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<span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Downtown_Amman&params=31_57_9_N_35_56_24_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°57′9″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°56′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.95250°N 35.94000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.95250; 35.94000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Old, central commercial area of Amman, Jordan</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faisal_Street_Amman_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Faisal_Street_Amman_1.jpg/330px-Faisal_Street_Amman_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Faisal_Street_Amman_1.jpg/500px-Faisal_Street_Amman_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Faisal_Street_Amman_1.jpg/960px-Faisal_Street_Amman_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_Street_(Amman)" title="King Faisal Street (Amman)">King Faisal Street</a> is one of the main thoroughfares of downtown Amman, an area known in Arabic as Wast Al-Balad.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Downtown Amman</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وسط البلد</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Wasat Al-Balad</i></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Old_town" title="Old town">old town</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>'s capital, <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>. Nestled in a narrow valley called Wadi Amman, the downtown is a popular tourist destination, known for its shopping <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">souks</a> and ancient ruins. </p><p>The Amman valley, surrounded by hills, was historically crossed by the <a href="/wiki/Seil_Amman" title="Seil Amman">Seil</a> stream. In the first millennium BC, the <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammonites</a> settled atop a hill overlooking the valley. During the second century AD, the city - then known as <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(Amman)" title="Philadelphia (Amman)">Philadelphia</a> - <a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">flourished</a> under <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman rule</a>, with landmarks such as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Theater_(Amman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Theater (Amman)">theater</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Odeon_theater_(Amman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Odeon theater (Amman)">Odeon</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Amman)" title="Nymphaeum (Amman)">Nymphaeum</a> being built near the Seil. In the seventh century AD, an <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> mosque was built near a marketplace, later replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Husseini_Mosque" title="Grand Husseini Mosque">Grand Husseini Mosque</a>. </p><p>Following the modern resettlement of Amman by <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> in the late 19th century, areas near the Seil, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Shapsugs" title="Shapsugs">Shabsough</a> and Al-Muhajireen, became one of the first to be inhabited, developing into agricultural communities. The inauguration of a <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Railway">Hejaz Railway</a> <a href="/wiki/Amman_Hejaz_Railway_Station" title="Amman Hejaz Railway Station">station</a> in 1904 attracted immigration from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> cities, turning the area into a merchant hub. As the city grew, new neighborhoods expanded up the surrounding hills, connected to the valley by stairs. </p><p>After the designation of Amman as <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Jordan</a>'s capital in 1921, the city witnessed further expansion to the surrounding hills, such as the Jabals of <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Amman" title="Jabal Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Luweibdeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Luweibdeh">Luweibdeh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Joufeh" title="Jabal Joufeh">Joufeh</a>. This trend increased after the <a href="/wiki/1927_Jericho_earthquake" title="1927 Jericho earthquake">1927 earthquake</a>, and the receiving of several waves of refugees starting in 1948, rapidly expanding the city towards the west. In the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Amman_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Amman Municipality">Amman Municipality</a> roofed the historical Seil, which forms today's Quraysh Street. Owing to the area's topography, the downtown is susceptible to major <a href="/wiki/Flash_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash floods">flash floods</a>, including ones that occurred in 2013 and 2019. Ruins of a Roman bath were uncovered during infrastructure works in 2021, leading to speculations that much of ancient Amman still lies beneath the downtown area. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Amman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Amman_from_the_Survey_of_Palestine_1889_(as_surveyed_in_1881)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map_of_Amman_from_the_Survey_of_Palestine_1889_%28as_surveyed_in_1881%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Map_of_Amman_from_the_Survey_of_Palestine_1889_%28as_surveyed_in_1881%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map_of_Amman_from_the_Survey_of_Palestine_1889_%28as_surveyed_in_1881%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Map_of_Amman_from_the_Survey_of_Palestine_1889_%28as_surveyed_in_1881%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map_of_Amman_from_the_Survey_of_Palestine_1889_%28as_surveyed_in_1881%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Map_of_Amman_from_the_Survey_of_Palestine_1889_%28as_surveyed_in_1881%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1981" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption>First scientific map of the area in 1881, showing Wadi Amman surrounded by hills, and the <a href="/wiki/Seil_Amman" title="Seil Amman">Seil</a> flowing through it</figcaption></figure> <p>The downtown area is located geographically within a narrow valley known as Wadi Amman (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وادي عمان</span>), which is surrounded by hills, such as the Jabals of <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Amman" title="Jabal Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Luweibdeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Luweibdeh">Luweibdeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amman_Citadel" title="Amman Citadel">Qal'a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Joufeh" title="Jabal Joufeh">Joufeh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Ashrafieh" title="Jabal al-Ashrafieh">Ashrafieh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These surrounding hills created a natural enclosure for the Amman valley that allowed for the development of an urban space.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The valley is around 700 meters above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The availability of water resources in the valley, including from the stream known as the <a href="/wiki/Seil_Amman" title="Seil Amman">Seil Amman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سيل عمان</span>) that historically flowed through it, attracted urban settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seil started with water from rainfall gathering from the surrounding hills as well as from springs in the <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al-Ein_area" title="Ras Al-Ein area">Ras Al-Ein</a> area, flowing northeast for around 6 kilometers towards <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">Ayn Ghazal</a>, before its waters fed the <a href="/wiki/Zarqa_River" title="Zarqa River">Zarqa River</a> as a tributary, which is Jordan's second largest river.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the downtown forms the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Amman_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Amman Municipality">Greater Amman Municipality</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Madinah_area" title="Madinah area">Madinah area</a>, which has an surface area of 3.1 square kilometers, and a population of 42,955 as of 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area consists of nine neighborhoods: Wadi Al-Srour, Al-Hashemi Al-Janoubi, Al-Rajoum, Al-Muhajireen, Jabal Joufeh, Al-Mudaraj, Al-Adlieh, Wadi Al-Hadadeh, and Jabal Al-Qal'a.<sup id="cite_ref-GAM1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAM1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Amman consisted of two parts: a lower part in the valley and an upper part in Jabal Qal'a.