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aria-controls="toc-Properties_and_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Properties and structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Properties_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Physical properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Event_horizon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Event_horizon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Event horizon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Event_horizon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Singularity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photon_sphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photon_sphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Photon sphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photon_sphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ergosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ergosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Ergosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ergosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innermost_stable_circular_orbit_(ISCO)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innermost_stable_circular_orbit_(ISCO)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innermost_stable_circular_orbit_(ISCO)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plunging_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plunging_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Plunging region </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plunging_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Formation and evolution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formation_and_evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Formation and evolution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Formation_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gravitational_collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravitational_collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Gravitational collapse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravitational_collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primordial_black_holes_and_the_Big_Bang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primordial_black_holes_and_the_Big_Bang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Primordial black holes and the Big Bang </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primordial_black_holes_and_the_Big_Bang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-energy_collisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-energy_collisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 High-energy collisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-energy_collisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Evaporation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observational_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observational_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Observational evidence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observational_evidence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Observational evidence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Observational_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_interferometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_interferometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Direct interferometry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_interferometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_of_gravitational_waves_from_merging_black_holes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_of_gravitational_waves_from_merging_black_holes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Detection of gravitational waves from merging black holes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_of_gravitational_waves_from_merging_black_holes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stars_orbiting_Sagittarius_A*" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stars_orbiting_Sagittarius_A*"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Stars orbiting Sagittarius A* </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stars_orbiting_Sagittarius_A*-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accretion_of_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accretion_of_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Accretion of matter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accretion_of_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-X-ray_binaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#X-ray_binaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 X-ray binaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-X-ray_binaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quasi-periodic_oscillations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quasi-periodic_oscillations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1.1 Quasi-periodic oscillations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quasi-periodic_oscillations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galactic_nuclei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galactic_nuclei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Galactic nuclei </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galactic_nuclei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microlensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microlensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Microlensing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microlensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Alternatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_questions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_questions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Open questions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Open_questions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Open questions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Open_questions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entropy_and_thermodynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entropy_and_thermodynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Entropy and thermodynamics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entropy_and_thermodynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_loss_paradox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_loss_paradox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Information loss paradox </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_loss_paradox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_science_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_science_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In science fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_science_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popular_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Popular reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_textbooks_and_monographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_textbooks_and_monographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 University textbooks and monographs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_textbooks_and_monographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Review_papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Review_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Review papers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Review_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Videos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Black hole</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 171 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-171" aria-hidden="true" > 171 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swartkolk" title="Swartkolk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swartkolk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzes_Loch" title="Schwarzes Loch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwarzes Loch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="कृष्ण विवर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कृष्ण विवर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ثقب أسود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقب أسود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forato_negro" title="Forato negro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Forato negro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%82_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B9" title="Սեւ խոռոչ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սեւ խոռոչ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0" title="কৃষ্ণগহ্বৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কৃষ্ণগহ্বৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furacu_negru" title="Furacu negru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Furacu negru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C3%A1ra_h%C5%A9" title="Kuára hũ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuára hũ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_d%C9%99lik" title="Qara dəlik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara dəlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="قارادلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قارادلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0" title="কৃষ্ণগহ্বর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কৃষ্ণগহ্বর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubang_hirang" title="Lubang hirang – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Lubang hirang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CD%98-khang" title="O͘-khang – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="O͘-khang" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D2%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Ҡара упҡын – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡара упҡын" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чорная дзірка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чорная дзірка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чорная дзірка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чорная дзірка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्लैक होल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ब्लैक होल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hole" title="Black Hole – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Black Hole" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Черна дупка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черна дупка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwoaz_Loch" title="Schwoaz Loch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schwoaz Loch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ནག་ཁུང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནག་ཁུང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_rupa" title="Crna rupa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crna rupa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toull_du" title="Toull du – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Toull du" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D2%AF%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хара нүхэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хара нүхэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forat_negre" title="Forat negre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Forat negre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%85%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%BB" title="Хура хăвăл – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хура хăвăл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%A1_d%C3%ADra" title="Černá díra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černá díra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccu_neru" title="Buccu neru – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Buccu neru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twll_du" title="Twll du – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Twll du" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort_hul" title="Sort hul – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sort hul" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%84" title="محفر كحل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="محفر كحل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzes_Loch" title="Schwarzes Loch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzes Loch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_auk" title="Must auk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Must auk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%B1" title="Μαύρη τρύπα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαύρη τρύπα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C5%9B_n%C3%A9gar" title="Buś négar – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Buś négar" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agujero_negro" title="Agujero negro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agujero negro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_truo" title="Nigra truo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nigra truo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulo_beltz" title="Zulo beltz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zulo beltz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87" title="سیاه‌چاله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاه‌چاله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karia_kund" title="Karia kund – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Karia kund" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%B8rt_hol" title="Svørt hol – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Svørt hol" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trou_noir" title="Trou noir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trou noir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart_gat" title="Swart gat – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swart gat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BApholl" title="Dúpholl – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dúpholl" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towl_doo" title="Towl doo – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Towl doo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_dubh" title="Toll dubh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Toll dubh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burato_negro" title="Burato negro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Burato negro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0" title="કૃષ્ણ વિવર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કૃષ્ણ વિવર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="블랙홀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="블랙홀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutuwaren_Taurari" title="Mutuwaren Taurari – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mutuwaren Taurari" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B9" title="Սև խոռոչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սև խոռոչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="कृष्ण विवर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कृष्ण विवर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Corna_d%C5%BA%C4%9Bra" title="Čorna dźěra – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čorna dźěra" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_rupa" title="Crna rupa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crna rupa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_truo" title="Nigra truo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nigra truo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghere_ojii" title="Oghere ojii – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Oghere ojii" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangisit_nga_abut" title="Nangisit nga abut – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nangisit nga abut" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubang_hitam" title="Lubang hitam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lubang hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramine_nigre" title="Foramine nigre – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Foramine nigre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigri_fore" title="Nigri fore – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nigri fore" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putu_Taaqtaaq" title="Putu Taaqtaaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Putu Taaqtaaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiGwinqa" title="IsiGwinqa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiGwinqa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svarthol" title="Svarthol – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svarthol" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buco_nero" title="Buco nero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buco nero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8" title="חור שחור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חור שחור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwang_ireng" title="Luwang ireng – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Luwang ireng" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕಪ್ಪು ಕುಳಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಪ್ಪು ಕುಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Къара тешик – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къара тешик" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="შავი ხვრელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავი ხვრელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%81%D9%8F%D9%86_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%81" title="کرٛہُن چاہ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کرٛہُن چاہ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C3%B4rn%C3%B4_dzura" title="Czôrnô dzura – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Czôrnô dzura" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Қара құрдым – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қара құрдым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_du" title="Toll du – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Toll du" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimo_jeusi" title="Shimo jeusi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shimo jeusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twou_nwa" title="Twou nwa – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Twou nwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trou_nw%C3%A8" title="Trou nwè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Trou nwè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ala_Re%C5%9F" title="Çala Reş – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çala Reş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%B9" title="Кара көңдөй – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кара көңдөй" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCsc_fosch" title="Büsc fosch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Büsc fosch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramen_nigrum" title="Foramen nigrum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Foramen nigrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melnais_caurums" title="Melnais caurums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melnais caurums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwaarzt_Lach" title="Schwaarzt Lach – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schwaarzt Lach" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="ЧӀулав тӀеквен – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="ЧӀулав тӀеквен" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodoji_bedugn%C4%97" title="Juodoji bedugnė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodoji bedugnė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwart_laok" title="Zwart laok – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zwart laok" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buco_negra" title="Buco negra – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Buco negra" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustu_loukko" title="Mustu loukko – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mustu loukko" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bux_neger" title="Bux neger – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bux neger" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete_lyuk" title="Fekete lyuk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fekete lyuk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Црна дупка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црна дупка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavaka_mainty" title="Lavaka mainty – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lavaka mainty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="തമോദ്വാരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തമോദ്വാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toqba_sewda" title="Toqba sewda – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Toqba sewda" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="कृष्णविवर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कृष्णविवर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="უჩა რხვილი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უჩა რხვილი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ثقب أسود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثقب أسود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%B6%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ကတိုင်လမ္စံက် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ကတိုင်လမ္စံက်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohong_hitam" title="Lohong hitam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lohong hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubang_itam" title="Lubang itam – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Lubang itam" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BD%D2%AF%D1%85" title="Хар нүх – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хар нүх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="တွင်းနက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တွင်းနက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwart_gat" title="Zwart gat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwart gat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="कृष्ण छिद्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कृष्ण छिद्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्ल्याक होल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ब्ल्याक होल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ブラックホール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラックホール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ӏаьржа уор – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьржа уор" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suart_hool" title="Suart hool – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Suart hool" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort_hull" title="Sort hull – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sort hull" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svart_h%C3%B2l" title="Svart hòl – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svart hòl" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigri_true" title="Nigri true – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nigri true" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauc_negre" title="Trauc negre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Trauc negre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4" title="କୃଷ୍ଣଗର୍ତ୍ତ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୃଷ୍ଣଗର୍ତ୍ତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holqa_gurraacha" title="Holqa gurraacha – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Holqa gurraacha" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qora_tuynuk" title="Qora tuynuk – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qora tuynuk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਬਲੈਕ ਹੋਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਲੈਕ ਹੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzes_Loch" title="Schwarzes Loch – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Schwarzes Loch" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DB%81%D9%88%D9%84" title="بلیک ہول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بلیک ہول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تور غار – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تور غار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%A9rt_treu" title="Noért treu – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Noért treu" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABrtus_n%C3%A8ir" title="Përtus nèir – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Përtus nèir" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart_Lock" title="Swart Lock – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swart Lock" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarna_dziura" title="Czarna dziura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czarna dziura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buraco_negro" title="Buraco negro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Buraco negro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaur%C4%83_neagr%C4%83" title="Gaură neagră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gaură neagră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yana_huchk%27u" title="Yana huchk'u – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yana huchk'u" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%97%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Чорна дїра – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чорна дїра" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Чёрная дыра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрная дыра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%AF%D3%A9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хара үөдэн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хара үөдэн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Black hole" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrima_e_zez%C3%AB" title="Vrima e zezë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vrima e zezë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirtusu_n%C3%ACguru" title="Pirtusu nìguru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pirtusu nìguru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BB" title="කළු කුහර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කළු කුහර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Black hole" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%AA_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84" title="بليڪ هول – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بليڪ هول" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cierna_diera" title="Čierna diera – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čierna diera" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crna_luknja" title="Črna luknja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Črna luknja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C5%8Frn%C5%8F_dziura" title="Czŏrnŏ dziura – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czŏrnŏ dziura" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B4" title="کونەڕەش – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کونەڕەش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Црна рупа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црна рупа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_rupa" title="Crna rupa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crna rupa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_hideung" title="Liang hideung – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Liang hideung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta_aukko" title="Musta aukko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Musta aukko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svart_h%C3%A5l" title="Svart hål – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svart hål" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Black hole" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88" title="கருந்துளை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருந்துளை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agbbay_asggan" title="Agbbay asggan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Agbbay asggan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Кара тишек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кара тишек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="బ్లాక్ హోల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్లాక్ హోల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3" title="หลุมดำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลุมดำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%91%D2%B3%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Сиёҳчола – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сиёҳчола" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_delik" title="Kara delik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kara delik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gara_girdap" title="Gara girdap – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gara girdap" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Сьӧд пась – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Сьӧд пась" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Чорна діра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорна діра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DB%81%D9%88%D9%84" title="بلیک ہول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بلیک ہول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%AD%D9%83%DB%88%D8%B1" title="قارا ئۆڭكۈر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قارا ئۆڭكۈر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conghndaem" title="Conghndaem – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Conghndaem" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxo_nero" title="Buxo nero – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Buxo nero" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_reig" title="Must reig – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Must reig" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%97_%C4%91en" title="Lỗ đen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lỗ đen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noer_tr%C3%B4_(astronomeye)" title="Noer trô (astronomeye) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Noer trô (astronomeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="黑洞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itom_nga_luho" title="Itom nga luho – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Itom nga luho" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑洞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9A" title="שווארצע לאך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שווארצע לאך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑洞" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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.text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:258px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Blackness of space with black marked as centre of donut of orange and red gases" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/258px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/387px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/516px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="4320" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">Direct <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio</a> image of a <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black hole</a> at the core of <a href="/wiki/Messier_87" title="Messier 87">Messier 87</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:206px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_hole_lensing_web.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Black_hole_lensing_web.gif" decoding="async" width="258" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="192" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">Animated simulation of a <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_black_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwarzschild black hole">Schwarzschild black hole</a> with a galaxy passing behind. Around the time of alignment, extreme <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">gravitational lensing</a> of the galaxy is observed.</div></div></div></div></div> A black hole is a region of <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> wherein <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> is so strong that no matter or <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic energy">electromagnetic energy</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>) can escape it.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> predicts that a sufficiently compact <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> can deform spacetime to form a black hole.<a href="#cite_note-wald_1997-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150608-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Boundary_(topology)" title="Boundary (topology)">boundary</a> of no escape is called the <a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">event horizon</a>. A black hole has a great effect on the fate and circumstances of an object crossing it, but it has no locally detectable features according to general relativity.<a href="#cite_note-HamiltonA-5">[5]</a> In many ways, a black hole acts like an ideal <a href="/wiki/Black_body" title="Black body">black body</a>, as it reflects no light.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory_in_curved_spacetime" title="Quantum field theory in curved spacetime">Quantum field theory in curved spacetime</a> predicts that event horizons emit <a href="/wiki/Hawking_radiation" title="Hawking radiation">Hawking radiation</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">the same spectrum</a> as a black body of a <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> inversely proportional to its mass. This temperature is of the order of billionths of a <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a> for <a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">stellar black holes</a>, making it essentially impossible to observe directly. Objects whose <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_field" title="Gravitational field">gravitational fields</a> are too strong for light to escape were first considered in the 18th century by <a href="/wiki/John_Michell" title="John Michell">John Michell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-origin-8">[8]</a> In 1916, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Karl Schwarzschild</a> found the first modern solution of general relativity that would characterise a black hole. Due to his influential research, the <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild metric</a> is named after him. <a href="/wiki/David_Finkelstein" title="David Finkelstein">David Finkelstein</a>, in 1958, first published the interpretation of "black hole" as a region of space from which nothing can escape. Black holes were long considered a mathematical curiosity; it was not until the 1960s that theoretical work showed they were a generic prediction of general relativity. The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a> in 1967 sparked interest in <a href="/wiki/Gravitationally_collapsed" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitationally collapsed">gravitationally collapsed</a> compact objects as a possible astrophysical reality. The first black hole known was <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_X-1" title="Cygnus X-1">Cygnus X-1</a>, identified by several researchers independently in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Black holes of stellar mass form when massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle. After a black hole has formed, it can grow by absorbing mass from its surroundings. Supermassive black holes of millions of <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar masses</a> (<var>M</var>☉) may form by absorbing other stars and merging with other black holes, or via <a href="/wiki/Direct_collapse_black_hole" title="Direct collapse black hole">direct collapse</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gas_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas cloud">gas clouds</a>. There is consensus that supermassive black holes exist in the centres of most <a href="/wiki/Galaxies" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxies">galaxies</a>. The presence of a black hole can be inferred through its interaction with other <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> and with electromagnetic radiation such as visible light. Any matter that falls toward a black hole can form an external <a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">accretion disk</a> heated by <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a>, forming <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasars</a>, some of the brightest objects in the universe. Stars passing too close to a supermassive black hole can be shredded into streamers that shine very brightly before being "swallowed."<a href="#cite_note-pmid32001633-11">[11]</a> If other stars are orbiting a black hole, their orbits can be used to determine the black hole's mass and location. Such observations can be used to exclude possible alternatives such as neutron stars. In this way, astronomers have identified numerous stellar black hole candidates in <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary systems</a> and established that the radio source known as <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">Sagittarius A*</a>, at the core of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> galaxy, contains a supermassive black hole of about 4.3 million <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar</a> masses. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> The idea of a body so big that even light could not escape was briefly proposed by English astronomical pioneer and clergyman <a href="/wiki/John_Michell" title="John Michell">John Michell</a> in a letter published in November 1784. Michell's simplistic calculations assumed such a body might have the same density as the Sun, and concluded that one would form when a star's diameter exceeds the Sun's by a factor of 500, and its surface <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">escape velocity</a> exceeds the usual speed of light. Michell correctly noted that such supermassive but non-radiating bodies might be detectable through their gravitational effects on nearby visible bodies.<a href="#cite_note-origin-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-thorne_123_124-13">[13]</a> Scholars of the time were initially excited by the proposal that giant but invisible 'dark stars' might be hiding in plain view, but enthusiasm dampened when the wavelike nature of light became apparent in the early nineteenth century,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> as if light were a wave rather than a particle, it was unclear what, if any, influence gravity would have on escaping light waves.<a href="#cite_note-origin-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-thorne_123_124-13">[13]</a> The modern theory of gravity, general relativity, discredits Michell's notion of a light ray shooting directly from the surface of a supermassive star, being slowed down by the star's gravity, stopping, and then free-falling back to the star's surface.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Instead, spacetime itself is curved such that the <a href="/wiki/Geodesic" title="Geodesic">geodesic</a> that light travels on never leaves the surface of the "star" (black hole). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_relativity">General relativity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_general_relativity" title="History of general relativity">History of general relativity</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spacetime curvature schematic"><img alt="Spacetime curvature schematic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg/220px-Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg/330px-Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg/440px-Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="469" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding:0.5em 0.2em 0.6em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; display:block;margin-bottom:0.1em;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>κ</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/124ab80fcb17e2733cc17ff6f93da5e52f355c77" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.468ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}"></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_general_relativity" title="Introduction to general relativity">Introduction</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general_relativity" title="History of general relativity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_gravitational_physics_and_relativity" title="Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity">Timeline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">Tests</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_general_relativity" title="Mathematics of general relativity">Mathematical formulation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Fundamental concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">Equivalence principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_line" title="World line">World line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Riemannian_manifold" title="Pseudo-Riemannian manifold">Pseudo-Riemannian manifold</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Phenomena</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-body_problem_in_general_relativity" title="Two-body problem in general relativity">Kepler problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">Gravitational lensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_redshift" title="Gravitational redshift">Gravitational redshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation" title="Gravitational time dilation">Gravitational time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame-dragging" title="Frame-dragging">Frame-dragging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_effect" title="Geodetic effect">Geodetic effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">Event horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">Singularity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black hole</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ececff; font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime_diagram" title="Spacetime diagram">Spacetime diagrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski_space" title="Minkowski space">Minkowski spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">Einstein–Rosen bridge</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Equations</li><li>Formalisms</li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;padding-bottom:0;margin-bottom:0;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0;"> Equations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linearized_gravity" title="Linearized gravity">Linearized gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedmann_equations" title="Friedmann equations">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesics_in_general_relativity" title="Geodesics in general relativity">Geodesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathisson%E2%80%93Papapetrou%E2%80%93Dixon_equations" title="Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon equations">Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi%E2%80%93Einstein_equation" title="Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation">Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0;"> Formalisms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADM_formalism" title="ADM formalism">ADM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSSN_formalism" title="BSSN formalism">BSSN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism" title="Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism">Post-Newtonian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0;"> Advanced theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Exact_solutions_in_general_relativity" title="Exact solutions in general relativity">Solutions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interior_Schwarzschild_metric" title="Interior Schwarzschild metric">interior</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric" title="Reissner–Nordström metric">Reissner–Nordström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Rosen_metric" title="Einstein–Rosen metric">Einstein–Rosen waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">Wormhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_metric" title="Gödel metric">Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman_metric" title="Kerr–Newman metric">Kerr–Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman%E2%80%93de%E2%80%93Sitter_metric" title="Kerr–Newman–de–Sitter metric">Kerr–Newman–de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasner_metric" title="Kasner metric">Kasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Tolman_metric" title="Lemaître–Tolman metric">Lemaître–Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taub%E2%80%93NUT_space" title="Taub–NUT space">Taub–NUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milne_model" title="Milne model">Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">Robertson–Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Snyder_model" title="Oppenheimer–Snyder model">Oppenheimer–Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pp-wave_spacetime" title="Pp-wave spacetime">pp-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Stockum_dust" title="Van Stockum dust">van Stockum dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyl%E2%80%93Lewis%E2%80%93Papapetrou_coordinates" title="Weyl–Lewis–Papapetrou coordinates">Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartle%E2%80%93Thorne_metric" title="Hartle–Thorne metric">Hartle–Thorne</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Scientists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Schwarzschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reissner" title="Hans Reissner">Reissner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Nordstr%C3%B6m" title="Gunnar Nordström">Nordström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Milne" title="Edward Arthur Milne">Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Zwicky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Robertson" title="Howard P. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Bardeen" title="James M. Bardeen">Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Geoffrey_Walker" title="Arthur Geoffrey Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Kerr" title="Roy Kerr">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amal_Kumar_Raychaudhuri" title="Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri">Raychaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Jacob_van_Stockum" title="Willem Jacob van Stockum">van Stockum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_H._Taub" title="Abraham H. Taub">Taub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_T._Newman" title="Ezra T. Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Yau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_general_relativity" title="List of contributors to general relativity">others</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/14px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/21px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/28px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:General_relativity" title="Category:General relativity">Category</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:General_relativity_sidebar" title="Template:General relativity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:General_relativity_sidebar" title="Template talk:General relativity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:General_relativity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:General relativity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In 1915, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> developed his theory of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>, having earlier shown that gravity does influence light's motion. Only a few months later, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Karl Schwarzschild</a> found a <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">solution</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a> that describes the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_field" title="Gravitational field">gravitational field</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Point_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Point mass">point mass</a> and a spherical mass.<a href="#cite_note-Levy-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwarzschild1916-17">[17]</a> A few months after Schwarzschild, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Droste" title="Johannes Droste">Johannes Droste</a>, a student of <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a>, independently gave the same solution for the point mass and wrote more extensively about its properties.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> This solution had a peculiar behaviour at what is now called the <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_radius" title="Schwarzschild radius">Schwarzschild radius</a>, where it became <a href="/wiki/Singularity_(mathematics)" title="Singularity (mathematics)">singular</a>, meaning that some of the terms in the Einstein equations became infinite. The nature of this surface was not quite understood at the time. In 1924, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a> showed that the singularity disappeared after a change of coordinates. In 1933, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Georges Lemaître</a> realised that this meant the singularity at the Schwarzschild radius was a non-physical <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_singularity" title="Coordinate singularity">coordinate singularity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HooftHist-20">[20]</a> Arthur Eddington commented on the possibility of a star with mass compressed to the Schwarzschild radius in a 1926 book, noting that Einstein's theory allows us to rule out overly large densities for visible stars like <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a> because "a star of 250 million km radius could not possibly have so high a density as the Sun. Firstly, the force of gravitation would be so great that light would be unable to escape from it, the rays falling back to the star like a stone to the earth. Secondly, the red shift of the spectral lines would be so great that the spectrum would be shifted out of existence. Thirdly, the mass would produce so much curvature of the spacetime metric that space would close up around the star, leaving us outside (i.e., nowhere)."