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13490437-2"><bdi>978-1-13490437-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northrop+Frye%3A+The+Theoretical+Imagination&rft.place=London&rft.series=Critics+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-13490437-2&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D15yJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthrop+Frye" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-width:1px; border-color:#E0E0E0; width:20em; background-color:#FFF; margin:0.2em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:1.2em; background-color:#E0E0E0; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Archives at</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:33%;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">University of Victoria Special Collections and University Archives, E.J. Pratt Library <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354256?uselang=en#P485" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:33%;">Identifiers</th><td class="infobox-data">SC208; 11 <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354256?uselang=en#P485" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:33%;">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discoverarchives.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/northrop-frye-fonds">Northrop Frye fonds</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.4em; border-top:1px solid #E0E0E0;"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Archival_material" title="Help:Archival material">How to use archival material</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Northrop_Frye" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Northrop Frye">Northrop Frye</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Northrop_Frye" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Northrop Frye">Northrop Frye</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.vicu.utoronto.ca/special/F11fryeintro.htm">The Northrop Frye Collection at the Victoria University Library at the University of Toronto</a> A comprehensive collection of Northrop Frye's published work, literary manuscripts, correspondence, personal and professional writings, photographs and audiovisual materials.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discoverarchives.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/frye-herman-northrop-oral-history">Herman Northrop Frye oral history interview sound recording</a> held at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utarms.library.utoronto.ca/">University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.vicu.utoronto.ca/exhibitions/nfrye100/">Northrop Frye @ 100:</a> an exhibition celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of Northrop Frye's birth. Selected collection of childhood books and photographs to correspondence, addresses, published works, and awards.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Frye%2C%20Northrop%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Northrop%20Frye%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Frye%2C%20Northrop%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Northrop%20Frye%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Frye%2C%20N%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Northrop%20Frye%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Frye%2C%20Northrop%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Northrop%20Frye%22%29%20OR%20%28%221912-1991%22%20AND%20Frye%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Northrop Frye</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeanogrady.ca/">An essay on Northrop Frye's life and ideas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interpretationjournal.com/">"Questioning Northrop Frye's Adaptation of Vico"</a>. An article in <i>Interpretation: A Journal of Political Philosophy</i>, Spring 2010, Vol. 37:3.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frye.ca/">The Frye Festival</a>. An international literary festival in Moncton, New Brunswick.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fryeblog.blog.lib.mcmaster.ca/">The Educated Imagination</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014060954/http://fryeblog.blog.lib.mcmaster.ca/">Archived</a> 2013-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. A blog dedicated to Northrop Frye.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heritage.utoronto.ca/frye/full-lectures">The Bible and English Literature by Northrop Frye: Full Lectures</a>. Between 1980 and 1981, Prof. Northrop Frye held 25 lectures under the title ‘The Bible and Literature’.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Mondello_Prize466" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mondello_Prize" title="Template:Mondello Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mondello_Prize" title="Template talk:Mondello Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mondello_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mondello Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Mondello_Prize466" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Mondello_Prize" title="Mondello Prize">Mondello Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single Prize for Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartolo_Cattafi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartolo Cattafi (page does not exist)">Bartolo Cattafi</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Campanile" title="Achille Campanile">Achille Campanile</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a> (1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special Jury Prize</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denise_McSmith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denise McSmith (page does not exist)">Denise McSmith</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_D%27Arrigo" title="Stefano D'Arrigo">Stefano D'Arrigo</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_Trifonov" title="Yury Trifonov">Yury Trifonov</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Iwaszkiewicz" title="Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz">Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Consagra" title="Pietro Consagra">Pietro Consagra</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Buttitta" title="Ignazio Buttitta">Ignazio Buttitta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Maria_Ripellino" title="Angelo Maria Ripellino">Angelo Maria e Ela Ripellino</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Sciascia" title="Leonardo Sciascia">Leonardo Sciascia</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Meng_(author)" title="Wang Meng (author)">Wang Meng</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carey_(novelist)" title="Peter Carey (novelist)">Peter Carey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Donoso" title="José Donoso">José Donoso</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northrop Frye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Sempr%C3%BAn" title="Jorge Semprún">Jorge Semprún</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Tongliu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu Tongliu (page does not exist)">Lu Tongliu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Pivano" title="Fernanda Pivano">Fernanda Pivano</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associazione_Scrittori_Cinesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Associazione Scrittori Cinesi (page does not exist)">Associazione Scrittori Cinesi</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dong_Baoucum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dong Baoucum (page does not exist)">Dong Baoucum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_Boaci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fan Boaci (page does not exist)">Fan Boaci</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Huanbao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Huanbao (page does not exist)">Wang