<sup id="cite_ref-GAM1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAM1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old Amman formed the downtown area as well as the slopes of the surrounding mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-GAM1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAM1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Amman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Amman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The springs that gave the Amman valley its water supply had made the area a site of human habitation since at least 10,000 BC, as attested by <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> remains found there.<sup id="cite_ref-doa1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doa1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The banks of the northernmost point of the Seil that meets the Zarqa River is home to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">Ayn Ghazal</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_statues" title="Ayn Ghazal statues">oldest human statues of the human form</a> dating to the 8th millennium BC were found.<sup id="cite_ref-doa1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doa1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city benefitted from its location along the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Highway_(ancient)" title="King's Highway (ancient)">King's Highway</a>, an ancient trade route.<sup id="cite_ref-doa1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doa1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_Roman_theater_and_Odeon_in_Amman,_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/View_of_the_Roman_theater_and_Odeon_in_Amman%2C_1878.jpg/220px-View_of_the_Roman_theater_and_Odeon_in_Amman%2C_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/View_of_the_Roman_theater_and_Odeon_in_Amman%2C_1878.jpg/330px-View_of_the_Roman_theater_and_Odeon_in_Amman%2C_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/View_of_the_Roman_theater_and_Odeon_in_Amman%2C_1878.jpg/440px-View_of_the_Roman_theater_and_Odeon_in_Amman%2C_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>View of a part of the Amman valley in 1878, with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Theater_(Amman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Theater (Amman)">Roman Theater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odeon_theater_(Amman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Odeon theater (Amman)">Odeon Theater</a> seen in the center and left respectively</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> in the first millennium BC, the <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammonites</a> made the city the capital of their kingdom, calling it Rabbat Ammon. They based themselves on top of the hill overlooking the valley from the north, known today as <a href="/wiki/Amman_Citadel" title="Amman Citadel">Jabal Qal'a</a> (Citadel Hill).<sup id="cite_ref-doa1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doa1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> describes the Seil, which it called the Upper Jabbok, as having been the Ammonites' boundary, which separated them at one point from the <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BM1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amman was later conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assryians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylonians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> empires.<sup id="cite_ref-BM1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Amman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classical period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></div> <p>After the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> in 332 BC, the region became <a href="/wiki/Hellenized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenized">hellenized</a>, with many new cities being founded in modern-day Jordan, such as Gerasa (<a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Jerash</a>) and Gadara (<a href="/wiki/Umm_Qais" title="Umm Qais">Umm Qais</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-OCCS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCCS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, one of Alexander's generals, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic king of Egypt</a>, occupied and rebuilt Amman, renaming it after his own nickname, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(Amman)" title="Philadelphia (Amman)">Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OCCS_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCCS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial Greek presence in Amman was centered on the Citadel Hill, and had later spread into the Amman valley.<sup id="cite_ref-OCCS_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCCS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia then came under <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> rule after 63 BC, which lasted for four centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-doa1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doa1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cities in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, including Philadelphia, became part of a ten-member league known as the <a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-doa1_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doa1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Roman era, the northern bank of the Seil in the Amman valley contained a colonnaded street, an east–west road known as <a href="/wiki/Decumanus" title="Decumanus">Decumanus</a>, that no longer exists, while the southern bank contained a forum, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Theater_(Amman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Theater (Amman)">Theater</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Odeon_theater_(Amman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Odeon theater (Amman)">Odeon Theater</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Amman)" title="Nymphaeum (Amman)">Nymphaeum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_baths_(Amman)" title="Roman baths (Amman)">baths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-doa1_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doa1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lower part of the city in the valley was connected through a <a href="/wiki/Propylaea" title="Propylaea">stairs</a> to the upper part at the Citadel Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-doa1_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doa1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hill was built as an <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a>, and contains a <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hercules_(Amman)" title="Temple of Hercules (Amman)">a temple</a> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-doa1_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doa1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rainwater rushing from the surrounding hills into the valley led to flooding, leading the Romans to construct a series of vaults and arches as well as a network of underground channels to control the flow of the Seil.<sup id="cite_ref-doa1_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doa1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of these constructions were damaged in the past century.<sup id="cite_ref-doa1_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doa1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Philadelphia became part of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, it was home to several bishops and churches.<sup id="cite_ref-doa1_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doa1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Roman ruins in downtown Amman</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_theater_of_Amman_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A large 6,000 seat Roman Theater"><img alt="A large 6,000 seat Roman Theater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Roman_theater_of_Amman_01.jpg/200px-Roman_theater_of_Amman_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Roman_theater_of_Amman_01.jpg/300px-Roman_theater_of_Amman_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Roman_theater_of_Amman_01.jpg/400px-Roman_theater_of_Amman_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3366" data-file-height="2341" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A large 6,000 seat <a href="/wiki/Roman_theater_(Amman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman theater (Amman)">Roman Theater</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amman-Odeon(js).