<a href="#cite_note-eddington1926-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 1931, <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> calculated, using special relativity, that a non-rotating body of <a href="/wiki/Electron-degenerate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron-degenerate matter">electron-degenerate matter</a> above a certain limiting mass (now called the <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a> at 1.4 <var>M</var>☉) has no stable solutions.<a href="#cite_note-venkataraman92-23">[23]</a> His arguments were opposed by many of his contemporaries like Eddington and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landau</a>, who argued that some yet unknown mechanism would stop the collapse.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> They were partly correct: a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> slightly more massive than the Chandrasekhar limit will collapse into a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron star</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> which is itself stable. In 1939, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a> and others predicted that neutron stars above another limit, the <a href="/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_limit" title="Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit">Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit</a>, would collapse further for the reasons presented by Chandrasekhar, and concluded that no law of physics was likely to intervene and stop at least some stars from collapsing to black holes.<a href="#cite_note-OV1939-26">[26]</a> Their original calculations, based on the <a href="/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle" title="Pauli exclusion principle">Pauli exclusion principle</a>, gave it as 0.7 <var>M</var>☉. Subsequent consideration of neutron-neutron repulsion mediated by the strong force raised the estimate to approximately 1.5 <var>M</var>☉ to 3.0 <var>M</var>☉.<a href="#cite_note-Bombaci-27">[27]</a> Observations of the neutron star merger <a href="/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817">GW170817</a>, which is thought to have generated a black hole shortly afterward, have refined the TOV limit estimate to ~2.17 <var>M</var>☉.<a href="#cite_note-Cho2018-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Margalit2017-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shibata2017-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruiz2018-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rezzolla2018-32">[32]</a> Oppenheimer and his co-authors interpreted the singularity at the boundary of the Schwarzschild radius as indicating that this was the boundary of a bubble in which time stopped. This is a valid point of view for external observers, but not for infalling observers. The hypothetical collapsed stars were called "frozen stars", because an outside observer would see the surface of the star frozen in time at the instant where its collapse takes it to the Schwarzschild radius.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Also in 1939, Einstein attempted to prove that black holes were impossible in his publication "On a Stationary System with Spherical Symmetry Consisting of Many Gravitating Masses", using his theory of general relativity to defend his argument.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[34]</a> Months later, Oppenheimer and his student <a href="/wiki/Hartland_Snyder" title="Hartland Snyder">Hartland Snyder</a> provided the <a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Snyder_model" title="Oppenheimer–Snyder model">Oppenheimer–Snyder model</a> in their paper "On Continued Gravitational Contraction",<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> which predicted the existence of black holes. In the paper, which made no reference to Einstein's recent publication, Oppenheimer and Snyder used Einstein's own theory of general relativity to show the conditions on how a black hole could develop, for the first time in contemporary physics.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Golden_age">Golden age</h4></div> In 1958, <a href="/wiki/David_Finkelstein" title="David Finkelstein">David Finkelstein</a> identified the Schwarzschild surface as an event horizon, "a perfect unidirectional membrane: causal influences can cross it in only one direction".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> This did not strictly contradict Oppenheimer's results, but extended them to include the point of view of infalling observers. Finkelstein's solution extended the Schwarzschild solution for the future of observers falling into a black hole. A <a href="/wiki/Kruskal%E2%80%93Szekeres_coordinates" title="Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates">complete extension</a> had already been found by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kruskal" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Kruskal">Martin Kruskal</a>, who was urged to publish it.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> These results came at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_general_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age of general relativity">golden age of general relativity</a>, which was marked by general relativity and black holes becoming mainstream subjects of research. This process was helped by the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a> in 1967,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> which, by 1969, were shown to be rapidly rotating neutron stars.<a href="#cite_note-araa8_265-40">[40]</a> Until that time, neutron stars, like black holes, were regarded as just theoretical curiosities; but the discovery of pulsars showed their physical relevance and spurred a further interest in all types of compact objects that might be formed by gravitational collapse.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In this period more general black hole solutions were found. In 1963, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Kerr" title="Roy Kerr">Roy Kerr</a> found <a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">the exact solution</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Rotating_black_hole" title="Rotating black hole">rotating black hole</a>. Two years later, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_T._Newman" title="Ezra T. Newman">Ezra Newman</a> found the <a href="/wiki/Axisymmetric" class="mw-redirect" title="Axisymmetric">axisymmetric</a> solution for a black hole that is both rotating and <a href="/wiki/Electrically_charged" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrically charged">electrically charged</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Through the work of <a href="/wiki/Werner_Israel" title="Werner Israel">Werner Israel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Carter" title="Brandon Carter">Brandon Carter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and David Robinson<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> the <a href="/wiki/No-hair_theorem" title="No-hair theorem">no-hair theorem</a> emerged, stating that a stationary black hole solution is completely described by the three parameters of the <a href="/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman_metric" title="Kerr–Newman metric">Kerr–Newman metric</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a>, and electric charge.<a href="#cite_note-HeuslerNoHair-47">[47]</a> At first, it was suspected that the strange features of the black hole solutions were pathological artefacts from the symmetry conditions imposed, and that the singularities would not appear in generic situations. This view was held in particular by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_A._Belinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir A. Belinsky">Vladimir Belinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaak_Markovich_Khalatnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov">Isaak Khalatnikov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Lifshitz" title="Evgeny Lifshitz">Evgeny Lifshitz</a>, who tried to prove that no singularities appear in generic solutions. However, in the late 1960s <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a><a href="#cite_note-penrose1965-48">[48]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> used global techniques to prove that singularities appear generically.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> For this work, Penrose received half of the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>, Hawking having died in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Based on observations in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Greenwich_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Greenwich Observatory">Greenwich</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Dunlap_Observatory" title="David Dunlap Observatory">Toronto</a> in the early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_X-1" title="Cygnus X-1">Cygnus X-1</a>, a galactic <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> source discovered in 1964, became the first astronomical object commonly accepted to be a black hole.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Work by <a href="/wiki/James_Bardeen" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bardeen">James Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bekenstein" title="Jacob Bekenstein">Jacob Bekenstein</a>, Carter, and Hawking in the early 1970s led to the formulation of <a href="/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics" title="Black hole thermodynamics">black hole thermodynamics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> These laws describe the behaviour of a black hole in close analogy to the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics" title="Laws of thermodynamics">laws of thermodynamics</a> by relating mass to energy, area to <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">surface gravity</a> to <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>. The analogy was completed when Hawking, in 1974, showed that <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">quantum field theory</a> implies that black holes should radiate like a <a href="/wiki/Black_body" title="Black body">black body</a> with a temperature proportional to the surface gravity of the black hole, predicting the effect now known as <a href="/wiki/Hawking_radiation" title="Hawking radiation">Hawking radiation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hawking1974-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Observation">Observation</h3></div> On 11 February 2016, the <a href="/wiki/LIGO_Scientific_Collaboration" title="LIGO Scientific Collaboration">LIGO Scientific Collaboration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Virgo collaboration</a> <a href="/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">announced the first direct detection</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational waves</a>, representing the first observation of a black hole merger.<a href="#cite_note-PRL-20160211-55">[55]</a> On 10 April 2019, the first direct image of a black hole and its vicinity was published, following observations made by the <a href="/wiki/Event_Horizon_Telescope" title="Event Horizon Telescope">Event Horizon Telescope</a> (EHT) in 2017 of the supermassive black hole in Messier 87's <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">galactic centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-APJL-20190410-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-BoumanJohnson2016-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190412-58">[58]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_hole&action=edit">[update]</a>, the nearest known body thought to be a black hole, <a href="/wiki/Gaia_BH1" title="Gaia BH1">Gaia BH1</a>, is around 1,560 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> (480 <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">parsecs</a>) away.<a href="#cite_note-El-Badry-59">[59]</a> Though only a couple dozen black holes have been found so far in the Milky Way, there are thought to be hundreds of millions, most of which are solitary and do not cause emission of radiation.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Therefore, they would only be detectable by <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">gravitational lensing</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> John Michell used the term "dark star" in a November 1783 letter to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], and in the early 20th century, physicists used the term "gravitationally collapsed object". Science writer Marcia Bartusiak traces the term "black hole" to physicist <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke" title="Robert H. Dicke">Robert H. Dicke</a>, who in the early 1960s reportedly compared the phenomenon to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_of_Calcutta" title="Black Hole of Calcutta">Black Hole of Calcutta</a>, notorious as a prison where people entered but never left alive.<a href="#cite_note-Bartusiak-61">[61]</a> The term "black hole" was used in print by <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_News" title="Science News">Science News</a> magazines in 1963,<a href="#cite_note-Bartusiak-61">[61]</a> and by science journalist Ann Ewing in her article "'Black Holes' in Space", dated 18 January 1964, which was a report on a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> held in Cleveland, Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-scinewsewing-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In December 1967, a student reportedly suggested the phrase "black hole" at a lecture by <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a>;<a href="#cite_note-scinewsewing-62">[62]</a> Wheeler adopted the term for its brevity and "advertising value", and it quickly caught on,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> leading some to credit Wheeler with coining the phrase.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties_and_structure">Properties and structure</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/No-hair_theorem" title="No-hair theorem">no-hair theorem</a> postulates that, once it achieves a stable condition after formation, a black hole has only three independent physical properties: mass, electric charge, and angular momentum; the black hole is otherwise featureless. If the conjecture is true, any two black holes that share the same values for these properties, or parameters, are indistinguishable from one another. The degree to which the conjecture is true for real black holes under the laws of modern physics is currently an unsolved problem.<a href="#cite_note-HeuslerNoHair-47">[47]</a> These properties are special because they are visible from outside a black hole. For example, a charged black hole repels other like charges just like any other charged object. Similarly, the total mass inside a sphere containing a black hole can be found by using the gravitational analogue of <a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_law" title="Gauss's law">Gauss's law</a> (through the <a href="/wiki/ADM_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="ADM mass">ADM mass</a>), far away from the black hole.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Likewise, the angular momentum (or spin) can be measured from far away using <a href="/wiki/Frame_dragging" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame dragging">frame dragging</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Gravitomagnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitomagnetism">gravitomagnetic field</a>, through for example the <a href="/wiki/Lense%E2%80%93Thirring_precession" title="Lense–Thirring precession">Lense–Thirring effect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_a_Black_Hole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Anatomy_of_a_Black_Hole.jpg/450px-Anatomy_of_a_Black_Hole.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Anatomy_of_a_Black_Hole.jpg/675px-Anatomy_of_a_Black_Hole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Anatomy_of_a_Black_Hole.jpg/900px-Anatomy_of_a_Black_Hole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4992" data-file-height="3535" /></a><figcaption>An artistic depiction of a black hole and its features</figcaption></figure> When an object falls into a black hole, any information about the shape of the object or distribution of charge on it is evenly distributed along the horizon of the black hole, and is lost to outside observers. The behaviour of the horizon in this situation is a <a href="/wiki/Dissipative_system" title="Dissipative system">dissipative system</a> that is closely analogous to that of a conductive stretchy membrane with friction and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">electrical resistance</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Membrane_paradigm" title="Membrane paradigm">membrane paradigm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> This is different from other <a href="/wiki/Field_theory_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field theory (physics)">field theories</a> such as electromagnetism, which do not have any friction or resistivity at the microscopic level, because they are <a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">time-reversible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-math_ucr_edu-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Because a black hole eventually achieves a stable state with only three parameters, there is no way to avoid losing information about the initial conditions: the gravitational and electric fields of a black hole give very little information about what went in. The information that is lost includes every quantity that cannot be measured far away from the black hole horizon, including <a href="/wiki/Conservation_law" title="Conservation law">approximately conserved</a> <a href="/wiki/Quantum_number" title="Quantum number">quantum numbers</a> such as the total <a href="/wiki/Baryon_number" title="Baryon number">baryon number</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lepton_number" title="Lepton number">lepton number</a>. This behaviour is so puzzling that it has been called the <a href="/wiki/Black_hole_information_loss_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Black hole information loss paradox">black hole information loss paradox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-math_ucr_edu-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Hole_Shadow.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Black_Hole_Shadow.gif/350px-Black_Hole_Shadow.gif" decoding="async" width="350" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Black_Hole_Shadow.gif/525px-Black_Hole_Shadow.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Black_Hole_Shadow.gif/700px-Black_Hole_Shadow.gif 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>An animation of how light rays can be gravitationally bent</figcaption></figure> The simplest static black holes have mass but neither electric charge nor angular momentum. These black holes are often referred to as Schwarzschild black holes after Karl Schwarzschild who discovered this <a href="/wiki/Solutions_of_the_Einstein_field_equations" title="Solutions of the Einstein field equations">solution</a> in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-Schwarzschild1916-17">[17]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Birkhoff%27s_theorem_(relativity)" title="Birkhoff's theorem (relativity)">Birkhoff's theorem</a>, it is the only <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_solution_(general_relativity)" title="Vacuum solution (general relativity)">vacuum solution</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Spherically_symmetric_spacetime" title="Spherically symmetric spacetime">spherically symmetric</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> This means there is no observable difference at a distance between the gravitational field of such a black hole and that of any other spherical object of the same mass. The popular notion of a black hole "sucking in everything" in its surroundings is therefore correct only near a black hole's horizon; far away, the external gravitational field is identical to that of any other body of the same mass.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Solutions describing more general black holes also exist. Non-rotating <a href="/wiki/Charged_black_hole" title="Charged black hole">charged black holes</a> are described by the <a href="/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric" title="Reissner–Nordström metric">Reissner–Nordström metric</a>, while the Kerr metric describes a non-charged rotating black hole. The most general <a href="/wiki/Stationary_spacetime" title="Stationary spacetime">stationary</a> black hole solution known is the Kerr–Newman metric, which describes a black hole with both charge and angular momentum.<a href="#cite_note-shapiro_teukolsky1983-74">[74]</a> While the mass of a black hole can take any positive value, the charge and angular momentum are constrained by the mass. The total electric charge Q and the total angular momentum J are expected to satisfy the inequality <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {Q^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}+{\frac {c^{2}J^{2}}{GM^{2}}}\leq GM^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>J</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>G</mi> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {Q^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}+{\frac {c^{2}J^{2}}{GM^{2}}}\leq GM^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/405f9a293c88cecb78a48a78e5dfa60a73658c24" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.863ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {Q^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}+{\frac {c^{2}J^{2}}{GM^{2}}}\leq GM^{2}}"></dd></dl> for a black hole of mass M. Black holes with the minimum possible mass satisfying this inequality are called <a href="/wiki/Extremal_black_hole" title="Extremal black hole">extremal</a>. Solutions of Einstein's equations that violate this inequality exist, but they do not possess an event horizon. These solutions have so-called <a href="/wiki/Naked_singularity" title="Naked singularity">naked singularities</a> that can be observed from the outside, and hence are deemed unphysical. The <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_censorship_hypothesis" title="Cosmic censorship hypothesis">cosmic censorship hypothesis</a> rules out the formation of such singularities, when they are created through the gravitational collapse of <a href="/wiki/Energy_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy conditions">realistic matter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wald_1997-3">[3]</a> This is supported by numerical simulations.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Due to the relatively large strength of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetic force</a>, black holes forming from the collapse of stars are expected to retain the nearly neutral charge of the star. Rotation, however, is expected to be a universal feature of compact astrophysical objects. The black-hole candidate binary X-ray source <a href="/wiki/GRS_1915%2B105" title="GRS 1915+105">GRS 1915+105</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> appears to have an angular momentum near the maximum allowed value. That uncharged limit is<a href="#cite_note-50SMBH-77">[77]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J\leq {\frac {GM^{2}}{c}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>J</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J\leq {\frac {GM^{2}}{c}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f39b611c84e512372f9abae625338cf27d8a4819" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.433ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J\leq {\frac {GM^{2}}{c}},}"></dd></dl> allowing definition of a <a href="/wiki/Dimensionless" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensionless">dimensionless</a> spin parameter such that<a href="#cite_note-50SMBH-77">[77]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\leq {\frac {cJ}{GM^{2}}}\leq 1.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mi>J</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>1.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\leq {\frac {cJ}{GM^{2}}}\leq 1.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9316201c21641ceb0f7c92b2bdce82ba680da1f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:15.385ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\leq {\frac {cJ}{GM^{2}}}\leq 1.