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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Primary documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:auto;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census"> 1800 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,458</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census"> 1810 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,282</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.45%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census"> 1820 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">55,211</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.22%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census"> 1830 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">157,445</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.05%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census"> 1840 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">476,183</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+11.70%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census"> 1850 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">851,470</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.98%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census"> 1860 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,711,951</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.23%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census"> 1870 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,539,891</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.02%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census"> 1880 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,077,871</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.94%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census"> 1890 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">3,826,352</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.20%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census"> 1900 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,821,550</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.34%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census"> 1910 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,638,591</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.58%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census"> 1920 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,485,280</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.41%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census"> 1930 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,630,654</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.64%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census"> 1940 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">7,897,241</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.34%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census"> 1950 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,712,176</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.99%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census"> 1960 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,081,158</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.47%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census"> 1970 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,113,976</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.98%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census"> 1980 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,426,518</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.28%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census"> 1990 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">11,430,602</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.00%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census"> 2000 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,419,293</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.83%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census"> 2010 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,830,632</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.33%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census"> 2020 </a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,812,508</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.01%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source:<br />1910–2020<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></b> may be defined by several broad historical periods, namely, the pre-Columbian period, the era of European exploration and colonization, its development as part of the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a>, its early statehood period, growth in the 19th and 20th centuries, and contemporary Illinois of today. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-Columbian_era">Pre-Columbian era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Illinois&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cahokia_Aerial_HRoe_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cahokia_Aerial_HRoe_2015.jpg/200px-Cahokia_Aerial_HRoe_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cahokia_Aerial_HRoe_2015.jpg/300px-Cahokia_Aerial_HRoe_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cahokia_Aerial_HRoe_2015.jpg/400px-Cahokia_Aerial_HRoe_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a>, urban center of the pre-Columbian <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a>, the urban center of the pre-Columbian <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a>, was located near present-day <a href="/wiki/Collinsville,_Illinois" title="Collinsville, Illinois">Collinsville, Illinois</a>. Several burial mounds and adobe structures were created in Southern Illinois across the Mississippi River from <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>. A gigantic mound, known as <a href="/wiki/Monks_Mound" title="Monks Mound">Monks Mound</a> near Cahokia, is about the same height from its base as the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Giza" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid of Giza">Pyramid of Giza</a>. Built around 1050 AD by an immense marshaling of human labor, this huge earth-work faced the site of a palisaded city that contained more than one hundred small artificial mounds marking burial sites. This Mississippi valley city of Cahokia is estimated to have had a population of about 16,000 to 20,000, the most concentrated population north of the Rio Grande until the late 1700s. Radiating out from Cahokia for many miles were tilled fields that supplied the corn for the urban dwellers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That civilization vanished circa 1400–1500 for unknown reasons. A severe earthquake that damaged Monk's Mound at that time might have challenged the supernatural powers claimed by the Cahokian chiefs. Cahokians might have also outstripped their water supply caused in part by large-scale deforestation, and the period of global cooling or mini Ice Age of the era might have caused recurring famines and migration.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next major power in the region was the <a href="/wiki/Illiniwek" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiniwek">Illiniwek</a> Confederation, a political alliance among several tribes. The Illiniwek gave Illinois its name. The <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a>, a Siouan people of the Chiwere subgroup & the alleged oldest continuous Siouan society, were also believed to claim some land north of the <a href="/wiki/Rock_River_(Mississippi_River_tributary)" title="Rock River (Mississippi River tributary)">Rock River</a>. During the Beaver Wars period of the 17th century, the Iroquois pushed through and briefly conquered Ohio, Indiana & Southern Michigan, forcing several peoples out of those regions. Several migrating groups of Miami & Mascouten—the oldest known inhabitants of Indiana & S. Michigan—spread throughout the western Great Lakes & Upper Mississippi region, living wherever they could. The known tribes were the Miami, Mascouten, Wea, Atchatchakangouen, Pepicokia, Mengakonkia, Pinakashaw & Kilatika.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Beaver Wars also caused a secondary conflict in the greater Wisconsin area known as the Second Fauk War, which pushed the ancestors of the Lakota/ Dakota out onto the plains & destabilized the Dakotas. </p><p>The French, who arrived during the 1670s–80s and established the Illinois colony, helped to stabilize the region.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Miami & Mascouten subtribes merged back into two—the Miami & Wea-- & returned to the east in the 1690s. In the aftermath of the Yamasee War (1715–1717) in the early 18th century, the French also offered aid to a breakaway group of Yuchi known as the <a href="/wiki/Chisca" title="Chisca">Chisca</a>, who had once resided in southeast Kentucky and had them migrate into Illiniwek territory.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the French & Indian War, English influence spread deep into and destabilized the Illinois Colony. The largely Algonquian-ized Chisca split away and returned to Kentucky, taking several of the Illiniwek peoples with them (although, some remained) and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Kispoko" title="Kispoko">Kispoko</a>. The Kispoko soon after merged with the Shawnee. Later, the remaining Illiniwek were pushed out onto the Great Plains, alike many other tribes and were broken down as several peoples fought for adequate land. Today, the remaining Illiniwek are part of a single tribe—the <a href="/wiki/Peoria_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoria Tribe of Oklahoma">Peoria of Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_exploration_and_colonization">European exploration and colonization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Illinois&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: European exploration and colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French explorers <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Marquette" title="Jacques Marquette">Jacques Marquette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jolliet" title="Louis Jolliet">Louis Jolliet</a> explored the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illinois_River" title="Illinois River">Illinois Rivers</a> in 1673. As a result of their exploration, the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a> was part of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French empire</a> until 1763, when it passed to the British, who later annexed the area to <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Canada</a> in 1774. It was later ceded to the new United States in 1783 and became part of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Illinois_campaign" title="Illinois campaign">Illinois campaign</a> was part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western theater of the American Revolutionary War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Territory">American Territory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Illinois&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: American Territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Illinois-Wabash_Company" title="Illinois-Wabash Company">Illinois-Wabash Company</a> was an early claimant to much of Illinois. An early western outpost of the United States, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Dearborn" title="Fort Dearborn">Fort Dearborn</a>, was established in 1803 (at the site of present-day <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>), and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory" title="Illinois Territory">Illinois Territory</a> followed on February 3, 1809. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statehood">Statehood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Illinois&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Statehood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 3, 1818, Illinois became the 21st U.S. state. Early U.S. expansion began in the south part of the state and quickly spread northward, driving out the native residents. In 1832, some Native American "Indians" returned from Iowa but were driven out in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a>, fought by militia. </p><p>Illinois is known as the "Land of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>" because it is here that the 16th President spent his formative years. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> gained prominence as a lake and canal port after 1848, and as a rail hub soon afterward. By 1857, Chicago was the state's dominant metropolis. (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chicago" title="History of Chicago">History of Chicago</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Illinois&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state has a varied history in relation to slavery and the treatment of <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a> in general.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French had black slaves from 1719 to as late as the 1820s. Slavery was nominally banned by the Northwest Ordinance, but that was not enforced. When Illinois became a sovereign state in 1818, the Ordinance no longer applied, and there were about 900 slaves in the state. As the southern part of the state, known as "Egypt", was largely settled by migrants from the South, the section was hostile to free blacks and allowed settlers to bring slaves with them for labor. Pro-slavery elements tried to call a convention to legalize slavery, but they were blocked by Governor <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coles" title="Edward Coles">Edward Coles</a> who mobilized anti-slavery forces, warning that rich slave owners would buy up all the good farm lands.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A referendum in 1823 showed 60% of the voters opposed slavery and efforts to make slavery official failed. Nevertheless, some slaves were brought in seasonally or as house servants as late as the 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Illinois Constitution of 1848 was written with a provision for exclusionary laws to be passed. In 1853, state senator <a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a> helped pass a law to prohibit all African Americans, including <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedmen</a>, from settling in the state. After 1865 Logan reversed positions and became a leading advocate of civil rights for blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latter_Day_Saints_at_Nauvoo">Latter Day Saints at Nauvoo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Illinois&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Latter Day Saints at Nauvoo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">History of the Latter Day Saint movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="History of Nauvoo, Illinois">History of Nauvoo, Illinois</a></div> <p>In 1839, members of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</a>, often referred to as Mormons, created a settlement they named <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo</a>. By 1840 church leadership envisioned Nauvoo as an economic, cultural and spiritual center—a religious utopia guided by church leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city, situated on a prominent bend along the Mississippi River, quickly grew to 12,000 inhabitants and was for a time rivaling for the title of largest city in Illinois. By the early 1840s, the Latter Day Saints built a large stone <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Temple" title="Nauvoo Temple">temple in Nauvoo</a>, one of the largest buildings in Illinois at the time, which was completed in 1846. In 1844 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Joseph Smith">killed</a> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Carthage,_Illinois" title="Carthage, Illinois">Carthage, Illinois</a>. In 1846, the Latter-day Saints following <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> left Illinois for what would become Utah, but what was still then Mexican territory. A small breakaway group remained, but Nauvoo fell largely into abandonment. Nauvoo today has many restored buildings from the 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Illinois&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois in the American Civil War</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi River in the American Civil War">Mississippi River in the American Civil War</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, over 250,000 soldiers from Illinois served in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>, the fourth most by state. Starting with <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">President Lincoln's</a> first call for troops and continuing throughout the war, Illinois sent 150 infantry regiments; they were numbered from the 7th IL to the 156th IL. Seventeen cavalry regiments also served as well as two light artillery regiments. The most well worked soldier was <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> of Galena. Throughout the war the Republicans were in control, under the firm leadership of Governor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Yates_(19th_century_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Yates (19th century politician)">Richard Yates</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Democrats had a strong <a href="/wiki/Copperheads_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copperheads (politics)">Copperhead</a> element that opposed the war and tried in local areas to disrupt the draft. In Chicago, <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_F._Storey" title="Wilbur F. Storey">Wilbur F. Storey</a> made his Democratic newspaper the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Times" title="Chicago Times">Chicago Times</a></i> into Lincoln's most vituperative enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Illinois&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Fitzsimmons_Dunne" title="Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne">Edward F. Dunne</a> was a Chicago Democrat and leader of the progressive movement, who served as governor 1913–1917. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Orren_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Orren Lowden">Frank O. Lowden</a>, who led the war effort and was Republican presidential hopeful in 1920. </p><p>Democrat <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> served as governor in 1948–1952. <a href="/wiki/William_G._Stratton" class="mw-redirect" title="William G. Stratton">William G. Stratton</a> led a Republican statehouse in the 1950s. In 1960 <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kerner_Jr." title="Otto Kerner Jr.">Otto Kerner Jr.</a> led the Democrats back to power. He promoted economic development, education, mental health services, and equal access to jobs and housing. In a federal trial in 1973, Kerner was convicted on 17 counts of bribery while he was governor, plus other charges; he went to prison. <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Ogilvie" title="Richard B. Ogilvie">Richard B. Ogilvie</a>, a Republican, won in 1968. Bolstered by large Republican majorities in the state house, Ogilvie embarked upon a major modernization of state government. He successfully advocated for a state constitutional convention, increased social spending, and secured Illinois' first state income tax. The latter was particularly unpopular with the electorate, and the modest Ogilvie lost a close election to the flashy Democrat <a href="/wiki/Dan_Walker_(politician)" title="Dan Walker (politician)">Dan Walker</a> in 1972. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060220074952/http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/publications/handbook0304/history_highlights_ilconstitution.pdf">state constitutional convention of 1970</a> wrote a new document that was approved by the voters. It modernized government and ended the old system of three-person districts which froze the political system in place. </p><p>Walker did not repeal the income tax that Ogilvie had enacted and wedged between machine Democrats and Republicans had little success with the Illinois legislature during his tenure. In 1987 he was convicted of business crimes not related to his governorship. In the 1976 gubernatorial election, <a href="/wiki/James_R._Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="James R. Thompson">Jim Thompson</a>, a Republican prosecutor from Chicago won 65 percent of the vote over <a href="/wiki/Michael_Howlett" title="Michael Howlett">Michael Howlett</a>. Thompson was reelected in 1978 with 60 percent of the vote, defeating State Superintendent <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bakalis" title="Michael Bakalis">Michael Bakalis</a>. Thompson was very narrowly reelected in 1982 against former <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_III" title="Adlai Stevenson III">Adlai E. Stevenson III</a>, and then won decisively against him in a rematch in 1986. </p><p>Thompson was succeeded by Republican <a href="/wiki/Jim_Edgar" title="Jim Edgar">Jim Edgar</a> who won a close race in 1990 against his Democratic opponent, attorney general Neil Hartigan, and was reelected in 1994 by a wide margin against another Democratic opponent, state comptroller and former state senator Dawn Clark Netsch. In the elections of 1992 and 1994, the Republicans succeeded in capturing both houses of the state legislature and all statewide offices, putting Edgar in a very strong political position. He advocated increases in funding for education along with cuts in government employment, spending and welfare programs. He was succeeded by yet another Republican, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Ryan" class="mw-redirect" title="George H. Ryan">George H. Ryan</a>. Ryan worked for extensive repairs of the Illinois Highway System called "Illinois FIRST". FIRST was an acronym for "Fund for Infrastructure, Roads, Schools, and Transit". Signed into law in May 1999, the law created a $6.3 billion package for use in school and transportation projects. With various matching funds programs, Illinois FIRST provided $2.2 billion for schools, $4.1 billion for public transportation, another $4.1 billion for roads, and $1.6 billion for other projects. In 1993 Illinois became the first Midwestern state to elect a black person to the US senate before the term of <a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 Democratic National Convention</a> hosted in Chicago sparked protests, such as the one whereby Civil Rights Movement historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Randy_Kryn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randy Kryn (page does not exist)">Randy Kryn</a> and 10 others were arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(United_States)" title="Federal Protective Service (United States)">Federal Protective Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Illinois&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ryan gained national attention in January 2003 when he commuted the sentences of everyone on or waiting to be sent to death row in Illinois—a total of 167 convicts—due to his belief that the death penalty was incapable of being administered fairly. Ryan's term was marked by scandals; he was convicted of corruption in federal court and sent to prison. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rod_Blagojevich" title="Rod Blagojevich">Rod Blagojevich</a>, elected in 2002, was the first Democratic governor in a quarter century. Illinois was trending sharply toward the Democratic party in both national and state elections. After the 2002 elections, Democrats had control of the House, Senate, and all but one statewide office. Blagojevich signed numerous pieces of progressive legislation such as ethics reform, death penalty reform, a state <a href="/wiki/Earned_Income_Tax_Credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Earned Income Tax Credit">Earned Income Tax Credit</a>, and expansions of health programs like KidCare and FamilyCare. Blagojevich signed a bill in 2005 that prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment, housing, public accommodations, and credit. Other notable actions of his term include a strict new ethics law and a comprehensive death penalty reform bill. Despite an annual budget crunch, Blagojevich oversaw an increase in funding for health care every year without raising general sales or income taxes. Republicans claimed that he simply passed the state's fiscal problems on to future generations by borrowing to balance budgets. Indeed, the 2005 state budget called for paying the bills by shorting the state employees' pension fund by $1.2 billion, which led to a backlash among educators. In December 2008, Blagojevich was arrested on charges of conspiracy and solicitation to commit bribery with regard to appointing a U.S. Senator. He was convicted in federal court and sent to prison. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_crisis">Financial crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Illinois&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Financial crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pat_Quinn_(politician)" title="Pat Quinn (politician)">Pat Quinn</a> became governor on January 29, 2009, after Blagojevich was removed from office. Quinn was elected to a full term in office in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_gubernatorial_election,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois gubernatorial election, 2010">2010 gubernatorial election</a>. As governor he faced severe short-term budget shortfalls and a long-term state debt, all in the context of the worst national economic slump since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Quinn has pushed for spending cuts and tax increases, while trying to raise ethical standards, protect public-sector labor unions, and maintain environmental standards. Quinn faced a state with a reputation for corruption—the two previous governors both went to federal prison—and after two years polls showed Quinn himself was the "Nation's most unpopular governor."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quinn in 2012 feared Illinois was "on the verge of a financial meltdown because of pension systems eating up every new dollar and <a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">health care costs</a> climbing through the roof."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state for decades had <a href="/wiki/Illinois_pension_crisis" title="Illinois pension crisis">underfunded its pension system</a> for state employees. By early 2013 the main issue remained a financial crisis in meeting the state's budget and its long-term debt as the national economic slump—the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>—continued and Illinois did poorly in terms of creating jobs. In May 2013, Illinois' state (public) universities, colleges, and community colleges agreed, pending formation and passage of the legislation before the end of the state's legislative session, at Illinois House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Michael_Madigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Madigan">Michael Madigan</a> and other members' repeated urging, to gradually assume more of the burden- half of a percent of the retirement and pension costs per fiscal year starting in 2015 (it would likely take roughly 10 to 20 years for them to assume the full cost; school districts likely will have to do the same at some point- Chicago Public Schools already bear the entire cost). Programs will likely be cut, tuition will probably keep on being raised too, and property taxes also might well increase, but it would make a sizable dent in the almost $100 billion unfunded retiree pension liability that is a large part of the state's fiscal crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_people">Famous people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Illinois&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Famous people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most pre-1940 names have been selected from the WPA Guide<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a <b>list of people from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></b>; people are not included if they left the state before beginning a career. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_1940">Before 1940</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Illinois&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Before 1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a>, social work</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_D._Armour" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip D. Armour">Philip D. Armour</a>, business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a>, music</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Beecher" title="Edward Beecher">Edward Beecher</a>, religion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a>, philanthropy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Burnham" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel H. Burnham">Daniel H. Burnham</a>, architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Joseph Gurney Cannon</a>, politics, GOP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Cermak" title="Anton Cermak">Anton Cermak</a>, politics, Dem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coughlin_(alderman)" title="John Coughlin (alderman)">John Coughlin</a>, politics, Dem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Clarence Darrow</a>, law</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, philosophy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>, politics, Dem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finley_Peter_Dunne" title="Finley Peter Dunne">Finley Peter Dunne</a>, author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninian_Edwards" title="Ninian Edwards">Ninian Edwards</a>, politics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._Farrell" title="James T. Farrell">James T. Farrell</a>, author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Theodore Dreiser</a>, author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Field" title="Eugene Field">Eugene Field</a>, author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Field" title="Marshall Field">Marshall Field</a> I, business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Field_III" title="Marshall Field III">Marshall Field III</a>, business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ford_(politician)" title="Thomas Ford (politician)">Thomas Ford</a>, politics, Dem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Frederick" title="John T. Frederick">John T. Frederick</a>, literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_J._Gage" title="Lyman J. Gage">Lyman J. Gage</a>, business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, military</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Grange" title="Red Grange">Red Grange</a>, sports</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Gunsaulus" title="Frank W. Gunsaulus">Frank W. Gunsaulus</a>, education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rainey_Harper" title="William Rainey Harper">William Rainey Harper</a>, education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Harrison_Sr." title="Carter Harrison Sr.">Carter Harrison Sr.</a>, politics, Dem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Harrison_Jr." title="Carter Harrison Jr.">Carter Harrison Jr.</a>, politics, Dem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy" title="George Peter Alexander Healy">George Peter Alexander Healy</a>, artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Hecht" title="Ben Hecht">Ben Hecht</a>, author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holabird" title="William Holabird">William Holabird</a>, architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hood" title="Raymond Hood">Raymond Hood</a>, architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Horner" title="Henry Horner">Henry Horner</a>, politics, Dem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard_Hutchins" title="Robert Maynard Hutchins">Robert Maynard Hutchins</a>, education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll" title="Robert G. Ingersoll">Robert Ingersoll</a>, religion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Insull" title="Samuel Insull">Samuel Insull</a>, business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Le_Baron_Jenney" title="William Le Baron Jenney">William Le Baron Jenney</a>, architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Keeley" title="Leslie Keeley">Leslie Keeley</a>, medicine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Kelley" title="Florence Kelley">Florence Kelley</a>, social work</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kinzie" title="John Kinzie">John Kinzie</a>, settler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a>, newspapers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Cecil_Kohlsaat" title="Christian Cecil Kohlsaat">Christian C. Kohlsaat</a>, judge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Kohlsaat" title="H. H. Kohlsaat">H. H. Kohlsaat</a>, editor and publisher of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Times_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Times Herald">Chicago Times