Huanbao</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Peide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shi Peide (page does not exist)">Shi Peide</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Yuanbin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Yuanbin (page does not exist)">Chen Yuanbin</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Huainzhong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Huainzhong (page does not exist)">Xu Huainzhong</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao_Xue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiao Xue (page does not exist)">Xiao Xue</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yu_Yougqnan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yu Yougqnan (page does not exist)">Yu Yougqnan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_Weinjung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qin Weinjung (page does not exist)">Qin Weinjung</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Mar%C3%ADas" title="Javier Marías">Javier Marías</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Burdin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Burdin (page does not exist)">Francesco Burdin</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Erba" title="Luciano Erba">Luciano Erba</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isabella_Quarantotti_De_Filippo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isabella Quarantotti De Filippo (page does not exist)">Isabella Quarantotti De Filippo</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marina_Rullo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marina Rullo (page does not exist)">Marina Rullo</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ceccherini" title="Andrea Ceccherini">Andrea Ceccherini</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Vila-Matas" title="Enrique Vila-Matas">Enrique Vila-Matas</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Forgione_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Forgione (writer) (page does not exist)">Francesco Forgione</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First narrative work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmelo_Samon%C3%A0" title="Carmelo Samonà">Carmelo Samonà</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausta_Garavini" title="Fausta Garavini">Fausta Garavini</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First poetic work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Giuga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Giuga (page does not exist)">Giovanni Giuga</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilberto_Sacerdoti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilberto Sacerdoti (page does not exist)">Gilberto Sacerdoti</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prize for foreign literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Kundera" title="Milan Kundera">Milan Kundera</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Scott_Momaday" title="N. Scott Momaday">N. Scott Momaday</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Onetti" title="Juan Carlos Onetti">Juan Carlos Onetti</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Konwicki" title="Tadeusz Konwicki">Tadeusz Konwicki</a> (1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prize for foreign poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jannis_Ritsos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jannis Ritsos (page does not exist)">Jannis Ritsos</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gelman" title="Juan Gelman">Juan Gelman</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Illy%C3%A9s" title="Gyula Illyés">Gyula Illyés</a> (1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valerio_Magrelli" title="Valerio Magrelli">Valerio Magrelli</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Benzoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferruccio Benzoni (page does not exist)">Ferruccio Benzoni</a>, Stefano Simoncelli, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Valeri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Valeri (page does not exist)">Walter Valeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Mancinelli" title="Laura Mancinelli">Laura Mancinelli</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolanda_Insana" title="Jolanda Insana">Jolanda Insana</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Del_Giudice" title="Daniele Del Giudice">Daniele Del Giudice</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Busi" title="Aldo Busi">Aldo Busi</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisabetta_Rasy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elisabetta Rasy (page does not exist)">Elisabetta Rasy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dario_Villa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dario Villa (page does not exist)">Dario Villa</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marco_Lodoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marco Lodoli (page does not exist)">Marco Lodoli</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angelo_Mainardi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angelo Mainardi (page does not exist)">Angelo Mainardi</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marco_Ceriani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marco Ceriani (page does not exist)">Marco Ceriani</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Giudice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Giudice (page does not exist)">Giovanni Giudice</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Albinati" title="Edoardo Albinati">Edoardo Albinati</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvana_La_Spina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvana La Spina (page does not exist)">Silvana La Spina</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Canobbio" title="Andrea Canobbio">Andrea Canobbio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romana_Petri" title="Romana Petri">Romana Petri</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Cascella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna Cascella (page does not exist)">Anna Cascella</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marco_Caporali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marco Caporali (page does not exist)">Marco Caporali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelida_Milani" title="Nelida Milani">Nelida Milani</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvana_Grasso" title="Silvana Grasso">Silvana Grasso</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giulio_Mozzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giulio Mozzi (page does not exist)">Giulio Mozzi</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Franco" title="Ernesto Franco">Ernesto Franco</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Deidier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Deidier (page does not exist)">Roberto Deidier</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Quatriglio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Quatriglio (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Quatriglio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiziano_Scarpa" title="Tiziano Scarpa">Tiziano Scarpa</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabrizio_Rondolino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabrizio Rondolino (page does not exist)">Fabrizio Rondolino</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alba_Donati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alba Donati (page does not exist)">Alba Donati</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Febbraro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paolo Febbraro (page does not exist)">Paolo Febbraro</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evelina_Santangelo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evelina Santangelo (page does not exist)">Evelina