}"><a href="#cite_note-50SMBH-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[Note 1]</a></dd></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;"> <caption>Black hole classifications </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Class</th> <th>Approx. mass</th> <th>Approx. radius </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole#Ultramassive_black_holes" title="Supermassive black hole">Ultramassive black hole</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">109–1011 <var>M</var>☉</td> <td style="text-align: center;">>1,000 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">Supermassive black hole</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">106–109 <var>M</var>☉</td> <td style="text-align: center;">0.001–400 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Intermediate-mass_black_hole" title="Intermediate-mass black hole">Intermediate-mass black hole</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">102–105 <var>M</var>☉</td> <td style="text-align: center;">103 km ≈ <a href="/wiki/Earth_radius" title="Earth radius">REarth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">2-150 <var>M</var>☉</td> <td style="text-align: center;">30 km </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">up to M<a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">up to 0.1 mm </td></tr></tbody></table> Black holes are commonly classified according to their mass, independent of angular momentum, J. The size of a black hole, as determined by the radius of the event horizon, or Schwarzschild radius, is proportional to the mass, M, through <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {s} }={\frac {2GM}{c^{2}}}\approx 2.95\,{\frac {M}{M_{\odot }}}~\mathrm {km,} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>2.95</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>M</mi> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {s} }={\frac {2GM}{c^{2}}}\approx 2.95\,{\frac {M}{M_{\odot }}}~\mathrm {km,} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f49ba5dfc447bc1aad8107669b07ab45532026e2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:27.906ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {s} }={\frac {2GM}{c^{2}}}\approx 2.95\,{\frac {M}{M_{\odot }}}~\mathrm {km,} }"></dd></dl> where rs is the Schwarzschild radius and <var>M</var>☉ is the <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">mass of the Sun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> For a black hole with nonzero spin and/or electric charge, the radius is smaller,<a href="#cite_note-81">[Note 2]</a> until an extremal black hole could have an event horizon close to<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {+} }={\frac {GM}{c^{2}}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {+} }={\frac {GM}{c^{2}}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e593174ab3ec4c151765fbe61344fa85f9dbd173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:11.41ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {+} }={\frac {GM}{c^{2}}}.}"></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Event_horizon">Event horizon</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">Event horizon</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:BH-no-escape-1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/BH-no-escape-1.svg/300px-BH-no-escape-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/BH-no-escape-1.svg/450px-BH-no-escape-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/BH-no-escape-1.svg/600px-BH-no-escape-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="106" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Far away from the black hole, a particle can move in any direction, as illustrated by the set of arrows. It is restricted only by the speed of light.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:BH-no-escape-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/BH-no-escape-2.svg/300px-BH-no-escape-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/BH-no-escape-2.svg/450px-BH-no-escape-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/BH-no-escape-2.svg/600px-BH-no-escape-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="106" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Closer to the black hole, spacetime starts to deform. There are more paths going towards the black hole than paths moving away.<a href="#cite_note-84">[Note 3]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:BH-no-escape-3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BH-no-escape-3.svg/300px-BH-no-escape-3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BH-no-escape-3.svg/450px-BH-no-escape-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BH-no-escape-3.svg/600px-BH-no-escape-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="106" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Inside of the event horizon, all paths bring the particle closer to the centre of the black hole. It is no longer possible for the particle to escape.</div></div></div></div></div> The defining feature of a black hole is the appearance of an event horizon—a boundary in <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> through which matter and light can pass only inward towards the mass of the black hole. Nothing, not even light, can escape from inside the event horizon.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> The event horizon is referred to as such because if an event occurs within the boundary, information from that event cannot reach an outside observer, making it impossible to determine whether such an event occurred.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> As predicted by general relativity, the presence of a mass deforms spacetime in such a way that the paths taken by particles bend towards the mass.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> At the event horizon of a black hole, this deformation becomes so strong that there are no paths that lead away from the black hole.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> To a distant observer, clocks near a black hole would appear to tick more slowly than those farther away from the black hole.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> Due to this effect, known as <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation" title="Gravitational time dilation">gravitational time dilation</a>, an object falling into a black hole appears to slow as it approaches the event horizon, taking an infinite amount of time to reach it.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> At the same time, all processes on this object slow down, from the viewpoint of a fixed outside observer, causing any light emitted by the object to appear redder and dimmer, an effect known as <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_redshift" title="Gravitational redshift">gravitational redshift</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> Eventually, the falling object fades away until it can no longer be seen. Typically this process happens very rapidly with an object disappearing from view within less than a second.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> On the other hand, indestructible observers falling into a black hole do not notice any of these effects as they cross the event horizon. According to their own clocks, which appear to them to tick normally, they cross the event horizon after a finite time without noting any singular behaviour; in classical general relativity, it is impossible to determine the location of the event horizon from local observations, due to Einstein's <a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">equivalence principle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topology</a> of the event horizon of a black hole at equilibrium is always spherical.<a href="#cite_note-98">[Note 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> For non-rotating (static) black holes the geometry of the event horizon is precisely spherical, while for rotating black holes the event horizon is oblate.<a href="#cite_note-Smarr1973-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wiltshire2009-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Delgado2018-102">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singularity">Singularity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">Gravitational singularity</a></div> At the centre of a black hole, as described by general relativity, may lie a <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">gravitational singularity</a>, a region where the spacetime curvature becomes infinite.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> For a non-rotating black hole, this region takes the shape of a single point; for a rotating black hole it is smeared out to form a <a href="/wiki/Ring_singularity" title="Ring singularity">ring singularity</a> that lies in the plane of rotation.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> In both cases, the singular region has zero volume. It can also be shown that the singular region contains all the mass of the black hole solution.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> The singular region can thus be thought of as having infinite <a href="/wiki/Mass_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass density">density</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> Observers falling into a Schwarzschild black hole (i.e., non-rotating and not charged) cannot avoid being carried into the singularity once they cross the event horizon. They can prolong the experience by accelerating away to slow their descent, but only up to a limit.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> When they reach the singularity, they are crushed to infinite density and their mass is added to the total of the black hole. Before that happens, they will have been torn apart by the growing <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal forces</a> in a process sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Spaghettification" title="Spaghettification">spaghettification</a> or the "noodle effect".<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> In the case of a charged (Reissner–Nordström) or rotating (Kerr) black hole, it is possible to avoid the singularity. Extending these solutions as far as possible reveals the hypothetical possibility of exiting the black hole into a different spacetime with the black hole acting as a <a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">wormhole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> The possibility of travelling to another universe is, however, only theoretical since any perturbation would destroy this possibility.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> It also appears to be possible to follow <a href="/wiki/Closed_timelike_curve" title="Closed timelike curve">closed timelike curves</a> (returning to one's own past) around the Kerr singularity, which leads to problems with <a href="/wiki/Causality_(physics)" title="Causality (physics)">causality</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandfather paradox">grandfather paradox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> It is expected that none of these peculiar effects would survive in a proper quantum treatment of rotating and charged black holes.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> The appearance of singularities in general relativity is commonly perceived as signalling the breakdown of the theory.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> This breakdown, however, is expected; it occurs in a situation where <a href="/wiki/Quantum_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum effects">quantum effects</a> should describe these actions, due to the extremely high density and therefore particle interactions. To date, it has not been possible to combine quantum and gravitational effects into a single theory, although there exist attempts to formulate such a theory of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">quantum gravity</a>. It is generally expected that such a theory will not feature any singularities.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photon_sphere">Photon sphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photon_sphere" title="Photon sphere">Photon sphere</a></div> The photon sphere is a spherical boundary where photons that move on tangents to that sphere would be trapped in a non-stable but circular orbit around the black hole.<a href="#cite_note-Cramer_1997-116">[112]</a> For non-rotating black holes, the photon sphere has a radius 1.5 times the Schwarzschild radius. Their orbits would be <a href="/wiki/Instability" title="Instability">dynamically unstable</a>, hence any small perturbation, such as a particle of infalling matter, would cause an instability that would grow over time, either setting the photon on an outward trajectory causing it to escape the black hole, or on an inward spiral where it would eventually cross the event horizon.<a href="#cite_note-prd84_6-117">[113]</a> While light can still escape from the photon sphere, any light that crosses the photon sphere on an inbound trajectory will be captured by the black hole. Hence any light that reaches an outside observer from the photon sphere must have been emitted by objects between the photon sphere and the event horizon.<a href="#cite_note-prd84_6-117">[113]</a> For a Kerr black hole the radius of the photon sphere depends on the spin parameter and on the details of the photon orbit, which can be prograde (the photon rotates in the same sense of the black hole spin) or retrograde.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ergosphere">Ergosphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ergosphere" title="Ergosphere">Ergosphere</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ergosphere_and_event_horizon_of_a_rotating_black_hole_(no_animation).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ergosphere_and_event_horizon_of_a_rotating_black_hole_%28no_animation%29.gif/220px-Ergosphere_and_event_horizon_of_a_rotating_black_hole_%28no_animation%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ergosphere_and_event_horizon_of_a_rotating_black_hole_%28no_animation%29.gif/330px-Ergosphere_and_event_horizon_of_a_rotating_black_hole_%28no_animation%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ergosphere_and_event_horizon_of_a_rotating_black_hole_%28no_animation%29.gif/440px-Ergosphere_and_event_horizon_of_a_rotating_black_hole_%28no_animation%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>The ergosphere is a region outside of the event horizon, where objects cannot remain in place.<a href="#cite_note-viss-120">[116]</a></figcaption></figure> Rotating black holes are surrounded by a region of spacetime in which it is impossible to stand still, called the ergosphere. This is the result of a process known as <a href="/wiki/Frame-dragging" title="Frame-dragging">frame-dragging</a>; general relativity predicts that any rotating mass will tend to slightly "drag" along the spacetime immediately surrounding it. Any object near the rotating mass will tend to start moving in the direction of rotation. For a rotating black hole, this effect is so strong near the event horizon that an object would have to move faster than the speed of light in the opposite direction to just stand still.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> The ergosphere of a black hole is a volume bounded by the black hole's event horizon and the ergosurface, which coincides with the event horizon at the poles but is at a much greater distance around the equator.<a href="#cite_note-viss-120">[116]</a> Objects and radiation can escape normally from the ergosphere. Through the <a href="/wiki/Penrose_process" title="Penrose process">Penrose process</a>, objects can emerge from the ergosphere with more energy than they entered with. The extra energy is taken from the rotational energy of the black hole. Thereby the rotation of the black hole slows down.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> A variation of the Penrose process in the presence of strong magnetic fields, the <a href="/wiki/Blandford%E2%80%93Znajek_process" title="Blandford–Znajek process">Blandford–Znajek process</a> is considered a likely mechanism for the enormous luminosity and relativistic jets of <a href="/wiki/Quasars" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasars">quasars</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Active galactic nuclei">active galactic nuclei</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innermost_stable_circular_orbit_(ISCO)">Innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Innermost_stable_circular_orbit" title="Innermost stable circular orbit">Innermost stable circular orbit</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newtonian gravity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Test_particle" title="Test particle">test particles</a> can stably orbit at arbitrary distances from a central object. In general relativity, however, there exists an innermost stable circular orbit (often called the ISCO), for which any infinitesimal inward perturbations to a circular orbit will lead to spiraling into the black hole, and any outward perturbations will, depending on the energy, result in spiraling in, stably orbiting between apastron and periastron, or escaping to infinity.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> The location of the ISCO depends on the spin of the black hole, in the case of a Schwarzschild black hole (spin zero) is: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\rm {ISCO}}=3\,r_{s}={\frac {6\,GM}{c^{2}}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\rm {ISCO}}=3\,r_{s}={\frac {6\,GM}{c^{2}}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/96a3a6b46cc5410e5e33960e89268a48235061ee" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:22.354ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\rm {ISCO}}=3\,r_{s}={\frac {6\,GM}{c^{2}}},}"></dd></dl> and decreases with increasing black hole spin for particles orbiting in the same direction as the spin.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plunging_region">Plunging region</h3></div> The final observable region of spacetime around a black hole is called the plunging region. In this area it is no longer possible for matter to follow circular orbits or to stop a final descent into the black hole. Instead it will rapidly plunge toward the black hole close to the speed of light.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_and_evolution">Formation and evolution</h2></div> Given the bizarre character of black holes, it was long questioned whether such objects could actually exist in nature or whether they were merely pathological solutions to Einstein's equations. Einstein himself wrongly thought black holes would not form, because he held that the angular momentum of collapsing particles would stabilise their motion at some radius.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> This led the general relativity community to dismiss all results to the contrary for many years. However, a minority of relativists continued to contend that black holes were physical objects,<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> and by the end of the 1960s, they had persuaded the majority of researchers in the field that there is no obstacle to the formation of an event horizon.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> Penrose demonstrated that once an event horizon forms, general relativity without quantum mechanics requires that a singularity will form within.<a href="#cite_note-penrose1965-48">[48]</a> Shortly afterwards, Hawking showed that many cosmological solutions that describe the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> have singularities without <a href="/wiki/Scalar_field" title="Scalar field">scalar fields</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Exotic_matter" title="Exotic matter">exotic matter</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Kerr_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerr solution">Kerr solution</a>, the no-hair theorem, and the laws of black hole thermodynamics showed that the physical properties of black holes were simple and comprehensible, making them respectable subjects for research.<a href="#cite_note-HawkingPenrose1970-130">[126]</a> Conventional black holes are formed by <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">gravitational collapse</a> of heavy objects such as stars, but they can also in theory be formed by other processes.<a href="#cite_note-pacucci2016-131">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-carr_primordial-132">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gravitational_collapse">Gravitational collapse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Images_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way_ESO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Images_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way_ESO.jpg/220px-Images_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way_ESO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Images_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way_ESO.jpg/330px-Images_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way_ESO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Images_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way_ESO.jpg/440px-Images_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way_ESO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption>Gas cloud being ripped apart by black hole at the centre of the Milky Way (observations from 2006, 2010 and 2013 are shown in blue, green and red, respectively).<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a></figcaption></figure> Gravitational collapse occurs when an object's internal <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> is insufficient to resist the object's own gravity. For stars this usually occurs either because a star has too little "fuel" left to maintain its temperature through <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">stellar nucleosynthesis</a>, or because a star that would have been stable receives extra matter in a way that does not raise its core temperature. In either case the star's temperature is no longer high enough to prevent it from collapsing under its own weight.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll5.8-134">[130]</a> The collapse may be stopped by the <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter" title="Degenerate matter">degeneracy pressure</a> of the star's constituents, allowing the condensation of matter into an exotic <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter" title="Degenerate matter">denser state</a>. The result is one of the various types of <a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">compact star</a>. Which type forms depends on the mass of the remnant of the original star left if the outer layers have been blown away (for example, in a <a href="/wiki/Type_II_supernova" title="Type II supernova">Type II supernova</a>). The mass of the remnant, the collapsed object that survives the explosion, can be substantially less than that of the original star. Remnants exceeding 5 <var>M</var>☉ are produced by stars that were over 20 <var>M</var>☉ before the collapse.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll5.8-134">[130]</a> If the mass of the remnant exceeds about 3–4 <var>M</var>☉ (the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit<a href="#cite_note-OV1939-26">[26]</a>), either because the original star was very heavy or because the remnant collected additional mass through accretion of matter, even the degeneracy pressure of <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> is insufficient to stop the collapse. No known mechanism (except possibly quark degeneracy pressure) is powerful enough to stop the implosion and the object will inevitably collapse to form a black hole.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll5.8-134">[130]</a> The gravitational collapse of heavy stars is assumed to be responsible for the formation of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass_black_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar mass black hole">stellar mass black holes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a> in the early universe may have resulted in very massive stars, which upon their collapse would have produced black holes of up to 103 <var>M</var>☉. These black holes could be the seeds of the supermassive black holes found in the centres of most galaxies.<a href="#cite_note-ReesVolonteri-135">[131]</a> It has further been suggested that massive black holes with typical masses of ~105 <var>M</var>☉ could have formed from the direct collapse of gas clouds in the young universe.<a href="#cite_note-pacucci2016-131">[127]</a> These massive objects have been proposed as the seeds that eventually formed the earliest quasars observed already at redshift <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z\sim 7}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>z</mi> <mo>∼</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z\sim 7}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e938a695451453ea5a0716709348fd221634dde7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.349ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z\sim 7}">.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> Some candidates for such objects have been found in observations of the young universe.<a href="#cite_note-pacucci2016-131">[127]</a> While most of the energy released during gravitational collapse is emitted very quickly, an outside observer does not actually see the end of this process. Even though the collapse takes a finite amount of time from the <a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">reference frame</a> of infalling matter, a distant observer would see the infalling material slow and halt just above the event horizon, due to gravitational time dilation. Light from the collapsing material takes longer and longer to reach the observer, with the light emitted just before the event horizon forms delayed an infinite amount of time. Thus the external observer never sees the formation of the event horizon; instead, the collapsing material seems to become dimmer and increasingly red-shifted, eventually fading away.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primordial_black_holes_and_the_Big_Bang">Primordial black holes and the Big Bang</h4></div> Gravitational collapse requires great density. In the current epoch of the universe these high densities are found only in stars, but in the early universe shortly after the Big Bang densities were much greater, possibly allowing for the creation of black holes. High density alone is not enough to allow black hole formation since a uniform mass distribution will not allow the mass to bunch up. In order for <a href="/wiki/Primordial_black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial black holes">primordial black holes</a> to have formed in such a dense medium, there must have been initial density perturbations that could then grow under their own gravity. Different models for the early universe vary widely in their predictions of the scale of these fluctuations. Various models predict the creation of primordial black holes ranging in size from a <a href="/wiki/Planck_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck mass">Planck mass</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{P}={\sqrt {\hbar c/G}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>G</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{P}={\sqrt {\hbar c/G}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3bdcfdf605cec12fd78b89406c72dbf204fcb620" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:14.232ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{P}={\sqrt {\hbar c/G}}}"> ≈ 1.2×1019 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt#Mass" title="Electronvolt">GeV/c2</a> ≈ 2.2×10−8 kg) to hundreds of thousands of solar masses.