Herald</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle</a>, explorer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_C._Lathrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia C. Lathrop">Julia C. Lathrop</a>, social work</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Lawson" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Lawson">Victor F. Lawson</a>, newspapers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, politics, Whig, GOP, 16th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a>, Lincoln's wife</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert Todd Lincoln</a>, Lincoln's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachel_Lindsay" title="Vachel Lindsay">Vachel Lindsay</a>, author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a>, politics, Dem, GOP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Orren_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Orren Lowden">Frank O. Lowden</a>, politics, GOP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Hall_McCormick" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus Hall McCormick">Cyrus Hall McCormick</a>, business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._McCormick" title="Robert R. McCormick">Robert R. McCormick</a>, newspapers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois)">James Robert Mann</a>, politics, GOP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Lee_Masters" title="Edgar Lee Masters">Edgar Lee Masters</a>, author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Medill" title="Joseph Medill">Joseph Medill</a>, newspapers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Merriam" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles E. Merriam">Charles E. Merriam</a>, education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Monroe" title="Harriet Monroe">Harriet Monroe</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody" title="Dwight L. Moody">Dwight L. Moody</a>, religion</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Vaughn_Moody" title="William Vaughn Moody">William Vaughn Moody</a>, author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mundelein" title="George Mundelein">George Mundelein</a>, cardinal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Ogden" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Ogden">William Butler Ogden</a>, business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_James_Oglesby" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard James Oglesby">Richard James Oglesby</a>, politics, GOP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Palmer_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Palmer (politician)">John M. Palmer</a>, politics, GOP, Dem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Palmer" title="Potter Palmer">Potter Palmer</a>, business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Palmer" title="Bertha Palmer">Bertha Palmer</a>, society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_W._Parker" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis W. Parker">Francis W. Parker</a>, education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mason_Peck" title="John Mason Peck">John Mason Peck</a>, author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Point_du_Sable" title="Jean Baptiste Point du Sable">Jean Baptiste Point du Sable</a>, settler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Pullman" class="mw-redirect" title="George M. Pullman">George M. Pullman</a>, business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_T._Rainey" title="Henry T. Rainey">Henry T. Rainey</a>, politics, Dem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1911–2004), 40th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, GOP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wellborn_Root" title="John Wellborn Root">John W. Root</a>, architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Rosenwald" title="Julius Rosenwald">Julius Rosenwald</a>, business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._W._Scripps" title="E. W. Scripps">E. W. Scripps</a>, newspapers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Warren_Sears" title="Richard Warren Sears">Richard Warren Sears</a>, business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion_W._Small" class="mw-redirect" title="Albion W. Small">Albion W. Small</a>, sociology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, religion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lancaster_Spalding" title="John Lancaster Spalding">John Spalding</a>, religion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg" title="Amos Alonzo Stagg">Amos Alonzo Stagg</a>, sports</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Gates_Starr" title="Ellen Gates Starr">Ellen Gates Starr</a>, social work</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_James_Sheil" title="Bernard James Sheil">Bernard James Sheil</a>, religion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_E._Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Melville E. Stone">Melville E. Stone</a>, newspapers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a>, politics; Vice President, Dem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_F._Swift" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus F. Swift">Gustavus F. Swift</a>, business</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graham_R._Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graham R. Taylor (page does not exist)">Graham R. Taylor</a>, social work</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Thomas_(conductor)" title="Theodore Thomas (conductor)">Theodore Thomas</a>, conductor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a>, politics, Dem, GOP, Dem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Baldwin_Turner" title="Jonathan Baldwin Turner">Jonathan Baldwin Turner</a>, education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rudolph_Walgreen" title="Charles Rudolph Walgreen">Charles Rudolph Walgreen</a>, business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Montgomery_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Montgomery Ward">A. Montgomery Ward</a>, business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wentworth_(mayor)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wentworth (mayor)">John Wentworth</a>, politics, Dem, GOP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard_(suffragist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Willard (suffragist)">Frances E Willard</a>, social activist, head of the <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union">Woman's Christian Temperance Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>, architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Yates_(19th_century_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Yates (19th century politician)">Richard Yates</a>, politics, GOP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yerkes" title="Charles Yerkes">Charles Yerkes</a>, business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Beckman" title="Arnold Beckman">Arnold Beckman</a>, inventor and philanthropist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent">Recent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Illinois&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Recent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Joyner-Kersee" title="Jackie Joyner-Kersee">Jackie Joyner-Kersee</a>, Olympic <a href="/wiki/Gold_Medalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Medalist">Gold Medalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> (1908–1991) winner of two Nobel prizes in physics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bernardin" title="Joseph Bernardin">Joseph Bernardin</a> (1928–1996), cardinal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Daley" title="Richard J. Daley">Richard J. Daley</a> (1902–1976), Chicago mayor; Dem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Daley" title="Richard M. Daley">Richard M. Daley</a> (born 1942), Chicago mayor, son of Richard J.; Dem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a>, politics, GOP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, nuclear physics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Vaughn" title="Vince Vaughn">Vince Vaughn</a>, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Greeley" title="Andrew Greeley">Andrew Greeley</a> (1928–2013), author; religion; sociology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Halas" title="George Halas">George Halas</a>, (1895–1983) sports</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Robert H. Michel</a>, (born 1923), politics, GOP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a>, architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a>, (1910–1989), physicist invented transistor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a> (1908–1965), politician, Dem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Berland" title="Robert Berland">Robert Berland</a>, (born 1961) Summer Olympics 1984 <a href="/wiki/Silver_Medalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Medalist">Silver Medalist</a> in <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a> and 1988 Olympian</li> <li>Eric Newby, (born 1988) Summer Paralympics 2016 <a href="/wiki/Silver_Medalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Medalist">Silver Medalist</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheelchair Rugby">Wheelchair Rugby</a> and 2020 <a href="/wiki/Silver_Medalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Medalist">Silver Medalist</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheelchair Rugby">Wheelchair Rugby</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Illinois&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_outline_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical outline of Illinois">Historical outline of Illinois</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Midwestern United States">History of the Midwestern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Illinois" title="Women's suffrage in Illinois">Women's suffrage in Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_sites_related_to_the_Illinois_labor_movement" title="List of historical sites related to the Illinois labor movement">List of historical sites related to the Illinois labor movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Illinois&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html">"Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)"</a>. <i>Census.gov</i>. United States Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html">the original</a> on April 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=Historical+Population+Change+Data+%281910%E2%80%932020%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdec%2Fpopchange-data-text.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNash2015">Nash 2015</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNash2015">Nash 2015</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinietz1940" class="citation book cs1">Kinietz, W. Vernon (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/166/monograph/book/79237"><i>The Indians of the Western Great Lakes: 1615-1760</i></a>. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781951538538" title="Special:BookSources/9781951538538"><bdi>9781951538538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indians+of+the+Western+Great+Lakes%3A+1615-1760&rft.pub=Museum+of+Anthropology%2C+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=9781951538538&rft.aulast=Kinietz&rft.aufirst=W.+Vernon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F166%2Fmonograph%2Fbook%2F79237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Road from Detroit to the Illinois 1774". Michigan Pioneer and History Collections. 10. p. 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanna1911" class="citation book cs1">Hanna, Charles Augustus (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/wildernesstrail02hann"><i>1911 The Wilderness Trail</i></a>. Vol. 2. pp. 93–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsil.260818.39088006333488">10.5479/sil.260818.39088006333488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1911+The+Wilderness+Trail&rft.pages=93-95&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5479%2Fsil.260818.39088006333488&rft.aulast=Hanna&rft.aufirst=Charles+Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.si.edu%2Fdigital-library%2Fbook%2Fwildernesstrail02hann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peoriatribe.com/history/">"History"</a>. <i>Peoria Tribe of the Indians of Oklahoma</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peoria+Tribe+of+the+Indians+of+Oklahoma&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeoriatribe.com%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1906" class="citation book cs1">Harris, N. Dwight (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historynegroser01harrgoog"><i>The History of Negro Servitude in Illinois, and the Slavery Agitation in that State, 1719–1864</i></a>. Chicago, A.C. McClurg & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Negro+Servitude+in+Illinois%2C+and+the+Slavery+Agitation+in+that+State%2C+1719%E2%80%931864&rft.pub=Chicago%2C+A.C.+McClurg+%26+Co.&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=N.+Dwight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorynegroser01harrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton1993" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, Stephen (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.edu/object/black-laws-old-northwest-documentary-history-stephen-middleton-foreword-linda-mcmurry:siris_sil_447805"><i>The Black Laws in the Old Northwest: A Documentary History</i></a>. pp. 269–342.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Laws+in+the+Old+Northwest%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pages=269-342&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.edu%2Fobject%2Fblack-laws-old-northwest-documentary-history-stephen-middleton-foreword-linda-mcmurry%3Asiris_sil_447805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Ress, <i> Governor Edward Coles and the Vote to Forbid Slavery in Illinois, 1823–1824</i> (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelman2001" class="citation book cs1">Finkelman, Paul (2001). <i>Slavery and the founders: race and liberty in the age of Jefferson</i>. pp. 78–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+the+founders%3A+race+and+liberty+in+the+age+of+Jefferson&rft.pages=78-80&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Finkelman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Pickett_Jones1967" class="citation book cs1">James Pickett Jones (1967). <i>Black Jack: John A. Logan and Southern Illinois in the Civil War Era</i>. SIU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-2002-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8093-2002-9"><bdi>0-8093-2002-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Jack%3A+John+A.+Logan+and+Southern+Illinois+in+the+Civil+War+Era&rft.pub=SIU+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-8093-2002-9&rft.au=James+Pickett+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis Rowley, "Nauvoo: A River Town." <i>Brigham Young University Studies</i> 18.2 (1978): 255-272, esp. pp. 258-59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1901&context=byusq">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Bruce Flanders, <i>Nauvoo Kingdom on the Mississippi</i> (1965)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallwas1990" class="citation journal cs1">Hallwas, John E. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23285954">"Mormon Nauvoo from a Non-Mormon Perspective"</a>. <i>Journal of Mormon History</i>. <b>16</b>: 53–69. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23285954">23285954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=Mormon+Nauvoo+from+a+Non-Mormon+Perspective&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=53-69&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23285954%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hallwas&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23285954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoll1978" class="citation journal cs1">Poll, Richard D. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23286039">"Nauvoo and the New Mormon History: A Bibliographical Survey"</a>. <i>Journal of Mormon History</i>. <b>5</b>: 105–123. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23286039">23286039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=Nauvoo+and+the+New+Mormon+History%3A+A+Bibliographical+Survey&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=105-123&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23286039%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Poll&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23286039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicken1991" class="citation book cs1">Hicken, Victor (1991). <i>Illinois in the Civil War</i> (2nd ed.). University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21973891">21973891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illinois+in+the+Civil+War&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21973891&rft.aulast=Hicken&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justin E. Walsh, <i>To Print the News and Raise Hell! A Biography of Wilbur F. 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November 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Quinn+says+hello+to+%27reality%27+in+Illinois&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daily-chronicle.com%2Fmobile%2Farticle.xml%2Farticles%2F2012%2F02%2F22%2F47247499%2Findex.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pjstar.com/free/x1039443157/Illinois-state-universities-agree-to-slowly-pick-up-pensions">http://www.pjstar.com/free/x1039443157/Illinois-state-universities-agree-to-slowly-pick-up-pensions</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a>. Illinois: A Descriptive and Historical Guide (1939). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-72195-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-72195-0">0-394-72195-0</a>. One of the most famous surveys — covers every town and city and much more.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill" class="citation web cs1">Gill, Keith R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/2380.html">"Chicago Times-Herald Race of 1895"</a>. <i>Encyclopeia of Chicago</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopeia+of+Chicago&rft.atitle=Chicago+Times-Herald+Race+of+1895&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Keith+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org%2Fpages%2F2380.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Illinois&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1994" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Jane (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uncpress.org/book/9780807844793/the-transformation-of-rural-life/"><i>The Transformation of Rural Life: Southern Illinois, 1890–1990</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4479-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4479-3"><bdi>978-0-8078-4479-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Rural+Life%3A+Southern+Illinois%2C+1890%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4479-3&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funcpress.org%2Fbook%2F9780807844793%2Fthe-transformation-of-rural-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngle1935" class="citation book cs1">Angle, Paul M. (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln2/0566798.0001.001"><i>Here I Have Lived: A History of Lincoln's Springfield, 1821–1865</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Here+I+Have+Lived%3A+A+History+of+Lincoln%27s+Springfield%2C+1821%E2%80%931865&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Angle&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fl%2Flincoln2%2F0566798.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaringer1949" class="citation book cs1">Baringer, William E. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln2/0004227.0001.001"><i>Lincoln's Vandalia, a Pioneer Portrait</i></a>. illustrated by Romaine Proctor. Rutgers University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Vandalia%2C+a+Pioneer+Portrait&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Baringer&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fl%2Flincoln2%2F0004227.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard1938" class="citation book cs1">Barnard, Harry (1938). <i>"Eagle Forgotten": The Life of John Peter Altgeld</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Eagle+Forgotten%22%3A+The+Life+of+John+Peter+Altgeld&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeveridge1928" class="citation book cs1">Beveridge, Albert J. (1928). <i>Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%2C+1809%E2%80%931858&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Beveridge&rft.aufirst=Albert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiles2005" class="citation book cs1">Biles, Roger (2005). <i>Illinois: A History Of The Land And Its People</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illinois%3A+A+History+Of+The+Land+And+Its+People&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Biles&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuck1917" class="citation book cs1">Buck, Solon J. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Illinois/_Texts/Centennial_History/Illinois_in_1818/home.html"><i>Illinois in 1818</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illinois+in+1818&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Solon+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FPlaces%2FAmerica%2FUnited_States%2FIllinois%2F_Texts%2FCentennial_History%2FIllinois_in_1818%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>The Centennial History of Illinois</i> a famous series by leading scholars; the copyright has expired and the books are in the public domain <ul><li>vol. 1. <i>The Illinois Country 1673–1818</i> by Clarence Walworth Alvord. (1920) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XPwTAAAAYAAJ">online edition</a></li> <li>vol. 2. <i>The Frontier State, 1818–1848</i> by Theodore Calvin Pease. (1919) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_wTAAAAYAAJ">online edition</a></li> <li>vol. 3. <i>The Era of the Civil War 1848–1870</i> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Cole" title="Arthur Charles Cole">Arthur Charles Cole</a> (1919)</li> <li>vol. 4. <i>The Industrial State 1870–1893</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Ludlow_Bogart" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Ludlow Bogart">Ernest Ludlow Bogart</a> & Charles Manfred Thompson, (1920) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pdbVAAAAMAAJ">online edition</a></li> <li>vol. 5. <i>The Modern Commonwealth, 1893–1918</i> by Ernest Ludlow Bogart and John Mabry Mathews (1920) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RIk-AAAAYAAJ">online edition</a></li></ul></li> <li>Carr, Kay J. <i>Belleville, Ottawa, and Galesburg: Community and Democracy on the Illinois Frontier</i> (1996)</li> <li>Chapman, Margaret L. et al. <i>Mitsubishi Motors in Illinois: Global Strategies, Local Impacts</i> (1995)</li> <li>Davis, James E. <i>Frontier Illinois</i> (1998).