Santangelo</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Lupo_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Lupo (writer) (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Lupo</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Bergamini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Bergamini (page does not exist)">Giovanni Bergamini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simona_Corso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simona Corso (page does not exist)">Simona Corso</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adriano_Lo_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adriano Lo Monaco (page does not exist)">Adriano Lo Monaco</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piercarlo_Rizzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piercarlo Rizzi (page does not exist)">Piercarlo Rizzi</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Fontana_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Fontana (writer) (page does not exist)">Francesco Fontana</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Fallai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paolo Fallai (page does not exist)">Paolo Fallai</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luca_Giachi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luca Giachi (page does not exist)">Luca Giachi</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Carabba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Carabba (page does not exist)">Carlo Carabba</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriele_Pedull%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriele Pedullà (page does not exist)">Gabriele Pedullà</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign author</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Robbe-Grillet" title="Alain Robbe-Grillet">Alain Robbe-Grillet</a> (1982) • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bernhard" title="Thomas Bernhard">Thomas Bernhard</a> (1983) • <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Bioy_Casares" title="Adolfo Bioy Casares">Adolfo Bioy Casares</a> (1984) • <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a> (1985) • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a> (1986) • <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a> (1987) • <a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a> (1988) • <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> (1989) • <a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a> (1990) • <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a> (1991) • <a href="/wiki/Bohumil_Hrabal" title="Bohumil Hrabal">Bohumil Hrabal</a> (1992) • <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a> (1993) • <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a> (1994) • <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voinovich" title="Vladimir Voinovich">Vladimir Voinovich</a> (1995) • <a href="/wiki/David_Grossman" title="David Grossman">David Grossman</a> (1996) • <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Jaccottet" title="Philippe Jaccottet">Philippe Jaccottet</a> (1998) • <a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a> (1999) • <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Ti%C5%A1ma" title="Aleksandar Tišma">Aleksandar Tišma</a> (2000) • <a href="/wiki/Nuruddin_Farah" title="Nuruddin Farah">Nuruddin Farah</a> (2001) • <a href="/wiki/Per_Olov_Enquist" title="Per Olov Enquist">Per Olov Enquist</a> (2002) • <a href="/wiki/Adunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Adunis">Adunis</a> (2003) • <a href="/wiki/Les_Murray_(poet)" title="Les Murray (poet)">Les Murray</a> (2004) • <a href="/wiki/Magda_Szab%C3%B3" title="Magda Szabó">Magda Szabó</a> (2005) • <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Timm" title="Uwe Timm">Uwe Timm</a> (2006) • <a href="/wiki/Bapsi_Sidhwa" title="Bapsi Sidhwa">Bapsi Sidhwa</a> (2007) • <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yerofeyev" title="Viktor Yerofeyev">Viktor Yerofeyev</a> (2009) • <a href="/wiki/Edmund_White" title="Edmund White">Edmund White</a> (2010) • <a href="/wiki/Javier_Cercas" title="Javier Cercas">Javier Cercas</a> (2011) • <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Strout" title="Elizabeth Strout">Elizabeth Strout</a> (2012) • <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Esterh%C3%A1zy" title="Péter Esterházy">Péter Esterházy</a> (2013) • <a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Lansdale" title="Joe R. Lansdale">Joe R. Lansdale</a> (2014) • <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Carr%C3%A8re" title="Emmanuel Carrère">Emmanuel Carrère</a> (2015) • <a href="/wiki/Marilynne_Robinson" title="Marilynne Robinson">Marilynne Robinson</a> (2016) • <a href="/wiki/Cees_Nooteboom" title="Cees Nooteboom">Cees Nooteboom</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian Author</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Moravia" title="Alberto Moravia">Alberto Moravia</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Sereni" title="Vittorio Sereni">Vittorio Sereni</a> <i>alla memoria</i> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Calvino" title="Italo Calvino">Italo Calvino</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Luzi" title="Mario Luzi">Mario Luzi</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Volponi" title="Paolo Volponi">Paolo Volponi</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Malerba" title="Luigi Malerba">Luigi Malerba</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oreste_del_Buono&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oreste del Buono (page does not exist)">Oreste del Buono</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Macchia" title="Giovanni Macchia">Giovanni Macchia</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Celati" title="Gianni Celati">Gianni Celati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Villa" title="Emilio Villa">Emilio Villa</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Zanzotto" title="Andrea Zanzotto">Andrea Zanzotto</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottiero_Ottieri" title="Ottiero Ottieri">Ottiero Ottieri</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attilio_Bertolucci" title="Attilio Bertolucci">Attilio Bertolucci</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Meneghello" title="Luigi Meneghello">Luigi Meneghello</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Bandini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando Bandini (page does not exist)">Fernando Bandini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Perriera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michele Perriera (page does not exist)">Michele Perriera</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nico_Orengo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nico Orengo (page does not exist)">Nico Orengo</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Bonaviri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Bonaviri (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Bonaviri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Raboni" title="Giovanni Raboni">Giovanni Raboni</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Ginzburg" title="Carlo Ginzburg">Carlo Ginzburg</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Parronchi" title="Alessandro Parronchi">Alessandro Parronchi</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elio_Bartolini" title="Elio Bartolini">Elio Bartolini</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Alajmo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Alajmo (page does not exist)">Roberto Alajmo</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Camilleri" title="Andrea Camilleri">Andrea Camilleri</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Carraro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Carraro (page does not exist)">Andrea Carraro</a>, Antonio Franchini, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Pressburger" title="Giorgio Pressburger">Giorgio Pressburger</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Bettini" title="Maurizio Bettini">Maurizio Bettini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Montefoschi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Montefoschi (page does not exist)">Giorgio Montefoschi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelo_Risi" title="Nelo Risi">Nelo Risi</a> (2004)</li> <li><i>pr.