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A small 500 seat Odeon Theater"><img alt="A small 500 seat Odeon Theater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Amman-Odeon%28js%29.jpg/250px-Amman-Odeon%28js%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Amman-Odeon%28js%29.jpg/330px-Amman-Odeon%28js%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Amman-Odeon%28js%29.jpg/500px-Amman-Odeon%28js%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A small 500 seat <a href="/wiki/Odeon_theater_(Amman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Odeon theater (Amman)">Odeon Theater</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amman_Nymphaeum_0103.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nymphaeum fountain and baths"><img alt="Nymphaeum fountain and baths" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Amman_Nymphaeum_0103.jpg/250px-Amman_Nymphaeum_0103.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Amman_Nymphaeum_0103.jpg/330px-Amman_Nymphaeum_0103.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Amman_Nymphaeum_0103.jpg/500px-Amman_Nymphaeum_0103.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Amman)" title="Nymphaeum (Amman)">Nymphaeum</a> fountain and baths</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_era">Islamic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Amman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Islamic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Islamic era began after the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a> conquest of the city from the Byzantines in the 630s, restoring its original <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> name by calling it Amman.<sup id="cite_ref-TUMA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUMA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a> constructed a <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Omar" title="Mosque of Omar">mosque</a> in the valley near the Nymphaeum in the 7th century AD, on the site of an older <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> basilica.<sup id="cite_ref-TUMA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUMA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mosque was the largest Umayyad mosque in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, owing to the fact that Amman was the center of the <a href="/wiki/Balqa_(region)" title="Balqa (region)">Balqa</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-TUMA_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUMA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabath-Ammon._Brooklyn_Museum_Archives_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Rabath-Ammon._Brooklyn_Museum_Archives_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Rabath-Ammon._Brooklyn_Museum_Archives_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Rabath-Ammon._Brooklyn_Museum_Archives_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Rabath-Ammon._Brooklyn_Museum_Archives_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Rabath-Ammon._Brooklyn_Museum_Archives_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Rabath-Ammon._Brooklyn_Museum_Archives_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>View of the Amman valley in 1868, with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Amman)" title="Nymphaeum (Amman)">Nymphaeum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seil_Amman" title="Seil Amman">Seil</a> on the left, and an <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Husseini_Mosque" title="Grand Husseini Mosque">Mosque</a> on the right</figcaption></figure> <p>The mosque might have been used by people of the nearby Umayyad castles in the desert, such as the <a href="/wiki/Qusayr_%27Amra" title="Qusayr 'Amra">Qusayr 'Amra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Hallabat" title="Qasr al-Hallabat">Qasr al-Hallabat</a>, for Friday prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-TUMA_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUMA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was intended for usage by common people as it was close to the markets of its time, while the other Umayyad mosque near the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Palace" title="Umayyad Palace">Umayyad Palace</a> on top of the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Amman_Citadel" title="Amman Citadel">Citadel Hill</a> was used by a prince and his entourage.<sup id="cite_ref-TU_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TU-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TUMA_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUMA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amman was later destroyed by a particularly severe earthquake in <a href="/wiki/749_Galilee_earthquake" title="749 Galilee earthquake">749</a>, becoming three years later part of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TUMA_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUMA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> period, Arab geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqdisi" title="Al-Maqdisi">Al-Maqdisi</a> described Amman in his book written in the 10th century AD:<sup id="cite_ref-TU_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TU-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The city lies on the border of the steppe... There is, in the city, at the end of the marketplace a beautiful mosque, the nave of which is paved with mosaics."</p></blockquote> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, the city became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, with the Citadel Hill being occupied and added to the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Transjordan" title="Lordship of Transjordan">Lordship of Transjordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TUMA_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUMA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> period, after the defeat of the Crusader kingdoms, Amman was described by <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascene</a> geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Dimashqi_(geographer)" title="Al-Dimashqi (geographer)">Al-Dimashqi</a> that it was part of the province of <a href="/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak">Karak</a>, although "only ruins" remained of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-TUMA_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUMA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk</a> period, Emir <a href="/wiki/Sirghitmish" title="Sirghitmish">Sirghitmish</a> bought Amman in its entirety, financing a few building projects within it.<sup id="cite_ref-TUMA_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUMA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death, the city was largely abandoned, periodically used to shelter seasonal farmers who cultivated arable lands in its vicinity and by Bedouin tribes who used its pastures and water, a status which extended well into the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> period that started in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Amman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/View_of_Amman_valley%2C_1914-1918.webm/220px--View_of_Amman_valley%2C_1914-1918.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="40" data-mwtitle="View_of_Amman_valley,_1914-1918.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:View_of_Amman_valley,_1914-1918.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/View_of_Amman_valley%2C_1914-1918.webm/View_of_Amman_valley%2C_1914-1918.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/View_of_Amman_valley%2C_1914-1918.webm/View_of_Amman_valley%2C_1914-1918.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/View_of_Amman_valley%2C_1914-1918.webm/View_of_Amman_valley%2C_1914-1918.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/View_of_Amman_valley%2C_1914-1918.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="2112" data-height="1584" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/View_of_Amman_valley%2C_1914-1918.webm/View_of_Amman_valley%2C_1914-1918.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/View_of_Amman_valley%2C_1914-1918.webm/View_of_Amman_valley%2C_1914-1918.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/View_of_Amman_valley%2C_1914-1918.webm/View_of_Amman_valley%2C_1914-1918.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/View_of_Amman_valley%2C_1914-1918.webm/View_of_Amman_valley%2C_1914-1918.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video showing Amman valley in 1914, with the town and <a href="/wiki/Roman_theater_(Amman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman theater (Amman)">Roman Theater</a> seen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF001650.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF001650.jpeg/250px-%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF001650.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF001650.jpeg/330px-%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF001650.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF001650.