</li> <li>Elazar, Daniel J. <i>Cities of the Prairie Revisited</i> (1986)</li> <li>Garland, John H. <i>The North American Midwest: A Regional Geography</i> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Gjerde" title="Jon Gjerde">Gjerde, Jon</a>. <i>The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830–1917</i> (1997)</li> <li>Gove, Samuel K. and James D. Nowlan. <i>Illinois Politics & Government: The Expanding Metropolitan Frontier</i> (1996)</li> <li>Hallwas, John E. ed., <i>Illinois Literature: The Nineteenth Century</i> (1986)</li> <li>Hartley, Robert E. <i>Big Jim Thompson of Illinois</i> (1979), governor 1980s</li> <li>Hartley, Robert E. <i>Paul Powell of Illinois: A Lifelong Democrat</i> (1999)</li> <li>Hicken, Victor. <i>Illinois in the Civil War</i> (1966).</li> <li>Hoffmann, John. <i>A Guide to the History of Illinois.</i> (1991)</li> <li>Howard, Robert P. <i>Illinois: A History of the Prairie State</i> (1972).</li> <li>Howard, Robert P. <i>Mostly Good and Competent Men: Illinois Governors 1818–1988</i> (1988)</li> <li>Hutchinson, William. <i>Lowden of Illinois the Life of Frank O. 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Governor in 1950s.</li> <li>Kinsley, Philip. <i>The Chicago Tribune: Its First Hundred Years</i> (1943)</li> <li>Kleppner, Paul. <i>Political Atlas of Illinois</i> (1988) maps for 1980s.</li> <li>Leonard, Gerald. <i>The Invention of Party Politics: Federalism, Popular Sovereignty, and Constitutional Development in Jacksonian Illinois</i> (2002)</li> <li>Littlewood, Thomas B. <i>Horner of Illinois</i> (1969), governor 1933–40</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bartlow_Martin" title="John Bartlow Martin">Martin, John Bartlow</a>. <i>Adlai Stevenson of Illinois</i> (1977). Governor 1948–52.</li> <li>Meyer, Douglas K. <i>Making the Heartland Quilt: A Geographical History of Settlement and Migration in Early-Nineteenth-Century Illinois</i> (2000)</li> <li>Miller, Kristie. <i>Ruth Hanna Mccormick: A Life in Politics, 1880–1944</i> (1992)</li> <li>Morgan, M.J. <i>Land of Big Rivers: French and Indian Illinois, 1699–1778</i> (Southern Illinois University Press; 2010) 288 pages; Examines the environmental history and settlement of the river plain along the Mississippi.</li> <li>Morton, Richard Allen. <i>Justice and Humanity: Edward F. Dunne, Illinois Progressive</i> (1997) governor 1913–17.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2015" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Gary B. (2015). <i>Red, White and Black: The Peoples of Early North America</i>. Los Angeles.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red%2C+White+and+Black%3A+The+Peoples+of+Early+North+America&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Gary+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Nardulli, Peter, ed.<i>Diversity, Conflict, and State Politics: Regionalism in Illinois</i> (1989)</li> <li>Peirce, Neal, and John Keefe. <i>The Great Lakes States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Five Great Lakes States</i> (1990)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051219075718/http://www.press.uillinois.edu/epub/books/plummer/toc.html">Plummer, Mark A. <i>Lincoln's Rail Splitter: Governor Richard J. Oglesby</i> (2001)</a> governor 1865–69, 1885–89</li> <li>Riddle, Donald W. <i>Lincoln Runs for Congress</i> (1948)</li> <li>Scott, David W., "The Transformation of Higher Education in the 1960s: Master Plans, Community Colleges, and Emerging Universities," <i>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society,</i> 101 (Summer 2008), 177–92.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeaford1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_C._Teaford" title="Jon C. Teaford">Teaford, Jon C.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citiesofheartlan0000teaf"><i>Cities of the heartland: The rise and fall of the industrial Midwest</i></a>. Indiana University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+heartland%3A+The+rise+and+fall+of+the+industrial+Midwest&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Teaford&rft.aufirst=Jon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitiesofheartlan0000teaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span>; strong on Chicago and St Louis.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkersonRichmond2019" class="citation book cs1">Wilkerson, Miranda E.; Richmond, Heather (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PLObDwAAQBAJ&dq=Germans+in+Illinois+by+Miranda+E.+Wilkerson,+Heather+Richmond&pg=PP1"><i>Germans in Illinois</i></a>. Southern Illinois UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-3721-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-3721-7"><bdi>978-0-8093-3721-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germans+in+Illinois&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+UP&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-3721-7&rft.aulast=Wilkerson&rft.aufirst=Miranda+E.&rft.au=Richmond%2C+Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPLObDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DGermans%2Bin%2BIllinois%2Bby%2BMiranda%2BE.%2BWilkerson%2C%2BHeather%2BRichmond%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>{{WPA. <i>Illinois: A Descriptive and Historical Guide</i> (1939) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wpaguidetoillino00unit">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_documents">Primary documents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Illinois&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Primary documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Johnson, Walter. <i>Governor of Illinois 1949–1953</i> (Papers of Adlai E. Stevenson, Volume 3) (1973), primary documents.</li> <li>Peck, J. M. <i>A Gazetteer of Illinois</i> (1837), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060511182001/http://history.alliancelibrarysystem.com/IllinoisAlive/files/bp/htm7/bp000182.cfm">a primary source online</a></li> <li>Quaife, Milo Milton ed. <i>Growing Up with Southern Illinois, 1820 to 1861: From the Memoirs of Daniel Harmon Brush</i> (1944)</li> <li>Sutton, Robert P. ed. <i>The Prairie State: A Documentary History of Illinois</i> (1977).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Illinois&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.niu.edu/illinois/gildedage">"Illinois During the Gilded Age"</a>, primary sources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/journal/jillistathists"><i>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society</i> (1908-1984) issues in JSTOR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livinghistoryofillinois.com/"><i>Digital Research Library of Illinois History®</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Writers'_Project1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">Federal Writers' Project</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/illinoisdescript00writrich#page/649/mode/1up">"Chronology"</a>. <i>Illinois: A Descriptive and Historical Guide</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Guide_Series" title="American Guide Series">American Guide Series</a>. Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co. – via Open Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology&rft.btitle=Illinois%3A+A+Descriptive+and+Historical+Guide&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=American+Guide+Series&rft.pub=A.C.+McClurg+%26+Co.&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Federal+Writers%27+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fillinoisdescript00writrich%23page%2F649%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Illinois" class="Z3988"></span>; Timeline of Illinois</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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States congressional delegations from Illinois">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Illinois" title="List of earthquakes in Illinois">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Illinois" title="Economy of Illinois">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Illinois">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Illinois">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Illinois" title="Category:Environment of Illinois">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Illinois" title="Geography of Illinois">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Illinois" title="Government of Illinois">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_in_Illinois" title="Category:Health in Illinois">Health</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" 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title="List of sister cities in Illinois">Sister cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Illinois_society" title="Category:Illinois society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_sports_teams_in_Illinois" title="List of professional sports teams in Illinois">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Illinois_state_symbols" title="List of Illinois state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourism_in_Illinois" title="Category:Tourism in Illinois">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois#Transportation" title="Illinois">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Illinois" title="List of windmills in Illinois">Windmills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Bottom" title="American Bottom">American Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington%E2%80%93Normal" title="Bloomington–Normal">Bloomington–Normal metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Illinois" title="Central Illinois">Central Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaign%E2%80%93Urbana_metropolitan_area" title="Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area">Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_counties" title="Collar counties">Collar counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Belt" title="Corn Belt">Corn Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftless_Area" title="Driftless Area">Driftless Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgottonia" title="Forgottonia">Forgottonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Valley_(Illinois)" title="Fox Valley (Illinois)">Fox Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois%E2%80%93Indiana%E2%80%93Kentucky_tri-state_area" title="Illinois–Indiana–Kentucky