</i> <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Nigro" title="Raffaele Nigro">Raffaele Nigro</a>, <i>sec.</i> <a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Cucchi" title="Maurizio Cucchi">Maurizio Cucchi</a>, <i>ter.</i> <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Conte" title="Giuseppe Conte">Giuseppe Conte</a> (2005)</li> <li><i>pr.</i> <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Di_Stefano" title="Paolo Di Stefano">Paolo Di Stefano</a>, <i>sec.</i> <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Angioni" title="Giulio Angioni">Giulio Angioni</a> (2006)</li> <li><i>pr.</i> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Fortunato" title="Mario Fortunato">Mario Fortunato</a>, <i>sec.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Maraini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toni Maraini (page does not exist)">Toni Maraini</a>, <i>ter.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Di_Consoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Di Consoli (page does not exist)">Andrea Di Consoli</a> (2007)</li> <li><i>pr.</i> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Bajani" title="Andrea Bajani">Andrea Bajani</a>, <i>sec.</i> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Scurati" title="Antonio Scurati">Antonio Scurati</a>, <i>ter.</i> <a href="/wiki/Flavio_Soriga" title="Flavio Soriga">Flavio Soriga</a> (2008)</li> <li><i>pr.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Desiati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Desiati (page does not exist)">Mario Desiati</a>, <i>sec.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osvaldo_Guerrieri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osvaldo Guerrieri (page does not exist)">Osvaldo Guerrieri</a>, <i>ter.</i> <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Scalise" title="Gregorio Scalise">Gregorio Scalise</a> (2009)</li> <li><i>pr.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenzo_Pavolini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenzo Pavolini (page does not exist)">Lorenzo Pavolini</a>, <i>sec.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Cazzola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Cazzola (page does not exist)">Roberto Cazzola</a>, <i>ter.</i> (2010)</li> <li><i>pr.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenio_Baroncelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugenio Baroncelli (page does not exist)">Eugenio Baroncelli</a>, <i>sec.</i> <a href="/wiki/Milo_De_Angelis" title="Milo De Angelis">Milo De Angelis</a>, <i>ter.</i> <a href="/wiki/Igiaba_Scego" title="Igiaba Scego">Igiaba Scego</a> (2011)</li> <li><i>pr.</i> <a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Albinati" title="Edoardo Albinati">Edoardo Albinati</a>, <i>sec.</i> <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Di_Paolo" title="Paolo Di Paolo">Paolo Di Paolo</a>, <i>ter.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Davide_Orecchio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davide Orecchio (page does not exist)">Davide Orecchio</a> (2012)</li> <li><i>pr.</i> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Canobbio" title="Andrea Canobbio">Andrea Canobbio</a>, <i>sec.</i> <a href="/wiki/Valerio_Magrelli" title="Valerio Magrelli">Valerio Magrelli</a>, <i>ter.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Siti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Siti (page does not exist)">Walter Siti</a> (2013)</li> <li><i>pr.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_Chias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irene Chias (page does not exist)">Irene Chias</a>, <i>sec.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Falco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Falco (page does not exist)">Giorgio Falco</a>, <i>ter.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Pecoraro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Pecoraro (page does not exist)">Francesco Pecoraro</a> (2014)</li> <li><i>pr.</i> <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Lagioia" title="Nicola Lagioia">Nicola Lagioia</a>, <i>sec.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Letizia_Muratori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Letizia Muratori (page does not exist)">Letizia Muratori</a>, <i>ter.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marco_Missiroli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marco Missiroli (page does not exist)">Marco Missiroli</a> (2015)</li> <li><i>pr.</i> <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Fois" title="Marcello Fois">Marcello Fois</a>, <i>sec.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emanuele_Tonon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emanuele Tonon (page does not exist)">Emanuele Tonon</a>, <i>ter.</i> <a href="/wiki/Romana_Petri" title="Romana Petri">Romana Petri</a> (2016)</li> <li><i>pr.</i> <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Massini" title="Stefano Massini">Stefano Massini</a>, <i>sec.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Zaccuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alessandro Zaccuri (page does not exist)">Alessandro Zaccuri</a>, <i>ter.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandra_Sarchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alessandra Sarchi (page does not exist)">Alessandra Sarchi</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Five Continents" Award</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Db%C5%8D_Abe" title="Kōbō Abe">Kōbō Abe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahar_Ben_Jelloun" title="Tahar Ben Jelloun">Tahar Ben Jelloun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Harris" title="Wilson Harris">Wilson Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spender" title="Stephen Spender">Stephen Spender</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keneally" title="Thomas Keneally">Thomas Keneally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Arbasino" title="Alberto Arbasino">Alberto Arbasino</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Brink" title="André Brink">André Brink</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Malouf" title="David Malouf">David Malouf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romesh_Gunesekera" title="Romesh Gunesekera">Romesh Gunesekera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Ransmayr" title="Christoph Ransmayr">Christoph Ransmayr</a> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Palermo bridge for Europe" Award</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Maraini" title="Dacia Maraini">Dacia Maraini</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Arbasino" title="Alberto Arbasino">Alberto Arbasino</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ignazio Buttitta Award</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nino_De_Vita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nino De Vita (page does not exist)">Nino De Vita</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attilio_Lolini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attilio Lolini (page does not exist)">Attilio Lolini</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Rossi_Precerotti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Rossi Precerotti (page does not exist)">Roberto Rossi Precerotti</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvia_Bre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvia Bre (page does not exist)">Silvia Bre</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supermondello</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiziano_Scarpa" title="Tiziano