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>View of the Amman valley in 1928, with the <a href="/wiki/Seil_Amman" title="Seil Amman">Seil</a> seen on the left</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Amman_and_amphitheatre_from_Citadel_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/View_of_Amman_and_amphitheatre_from_Citadel_Hill.jpg/220px-View_of_Amman_and_amphitheatre_from_Citadel_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/View_of_Amman_and_amphitheatre_from_Citadel_Hill.jpg/330px-View_of_Amman_and_amphitheatre_from_Citadel_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/View_of_Amman_and_amphitheatre_from_Citadel_Hill.jpg/440px-View_of_Amman_and_amphitheatre_from_Citadel_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3528" data-file-height="2320" /></a><figcaption>View of the Amman valley from the <a href="/wiki/Amman_Citadel" title="Amman Citadel">Citadel Hill</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Baths_Amnan_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Roman_Baths_Amnan_001.jpg/220px-Roman_Baths_Amnan_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Roman_Baths_Amnan_001.jpg/330px-Roman_Baths_Amnan_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Roman_Baths_Amnan_001.jpg/440px-Roman_Baths_Amnan_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Roman_baths_(Amman)" title="Roman baths (Amman)">Roman baths</a> uncovered during infrastructure works on Al-Hashemi street in 2021, which was reburied for future excavations</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern resettlement of <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> began in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a> when waves of <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> arrived there starting 1878, who initially settled in the ruins and caves surrounding the Roman Theater, and later built houses on the slopes of the Jabals of Qal'a and Joufeh, creating the <a href="/wiki/Shapsugs" title="Shapsugs">Shabsough</a> and Al-Muhajireen areas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Circassians were established as agricultural communities,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and came to own most of the land in the valley as well as on the surrounding mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the Circassian resettlement, narrow streets and simple and scattered houses with a front porch developed in the valley.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The houses were built of mud and later stone, while the roofs were built from wood obtained from the Seil's banks.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inauguration of a <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Railway">Hejaz Railway</a> <a href="/wiki/Amman_Hejaz_Railway_Station" title="Amman Hejaz Railway Station">station</a> a few kilometers north of the Amman valley in 1904 attracted immigration from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> cities, turning the area into a merchant hub.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the city center grew, new buildings expanded up the surrounding hills, connected to the valley by stairs perpendicular to the contours of hills.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These buildings were made of stone, with Palestinian and Syrian architectural influences.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stairs created urban spaces, running hundreds of meters, which defined neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the designation of <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> as <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>'s capital in 1921, the city witnessed further expansion to the surrounding hills, such as the Jabals of <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Amman" title="Jabal Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Luweibdeh" title="Jabal al-Luweibdeh">Luweibdeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Joufeh" title="Jabal Joufeh">Joufeh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Ashrafiyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal al-Ashrafiyeh">Ashrafiyeh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new government of Jordan began constructing several buildings in the early 1920s, including a new mosque in the valley, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Husseini_Mosque" title="Grand Husseini Mosque">Grand Husseini Mosque</a>, in the place of an older Umayayd mosque, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Raghadan_Palace" title="Raghadan Palace">Raghadan Palace</a>, a few hundred meters northeast of the valley.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, hospitals and schools were also being built.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trend of expanding to the surrounding mountains increased after the <a href="/wiki/1927_Jericho_earthquake" title="1927 Jericho earthquake">1927 Jericho earthquake</a>, which also saw increased use of stone as a building material.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roads began expanding parallel to the contours of mountains, which were initially used for animal transportation, and later included vehicular traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The architectural trend in the city center began to switch to villa types.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1948, Amman began receiving waves of refugees from neighboring countries, and the population of the city grew rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newly arriving professionals, educated in universities in the region, introduced "modern" concepts to the city, including planning street and land lots, imposing height restrictions through building regulations, and building percentages.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new shape for the city center began to emerge, with western influences.<sup id="cite_ref-BOE_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Amman_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Amman Municipality">Amman Municipality</a> began roofing the Seil, an effort it said was due to its worsening sanitary and health conditions, and flooding during the winter which damaged nearby shops and houses.<sup id="cite_ref-ZK1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZK1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also stated that it aimed to increase capacity of roads to address increasing traffic in the downtown area.<sup id="cite_ref-ZK1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZK1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Costing around 3 million dinars, the municipality gradually roofed the Seil's course, in the years 1964–1971.<sup id="cite_ref-ZK1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZK1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the street that runs along the course of the old stream is informally known as Saqf Al-Seil, meaning the roofed Seil, and formally as Quraysh Street.<sup id="cite_ref-ZK1_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZK1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1960s and early 1970s, regional wars and an oil boom in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Gulf region</a> led to an uncontrollable expansion of Amman, particularly towards the west's <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Al-Seer" title="Wadi Al-Seer">Wadi Al-Seer</a> through <a href="/wiki/Zahran_area" title="Zahran area">Zahran street</a> and the northwest's <a href="/wiki/As-Salt" title="As-Salt">As-Salt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZK1_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZK1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to the area's topography, the downtown has seen increasing levels of severe <a href="/wiki/Flash_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash floods">flash floods</a> in the 2010s, causing deaths and damages to infrastructure, with notable ones occurring in 2013 and 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Amman_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Amman Municipality">Greater Amman Municipality</a> uncovered ruins of Roman baths while constructing an underground rainwater drainage system on Al-Hashemi street, next to the <a href="/wiki/Hashemite_Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite Plaza">Hashemite Plaza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACOR1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACOR1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations were then carried out until January 2021, finding boilers built from bricks, which were used to heat water as part of the lower section of a Roman public bath,<sup id="cite_ref-ACOR1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACOR1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as two headless white marbles statues.