tri-state area">Illinois–Indiana–Kentucky tri-state area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_East" title="Metro East">Metro East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Lakeland" title="Metro Lakeland">Metro Lakeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Alluvial_Plain" title="Mississippi Alluvial Plain">Mississippi Alluvial Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Chicago)" title="North Shore (Chicago)">North Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois" title="Northern Illinois">Northern Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Illinois" title="Northwestern Illinois">Northwestern Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoria metropolitan area, Illinois">Peoria metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities" title="Quad Cities">Quad Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Bend_(Illinois)" title="River Bend (Illinois)">River Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" title="Rockford metropolitan area, Illinois">Rockford metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois" title="Southern Illinois">Southern Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabash_Valley" title="Wabash Valley">Wabash Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Illinois" title="List of municipalities in Illinois">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alton,_Illinois" title="Alton, Illinois">Alton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Granite_City,_Illinois" title="Granite City, Illinois">Granite City</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edwardsville,_Illinois" title="Edwardsville, Illinois">Edwardsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Heights,_Illinois" title="Arlington Heights, Illinois">Arlington Heights</a>/<a href="/wiki/Palatine,_Illinois" title="Palatine, Illinois">Palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Illinois" title="Aurora, Illinois">Aurora</a>/<a href="/wiki/Naperville,_Illinois" title="Naperville, Illinois">Naperville</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oswego,_Illinois" title="Oswego, Illinois">Oswego</a>/<a href="/wiki/Plainfield,_Illinois" title="Plainfield, Illinois">Plainfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartlett,_Illinois" title="Bartlett, Illinois">Bartlett</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hanover_Park,_Illinois" title="Hanover Park, Illinois">Hanover Park</a>/<a href="/wiki/Streamwood,_Illinois" title="Streamwood, Illinois">Streamwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Illinois" title="Belleville, Illinois">Belleville</a>/<a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis,_Illinois" title="East St. Louis, Illinois">East St. Louis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Collinsville,_Illinois" title="Collinsville, Illinois">Collinsville</a>/<a href="/wiki/O%27Fallon,_Illinois" title="O'Fallon, Illinois">O'Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berwyn,_Illinois" title="Berwyn, Illinois">Berwyn</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cicero,_Illinois" title="Cicero, Illinois">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois" title="Bloomington, Illinois">Bloomington</a>/<a href="/wiki/Normal,_Illinois" title="Normal, Illinois">Normal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolingbrook,_Illinois" title="Bolingbrook, Illinois">Bolingbrook</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romeoville,_Illinois" title="Romeoville, Illinois">Romeoville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Illinois" title="Buffalo Grove, Illinois">Buffalo Grove</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_Illinois" title="Wheeling, Illinois">Wheeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calumet_City,_Illinois" title="Calumet City, Illinois">Calumet City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Illinois" title="Canton, Illinois">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbondale,_Illinois" title="Carbondale, Illinois">Carbondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Stream,_Illinois" title="Carol Stream, Illinois">Carol Stream</a>/<a href="/wiki/Glendale_Heights,_Illinois" title="Glendale Heights, Illinois">Glendale Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralia,_Illinois" title="Centralia, Illinois">Centralia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois" title="Champaign, Illinois">Champaign</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urbana,_Illinois" title="Urbana, Illinois">Urbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_Illinois" title="Charleston, Illinois">Charleston</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mattoon,_Illinois" title="Mattoon, Illinois">Mattoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Heights,_Illinois" title="Chicago Heights, Illinois">Chicago Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Lake,_Illinois" title="Crystal Lake, Illinois">Crystal Lake</a>/<a href="/wiki/Algonquin,_Illinois" title="Algonquin, Illinois">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danville,_Illinois" title="Danville, Illinois">Danville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Illinois" title="Decatur, Illinois">Decatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeKalb,_Illinois" title="DeKalb, Illinois">DeKalb</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sycamore,_Illinois" title="Sycamore, Illinois">Sycamore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Plaines,_Illinois" title="Des Plaines, Illinois">Des Plaines</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mount_Prospect,_Illinois" title="Mount Prospect, Illinois">Mount Prospect</a>/<a href="/wiki/Park_Ridge,_Illinois" title="Park Ridge, Illinois">Park Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixon,_Illinois" title="Dixon, Illinois">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downers_Grove,_Illinois" title="Downers Grove, Illinois">Downers Grove</a>/<a href="/wiki/Woodridge,_Illinois" title="Woodridge, Illinois">Woodridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effingham,_Illinois" title="Effingham, Illinois">Effingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin,_Illinois" title="Elgin, Illinois">Elgin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Carpentersville,_Illinois" title="Carpentersville, Illinois">Carpentersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmhurst,_Illinois" title="Elmhurst, Illinois">Elmhurst</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lombard,_Illinois" title="Lombard, Illinois">Lombard</a>/<a href="/wiki/Addison,_Illinois" title="Addison, Illinois">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston</a>/<a href="/wiki/Skokie,_Illinois" title="Skokie, Illinois">Skokie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeport,_Illinois" title="Freeport, Illinois">Freeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galesburg,_Illinois" title="Galesburg, Illinois">Galesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenview,_Illinois" title="Glenview, Illinois">Glenview</a>/<a href="/wiki/Northbrook,_Illinois" title="Northbrook, Illinois">Northbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Illinois" title="Harrisburg, Illinois">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Illinois" title="Jacksonville, Illinois">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joliet,_Illinois" title="Joliet, Illinois">Joliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee,_Illinois" title="Kankakee, Illinois">Kankakee</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bradley,_Illinois" title="Bradley, Illinois">Bradley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais,_Illinois" title="Bourbonnais, Illinois">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Illinois" title="Lincoln, Illinois">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macomb,_Illinois" title="Macomb, Illinois">Macomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Illinois" title="Marion, Illinois">Marion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herrin,_Illinois" title="Herrin, Illinois">Herrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moline,_Illinois" title="Moline, Illinois">Moline</a>/<a href="/wiki/East_Moline,_Illinois" title="East Moline, Illinois">East Moline</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Illinois" title="Mount Vernon, Illinois">Mount Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundelein,_Illinois" title="Mundelein, Illinois">Mundelein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Lawn,_Illinois" title="Oak Lawn, Illinois">Oak Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Park,_Illinois" title="Oak Park, Illinois">Oak Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orland_Park,_Illinois" title="Orland Park, Illinois">Orland Park</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tinley_Park,_Illinois" title="Tinley Park, Illinois">Tinley Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Illinois" title="Ottawa, Illinois">Ottawa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Streator,_Illinois" title="Streator, Illinois">Streator</a>/<a href="/wiki/LaSalle,_Illinois" title="LaSalle, Illinois">LaSalle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peru,_Illinois" title="Peru, Illinois">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pekin,_Illinois" title="Pekin, Illinois">Pekin</a>/<a href="/wiki/East_Peoria,_Illinois" title="East Peoria, Illinois">East Peoria</a>/<a href="/wiki/Morton,_Illinois" title="Morton, Illinois">Morton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Washington,_Illinois" title="Washington, Illinois">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac,_Illinois" title="Pontiac, Illinois">Pontiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Illinois" title="Quincy, Illinois">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochelle,_Illinois" title="Rochelle, Illinois">Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">Rockford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Belvidere,_Illinois" title="Belvidere, Illinois">Belvidere</a>/<a href="/wiki/Machesney_Park,_Illinois" title="Machesney Park, Illinois">Machesney Park</a>/<a href="/wiki/Loves_Park,_Illinois" title="Loves Park, Illinois">Loves Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles,_Illinois" title="St. Charles, Illinois">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaumburg,_Illinois" title="Schaumburg, Illinois">Schaumburg</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Estates,_Illinois" title="Hoffman Estates, Illinois">Hoffman Estates</a>/<a href="/wiki/Elk_Grove_Village,_Illinois" title="Elk Grove Village, Illinois">Elk Grove Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling,_Illinois" title="Sterling, Illinois">Sterling</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rock_Falls,_Illinois" title="Rock Falls, Illinois">Rock Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylorville,_Illinois" title="Taylorville, Illinois">Taylorville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waukegan,_Illinois" title="Waukegan, Illinois">Waukegan</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Chicago,_Illinois" title="North Chicago, Illinois">North