<a href="#cite_note-carr_primordial-132">[128]</a> Despite the early universe being extremely <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">dense</a>, it did not re-collapse into a black hole during the Big Bang, since the expansion rate was greater than the attraction. Following <a href="/wiki/Inflation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation theory">inflation theory</a> there was a net repulsive gravitation in the beginning until the end of inflation. Since then the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble flow">Hubble flow</a> was slowed by the energy density of the universe. Models for the gravitational collapse of objects of relatively constant size, such as <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>, do not necessarily apply in the same way to rapidly expanding space such as the Big Bang.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-energy_collisions">High-energy collisions</h3></div> Gravitational collapse is not the only process that could create black holes. In principle, black holes could be formed in <a href="/wiki/High-energy_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="High-energy physics">high-energy</a> collisions that achieve sufficient density. As of 2002, no such events have been detected, either directly or indirectly as a deficiency of the mass balance in <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a> experiments.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> This suggests that there must be a lower limit for the mass of black holes. Theoretically, this boundary is expected to lie around the Planck mass, where quantum effects are expected to invalidate the predictions of general relativity.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> This would put the creation of black holes firmly out of reach of any high-energy process occurring on or near the Earth. However, certain developments in quantum gravity suggest that the minimum black hole mass could be much lower: some <a href="/wiki/Braneworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Braneworld">braneworld</a> scenarios for example put the boundary as low as 1 TeV/c2.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> This would make it conceivable for <a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">micro black holes</a> to be created in the high-energy collisions that occur when <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a> hit the Earth's atmosphere, or possibly in the <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>. These theories are very speculative, and the creation of black holes in these processes is deemed unlikely by many specialists.<a href="#cite_note-LHCsafety-142">[138]</a> Even if micro black holes could be formed, it is expected that they would <a href="/wiki/Black_hole_evaporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Black hole evaporation">evaporate</a> in about 10−25 seconds, posing no threat to the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3></div> Once a black hole has formed, it can continue to grow by absorbing additional <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>. Any black hole will continually absorb gas and <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar dust">interstellar dust</a> from its surroundings. This growth process is one possible way through which some supermassive black holes may have been formed, although the <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole#Formation" title="Supermassive black hole">formation of supermassive black holes</a> is still an open field of research.<a href="#cite_note-ReesVolonteri-135">[131]</a> A similar process has been suggested for the formation of <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-mass_black_hole" title="Intermediate-mass black hole">intermediate-mass black holes</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">globular clusters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> Black holes can also merge with other objects such as stars or even other black holes. This is thought to have been important, especially in the early growth of supermassive black holes, which could have formed from the aggregation of many smaller objects.<a href="#cite_note-ReesVolonteri-135">[131]</a> The process has also been proposed as the origin of some intermediate-mass black holes.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evaporation">Evaporation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hawking_radiation" title="Hawking radiation">Hawking radiation</a></div> In 1974, Hawking predicted that black holes are not entirely black but emit small amounts of thermal radiation at a temperature ħc3/(8πGM<a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_constant" title="Boltzmann constant">kB</a>);<a href="#cite_note-Hawking1974-54">[54]</a> this effect has become known as Hawking radiation. By applying quantum field theory to a static black hole background, he determined that a black hole should emit particles that display a perfect <a href="/wiki/Black_body_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Black body spectrum">black body spectrum</a>. Since Hawking's publication, many others have verified the result through various approaches.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> If Hawking's theory of black hole radiation is correct, then black holes are expected to shrink and evaporate over time as they lose mass by the emission of photons and other particles.<a href="#cite_note-Hawking1974-54">[54]</a> The temperature of this thermal spectrum (<a href="/wiki/Hawking_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawking temperature">Hawking temperature</a>) is proportional to the surface gravity of the black hole, which, for a Schwarzschild black hole, is inversely proportional to the mass. Hence, large black holes emit less radiation than small black holes.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> A stellar black hole of 1 <var>M</var>☉ has a Hawking temperature of 62 <a href="/wiki/Nanokelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanokelvin">nanokelvins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> This is far less than the 2.7 K temperature of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">cosmic microwave background</a> radiation. Stellar-mass or larger black holes receive more mass from the cosmic microwave background than they emit through Hawking radiation and thus will grow instead of shrinking.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> To have a Hawking temperature larger than 2.7 K (and be able to evaporate), a black hole would need a mass less than the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. Such a black hole would have a diameter of less than a tenth of a millimetre.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> If a black hole is very small, the radiation effects are expected to become very strong. A black hole with the mass of a car would have a diameter of about 10−24 m and take a nanosecond to evaporate, during which time it would briefly have a luminosity of more than 200 times that of the Sun. Lower-mass black holes are expected to evaporate even faster; for example, a black hole of mass 1 TeV/c2 would take less than 10−88 seconds to evaporate completely. For such a small black hole, quantum gravity effects are expected to play an important role and could hypothetically make such a small black hole stable, although current developments in quantum gravity do not indicate this is the case.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> The Hawking radiation for an astrophysical black hole is predicted to be very weak and would thus be exceedingly difficult to detect from Earth. A possible exception, however, is the burst of gamma rays emitted in the last stage of the evaporation of primordial black holes. Searches for such flashes have proven unsuccessful and provide stringent limits on the possibility of existence of low mass primordial black holes.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> NASA's <a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope</a> launched in 2008 will continue the search for these flashes.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> If black holes evaporate via Hawking radiation, a solar mass black hole will evaporate (beginning once the temperature of the cosmic microwave background drops below that of the black hole) over a period of 1064 years.<a href="#cite_note-Frautschi1982-156">[152]</a> A supermassive black hole with a mass of 1011 <var>M</var>☉ will evaporate in around 2×10100 years.<a href="#cite_note-page-157">[153]</a> Some monster black holes in the universe are predicted to continue to grow up to perhaps 1014 <var>M</var>☉ during the collapse of superclusters of galaxies. Even these would evaporate over a <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">timescale</a> of up to 10106 years.<a href="#cite_note-Frautschi1982-156">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observational_evidence">Observational evidence</h2></div> By nature, black holes do not themselves emit any electromagnetic radiation other than the hypothetical Hawking radiation, so astrophysicists searching for black holes must generally rely on indirect observations. For example, a black hole's existence can sometimes be inferred by observing its gravitational influence on its surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_interferometry">Direct interferometry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_view_of_the_M87_supermassive_black_hole_in_polarised_light.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_view_of_the_M87_supermassive_black_hole_in_polarised_light.tif/lossy-page1-220px-A_view_of_the_M87_supermassive_black_hole_in_polarised_light.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_view_of_the_M87_supermassive_black_hole_in_polarised_light.tif/lossy-page1-330px-A_view_of_the_M87_supermassive_black_hole_in_polarised_light.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_view_of_the_M87_supermassive_black_hole_in_polarised_light.tif/lossy-page1-440px-A_view_of_the_M87_supermassive_black_hole_in_polarised_light.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3414" data-file-height="3447" /></a><figcaption>A view of <a href="/wiki/M87*" class="mw-redirect" title="M87*">M87*</a> black hole in polarised light</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EHT_Saggitarius_A_black_hole.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/EHT_Saggitarius_A_black_hole.tif/lossy-page1-220px-EHT_Saggitarius_A_black_hole.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/EHT_Saggitarius_A_black_hole.tif/lossy-page1-330px-EHT_Saggitarius_A_black_hole.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/EHT_Saggitarius_A_black_hole.tif/lossy-page1-440px-EHT_Saggitarius_A_black_hole.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4076" data-file-height="4076" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">Sagittarius A*</a>, black hole in the center of the Milky Way</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Event_Horizon_Telescope" title="Event Horizon Telescope">Event Horizon Telescope</a> (EHT) is an active program that directly observes the immediate environment of black holes' event horizons, such as the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way. In April 2017, EHT began observing the black hole at the centre of Messier 87.<a href="#cite_note-eht-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20240124-160">[156]</a> "In all, eight radio observatories on six mountains and four continents observed the galaxy in Virgo on and off for 10 days in April 2017" to provide the data yielding the image in April 2019.<a href="#cite_note-OverbyeApril2019-161">[157]</a> After two years of data processing, EHT released the first direct image of a black hole. Specifically, the supermassive black hole that lies in the centre of the aforementioned galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> What is visible is not the black hole—which shows as black because of the loss of all light within this dark region. Instead, it is the gases at the edge of the event horizon, displayed as orange or red, that define the black hole.<a href="#cite_note-GrossmanApril2019-164">[160]</a> On 12 May 2022, the EHT released the first image of <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">Sagittarius A*</a>, the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way galaxy. The published image displayed the same ring-like structure and <a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">circular shadow</a> as seen in the M87* black hole, and the image was created using the same techniques as for the M87 black hole. The imaging process for Sagittarius A*, which is more than a thousand times smaller and less massive than M87*, was significantly more complex because of the instability of its surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> The image of Sagittarius A* was partially blurred by turbulent <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> on the way to the galactic centre, an effect which prevents resolution of the image at longer wavelengths.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> The brightening of this material in the 'bottom' half of the processed EHT image is thought to be caused by <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_beaming" title="Relativistic beaming">Doppler beaming</a>, whereby material approaching the viewer at relativistic speeds is perceived as brighter than material moving away. In the case of a black hole, this phenomenon implies that the visible material is rotating at relativistic speeds (>1,000 km/s [2,200,000 mph]), the only speeds at which it is possible to centrifugally balance the immense gravitational attraction of the singularity, and thereby remain in orbit above the event horizon. This configuration of bright material implies that the EHT observed <a href="/wiki/M87*" class="mw-redirect" title="M87*">M87*</a> from a perspective catching the black hole's accretion disc nearly edge-on, as the whole system rotated clockwise.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> The extreme gravitational lensing associated with black holes produces the illusion of a perspective that sees the accretion disc from above. In reality, most of the ring in the EHT image was created when the light emitted by the far side of the accretion disc bent around the black hole's gravity well and escaped, meaning that most of the possible perspectives on M87* can see the entire disc, even that directly behind the "shadow". In 2015, the EHT detected magnetic fields just outside the event horizon of Sagittarius A* and even discerned some of their properties. The field lines that pass through the accretion disc were a complex mixture of ordered and tangled. Theoretical studies of black holes had predicted the existence of magnetic fields.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> In April 2023, an image of the shadow of the Messier 87 black hole and the related high-energy jet, viewed together for the first time, was presented.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230426-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20230426-172">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection_of_gravitational_waves_from_merging_black_holes">Detection of gravitational waves from merging black holes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LIGO_measurement_of_gravitational_waves.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/LIGO_measurement_of_gravitational_waves.svg/220px-LIGO_measurement_of_gravitational_waves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/LIGO_measurement_of_gravitational_waves.svg/330px-LIGO_measurement_of_gravitational_waves.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/LIGO_measurement_of_gravitational_waves.svg/440px-LIGO_measurement_of_gravitational_waves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>LIGO measurement of the gravitational waves at the Livingston (right) and Hanford (left) detectors, compared with the theoretical predicted values</figcaption></figure> On 14 September 2015, the <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> gravitational wave observatory made the first-ever successful <a href="/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">direct observation of gravitational waves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PRL-20160211-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160211-db-173">[169]</a> The signal was consistent with theoretical predictions for the gravitational waves produced by the merger of two black holes: one with about 36 solar masses, and the other around 29 solar masses.<a href="#cite_note-PRL-20160211-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Properties-174">[170]</a> This observation provides the most concrete evidence for the existence of black holes to date. For instance, the gravitational wave signal suggests that the separation of the two objects before the merger was just 350 km, or roughly four times the Schwarzschild radius corresponding to the inferred masses. The objects must therefore have been extremely compact, leaving black holes as the most plausible interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-PRL-20160211-55">[55]</a> More importantly, the signal observed by LIGO also included the start of the post-merger <a href="/wiki/Binary_black_hole#Ringdown" title="Binary black hole">ringdown</a>, the signal produced as the newly formed compact object settles down to a stationary state. Arguably, the ringdown is the most direct way of observing a black hole.<a href="#cite_note-Cardoso2016-175">[171]</a> From the LIGO signal, it is possible to extract the frequency and damping time of the dominant mode of the ringdown. From these, it is possible to infer the mass and angular momentum of the final object, which match independent predictions from numerical simulations of the merger.<a href="#cite_note-tests-176">[172]</a> The frequency and decay time of the dominant mode are determined by the geometry of the photon sphere. Hence, observation of this mode confirms the presence of a photon sphere; however, it cannot exclude possible exotic alternatives to black holes that are compact enough to have a photon sphere.<a href="#cite_note-Cardoso2016-175">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murk2023-177">[173]</a> The observation also provides the first observational evidence for the existence of stellar-mass black hole binaries. Furthermore, it is the first observational evidence of stellar-mass black holes weighing 25 solar masses or more.<a href="#cite_note-implications-178">[174]</a> Since then, many more <a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitational_wave_observations" title="List of gravitational wave observations">gravitational wave events</a> have been observed.<a href="#cite_note-ligo_list-179">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stars_orbiting_Sagittarius_A*">Stars orbiting Sagittarius A*</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*_cluster" title="Sagittarius A* cluster">Sagittarius A* cluster</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SgrA2021.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SgrA2021.gif/220px-SgrA2021.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SgrA2021.gif/330px-SgrA2021.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SgrA2021.gif/440px-SgrA2021.gif 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Stars moving around Sagittarius A* as seen in 2021</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motions</a> of stars near the centre of our own Milky Way provide strong observational evidence that these stars are orbiting a supermassive black hole.<a href="#cite_note-Gillessen-180">[176]</a> Since 1995, astronomers have tracked the motions of 90 stars orbiting an invisible object coincident with the radio source Sagittarius A*. By fitting their motions to <a href="/wiki/Keplerian_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Keplerian orbit">Keplerian orbits</a>, the astronomers were able to infer, in 1998, that a 2.6×106 <var>M</var>☉ object must be contained in a volume with a radius of 0.02 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> to cause the motions of those stars.<a href="#cite_note-Ghez1998-181">[177]</a> Since then, one of the stars—called <a href="/wiki/S2_(star)" title="S2 (star)">S2</a>—has completed a full orbit. From the orbital data, astronomers were able to refine the calculations of the mass to 4.3×106 <var>M</var>☉ and a radius of less than 0.002 light-years for the object causing the orbital motion of those stars.<a href="#cite_note-Gillessen-180">[176]</a> The upper limit on the object's size is still too large to test whether it is smaller than its Schwarzschild radius. Nevertheless, these observations strongly suggest that the central object is a supermassive black hole as there are no other plausible scenarios for confining so much invisible mass into such a small volume.<a href="#cite_note-Ghez1998-181">[177]</a> Additionally, there is some observational evidence that this object might possess an event horizon, a feature unique to black holes.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accretion_of_matter">Accretion of matter</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA18467-NuSTAR-Plot-BlackHole-BlursLight-20140812.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/PIA18467-NuSTAR-Plot-BlackHole-BlursLight-20140812.png/220px-PIA18467-NuSTAR-Plot-BlackHole-BlursLight-20140812.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/PIA18467-NuSTAR-Plot-BlackHole-BlursLight-20140812.png/330px-PIA18467-NuSTAR-Plot-BlackHole-BlursLight-20140812.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/PIA18467-NuSTAR-Plot-BlackHole-BlursLight-20140812.png/440px-PIA18467-NuSTAR-Plot-BlackHole-BlursLight-20140812.png 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>Blurring of X-rays near black hole (<a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a>; 12 August 2014)<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140812-183">[179]</a></figcaption></figure> Due to <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of angular momentum">conservation of angular momentum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> gas falling into the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational well">gravitational well</a> created by a massive object will typically form a disk-like structure around the object. Artists' impressions such as the accompanying representation of a black hole with corona commonly depict the black hole as if it were a flat-space body hiding the part of the disk just behind it, but in reality gravitational lensing would greatly distort the image of the accretion disk.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> Within such a disk, friction would cause angular momentum to be transported outward, allowing matter to fall farther inward, thus releasing potential energy and increasing the temperature of the gas.<a href="#cite_note-McClintockRemillard2006-186">[182]</a> When the accreting object is a neutron star or a black hole, the gas in the inner accretion disk orbits at very high speeds because of its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Compact_object" title="Compact object">compact object</a>. The resulting friction is so significant that it heats the inner disk to temperatures at which it emits vast amounts of electromagnetic radiation (mainly X-rays). These bright X-ray sources may be detected by telescopes. This process of accretion is one of the most efficient energy-producing processes known. Up to 40% of the rest mass of the accreted material can be emitted as radiation.<a href="#cite_note-McClintockRemillard2006-186">[182]</a> In nuclear fusion only about 0.7% of the rest mass will be emitted as energy. In many cases, accretion disks are accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_jets" class="mw-redirect" title="Relativistic jets">relativistic jets</a> that are emitted along the poles, which carry away much of the energy. The mechanism for the creation of these jets is currently not well understood, in part due to insufficient data.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> As such, many of the universe's more energetic phenomena have been attributed to the accretion of matter on black holes. In particular, active galactic nuclei and <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasars</a> are believed to be the accretion disks of supermassive black holes.<a href="#cite_note-CMS1999-188">[184]</a> Similarly, X-ray binaries are generally accepted to be <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary star</a> systems in which one of the two stars is a compact object accreting matter from its companion.<a href="#cite_note-CMS1999-188">[184]</a> It has also been suggested that some <a href="/wiki/Ultraluminous_X-ray_source" title="Ultraluminous X-ray source">ultraluminous X-ray sources</a> may be the accretion disks of intermediate-mass black holes.