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walls dating to the Umayyad period were also found, suggesting that the site had been later reused for residential purposes, as well as Umayyad coins, ceramic lamps, and an incense burner.<sup id="cite_ref-ACOR1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACOR1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceramic shreds from the Roman, Byzantine, Umayyad, Abbasid, and Ottoman eras were also discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-ACOR1_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACOR1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The findings led to speculations that much of ancient Amman still lies beneath the downtown area.<sup id="cite_ref-ACOR1_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACOR1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urban_features">Urban features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Amman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Urban features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Souks">Souks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Amman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Souks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Markets in the Balad were trafficked by Ammanis of all stripes throughout most of the 20th century. This later changed, with the area's commercial activity coming to be referred to as popular markets, connoting a perceived demographic shift in the kinds of people frequenting the markets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1960s and early 70s, the Balad was a topic of public debate, especially regarding public and private transportation options.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the Balad's crossroads of public and shared transit routes (busses and shared cabs called "service") connected areas outside of central Amman with downtown and its neighboring hills, such as <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Luweibdeh" title="Jabal al-Luweibdeh">Jabal al-Luweibdeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Amman" title="Jabal Amman">Jabal Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashrafiyah,_Amman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrafiyah, Amman">Jabal Ashrafiyeh</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various development projects were initiated by public and private actors which dramatically changed the character of the neighborhood in recent decades, even resulting in a general "decline in human presence" by the 2000s compared to previous eras.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Downtown Amman is made up of a myriad of <a href="/wiki/Souk" class="mw-redirect" title="Souk">Souk</a> markets and independently owned businesses, including informal and marginalized economies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are dozens of bookstalls in the downtown area, selling books, magazines and newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As described by anthropologist Ahmad Abu Khalil:</p><blockquote><p>"...within the area there is a concentration of the oldest central markets for vegetables, clothes, and secondhand clothes. The area is a core place for the informal commercial and service sector, via hundreds of street vendors (thousands during the peak time) and a specialized market for the Asian migrant workforce, especially on Friday. This is because it contains much of the secondhand business in Amman, especially that of the furniture sector."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Hashemite_Plaza">The Hashemite Plaza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Amman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Hashemite Plaza"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Theater_Amman_Panorama_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Roman_Theater_Amman_Panorama_5.jpg/220px-Roman_Theater_Amman_Panorama_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Roman_Theater_Amman_Panorama_5.jpg/330px-Roman_Theater_Amman_Panorama_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Roman_Theater_Amman_Panorama_5.jpg/440px-Roman_Theater_Amman_Panorama_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hashemite_Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite Plaza">Hashemite Plaza</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_theater_(Amman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman theater (Amman)">Roman Theater</a> where a Roman forum used to stand</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hashemite_Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite Plaza">Hashemite Plaza</a> is located in the downtown area, spanning over an area of 20,000 square meters. It was renewed in 2014 and is named after the <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordanian</a> royal family, the <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemites</a>. The plaza includes open spaces, fountains, gardens, parking lots and cafes, as well as being equipped with a centre that hosts cultural activities like the Amman Book Festival. The plaza is flanked by two of the most popular Roman ruins of Amman, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_theater_(Amman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman theater (Amman)">Roman theatre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Odeon_theater_(Amman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Odeon theater (Amman)">Odeon</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Amman)" title="Nymphaeum (Amman)">Nymphaeum</a> is just a short distance away. The <a href="/wiki/Amman_Citadel" title="Amman Citadel">Citadel</a> Hill, which towers over the Plaza, offers good views of it.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Grand_Husseini_Mosque">The Grand Husseini Mosque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Amman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Grand Husseini Mosque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amman_Husseini-Moschee_1_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Amman_Husseini-Moschee_1_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Amman_Husseini-Moschee_1_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Amman_Husseini-Moschee_1_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Amman_Husseini-Moschee_1_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Amman_Husseini-Moschee_1_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Amman_Husseini-Moschee_1_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3001" data-file-height="2143" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Husseini_Mosque" title="Grand Husseini Mosque">Grand Husseini Mosque</a> built in 1924, the gathering point of Amman's protests</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Husseini_Mosque" title="Grand Husseini Mosque">Grand Husseini Mosque</a> was built in 1924, which along with the <a href="/wiki/Raghadan_Palace" title="Raghadan Palace">Raghadan Palace</a> was among the first buildings to be constructed in the city by the nascent Jordanian state in the early 1920s. It was built on the site of an earlier Umayyad mosque, whose remaining wall was demolished by orders of <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Abdullah I</a> in 1924, and rebuilt and renamed after his father <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Sharif Hussein bin Ali</a>. For almost a century since its establishment, the Grand Husseini Mosque has been serving as a starting point for political demonstrations in Amman.<sup id="cite_ref-PJ_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PJ-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Jordan_Museum">The Jordan Museum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Amman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Jordan Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordan_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jordan_Museum.JPG/220px-Jordan_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jordan_Museum.JPG/330px-Jordan_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jordan_Museum.JPG/440px-Jordan_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Jordan_Museum" title="The Jordan Museum">The Jordan Museum</a>, which was built in 2014, in the Muhajireen area</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Jordan_Museum" title="The Jordan Museum">The Jordan Museum</a> is located in Ras al-Ein district of <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, Jordan. Built in 2014, the museum is the largest museum in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and hosts some of the country's most important archaeological findings.<sup id="cite_ref-ae_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ae-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its two main permanent exhibitions are the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Scroll" title="Copper Scroll">Copper Scroll</a>, and the 10,000-year-old <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_statues" title="Ayn Ghazal statues">Ain Ghazal statues</a>, which are among the oldest human statues ever made.