Scarpa">Tiziano Scarpa</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michela_Murgia" title="Michela Murgia">Michela Murgia</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenio_Baroncelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugenio Baroncelli (page does not exist)">Eugenio Baroncelli</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Davide_Orecchio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davide Orecchio (page does not exist)">Davide Orecchio</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerio_Magrelli" title="Valerio Magrelli">Valerio Magrelli</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Falco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Falco (page does not exist)">Giorgio Falco</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marco_Missiroli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marco Missiroli (page does not exist)">Marco Missiroli</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romana_Petri" title="Romana Petri">Romana Petri</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Massini" title="Stefano Massini">Stefano Massini</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special award of the President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Koni" title="Ibrahim al-Koni">Ibrahim al-Koni</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuele_Maria_Emanuele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmanuele Maria Emanuele (page does not exist)">Emmanuele Maria Emanuele</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Calabr%C3%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Calabrò (page does not exist)">Antonio Calabrò</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry prize</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Riccardi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Riccardi (page does not exist)">Antonio Riccardi</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translation Award</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evgenij_Solonovic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evgenij Solonovic (page does not exist)">Evgenij Solonovic</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity and dialectal literatures award</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gialuigi_Beccaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gialuigi Beccaria (page does not exist)">Gialuigi Beccaria</a> e <a href="/wiki/Marco_Paolini" title="Marco Paolini">Marco Paolini</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays Prize</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marzio_Barbagli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marzio Barbagli (page does not exist)">Marzio Barbagli</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mondello for Multiculturality Award</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Th%C3%BAy" title="Kim Thúy">Kim Thúy</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mondello Youths Award</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Durastanti" title="Claudia Durastanti">Claudia Durastanti</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Albinati" title="Edoardo Albinati">Edoardo Albinati</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Zaccuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alessandro Zaccuri (page does not exist)">Alessandro Zaccuri </a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Targa Archimede", Premio all'Intelligenza d'Impresa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Sellerio" title="Enzo Sellerio">Enzo Sellerio</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prize for Literary Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvatore_Silvano_Nigro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salvatore Silvano Nigro (page does not exist)">Salvatore Silvano Nigro</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Bettini" title="Maurizio Bettini">Maurizio Bettini</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrico_Testa_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrico Testa (writer) (page does not exist)">Enrico Testa</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermanno_Cavazzoni" title="Ermanno Cavazzoni">Ermanno Cavazzoni</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serena_Vitale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serena Vitale (page does not exist)">Serena Vitale</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Prete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Prete (page does not exist)">Antonio Prete</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Award for best motivation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simona_Gio%C3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simona Gioè (page does not exist)">Simona Gioè</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special award for travel literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marina_Valensise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marina Valensise (page does not exist)">Marina Valensise</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special Award 40 Years of Mondello</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gipi" title="Gipi">Gipi</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Literary_criticism62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literary_criticism" title="Template:Literary criticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literary_criticism" title="Template talk:Literary criticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literary_criticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literary criticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literary_criticism62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archetypal_literary_criticism" title="Archetypal literary criticism">Archetypal criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_criticism" title="Biographical criticism">Biographical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(literary_criticism)" title="Chicago school (literary criticism)">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_materialism_(cultural_studies)" title="Cultural materialism (cultural studies)">Cultural materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwinian_literary_studies" title="Darwinian literary studies">Darwinian criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_poetics" title="Descriptive poetics">Descriptive poetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocriticism" title="Ecocriticism">Ecocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Feminist criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(literature)" title="Formalism (literature)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocriticism" title="Geocriticism">Geocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">Marxist criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Criticism" title="New Criticism">New Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonial criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_literary_criticism" title="Psychoanalytic literary criticism">Psychoanalytic criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reader-response_criticism" title="Reader-response criticism">Reader-response criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_formalism" title="Russian formalism">Russian formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_literary_criticism" title="Semiotic literary criticism">Semiotic criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_criticism" title="Sociological criticism">Sociological criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism" title="Source criticism">Source criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_theory" title="Thing theory">Thing theory</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antique-books-woodward.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antique-books-woodward.jpg/70px-Antique-books-woodward.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antique-books-woodward.jpg/105px-Antique-books-woodward.