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> Stars have been observed to get torn apart by tidal forces in the immediate vicinity of supermassive black holes in galaxy nuclei, in what is known as a <a href="/wiki/Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event"> tidal disruption event (TDE)</a>. Some of the material from the disrupted star forms an accretion disk around the black hole, which emits observable electromagnetic radiation. In November 2011 the first direct observation of a quasar accretion disk around a supermassive black hole was reported.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="X-ray_binaries">X-ray binaries</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandra_image_of_Cygnus_X-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Chandra_image_of_Cygnus_X-1.jpg/220px-Chandra_image_of_Cygnus_X-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Chandra_image_of_Cygnus_X-1.jpg/330px-Chandra_image_of_Cygnus_X-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Chandra_image_of_Cygnus_X-1.jpg/440px-Chandra_image_of_Cygnus_X-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-Ray_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandra X-Ray Observatory">Chandra X-Ray Observatory</a> image of <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_X-1" title="Cygnus X-1">Cygnus X-1</a>, which was the first strong black hole candidate discovered</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/X-ray_binaries" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray binaries">X-ray binaries</a> are binary star systems that emit a majority of their radiation in the <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> part of the spectrum. These X-ray emissions are generally thought to result when one of the stars (compact object) accretes matter from another (regular) star. The presence of an ordinary star in such a system provides an opportunity for studying the central object and to determine if it might be a black hole.<a href="#cite_note-CMS1999-188">[184]</a> If such a system emits signals that can be directly traced back to the compact object, it cannot be a black hole. The absence of such a signal does, however, not exclude the possibility that the compact object is a neutron star. By studying the companion star it is often possible to obtain the orbital parameters of the system and to obtain an estimate for the mass of the compact object. If this is much larger than the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit (the maximum mass a star can have without collapsing) then the object cannot be a neutron star and is generally expected to be a black hole.<a href="#cite_note-CMS1999-188">[184]</a> The first strong candidate for a black hole, <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_X-1" title="Cygnus X-1">Cygnus X-1</a>, was discovered in this way by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thomas Bolton">Charles Thomas Bolton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louise_Webster" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Webster">Louise Webster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Murdin" title="Paul Murdin">Paul Murdin</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> Some doubt remained, due to the uncertainties that result from the companion star being much heavier than the candidate black hole. Currently, better candidates for black holes are found in a class of X-ray binaries called soft X-ray transients. In this class of system, the companion star is of relatively low mass allowing for more accurate estimates of the black hole mass. These systems actively emit X-rays for only several months once every 10–50 years. During the period of low X-ray emission, called quiescence, the accretion disk is extremely faint, allowing detailed observation of the companion star during this period. One of the best such candidates is <a href="/wiki/V404_Cygni" title="V404 Cygni">V404 Cygni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CMS1999-188">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Quasi-periodic_oscillations">Quasi-periodic oscillations</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quasi-periodic_oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-periodic oscillation">Quasi-periodic oscillation</a></div> The X-ray emissions from accretion disks sometimes flicker at certain frequencies. These signals are called <a href="/wiki/Quasi-periodic_oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-periodic oscillation">quasi-periodic oscillations</a> and are thought to be caused by material moving along the inner edge of the accretion disk (the innermost stable circular orbit). As such their frequency is linked to the mass of the compact object. They can thus be used as an alternative way to determine the mass of candidate black holes.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Galactic_nuclei">Galactic nuclei</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">Active galactic nucleus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X-RayFlare-BlackHole-MilkyWay-20140105.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/X-RayFlare-BlackHole-MilkyWay-20140105.jpg/220px-X-RayFlare-BlackHole-MilkyWay-20140105.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/X-RayFlare-BlackHole-MilkyWay-20140105.jpg/330px-X-RayFlare-BlackHole-MilkyWay-20140105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/X-RayFlare-BlackHole-MilkyWay-20140105.jpg/440px-X-RayFlare-BlackHole-MilkyWay-20140105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Detection of unusually bright <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> flare from Sagittarius A*, a black hole in the centre of the Milky Way galaxy on 5 January 2015<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150105-197">[193]</a></figcaption></figure> Astronomers use the term "active galaxy" to describe galaxies with unusual characteristics, such as unusual <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectral line</a> emission and very strong radio emission. Theoretical and observational studies have shown that the activity in these active galactic nuclei (AGN) may be explained by the presence of supermassive black holes, which can be millions of times more massive than stellar ones. The models of these AGN consist of a central black hole that may be millions or billions of times more massive than the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>; a disk of <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar gas">interstellar gas</a> and dust called an accretion disk; and two <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Relativistic jet">jets</a> perpendicular to the accretion disk.<a href="#cite_note-krolik1999-198">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-sparkegallagher2000-199">[195]</a> Although supermassive black holes are expected to be found in most AGN, only some galaxies' nuclei have been more carefully studied in attempts to both identify and measure the actual masses of the central supermassive black hole candidates. Some of the most notable galaxies with supermassive black hole candidates include the <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messier_32" title="Messier 32">M32</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messier_87" title="Messier 87">M87</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_3115" title="NGC 3115">NGC 3115</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_3377" title="NGC 3377">NGC 3377</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_4258" class="mw-redirect" title="NGC 4258">NGC 4258</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_4889" title="NGC 4889">NGC 4889</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_1277" title="NGC 1277">NGC 1277</a>, <a href="/wiki/OJ_287" title="OJ 287">OJ 287</a>, <a href="/wiki/APM_08279%2B5255" title="APM 08279+5255">APM 08279+5255</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sombrero_Galaxy" title="Sombrero Galaxy">Sombrero Galaxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kormendyrichstone1995-200">[196]</a> It is now widely accepted that the centre of nearly every galaxy, not just active ones, contains a supermassive black hole.<a href="#cite_note-King-201">[197]</a> The close observational correlation between the mass of this hole and the velocity dispersion of the host galaxy's <a href="/wiki/Galactic_bulge" title="Galactic bulge">bulge</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/M%E2%80%93sigma_relation" title="M–sigma relation">M–sigma relation</a>, strongly suggests a connection between the formation of the black hole and that of the galaxy itself.<a href="#cite_note-msigma2000-202">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microlensing">Microlensing</h3></div> Another way the black hole nature of an object may be tested is through observation of effects caused by a strong gravitational field in their vicinity. One such effect is gravitational lensing: The deformation of spacetime around a massive object causes light rays to be deflected, such as light passing through an optic <a href="/wiki/Lens" title="Lens">lens</a>. Observations have been made of weak gravitational lensing, in which light rays are deflected by only a few <a href="/wiki/Arcsecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcsecond">arcseconds</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microlensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Microlensing">Microlensing</a> occurs when the sources are unresolved and the observer sees a small brightening. The turn of the millennium saw the first 3 candidate detections of black holes in this way,<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> and in January 2022, astronomers reported the first confirmed detection of a microlensing event from an isolated black hole.<a href="#cite_note-Sahu-205">[201]</a> Another possibility for observing gravitational lensing by a black hole would be to observe stars orbiting the black hole. There are several candidates for such an observation in orbit around <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">Sagittarius A*</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bozza-206">[202]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic star</a></div> The evidence for stellar black holes strongly relies on the existence of an upper limit for the mass of a neutron star. The size of this limit heavily depends on the assumptions made about the properties of dense matter. New exotic <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phases of matter</a> could push up this bound.<a href="#cite_note-CMS1999-188">[184]</a> A phase of free <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> at high density might allow the existence of dense quark stars,<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Supersymmetry" title="Supersymmetry">supersymmetric</a> models predict the existence of <a href="/wiki/Q_star" title="Q star">Q stars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> Some extensions of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard model">standard model</a> posit the existence of <a href="/wiki/Preon" title="Preon">preons</a> as fundamental building blocks of quarks and <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">leptons</a>, which could hypothetically form <a href="/wiki/Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">preon stars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> These hypothetical models could potentially explain a number of observations of stellar black hole candidates. However, it can be shown from arguments in general relativity that any such object will have a maximum mass.<a href="#cite_note-CMS1999-188">[184]</a> Since the average density of a black hole inside its Schwarzschild radius is inversely proportional to the square of its mass, supermassive black holes are much less dense than stellar black holes. The average density of a 108 <var>M</var>☉ black hole is comparable to that of water.<a href="#cite_note-CMS1999-188">[184]</a> Consequently, the physics of matter forming a supermassive black hole is much better understood and the possible alternative explanations for supermassive black hole observations are much more mundane. For example, a supermassive black hole could be modelled by a large cluster of very dark objects. However, such alternatives are typically not stable enough to explain the supermassive black hole candidates.<a href="#cite_note-CMS1999-188">[184]</a> The evidence for the existence of stellar and supermassive black holes implies that in order for black holes not to form, general relativity must fail as a theory of gravity, perhaps due to the onset of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanical</a> corrections. A much anticipated feature of a theory of quantum gravity is that it will not feature singularities or event horizons and thus black holes would not be real artefacts.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Fuzzball_(string_theory)" title="Fuzzball (string theory)">fuzzball</a> model<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> based on <a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">string theory</a>, the individual states of a black hole solution do not generally have an event horizon or singularity, but for a classical/semiclassical observer the statistical average of such states appears just as an ordinary black hole as deduced from general relativity.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> A few theoretical objects have been conjectured to match observations of astronomical black hole candidates identically or near-identically,<a href="#cite_note-Murk2023-177">[173]</a> but which function via a different mechanism. These include the <a href="/wiki/Gravastar" title="Gravastar">gravastar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">black star</a>,<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> related <a href="/wiki/Nestar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestar">nestar</a><a href="#cite_note-SA-20240220-215">[211]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">dark-energy star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_questions">Open questions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entropy_and_thermodynamics">Entropy and thermodynamics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics" title="Black hole thermodynamics">Black hole thermodynamics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bekenstein_bound" title="Bekenstein bound">Bekenstein bound</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:220px;"> S = <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠1/4⁠ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠c3k/Għ⁠ A</div><div class="thumbcaption">The formula for the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy (S) of a black hole, which depends on the area of the black hole (A). The constants are the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> (c), the <a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_constant" title="Boltzmann constant">Boltzmann constant</a> (k), <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton's constant">Newton's constant</a> (G), and the <a href="/wiki/Reduced_Planck_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced Planck constant">reduced Planck constant</a> (ħ). In Planck units, this reduces to S = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠A/4⁠.</div></div></div> In 1971, Hawking showed under general conditions<a href="#cite_note-217">[Note 5]</a> that the total area of the event horizons of any collection of classical black holes can never decrease, even if they collide and merge.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> This result, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_black_hole_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Second law of black hole mechanics">second law of black hole mechanics</a>, is remarkably similar to the <a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Second law of thermodynamics">second law of thermodynamics</a>, which states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease. As with classical objects at <a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a> temperature, it was assumed that black holes had zero entropy. If this were the case, the second law of thermodynamics would be violated by entropy-laden matter entering a black hole, resulting in a decrease in the total entropy of the universe. Therefore, Bekenstein proposed that a black hole should have an entropy, and that it should be proportional to its horizon area.<a href="#cite_note-wald99-219">[214]</a> The link with the laws of thermodynamics was further strengthened by Hawking's discovery in 1974 that quantum field theory predicts that a black hole radiates <a href="/wiki/Blackbody_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbody radiation">blackbody radiation</a> at a constant temperature. This seemingly causes a violation of the second law of black hole mechanics, since the radiation will carry away energy from the black hole causing it to shrink. The radiation also carries away entropy, and it can be proven under general assumptions that the sum of the entropy of the matter surrounding a black hole and one quarter of the area of the horizon as measured in Planck units is in fact always increasing. This allows the formulation of the <a href="/wiki/First_law_of_black_hole_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="First law of black hole mechanics">first law of black hole mechanics</a> as an analogue of the <a href="/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics" title="First law of thermodynamics">first law of thermodynamics</a>, with the mass acting as energy, the surface gravity as temperature and the area as entropy.<a href="#cite_note-wald99-219">[214]</a> One puzzling feature is that the entropy of a black hole scales with its area rather than with its volume, since entropy is normally an <a href="/wiki/Extensive_quantity" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensive quantity">extensive quantity</a> that scales linearly with the volume of the system. This odd property led <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">Gerard 't Hooft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Susskind" title="Leonard Susskind">Leonard Susskind</a> to propose the <a href="/wiki/Holographic_principle" title="Holographic principle">holographic principle</a>, which suggests that anything that happens in a volume of spacetime can be described by data on the boundary of that volume.<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> Although general relativity can be used to perform a semiclassical calculation of black hole entropy, this situation is theoretically unsatisfying. In <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a>, entropy is understood as counting the number of microscopic configurations of a system that have the same macroscopic qualities, such as mass, charge, pressure, etc. Without a satisfactory theory of quantum gravity, one cannot perform such a computation for black holes. Some progress has been made in various approaches to quantum gravity. In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Strominger" title="Andrew Strominger">Andrew Strominger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumrun_Vafa" title="Cumrun Vafa">Cumrun Vafa</a> showed that counting the microstates of a specific supersymmetric black hole in string theory reproduced the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> Since then, similar results have been reported for different black holes both in string theory and in other approaches to quantum gravity like <a href="/wiki/Loop_quantum_gravity" title="Loop quantum gravity">loop quantum gravity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_loss_paradox">Information loss paradox</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox" title="Black hole information paradox">Black hole information paradox</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233989161">.mw-parser-output .unsolved{margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;border:#ccc solid;padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.35em 2.2em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle);background-image:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Question%2C_Web_Fundamentals.svg");background-position:top 50%left 0.35em;background-size:1.5em;background-repeat:no-repeat}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .unsolved{clear:right;float:right;max-width:25%}}.mw-parser-output .unsolved-label{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .unsolved-body{margin:0.35em;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .unsolved-more{font-size:smaller}</style> <div role="note" aria-labelledby="unsolved-label-physics" class="unsolved"> <div>Unsolved problem in physics:</div> <div class="unsolved-body">Is physical information lost in black holes?</div> <div class="unsolved-more"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics" title="List of unsolved problems in physics">(more unsolved problems in physics)</a></div> </div> Because a black hole has only a few internal parameters, most of the information about the matter that went into forming the black hole is lost. Regardless of the type of matter which goes into a black hole, it appears that only information concerning the total mass, charge, and angular momentum are conserved. As long as black holes were thought to persist forever this information loss is not that problematic, as the information can be thought of as existing inside the black hole, inaccessible from the outside, but represented on the event horizon in accordance with the holographic principle. However, black holes slowly evaporate by emitting Hawking radiation. This radiation does not appear to carry any additional information about the matter that formed the black hole, meaning that this information appears to be gone forever.<a href="#cite_note-PlayDice000-223">[218]</a> The question whether information is truly lost in black holes (the <a href="/wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox" title="Black hole information paradox">black hole information paradox</a>) has divided the theoretical physics community. In quantum mechanics, loss of information corresponds to the violation of a property called <a href="/wiki/Unitarity_(physics)" title="Unitarity (physics)">unitarity</a>, and it has been argued that loss of unitarity would also imply violation of conservation of energy,<a href="#cite_note-giddings1995-224">[219]</a> though this has also been disputed.<a href="#cite_note-unruh2017-225">[220]</a> Over recent years evidence has been building that indeed information and unitarity are preserved in a full quantum gravitational treatment of the problem.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> One attempt to resolve the black hole information paradox is known as <a href="/wiki/Black_hole_complementarity" title="Black hole complementarity">black hole complementarity</a>. In 2012, the "<a href="/wiki/Firewall_(physics)" title="Firewall (physics)">firewall paradox</a>" was introduced with the goal of demonstrating that black hole complementarity fails to solve the information paradox. According to <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory_in_curved_spacetime" title="Quantum field theory in curved spacetime">quantum field theory in curved spacetime</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Black-body_radiation" title="Black-body radiation">single emission</a> of Hawking radiation involves two mutually <a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">entangled</a> particles. The outgoing particle escapes and is emitted as a quantum of Hawking radiation; the infalling particle is swallowed by the black hole. Assume a black hole formed a finite time in the past and will fully evaporate away in some finite time in the future. Then, it will emit only a finite amount of information encoded within its Hawking radiation. According to research by physicists like <a href="/wiki/Don_Page_(physicist)" title="Don Page (physicist)">Don Page</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> and Leonard Susskind, there will eventually be a time by which an outgoing particle must be entangled with all the Hawking radiation the black hole has previously emitted. This seemingly creates a paradox: a principle called "<a href="/wiki/Monogamy_of_entanglement" title="Monogamy of entanglement">monogamy of entanglement</a>" requires that, like any quantum system, the outgoing particle cannot be fully entangled with two other systems at the same time; yet here the outgoing particle appears to be entangled both with the infalling particle and, independently, with past Hawking radiation.<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> In order to resolve this contradiction, physicists may eventually be forced to give up one of three time-tested principles: Einstein's equivalence principle, unitarity, or local quantum field theory. One possible solution, which violates the equivalence principle, is that a "firewall" destroys incoming particles at the event horizon.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> In general, which—if any—of these assumptions should be abandoned remains a topic of debate.