<sup id="cite_ref-bm_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bm-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum presents artifacts from various <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Middle East">antique</a> archaeological sites in Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-ae_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ae-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum also features lecture halls, outdoor exhibitions, a library, a conservation centre and an area for children's activities.<sup id="cite_ref-ae_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ae-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_Faisal_Street">King Faisal Street</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Amman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: King Faisal Street"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="King Faisal Street">King Faisal Street</a> is considered one of the main thoroughfares of the downtown area.<sup id="cite_ref-alrai21_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alrai21-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The street is named after <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I of Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-alrai21_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alrai21-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally called the Municipality Street in 1909, the street became one of Amman's main thoroughfares, particularly after the city became the capital of Jordan in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-jfra1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfra1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Emirate</a> period, the city's most prominent hotels, cinemas, cafes, and restaurants were located there.<sup id="cite_ref-alrai1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alrai1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to its central place, it was also then used as a public space for national celebrations and events, including the declaration of <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Jordan)" title="Independence Day (Jordan)">Jordan's independence</a> in 1946, as well as for political protests.<sup id="cite_ref-alrai1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alrai1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The street is currently a tourist destination packed with restaurants and shops selling a wide variety of items, including garments, decorations, artifacts, refreshments, and books.<sup id="cite_ref-alrai21_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alrai21-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Souq Al-Dahab (Gold Market) is also accessible from the street, which is home to dozens of jewellery stores.<sup id="cite_ref-alrai21_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alrai21-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent buildings on the street includes the city's first municipality building, first post office (today's <a href="/wiki/The_Duke%27s_Diwan" title="The Duke's Diwan">The Duke's Diwan</a>), and the original <a href="/wiki/Arab_Bank" title="Arab Bank">Arab Bank</a> headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-alrai21_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alrai21-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Amman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Remo_Bar_in_downtown_Amman,_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traffic officer in front of a bar, 1955"><img alt="Traffic officer in front of a bar, 1955" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/San_Remo_Bar_in_downtown_Amman%2C_1955.jpg/193px-San_Remo_Bar_in_downtown_Amman%2C_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/San_Remo_Bar_in_downtown_Amman%2C_1955.jpg/290px-San_Remo_Bar_in_downtown_Amman%2C_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/San_Remo_Bar_in_downtown_Amman%2C_1955.jpg/387px-San_Remo_Bar_in_downtown_Amman%2C_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="727" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traffic officer in front of a bar, 1955</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowds_in_downtown_Amman_watching_a_news_report_about_King_Faisal%27s_deposition_14_July_1958.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Crowds watching a news report, 1958"><img alt="Crowds watching a news report, 1958" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Crowds_in_downtown_Amman_watching_a_news_report_about_King_Faisal%27s_deposition_14_July_1958.png/330px-Crowds_in_downtown_Amman_watching_a_news_report_about_King_Faisal%27s_deposition_14_July_1958.png" decoding="async" width="177" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Crowds_in_downtown_Amman_watching_a_news_report_about_King_Faisal%27s_deposition_14_July_1958.png/500px-Crowds_in_downtown_Amman_watching_a_news_report_about_King_Faisal%27s_deposition_14_July_1958.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Crowds_in_downtown_Amman_watching_a_news_report_about_King_Faisal%27s_deposition_14_July_1958.png/960px-Crowds_in_downtown_Amman_watching_a_news_report_about_King_Faisal%27s_deposition_14_July_1958.png 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="838" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crowds watching a news report, <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">1958</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_protest_in_downtown_Amman,_Jordan,_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A women's protest, 1968"><img alt="A women's protest, 1968" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Women_protest_in_downtown_Amman%2C_Jordan%2C_1968.jpg/281px-Women_protest_in_downtown_Amman%2C_Jordan%2C_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Women_protest_in_downtown_Amman%2C_Jordan%2C_1968.jpg/421px-Women_protest_in_downtown_Amman%2C_Jordan%2C_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Women_protest_in_downtown_Amman%2C_Jordan%2C_1968.jpg/561px-Women_protest_in_downtown_Amman%2C_Jordan%2C_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="501" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A women's protest, 1968</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordan_protests_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A protest by the Communist Party, 2013"><img alt="A protest by the Communist Party, 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Jordan_protests_2.jpg/240px-Jordan_protests_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Jordan_protests_2.jpg/360px-Jordan_protests_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Jordan_protests_2.jpg/480px-Jordan_protests_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A protest by the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Communist_Party" title="Jordanian Communist Party">Communist Party</a>, 2013</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amman_DownTown,_Saqef_Alsale._24.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Buildings in Quraysh street, known locally as Saqf Al-Seil"><img alt="Buildings in Quraysh street, known locally as Saqf Al-Seil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Amman_DownTown%2C_Saqef_Alsale._24.JPG/320px-Amman_DownTown%2C_Saqef_Alsale._24.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Amman_DownTown%2C_Saqef_Alsale._24.JPG/480px-Amman_DownTown%2C_Saqef_Alsale._24.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Amman_DownTown%2C_Saqef_Alsale._24.JPG/640px-Amman_DownTown%2C_Saqef_Alsale._24.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buildings in Quraysh street, known locally as Saqf Al-Seil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 309.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 307.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alsa%27adah_Street._King_Fisal_I_Square,_Amman_19.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of King Faisal Street"><img alt="Panoramic view of King Faisal Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Alsa%27adah_Street._King_Fisal_I_Square%2C_Amman_19.JPG/461px-Alsa%27adah_Street._King_Fisal_I_Square%2C_Amman_19.JPG" decoding="async" width="308" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Alsa%27adah_Street._King_Fisal_I_Square%2C_Amman_19.JPG/691px-Alsa%27adah_Street._King_Fisal_I_Square%2C_Amman_19.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Alsa%27adah_Street._King_Fisal_I_Square%2C_Amman_19.JPG/921px-Alsa%27adah_Street._King_Fisal_I_Square%2C_Amman_19.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panoramic view of <a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_Street_(Amman)" title="King Faisal Street (Amman)">King Faisal Street</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amman_DownTown,_Saqef_Alsale._42.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shops in Saqf Al-Seil"><img alt="Shops in Saqf Al-Seil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Amman_DownTown%2C_Saqef_Alsale._42.JPG/240px-Amman_DownTown%2C_Saqef_Alsale._42.