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antique-books-woodward.jpg/140px-Antique-books-woodward.jpg 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="1017" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists and critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longinus_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longinus (literature)">Longinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Augustine">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boccaccio" class="mw-redirect" title="Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">de Pizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Ji_(Shiheng)" title="Lu Ji (Shiheng)">Lu Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney" title="Philip Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torquato_Tasso" title="Torquato Tasso">Tasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Corneille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">Dryden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau-Despr%C3%A9aux" title="Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux">Boileau-Despréaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke (Edmund)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Young" title="Edward Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Schlegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Louise_Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Louise Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Love_Peacock" title="Thomas Love Peacock">Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">von Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_De_Sanctis" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco De Sanctis">De Sanctis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustin_Sainte-Beuve" title="Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve">Sainte-Beuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Zola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">de Saussure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._E._Hulme" title="T. E. Hulme">Hulme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Shklovsky" title="Viktor Shklovsky">Shklovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Bakhtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke (Kenneth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanth_Brooks" title="Cleanth Brooks">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Muka%C5%99ovsk%C3%BD" title="Jan Mukařovský">Mukařovský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Jakobson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gombrich" title="Ernst Gombrich">Gombrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Poulet" title="Georges Poulet">Poulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Trilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Achebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Iser" title="Wolfgang Iser">Iser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayden_White" title="Hayden White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ricoeur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Ricoeur">Ricoeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Geertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_Loy" title="Mina Loy">Loy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_de_Andrade" title="Oswald de Andrade">de Andrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Paz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winners_of_the_Governor_General&#039;s_Award_for_English-language_non-fiction126" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governor_General%27s_English_non-fiction" title="Template:Governor General's English non-fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governor_General%27s_English_non-fiction" title="Template talk:Governor General's English non-fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governor_General%27s_English_non-fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governor General's English non-fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winners_of_the_Governor_General&#039;s_Award_for_English-language_non-fiction126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Winners of the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Award_for_English-language_non-fiction" title="Governor General's Award for English-language non-fiction">Governor General's Award for English-language non-fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beattie_Roberton" title="Thomas Beattie Roberton">Thomas Beattie Roberton</a>, <i>TBR: Newspaper Pieces</i> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Leacock" title="Stephen Leacock">Stephen Leacock</a>, <i>My Discovery of the West</i> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_Gibbon" title="John Murray Gibbon">John Murray Gibbon</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Mosaic" title="Canadian Mosaic">Canadian Mosaic</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Salverson" title="Laura Salverson">Laura Salverson</a>, <i>Confessions of an Immigrant's Daughter</i> (1939)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._F._C._Wright" title="J. F. C. Wright">J. F. C. Wright</a>, <i>Slava Bohu</i> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Carr" title="Emily Carr">Emily Carr</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Klee_Wyck" title="Klee Wyck">Klee Wyck</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hutchison" title="Bruce Hutchison">Bruce Hutchison</a>, <i>The Unknown Country</i> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_McInnis" title="Edgar McInnis">Edgar McInnis</a>, <i>The Unguarded Frontier</i> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._K._Brown" title="E. K. Brown">E. K. Brown</a>, <i>On Canadian Poetry</i> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robins_(writer)" title="John Robins (writer)">John Robins</a>, <i>The Incomplete Anglers</i> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Duncan" title="Dorothy Duncan">Dorothy Duncan</a>, <i>Partner in Three Worlds</i> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_McInnis" title="Edgar McInnis">Edgar McInnis</a>, <i>The War: Fourth Year</i> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Munro_(journalist)" title="Ross Munro (journalist)">Ross Munro</a>, <i>Gauntlet to Overlord</i> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_M._Richardson" title="Evelyn M. Richardson">Evelyn M. Richardson</a>, <i>We Keep a Light</i> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Phillip_Grove" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Phillip Grove">Frederick Phillip Grove</a>, <i>In Search of Myself</i> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_R._M._Lower" title="Arthur R. M. Lower">Arthur R. M. Lower</a>, <i>Colony to Nation</i> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sclater_(writer)" title="William Sclater (writer)">William Sclater</a>, <i>Haida</i> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_MacGregor_Dawson" title="Robert MacGregor Dawson">Robert MacGregor Dawson</a>, <i>The Government of Canada</i> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Head_Raddall" title="Thomas Head Raddall">Thomas Head Raddall</a>, <i>Halifax, Warden of the North</i> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._P._Stacey" class="mw-redirect" title="C. P. Stacey">C. P. Stacey</a>, <i>The Canadian Army, 1939-1945</i> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_MacLennan" title="Hugh MacLennan">Hugh MacLennan</a>, <i>Cross-country</i> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_MacGregor_Dawson" title="Robert MacGregor Dawson">Robert MacGregor Dawson</a>, <i>Democratic Government in Canada</i> (1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Wilkins_Campbell" title="Marjorie Wilkins Campbell">Marjorie Wilkins Campbell</a>, <i>The Saskatchewan</i> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._L._Morton" title="W. L. Morton">W. L. Morton</a>, <i>The