<a href="#cite_note-unruh2017-225">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_science_fiction">In science fiction</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes in fiction</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan's</a> 2014 science fiction epic <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_(film)" title="Interstellar (film)">Interstellar</a> features a black hole known as Gargantua, which is the central object of a planetary system in a distant galaxy. Humanity accessed this system via a <a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">wormhole</a> in the outer <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">solar system</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_brane" title="Black brane">Black brane</a> or <a href="/wiki/Black_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Black string">Black string</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_Initiative" title="Black Hole Initiative">Black Hole Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_starship" title="Black hole starship">Black hole starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanet" title="Blanet">Blanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTZ_black_hole" title="BTZ black hole">BTZ black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_binary" title="Golden binary">Golden binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_black_hole_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hypothetical black hole (disambiguation)">Hypothetical black hole (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)" title="Kugelblitz (astrophysics)">Kugelblitz (astrophysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_holes" title="List of black holes">List of black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nearest black holes">List of nearest black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_black_holes" title="Outline of black holes">Outline of black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_black_hole" title="Sonic black hole">Sonic black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susskind-Hawking_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Susskind-Hawking battle">Susskind-Hawking battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_black_hole_physics" title="Timeline of black hole physics">Timeline of black hole physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Dark star (dark matter)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> The value of cJ/GM2 can exceed 1 for objects other than black holes. The largest value known for a neutron star is ≤ 0.4, and commonly used equations of state would limit that value to < 0.7.<a href="#cite_note-PRL-171016-78">[78]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> The (outer) event horizon radius scales as: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M+{\sqrt {M^{2}-{(J/M)}^{2}-Q^{2}}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>J</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>M</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M+{\sqrt {M^{2}-{(J/M)}^{2}-Q^{2}}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3f88d017c9e4ee6f46de606ed152f56ed5f5c3a4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:28.319ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M+{\sqrt {M^{2}-{(J/M)}^{2}-Q^{2}}}.}"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> The set of possible paths, or more accurately the future <a href="/wiki/Light_cone" title="Light cone">light cone</a> containing all possible <a href="/wiki/World_line" title="World line">world lines</a> (in this diagram the light cone is represented by the V-shaped region bounded by arrows representing light ray world lines), is tilted in this way in <a href="/wiki/Eddington%E2%80%93Finkelstein_coordinates" title="Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates">Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates</a> (the diagram is a "cartoon" version of an Eddington–Finkelstein coordinate diagram), but in other coordinates the light cones are not tilted in this way, for example in <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_coordinates" title="Schwarzschild coordinates">Schwarzschild coordinates</a> they narrow without tilting as one approaches the event horizon, and in <a href="/wiki/Kruskal%E2%80%93Szekeres_coordinates" title="Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates">Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates</a> the light cones do not change shape or orientation at all.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> This is true only for four-dimensional spacetimes. In higher dimensions more complicated horizon topologies like a <a href="/wiki/Higher-dimensional_Einstein_gravity#Black_hole_uniqueness" title="Higher-dimensional Einstein gravity">black ring</a> are possible.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> In particular, he assumed that all matter satisfies the <a href="/wiki/Weak_energy_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak energy condition">weak energy condition</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOldham,_L._J.Auger,_M._W.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Oldham, L. 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Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 457 (1): 421–439. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1601.01323">1601.01323</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MNRAS.457..421O">2016MNRAS.457..421O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstv2982">10.1093/mnras/stv2982</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119166670">119166670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Galaxy+structure+from+multiple+tracers+%E2%80%93+II.+M87+from+parsec+to+megaparsec+scales&rft.volume=457&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=421-439&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119166670%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016MNRAS.457..421O&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1601.01323&rft.issn=0035-8711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstv2982&rft.au=Oldham%2C+L.+J.&rft.au=Auger%2C+M.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252Fstv2982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWald1984">Wald 1984</a>, pp. 299–300 </li> <li id="cite_note-wald_1997-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wald_1997_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wald_1997_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWald1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wald" title="Robert Wald">Wald, R. 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(1972), "Identification of Cygnus X-1 with HDE 226868", Nature, 235 (5336): 271–273, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972Natur.235..271B">1972Natur.235..271B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F235271b0">10.1038/235271b0</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4222070">4222070</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Identification+of+Cygnus+X-1+with+HDE+226868&rft.volume=235&rft.issue=5336&rft.pages=271-273&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4222070%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F235271b0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972Natur.235..271B&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=C.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid32001633-11"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid32001633_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClery_D2020" class="citation journal cs1">Clery D (2020). "Black holes caught in the act of swallowing stars". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 367 (6477): 495. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Sci...367..495C">2020Sci...367..495C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.367.6477.495">10.1126/science.367.6477.495</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32001633">32001633</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210984462">210984462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Black+holes+caught+in+the+act+of+swallowing+stars&rft.volume=367&rft.issue=6477&rft.pages=495&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.367.6477.495&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210984462%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32001633&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Sci...367..495C&rft.au=Clery+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichell1784" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Michell" title="John Michell">Michell, J.</a> (1784). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1784.0008">"On the Means of Discovering the Distance, Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should be Found to Take Place in any of Them, and Such Other Data Should be Procured from Observations, as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a>. 74: 35–57. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1784RSPT...74...35M">1784RSPT...74...35M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1784.0008">10.1098/rstl.1784.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/106576">106576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Means+of+Discovering+the+Distance%2C+Magnitude%2C+%26c.+of+the+Fixed+Stars%2C+in+Consequence+of+the+Diminution+of+the+Velocity+of+Their+Light%2C+in+Case+Such+a+Diminution+Should+be+Found+to+Take+Place+in+any+of+Them%2C+and+Such+Other+Data+Should+be+Procured+from+Observations%2C+as+Would+be+Farther+Necessary+for+That+Purpose&rft.volume=74&rft.pages=35-57&rft.date=1784&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F106576%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1784.0008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1784RSPT...74...35M&rft.aulast=Michell&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstl.1784.0008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thorne_123_124-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thorne_123_124_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thorne_123_124_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorne1994">Thorne 1994</a>, pp. 123–124 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlayterSlayter1992" class="citation book cs1">Slayter, Elizabeth M.; Slayter, Henry S. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LlePVS9oq7MC">Light and Electron Microscopy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33948-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33948-3"><bdi>978-0-521-33948-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130151044/https://books.google.com/books?id=LlePVS9oq7MC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+and+Electron+Microscopy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33948-3&rft.aulast=Slayter&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+M.&rft.au=Slayter%2C+Henry+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLlePVS9oq7MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrass" class="citation news cs1">Crass, Institute of Astronomy – Design by D.R. Wilkins and S.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/public/ask/2633">"Light escaping from black holes"</a>. www.ast.cam.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706164013/https://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/public/ask/2633">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.ast.cam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Light+escaping+from+black+holes&rft.aulast=Crass&rft.aufirst=Institute+of+Astronomy+%E2%80%93+Design+by+D.R.+Wilkins+and+S.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ast.cam.ac.uk%2Fpublic%2Fask%2F2633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Levy_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2021" class="citation journal cs1">Levy, Adam (11 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowablemagazine.org/article/physical-world/2021/how-black-holes-morphed-theory-reality">"How black holes morphed from theory to reality"</a>. Knowable Magazine. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fknowable-010921-1">10.1146/knowable-010921-1</a>. Retrieved 25 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knowable+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+black+holes+morphed+from+theory+to+reality&rft.date=2021-01-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fknowable-010921-1&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowablemagazine.org%2Farticle%2Fphysical-world%2F2021%2Fhow-black-holes-morphed-theory-reality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwarzschild1916-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarzschild1916_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarzschild1916_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzschild1916" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Schwarzschild, K.</a> (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sitzungsberichte1916deutsch#page/188/mode/2up">"Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie"</a>. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 7: 189–196. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916SPAW.......189S">1916SPAW.......189S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+der+K%C3%B6niglich+Preussischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+das+Gravitationsfeld+eines+Massenpunktes+nach+der+Einsteinschen+Theorie&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=189-196&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1916SPAW.......189S&rft.aulast=Schwarzschild&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsitzungsberichte1916deutsch%23page%2F188%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"> <dl><dd><ul><li>Translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntociLoinger1999" class="citation arxiv cs1">Antoci, S.; Loinger, A. (1999). "On the gravitational field of a mass point according to Einstein's theory". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9905030">physics/9905030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=On+the+gravitational+field+of+a+mass+point+according+to+Einstein%27s+theory&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fphysics%2F9905030&rft.aulast=Antoci&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Loinger%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzschild1916" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Schwarzschild, K.</a> (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sitzungsberichte1916deutsch#page/424/mode/2up">"Über das Gravitationsfeld einer Kugel aus inkompressibler Flüssigkeit nach der Einsteinschen Theorie"</a>. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 18: 424–434. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916skpa.conf..424S">1916skpa.conf..424S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+der+K%C3%B6niglich+Preussischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+das+Gravitationsfeld+einer+Kugel+aus+inkompressibler+Fl%C3%BCssigkeit+nach+der+Einsteinschen+Theorie&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=424-434&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1916skpa.conf..424S&rft.aulast=Schwarzschild&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsitzungsberichte1916deutsch%23page%2F424%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntoci1999" class="citation arxiv cs1">Antoci, S. (1999). "On the gravitational field of a sphere of incompressible fluid according to Einstein's theory". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9912033">physics/9912033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=On+the+gravitational+field+of+a+sphere+of+incompressible+fluid+according+to+Einstein%27s+theory&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fphysics%2F9912033&rft.aulast=Antoci&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li></ul></dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDroste1917" class="citation journal cs1">Droste, J. 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Institute for Theoretical Physics / Spinoza Institute. pp. 47–48. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.uu.nl/~thooft/lectures/blackholes/BH_lecturenotes.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Theory+of+Black+Holes&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=Institute+for+Theoretical+Physics+%2F+Spinoza+Institute&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=%27t+Hooft&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phys.uu.nl%2F~thooft%2Flectures%2Fblackholes%2FBH_lecturenotes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eddington1926-21"><a href="#cite_ref-eddington1926_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddington1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Eddington, Arthur</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RjC9DpnWFbkC&pg=PA6">The Internal Constitution of the Stars</a>. Science. Vol. 52. Cambridge University Press. pp. 233–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1920Sci....52..233E">1920Sci....52..233E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.52.1341.233">10.1126/science.52.1341.233</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33708-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33708-3"><bdi>978-0-521-33708-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17747682">17747682</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811034409/https://books.google.com/books?id=RjC9DpnWFbkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Internal+Constitution+of+the+Stars&rft.series=Science&rft.pages=233-40&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.52.1341.233&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17747682&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1920Sci....52..233E&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33708-3&rft.aulast=Eddington&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRjC9DpnWFbkC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorneHawking1994" class="citation book cs1">Thorne, Kip S.; Hawking, Stephen (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackholestimewa0000thor">Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackholestimewa0000thor/page/134">134</a>–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31276-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31276-8"><bdi>978-0-393-31276-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 April 2019. <q>The first conclusion was the Newtonian version of light not escaping; the second was a semi-accurate, relativistic description; and the third was typical Eddingtonian hyperbole ... when a star is as small as the critical circumference, the curvature is strong but not infinite, and space is definitely not wrapped around the star. 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Retrieved 25 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Physics&rft.pages=26&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43831-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dakb2FpZSGnMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akb2FpZSGnMC&pg=PA26">Extract of page 26</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815222341/https://books.google.com/books?id=akb2FpZSGnMC&pg=PA26">Archived</a> 15 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleischKregenow2013" class="citation book cs1">Fleisch, Daniel; Kregenow, Julia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x4gaBQAAQBAJ">A Student's Guide to the Mathematics of Astronomy</a> (illustrated ed.). 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Nature. 496 (7443): 20–23. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.496...20M">2013Natur.496...20M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F496020a">10.1038/496020a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23552926">23552926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Astrophysics%3A+Fire+in+the+hole%21&rft.volume=496&rft.issue=7443&rft.pages=20-23&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23552926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F496020a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Natur.496...20M&rft.aulast=Merali&rft.aufirst=Zeeya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F496020a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmheiriMarolfPolchinskiSully2013" class="citation journal cs1">Amheiri, Ahmed; Marolf, Donald; Polchinski, Joseph; Sully, James (2013). "Black holes: Complementarity or Firewalls?". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2013 (2): 62. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1207.3123">1207.3123</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JHEP...02..062A">2013JHEP...02..062A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FJHEP02%282013%29062">10.1007/JHEP02(2013)062</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55581818">55581818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+High+Energy+Physics&rft.atitle=Black+holes%3A+Complementarity+or+Firewalls%3F&rft.volume=2013&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=62&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1207.3123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55581818%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FJHEP02%282013%29062&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JHEP...02..062A&rft.aulast=Amheiri&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft.au=Marolf%2C+Donald&rft.au=Polchinski%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Sully%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sean_M._Carroll" title="Sean M. Carroll">Carroll, Sean M.</a> (2004). Spacetime and Geometry. Addison Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-8732-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-8732-2"><bdi>978-0-8053-8732-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spacetime+and+Geometry&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-8732-2&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Sean+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988">, the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/spacetimeandgeometry/">website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323013522/http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/spacetimeandgeometry/">Archived</a> 23 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkingEllis1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking, S. W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis">Ellis, G. F. R.</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QagG_KI7Ll8C">Large Scale Structure of space time</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09906-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09906-6"><bdi>978-0-521-09906-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200721064932/https://books.google.com/books?id=QagG_KI7Ll8C">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Large+Scale+Structure+of+space+time&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09906-6&rft.aulast=Hawking&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rft.au=Ellis%2C+G.+F.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQagG_KI7Ll8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisnerThorneWheeler1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Misner" title="Charles W. Misner">Misner, Charles</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne, Kip S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler, John</a> (1973). Gravitation. W. H. Freeman and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0344-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0344-0"><bdi>978-0-7167-0344-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gravitation&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-0344-0&rft.aulast=Misner&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Thorne%2C+Kip+S.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorne1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne, Kip S.</a> (1994). <a href="/wiki/Black_Holes_and_Time_Warps" title="Black Holes and Time Warps">Black Holes and Time Warps</a>. Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31276-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31276-8"><bdi>978-0-393-31276-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Holes+and+Time+Warps&rft.pub=Norton%2C+W.+W.+%26+Company%2C+Inc&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31276-8&rft.aulast=Thorne&rft.aufirst=Kip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWald1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wald" title="Robert Wald">Wald, Robert M.</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9S-hzg6-moYC">General Relativity</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-87033-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-87033-5"><bdi>978-0-226-87033-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811035125/https://books.google.com/books?id=9S-hzg6-moYC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Relativity&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-226-87033-5&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9S-hzg6-moYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Craig_Wheeler" title="J. Craig Wheeler">Wheeler, J. Craig</a> (2007). Cosmic Catastrophes (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85714-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85714-7"><bdi>978-0-521-85714-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmic+Catastrophes&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85714-7&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=J.+Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_reading">Popular reading</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBegelmanRees2021" class="citation book cs1">Begelman, Mitchell C.; Rees, Martin J. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPwAEAAAQBAJ">Gravity's fatal attraction: black holes in the universe</a> (3rd ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-87112-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-87112-9"><bdi>978-1-108-87112-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gravity%27s+fatal+attraction%3A+black+holes+in+the+universe&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom+%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-108-87112-9&rft.aulast=Begelman&rft.aufirst=Mitchell+C.