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Amman_DownTown%2C_Saqef_Alsale._42.JPG/360px-Amman_DownTown%2C_Saqef_Alsale._42.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Amman_DownTown%2C_Saqef_Alsale._42.JPG/480px-Amman_DownTown%2C_Saqef_Alsale._42.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shops in Saqf Al-Seil</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Amman&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Rabbath Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(Amman)" title="Philadelphia (Amman)">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_Hill,_Amman" class="mw-redirect" title="Citadel Hill, Amman">Jabal Al-Qal'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seil_Amman" title="Seil Amman">Seil Amman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_Street_(Amman)" title="King Faisal Street (Amman)">King Faisal Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashemite_Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite Plaza">Hashemite Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theater_(Amman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman theater (Amman)">Roman Theater</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Amman&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BOE-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOE_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTalib_Rifa'i1996" class="citation book cs1">Talib Rifa'i (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/8231?lang=en"><i>Amman City Centre: Typologies of Architecture and Urban Space</i></a>. Contemporain publications. Presses de l’Ifpo. pp. <span class="nowrap">131–</span>140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-465-0"><bdi>978-2-35159-465-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Jordanian Department of Antiquities<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amman-Philadelphia%3A+Aspects+of+Roman+Urbanism&rft.pub=Jordanian+Department+of+Antiquities&rft.au=Adnan+Hadidi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublication.doa.gov.jo%2Fuploads%2Fpublications%2F19%2FSHAJ_4-295-298.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADowntown+Amman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BM1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BM1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB._Macdonald2023" class="citation book cs1">B. 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OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-108746-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-108746-2"><bdi>978-0-19-108746-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Arab Institute for Research and Publications. 2000. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874044-35-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874044-35-2"><bdi>978-1-874044-35-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Umayyads%3A+The+Rise+of+Islamic+Art&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Arab+Institute+for+Research+and+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-874044-35-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzaEHRF7ZS7IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADowntown+Amman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDawn_Chatty2010" class="citation book cs1">Dawn Chatty (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8OsgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117"><i>Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East</i></a>. The Contemporary Middle East (Book 5). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">116–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521817929" title="Special:BookSources/9780521817929"><bdi>9780521817929</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518204153/https://books.google.com/books?id=8OsgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Displacement+and+Dispossession+in+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+Contemporary+Middle+East+%28Book+5%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780521817929&rft.au=Dawn+Chatty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8OsgAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADowntown+Amman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeteny_Shami1996" class="citation book cs1">Seteny Shami (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/8243?lang=en"><i>The Circassians of Amman: Historical Narratives, Urban Dwelling and the Construction of Identity</i></a>. Contemporain publications. Presses de l’Ifpo. pp. <span class="nowrap">303–</span>322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-465-0"><bdi>978-2-35159-465-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%91%D8%A7%D9%86%3A+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A&rft.pub=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB+%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft.date=2021-05-01&rft.isbn=978-614-445-391-9&rft.au=%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1YwyEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADowntown+Amman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZK1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZK1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZK1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZK1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZK1_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZK1_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zamancom.com/?p=6421">"هكذا فكّرَتْ عمان بالسّيل و"سقف السيل" ابتداء من 1964 (صور ومعلومات)"</a>. <i>Zamancom</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zamancom&rft.atitle=%D9%87%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7+%D9%81%D9%83%D9%91%D8%B1%D9%8E%D8%AA%D9%92+%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%91%D9%8A%D9%84+%D9%88%22%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%22+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%85%D9%86+1964+%28%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zamancom.com%2F%3Fp%3D6421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADowntown+Amman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReem_Halaseh2024" class="citation web cs1">Reem Halaseh (23 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/05/amman-jordan-climate-vulnerability-adaptation?lang=en">"Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities in Amman City"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assessing+Climate+Vulnerabilities+in+Amman+City&rft.pub=Carnegie&rft.date=2024-05-23&rft.au=Reem+Halaseh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fresearch%2F2024%2F05%2Famman-jordan-climate-vulnerability-adaptation%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADowntown+Amman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACOR1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACOR1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACOR1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACOR1_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACOR1_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACOR1_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsem_Asfour2022" class="citation web cs1">Asem Asfour (1 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.acorjordan.org/articles/amman-roman-baths-rescue-excavations-2020-2021/">"Amman Roman Baths Rescue Excavations (2020–2021)"</a>. <i>ACOR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACOR&rft.atitle=Amman+Roman+Baths+Rescue+Excavations+%282020%E2%80%932021%29&rft.date=2022-10-01&rft.au=Asem+Asfour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.acorjordan.org%2Farticles%2Famman-roman-baths-rescue-excavations-2020-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADowntown+Amman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhaled_Al-Bashaireh2023" class="citation journal cs1">Khaled Al-Bashaireh (1 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352409X22004436">"Archaeometric investigations on marble provenance of two statues from the newly uncovered Roman bath at the center of the historical Amman, Jordan"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</i>. <b>47</b>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JArSR..47j3780A">2023JArSR..47j3780A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2022.103780">10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103780</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=7iber&rft.atitle=Marginalization+Shifts+in+Downtown+Amman%3A+Twenty+Years+of+the+Fantasy+of+Modernization&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft.aulast=Abu+Khalil&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft.au=Vettori%2C+Luca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.7iber.com%2Fenvironment-urban%2Fmarginalization-shifts-in-the-heart-of-amman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADowntown+Amman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Khalil2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abu