Chicago</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gurnee,_Illinois" title="Gurnee, Illinois">Gurnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheaton,_Illinois" title="Wheaton, Illinois">Wheaton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Illinois" title="List of counties in Illinois">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Illinois" title="Adams County, Illinois">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_County,_Illinois" title="Alexander County, Illinois">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_County,_Illinois" title="Bond County, Illinois">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone_County,_Illinois" title="Boone County, Illinois">Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_County,_Illinois" title="Brown County, Illinois">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_County,_Illinois" title="Bureau County, Illinois">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Illinois" title="Calhoun County, Illinois">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Illinois" title="Carroll County, Illinois">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Illinois" title="Cass County, Illinois">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaign_County,_Illinois" title="Champaign County, Illinois">Champaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_County,_Illinois" title="Christian County, Illinois">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Illinois" title="Clark County, Illinois">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Illinois" title="Clay County, Illinois">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Illinois" title="Clinton County, Illinois">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_County,_Illinois" title="Coles County, Illinois">Coles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois" title="Cook County, Illinois">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Illinois" title="Crawford County, Illinois">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Illinois" title="Cumberland County, Illinois">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Illinois" title="DeKalb County, Illinois">DeKalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_County,_Illinois" title="DeWitt County, Illinois">DeWitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Illinois" title="Douglas County, Illinois">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPage_County,_Illinois" title="DuPage County, Illinois">DuPage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_County,_Illinois" title="Edgar County, Illinois">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_County,_Illinois" title="Edwards County, Illinois">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effingham_County,_Illinois" title="Effingham County, Illinois">Effingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Illinois" title="Fayette County, Illinois">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_County,_Illinois" title="Ford County, Illinois">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Illinois" title="Franklin County, Illinois">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_Illinois" title="Fulton County, Illinois">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallatin_County,_Illinois" title="Gallatin County, Illinois">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Illinois" title="Greene County, Illinois">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundy_County,_Illinois" title="Grundy County, Illinois">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Illinois" title="Hamilton County, Illinois">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Illinois" title="Hancock County, Illinois">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardin_County,_Illinois" title="Hardin County, Illinois">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_County,_Illinois" title="Henderson County, Illinois">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Illinois" title="Henry County, Illinois">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_County,_Illinois" title="Iroquois County, Illinois">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Illinois" title="Jackson County, Illinois">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_County,_Illinois" title="Jasper County, Illinois">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Illinois" title="Jefferson County, Illinois">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_County,_Illinois" title="Jersey County, Illinois">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Daviess_County,_Illinois" title="Jo Daviess County, Illinois">Jo Daviess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Illinois" title="Johnson County, Illinois">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_County,_Illinois" title="Kane County, Illinois">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee_County,_Illinois" title="Kankakee County, Illinois">Kankakee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendall_County,_Illinois" title="Kendall County, Illinois">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Illinois" title="Knox County, Illinois">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Illinois" title="Lake County, Illinois">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaSalle_County,_Illinois" title="LaSalle County, Illinois">LaSalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Illinois" title="Lawrence County, Illinois">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Illinois" title="Lee County, Illinois">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston_County,_Illinois" title="Livingston County, Illinois">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_County,_Illinois" title="Logan County, Illinois">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macon_County,_Illinois" title="Macon County, Illinois">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macoupin_County,_Illinois" title="Macoupin County, Illinois">Macoupin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Illinois" title="Madison County, Illinois">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Illinois" title="Marion County, Illinois">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Illinois" title="Marshall County, Illinois">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_County,_Illinois" title="Mason County, Illinois">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massac_County,_Illinois" title="Massac County, Illinois">Massac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonough_County,_Illinois" title="McDonough County, Illinois">McDonough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McHenry_County,_Illinois" title="McHenry County, Illinois">McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLean_County,_Illinois" title="McLean County, Illinois">McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menard_County,_Illinois" title="Menard County, Illinois">Menard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_Illinois" title="Mercer County, Illinois">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Illinois" title="Monroe County, Illinois">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Illinois" title="Montgomery County, Illinois">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Illinois" title="Morgan County, Illinois">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moultrie_County,_Illinois" title="Moultrie County, Illinois">Moultrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogle_County,_Illinois" title="Ogle County, Illinois">Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_County,_Illinois" title="Peoria County, Illinois">Peoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Illinois" title="Perry County, Illinois">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piatt_County,_Illinois" title="Piatt County, Illinois">Piatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Illinois" title="Pike County, Illinois">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_County,_Illinois" title="Pope County, Illinois">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Illinois" title="Pulaski County, Illinois">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Illinois" title="Putnam County, Illinois">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_Illinois" title="Randolph County, Illinois">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richland_County,_Illinois" title="Richland County, Illinois">Richland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island_County,_Illinois" title="Rock Island County, Illinois">Rock Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saline_County,_Illinois" title="Saline County, Illinois">Saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangamon_County,_Illinois" title="Sangamon County, Illinois">Sangamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_County,_Illinois" title="Schuyler County, Illinois">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Illinois" title="Scott County, Illinois">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Illinois" title="Shelby County, Illinois">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Illinois" title="St. Clair County, Illinois">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stark_County,_Illinois" title="Stark County, Illinois">Stark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephenson_County,_Illinois" title="Stephenson County, Illinois">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazewell_County,_Illinois" title="Tazewell County, Illinois">Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Illinois" title="Union County, Illinois">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_County,_Illinois" title="Vermilion County, Illinois">Vermilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabash_County,_Illinois" title="Wabash County, Illinois">Wabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Illinois" title="Warren County, Illinois">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Illinois" title="Washington County, Illinois">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Illinois" title="Wayne County, Illinois">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_County,_Illinois" title="White County, Illinois">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteside_County,_Illinois" title="Whiteside County, Illinois">Whiteside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_County,_Illinois" title="Will County, Illinois">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson_County,_Illinois" title="Williamson County, Illinois">Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_County,_Illinois" title="Winnebago County, Illinois">Winnebago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodford_County,_Illinois" title="Woodford County, Illinois">Woodford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/32px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/48px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/64px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Illinois" title="Portal:Illinois">Illinois portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template talk:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a> by polity</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a 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