Progressive Party in Canada</i> (1950)</li> <li>Frank MacKinnon, <i>The Progressive Party in Canada</i> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Phelan" title="Josephine Phelan">Josephine Phelan</a>, <i>The Ardent Exile</i> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_G._Creighton" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald G. Creighton">Donald G. Creighton</a>, <i>John A. Macdonald, The Young Politician</i> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hutchison" title="Bruce Hutchison">Bruce Hutchison</a>, <i>The Incredible Canadian</i> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._S._Careless" title="J. M. S. Careless">J. M. S. Careless</a>, <i>Canada, A Story of Challenge</i> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._J._Berrill" title="N. J. Berrill">N. J. Berrill</a>, <i>Sex and the Nature of Things</i> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_MacLennan" title="Hugh MacLennan">Hugh MacLennan</a>, <i>Thirty and Three</i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_R._M._Lower" title="Arthur R. M. Lower">Arthur R. M. Lower</a>, <i>This Most Famous Stream</i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._J._Berrill" title="N. J. Berrill">N. J. Berrill</a>, <i>Man's Emerging Mind</i> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_G._Creighton" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald G. Creighton">Donald G. Creighton</a>, <i>John A. Macdonald, The Old Chieftain</i> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Pierre Berton</a>, <i>The Mysterious North</i> (1956)</li> <li>Joseph Lister Rutledge, <i>Century of Conflict</i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Raddall" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas H. Raddall">Thomas H. Raddall</a>, <i>The Path of Destiny</i> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hutchison" title="Bruce Hutchison">Bruce Hutchison</a>, <i>Canada: Tomorrow's Giant</i> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Pierre Berton</a>, <i>Klondike</i> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Hemlow" title="Joyce Hemlow">Joyce Hemlow</a>, <i>The History of Fanny Burney</i> (1958)</li> <li>[No award] (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Underhill" title="Frank Underhill">Frank Underhill</a>, <i>In Search of Canadian Liberalism</i> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._A._Goudge" title="T. A. Goudge">T. A. Goudge</a>, <i>The Ascent of Life</i> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a>, <i>The Gutenberg Galaxy</i> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.M.S._Careless" class="mw-redirect" title="J.M.S. Careless">J.M.S. Careless</a>, <i>Brown of the Globe</i> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Grosskurth" title="Phyllis Grosskurth">Phyllis Grosskurth</a>, <i>John Addington Symonds</i> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Eayrs" title="James Eayrs">James Eayrs</a>, <i>In Defence of Canada</i> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">George Woodcock</a>, <i>The Crystal Spirit: A Study of George Orwell</i> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norah_Story" title="Norah Story">Norah Story</a>, <i>The Oxford Companion to Canadian History and Literature</i> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Richler" title="Mordecai Richler">Mordecai Richler</a>, <i>Hunting Tigers Under Glass</i> (1968)</li> <li>[No award] (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[No award] (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Pierre Berton</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Spike_(book)" title="The Last Spike (book)">The Last Spike</a></i> (1971)</li> <li>[No award] (1972)</li> <li>Michael Bell, <i>Painters in a New Land</i> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie_(diplomat)" title="Charles Ritchie (diplomat)">Charles Ritchie</a>, <i>The Siren Years</i> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_MacRae" title="Marion MacRae">Marion MacRae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Adamson" title="Anthony Adamson">Anthony Adamson</a>, <i>Hallowed Walls</i> (1975)</li> <li>Carl Berger, <i>The Writing of Canadian History</i> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._R._Scott" title="F. R. Scott">F. R. Scott</a>, <i>Essays on the Constitution</i> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Caron" title="Roger Caron">Roger Caron</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Go-Boy!" title="Go-Boy!">Go-Boy! Memories of a Life Behind Bars</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tippett" title="Maria Tippett">Maria Tippett</a>, <i>Emily Carr</i> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bothwell" title="Robert Bothwell">Robert Bothwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Kilbourn" title="William Kilbourn">William Kilbourn</a>, <i>C.D. Howe</i> (1979)</li> <li>Larry Pratt and <a href="/wiki/John_Richards_(scholar)" title="John Richards (scholar)">John Richards</a>, <i>Prairie Capitalism</i> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Simpson" title="Jeffrey Simpson">Jeffrey Simpson</a>, <i>Discipline of Power: The Conservative Interlude and the Liberal Restoration</i> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Calef" title="George Calef">George Calef</a>, <i>Caribou and the Barren-Land</i> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Moore_(Canadian_historian)" title="Christopher Moore (Canadian historian)">Christopher Moore</a>, <i>Louisbourg Portraits: Life in an Eighteenth- Century Garrison Town</i> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Williams" title="Jeffery Williams">Jeffery Williams</a>, <i>Byng of Vimy: General and Governor General</i> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Gwyn" title="Sandra Gwyn">Sandra Gwyn</a>, <i>The Private Capital: Ambition and Love in the Age of Macdonald and Laurier</i> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Cook" title="Ramsay Cook">Ramsay Cook</a>, <i>The Regenerators: Social Criticism in Late Victorian English Canada</i> (1985)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northrop Frye</a>, <i>Northrop Frye on Shakespeare</i> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a>, <i>The Russian Album</i> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Collins_(author)" title="Anne Collins (author)">Anne Collins</a>, <i>In the Sleep Room</i> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Calder_(writer)" title="Robert Calder (writer)">Robert Calder</a>, <i>Willie: The Life of W. Somerset Maugham</i> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Clarkson" title="Stephen Clarkson">Stephen Clarkson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christina_McCall" title="Christina McCall">Christina McCall</a>, <i>Trudeau and Our Times</i> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hunter_(journalist)" title="Robert Hunter (journalist)">Robert Hunter</a> and Robert Calihoo, <i>Occupied Canada: A Young White Man Discovers His Unsuspected Past</i> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Siggins" title="Maggie Siggins">Maggie Siggins</a>, <i>Revenge of the Land: A Century of Greed, Tragedy and Murder on a Saskatchewan Farm</i> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Connelly" title="Karen Connelly">Karen Connelly</a>, <i>Touch the Dragon</i> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Livingston_(naturalist)" title="John Livingston (naturalist)">John Livingston</a>, <i>Rogue Primate: An Exploration of Human Domestication</i> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Sullivan" title="Rosemary Sullivan">Rosemary Sullivan</a>, <i>Shadow Maker: The Life of Gwendolyn MacEwen</i> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John Ralston Saul</a>, <i>The Unconscious Civilization</i> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Manley" title="Rachel Manley">Rachel Manley</a>, <i>Drumblair: Memories of a Jamaican Childhood</i> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Adams_Richards" title="David