Khalil, Ahmad (7 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.7iber.com/environment-urban/صناعة-حيز-عام-في-وسط-عمان/">"في وسط عمان: هكذا صنع الناس حيزًا عامًا وهكذا تقاسموه"</a>. <i>7iber | حبر</i> (in Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907133744/https://www.7iber.com/environment-urban/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=7iber+%7C+%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%B1&rft.atitle=%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7+%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%3A+%D9%87%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7+%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3+%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8B%D8%A7+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8B%D8%A7+%D9%88%D9%87%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7+%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%87&rft.date=2021-09-07&rft.aulast=Abu+Khalil&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.7iber.com%2Fenvironment-urban%2F%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADowntown+Amman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jordantimes.com/news/local/ammans-downtown-decades-old-bookstalls-struggle-survive">"Amman's downtown decades-old bookstalls struggle to survive"</a>. The Jordan Times. 8 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amman%27s+downtown+decades-old+bookstalls+struggle+to+survive&rft.pub=The+Jordan+Times&rft.date=2022-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fammans-downtown-decades-old-bookstalls-struggle-survive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADowntown+Amman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ammancity.gov.jo/en/resource/snews.asp?id=B8510E43-5FC2-48D1-B056-730C72DAE1CF">"GAM Hashemite Plaza Upgrading Due Next Summer"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GAM+Hashemite+Plaza+Upgrading+Due+Next+Summer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ammancity.gov.jo%2Fen%2Fresource%2Fsnews.asp%3Fid%3DB8510E43-5FC2-48D1-B056-730C72DAE1CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADowntown+Amman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/celebration-mark-opening-revamped-hashemite-square">"Celebration to mark opening of revamped Hashemite Square"</a>. 20 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebration+to+mark+opening+of+revamped+Hashemite+Square&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fcelebration-mark-opening-revamped-hashemite-square&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADowntown+Amman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PJ-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PJ_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJillian_Schwedler2022" class="citation book cs1">Jillian Schwedler (19 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7S1sEAAAQBAJ"><i>Protesting Jordan: Geographies of Power and Dissent</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3159-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3159-5"><bdi>978-1-5036-3159-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protesting+Jordan%3A+Geographies+of+Power+and+Dissent&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3159-5&rft.au=Jillian+Schwedler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7S1sEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADowntown+Amman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ae-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ae_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ae_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ae_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/scrolling-through-the-millennia-at-the-new-jordan-museum-in-amman">"Scrolling through the millennia at the new Jordan Museum in Amman"</a>. <i>thenational.ae</i>. 13 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thenational.ae&rft.atitle=Scrolling+through+the+millennia+at+the+new+Jordan+Museum+in+Amman&rft.date=2014-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Farts-culture%2Fscrolling-through-the-millennia-at-the-new-jordan-museum-in-amman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADowntown+Amman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bm-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bm_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912010835/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/l/lime_plaster_statues.aspx">"Lime Plaster statues"</a>. <i>British Museum</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Museum&rft.atitle=Lime+Plaster+statues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Fhighlight_objects%2Fme%2Fl%2Flime_plaster_statues.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADowntown+Amman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alrai21-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alrai21_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alrai21_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alrai21_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alrai21_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alrai21_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alrai.com/article/10544627/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8/%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B5%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE">"في ساحة الملك فيصل بقلب عمان"</a>. <i>Al-Ra'i</i> (in Arabic). 14 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Ra%27i&rft.atitle=%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84+%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8+%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.date=2020-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falrai.com%2Farticle%2F10544627%2F%25D8%25A3%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%2F%25D9%2581%25D9%258A-%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%2583-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D8%25B5%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2582%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A5%25D9%2584%25D9%2589-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25AE%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25B5%25D8%25BA%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2584%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25AE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADowntown+Amman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jfra1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jfra1_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jfranews.com.jo/article/285451">"ساحة الملك فيصل.. ملف كامل"</a>. <i>Jfra News</i> (in Arabic). 11 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jfra+News&rft.atitle=%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84..+%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81+%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84&rft.date=2020-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjfranews.com.jo%2Farticle%2F285451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADowntown+Amman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alrai1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alrai1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alrai1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alrai.com/article/10539043/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9">"جزيرة قديمة بين أربعة شوارع"</a>. <i>Al-Ra'i</i> (in Arabic). 2 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Ra%27i&rft.atitle=%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9&rft.date=2020-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falrai.com%2Farticle%2F10539043%2F%25D8%25A3%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%2F%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B2%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25B4%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADowntown+Amman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Downtown_Amman&params=31_57_9_N_35_56_24_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°57′9″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°56′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.95250°N 35.94000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.95250; 35.94000</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Amman&oldid=1281945578">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Amman&oldid=1281945578</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Amman" title="Category:Amman">Amman</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)" title="Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)">CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2025" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2025">Use dmy dates from March 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 March 2025, at 12:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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