Adams Richards">David Adams Richards</a>, <i>Lines on the Water: A Fisherman's Life on the Miramichi</i> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marq_de_Villiers" title="Marq de Villiers">Marq de Villiers</a>, <i>Water</i> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nega_Mezlekia" title="Nega Mezlekia">Nega Mezlekia</a>, <i>Notes from the Hyena's Belly</i> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Homer-Dixon" title="Thomas Homer-Dixon">Thomas Homer-Dixon</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ingenuity_Gap" title="The Ingenuity Gap">The Ingenuity Gap</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Nikiforuk" title="Andrew Nikiforuk">Andrew Nikiforuk</a>, <i>Saboteurs: Wiebo Ludwig's War Against Big Oil</i> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_MacMillan" title="Margaret MacMillan">Margaret MacMillan</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Peacemakers:_The_Paris_Peace_Conference_of_1919_and_Its_Attempt_to_End_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War">Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_Dallaire" title="Roméo Dallaire">Roméo Dallaire</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shake_Hands_with_the_Devil_(book)" title="Shake Hands with the Devil (book)">Shake Hands With the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vaillant" title="John Vaillant">John Vaillant</a>, <i>The Golden Spruce: A True Story of Myth, Madness and Greed</i> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_King_(author)" title="Ross King (author)">Ross King</a>, <i>The Judgment of Paris: The Revolutionary Decade That Gave the World Impressionism</i> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karolyn_Smardz_Frost" title="Karolyn Smardz Frost">Karolyn Smardz Frost</a>, <i>I've Got a Home in Glory Land: A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad</i> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christie_Blatchford" title="Christie Blatchford">Christie Blatchford</a>, <i>Fifteen Days: Stories of Bravery, Friendship, Life and Death from Inside the New Canadian Army</i> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._Vassanji" title="M. G. Vassanji">M. G. Vassanji</a>, <i>A Place Within: Rediscovering India</i> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Casey" title="Allan Casey">Allan Casey</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lakeland:_Journeys_into_the_Soul_of_Canada" title="Lakeland: Journeys into the Soul of Canada">Lakeland: Journeys into the Soul of Canada</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Foran" title="Charles Foran">Charles Foran</a>, <i>Mordecai: The Life and Times</i> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_King_(author)" title="Ross King (author)">Ross King</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_and_the_Last_Supper" title="Leonardo and the Last Supper">Leonardo and the Last Supper</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Djwa" title="Sandra Djwa">Sandra Djwa</a>, <i>Journey with No Maps: A Life of P.K. Page</i> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_John_Harris" title="Michael John Harris">Michael John Harris</a>, <i>The End of Absence: Reclaiming What We’ve Lost in a World of Constant Connection</i> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_L._Winston" title="Mark L. Winston">Mark L. Winston</a>, <i>Bee Time: Lessons from the Hive</i> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Waiser" title="Bill Waiser">Bill Waiser</a>, <i>A World We Have Lost: Saskatchewan Before 1905</i> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Wood_(journalist)" title="Graeme Wood (journalist)">Graeme Wood</a>, <i>The Way of the Strangers: Encounters with the Islamic State</i> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrel_J._McLeod" title="Darrel J. McLeod">Darrel J. McLeod</a>, <i>Mamaskatch: A Cree Coming of Age'</i> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Gillmor" title="Don Gillmor">Don Gillmor</a>, <i>To the River: Losing My Brother</i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhur_Anand" title="Madhur Anand">Madhur Anand</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/This_Red_Line_Goes_Straight_to_Your_Heart" title="This Red Line Goes Straight to Your Heart">This Red Line Goes Straight to Your Heart</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiqa_de_Meijer" title="Sadiqa de Meijer">Sadiqa de Meijer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Alfabet/alphabet" title="Alfabet/alphabet">alfabet/alphabet: a memoir of a first language</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Baxter" title="Eli Baxter">Eli Baxter</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aki-wayn-zih" title="Aki-wayn-zih">Aki-wayn-zih: A Person as Worthy as the Earth</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyo_Maclear" title="Kyo Maclear">Kyo Maclear</a>, <i>Unearthing</i> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niigaan_Sinclair" title="Niigaan Sinclair">Niigaan Sinclair</a>, <i>Wînipêk: Visions of Canada from an Indigenous Centre</i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354256#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4012" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354256#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4012" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354256#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121318761">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/49236705">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/57/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxxcXh43mCC3Fjk9WkdQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119012863">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50000248">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12016359k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12016359k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00440291">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Frye, Northrop"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV022214">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36258293">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000601658&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1133743">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/62752">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07025429X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90085981">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000021072&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000021769&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=77136">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199609447">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs688bvd0wqbvf7">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810652562305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/152517">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007261318805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511383206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14242161">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00317801?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Northrop Frye"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a1206853-1256-4efa-83a8-23ac964f62a5">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_119012863">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/348575">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119012863.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119012863">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028299949">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jd5cnw">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&oldid=1271170007">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northrop_Frye&oldid=1271170007</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1912_births" title="Category:1912 births">1912 births</a></li><li><a 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