&rft.au=Rees%2C+Martin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZPwAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Kitty (1991). Black Holes in Space-Time. Watts Franklin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-531-12524-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-531-12524-3"><bdi>978-0-531-12524-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Holes+in+Space-Time&rft.pub=Watts+Franklin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-531-12524-3&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Kitty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking, Stephen</a> (1988). <a href="/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Time" title="A Brief History of Time">A Brief History of Time</a>. Bantam Books, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-38016-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-38016-3"><bdi>978-0-553-38016-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Time&rft.pub=Bantam+Books%2C+Inc&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-553-38016-3&rft.aulast=Hawking&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking, Stephen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose, Roger</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LstaQTXP65cC">The Nature of Space and Time</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03791-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03791-2"><bdi>978-0-691-03791-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018031528/https://books.google.com/books?id=LstaQTXP65cC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Space+and+Time&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03791-2&rft.aulast=Hawking&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Penrose%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLstaQTXP65cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2020" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Janna (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9rITEAAAQBAJ">Black hole survival guide</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525658221" title="Special:BookSources/9780525658221"><bdi>9780525658221</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322141933/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Black_Hole_Survival_Guide/9rITEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=janna+levin&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+hole+survival+guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780525658221&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Janna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9rITEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fulvio_Melia" title="Fulvio Melia">Melia, Fulvio</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackholeatcente0000meli">The Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy</a>. Princeton U Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09505-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09505-9"><bdi>978-0-691-09505-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Hole+at+the+Center+of+Our+Galaxy&rft.pub=Princeton+U+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-09505-9&rft.aulast=Melia&rft.aufirst=Fulvio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackholeatcente0000meli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Melia, Fulvio (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgeofinfinitysu00meli">The Edge of Infinity. Supermassive Black Holes in the Universe</a>. Cambridge U Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81405-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81405-8"><bdi>978-0-521-81405-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edge+of+Infinity.+Supermassive+Black+Holes+in+the+Universe&rft.pub=Cambridge+U+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81405-8&rft.aulast=Melia&rft.aufirst=Fulvio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedgeofinfinitysu00meli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Pickover, Clifford (1998). Black Holes: A Traveler's Guide. Wiley, John & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-19704-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-19704-1"><bdi>978-0-471-19704-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Holes%3A+A+Traveler%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Wiley%2C+John+%26+Sons%2C+Inc&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-471-19704-1&rft.aulast=Pickover&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Susskind" title="Leonard Susskind">Susskind, Leonard</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Hole_War" title="The Black Hole War">The black hole war: my battle with Stephen Hawking to make the world safe for quantum mechanics</a> (1st ed.). New York: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-01640-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-01640-7"><bdi>978-0-316-01640-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181603165">181603165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+black+hole+war%3A+my+battle+with+Stephen+Hawking+to+make+the+world+safe+for+quantum+mechanics&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181603165&rft.isbn=978-0-316-01640-7&rft.aulast=Susskind&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_textbooks_and_monographs">University textbooks and monographs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Carter" title="Brandon Carter">Carter, B.</a> (1973). "Black hole equilibrium states". In DeWitt-Morette, Cécile; <a href="/wiki/Bryce_De_Witt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryce De Witt">DeWitt, Bryce S.</a> (eds.). Black holes. New York: Gordon and Breach. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-677-15610-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-677-15610-1"><bdi>978-0-677-15610-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Black+hole+equilibrium+states&rft.btitle=Black+holes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Gordon+and+Breach&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-677-15610-1&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan</a> (1999). Mathematical Theory of Black Holes. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850370-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850370-5"><bdi>978-0-19-850370-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Theory+of+Black+Holes&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850370-5&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=Subrahmanyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Frolov, Valeri P.; Novikov, Igor D. (1998). Black Hole Physics. Fundamental Theories of Physics. Vol. 96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-011-5139-9">10.1007/978-94-011-5139-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-5146-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-5146-7"><bdi>978-0-7923-5146-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Hole+Physics&rft.series=Fundamental+Theories+of+Physics&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-011-5139-9&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-5146-7&rft.aulast=Frolov&rft.aufirst=Valeri+P.&rft.au=Novikov%2C+Igor+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Frolov, Valeri P.; Zelnikov, Andrei (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r_l5AK9DdXsC&pg=PA34">Introduction to Black Hole Physics</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969229-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969229-3"><bdi>978-0-19-969229-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zbl (identifier)">Zbl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:1234.83001">1234.83001</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322142008/https://books.google.com/books?id=r_l5AK9DdXsC&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Black+Hole+Physics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzbmath.org%2F%3Fformat%3Dcomplete%26q%3Dan%3A1234.83001%23id-name%3DZbl&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969229-3&rft.aulast=Frolov&rft.aufirst=Valeri+P.&rft.au=Zelnikov%2C+Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr_l5AK9DdXsC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fulvio_Melia" title="Fulvio Melia">Melia, Fulvio</a> (2007). The Galactic Supermassive Black Hole. Princeton U Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13129-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13129-0"><bdi>978-0-691-13129-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Galactic+Supermassive+Black+Hole&rft.pub=Princeton+U+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13129-0&rft.aulast=Melia&rft.aufirst=Fulvio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Edwin F.; <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler, John Archibald</a> (2000). Exploring Black Holes. Addison Wesley Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-38423-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-38423-9"><bdi>978-0-201-38423-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Black+Holes&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley+Longman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-201-38423-9&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Edwin+F.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+John+Archibald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wald, Robert M. (1992). Space, Time, and Gravity: The Theory of the Big Bang and Black Holes. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-87029-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-87029-8"><bdi>978-0-226-87029-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space%2C+Time%2C+and+Gravity%3A+The+Theory+of+the+Big+Bang+and+Black+Holes&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-226-87029-8&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Price, Richard; Creighton, Teviet (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.4277">"Black holes"</a>. Scholarpedia. 3 (1): 4277. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SchpJ...3.4277C">2008SchpJ...3.4277C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.4277">10.4249/scholarpedia.4277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scholarpedia&rft.atitle=Black+holes&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4277&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.4277&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SchpJ...3.4277C&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Creighton%2C+Teviet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4249%252Fscholarpedia.4277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Review_papers">Review papers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation arxiv cs1">Hughes, Scott A. (2005). "Trust but verify: The case for astrophysical black holes". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0511217">hep-ph/0511217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Trust+but+verify%3A+The+case+for+astrophysical+black+holes&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0511217&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Scott+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"> Lecture notes from 2005 <a href="/wiki/SLAC" class="mw-redirect" title="SLAC">SLAC</a> Summer Institute.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloMarolf2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gallo, Elena; Marolf, Donald (2009). "Resource Letter BH-2: Black Holes". American Journal of Physics. 77 (4): 294–307. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0806.2316">0806.2316</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AmJPh..77..294G">2009AmJPh..77..294G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.3056569">10.1119/1.3056569</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118494056">118494056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Resource+Letter+BH-2%3A+Black+Holes&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=294-307&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0806.2316&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118494056%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.3056569&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009AmJPh..77..294G&rft.aulast=Gallo&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Marolf%2C+Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardosoPani2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cardoso, Vitor; Pani, Paolo (2019). "Testing the nature of dark compact objects: a status report". Living Reviews in Relativity. 22 (1): 4. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.05363">1904.05363</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019LRR....22....4C">2019LRR....22....4C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs41114-019-0020-4">10.1007/s41114-019-0020-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256465740">256465740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Living+Reviews+in+Relativity&rft.atitle=Testing+the+nature+of+dark+compact+objects%3A+a+status+report&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1904.05363&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256465740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs41114-019-0020-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019LRR....22....4C&rft.aulast=Cardoso&rft.aufirst=Vitor&rft.au=Pani%2C+Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannMurkTerno2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mann, Robert B.; Murk, Sebastian; Terno, Daniel R. (2022). "Black holes and their horizons in semiclassical and modified theories of gravity". International Journal of Modern Physics D. 31 (9): 2230015–2230276. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.06515">2112.06515</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022IJMPD..3130015M">2022IJMPD..3130015M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0218271822300154">10.1142/S0218271822300154</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245123647">245123647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Modern+Physics+D&rft.atitle=Black+holes+and+their+horizons+in+semiclassical+and+modified+theories+of+gravity&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2230015-2230276&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2112.06515&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245123647%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS0218271822300154&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022IJMPD..3130015M&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft.au=Murk%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Terno%2C+Daniel+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Black hole at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/black_hole" class="extiw" title="wikt:black hole">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_holes" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Black holes">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Black_holes" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Black holes">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Black_hole" class="extiw" title="q:Black hole">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Astronomy/Black_holes/Introduction" class="extiw" title="b:General Astronomy/Black holes/Introduction">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Black_hole" class="extiw" title="v:Black hole">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q589" class="extiw" title="d:Q589">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q589" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q589">black hole (Q589)</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547f4">Black Holes</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-singularities/">Singularities and Black Holes</a>" by Erik Curiel and Peter Bokulich.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hubblesite.org/contents/articles/black-holes.html">Black Holes: Gravity's Relentless Pull</a> – Interactive multimedia Web site about the physics and astronomy of black holes from the Space Telescope Science Institute (HubbleSite)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/gsp/ACT/phy/Projects/Blackholes/WebGL.html">Black Hole Visualization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503070935/https://www.esa.int/gsp/ACT/phy/Projects/Blackholes/WebGL.html">Archived</a> 3 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/htmltest/gifcity/bh_pub_faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on Black Holes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980118051503/http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/schwp.html">Schwarzschild Geometry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/22/science/black-holes-astrophysics-names.html">Black holes - basic (NYT; April 2021)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videos">Videos</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso0846b/">16-year-long study tracks stars orbiting Sagittarius A*</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040925044354/http://www.mpe.mpg.de/ir/GC/index.php">Movie of Black Hole Candidate from Max Planck Institute</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Cowen, Ron (20 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2015.17360">"3D simulations of colliding black holes hailed as most realistic yet"</a>. Nature. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2015.17360">10.1038/nature.2015.17360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=3D+simulations+of+colliding+black+holes+hailed+as+most+realistic+yet&rft.date=2015-04-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2015.17360&rft.aulast=Cowen&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnature.2015.17360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+hole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35524440">Computer visualisation of the signal detected by LIGO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_88S8DWbcU">Two Black Holes Merge into One (based upon the signal GW150914)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Black_holes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_holes" title="Template:Black holes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_holes" title="Template talk:Black holes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_holes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black holes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_holes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black holes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_black_holes" title="Outline of black holes">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BTZ_black_hole" title="BTZ black hole">BTZ black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_black_hole" title="Rotating black hole">Rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charged_black_hole" title="Charged black hole">Charged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)" title="Kugelblitz (astrophysics)">Kugelblitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">Supermassive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primordial_black_hole" title="Primordial black hole">Primordial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_collapse_black_hole" title="Direct collapse black hole">Direct collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_black_hole" title="Rogue black hole">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malament%E2%80%93Hogarth_spacetime" title="Malament–Hogarth spacetime">Malament–Hogarth spacetime</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/80px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/120px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/160px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="4320" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremal_black_hole" title="Extremal black hole">Extremal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_electron" title="Black hole electron">Electron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microquasar" title="Microquasar">Microquasar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate-mass_black_hole" title="Intermediate-mass black hole">Intermediate-mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">Supermassive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">Active galactic nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">Quasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_quasar_group" title="Large quasar group">LQG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazar" title="Blazar">Blazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OVV_quasar" title="OVV quasar">OVV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Stellar evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Neutron_star" title="Template:Neutron star">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_limit" title="Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit">Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:White_dwarf" title="Template:White dwarf">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Supernovae" title="Template:Supernovae">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_black_hole" title="Binary black hole">Binary black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermassive star">Supermassive star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Supermassive dark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_jet" title="Astrophysical jet">Astrophysical jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">Gravitational singularity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring_singularity" title="Ring singularity">Ring singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose%E2%80%93Hawking_singularity_theorems" title="Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems">Theorems</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">Event horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photon_sphere" title="Photon sphere">Photon sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innermost_stable_circular_orbit" title="Innermost stable circular orbit">Innermost stable circular orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergosphere" title="Ergosphere">Ergosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_process" title="Penrose process">Penrose process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blandford%E2%80%93Znajek_process" title="Blandford–Znajek process">Blandford–Znajek process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawking_radiation" title="Hawking radiation">Hawking radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">Gravitational lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">Microlens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondi_accretion" title="Bondi accretion">Bondi accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E2%80%93sigma_relation" title="M–sigma relation">M–sigma relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-periodic_oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-periodic oscillation">Quasi-periodic oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics" title="Black hole thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekenstein_bound" title="Bekenstein bound">Bekenstein bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bousso%27s_holographic_bound" title="Bousso's holographic bound">Bousso's holographic bound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immirzi_parameter" title="Immirzi parameter">Immirzi parameter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_radius" title="Schwarzschild radius">Schwarzschild radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghettification" title="Spaghettification">Spaghettification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_complementarity" title="Black hole complementarity">Black hole complementarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox" title="Black hole information paradox">Information paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_censorship_hypothesis" title="Cosmic censorship hypothesis">Cosmic censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ER_%3D_EPR" title="ER = EPR">ER = EPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_black_hole#Final_parsec_problem" title="Binary black hole">Final parsec problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(physics)" title="Firewall (physics)">Firewall (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_principle" title="Holographic principle">Holographic principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-hair_theorem" title="No-hair theorem">No-hair theorem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild</a> (<a href="/wiki/Derivation_of_the_Schwarzschild_solution" title="Derivation of the Schwarzschild solution">Derivation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric" title="Reissner–Nordström metric">Reissner–Nordström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman_metric" title="Kerr–Newman metric">Kerr–Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayward_metric" title="Hayward metric">Hayward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsingular_black_hole_models" title="Nonsingular black hole models">Nonsingular black hole models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(Newtonian_mechanics)" title="Dark star (Newtonian mechanics)">Dark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_eternally_collapsing_object" title="Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object">Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_star" title="Q star">Q star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzball_(string_theory)" title="Fuzzball (string theory)">Fuzzball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geon_(physics)" title="Geon (physics)">Geon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Analogs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_black_hole" title="Optical black hole">Optical black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_black_hole" title="Sonic black hole">Sonic black hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_black_holes" title="Lists of black holes">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_holes" title="List of black holes">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_black_holes" title="List of most massive black holes">Most massive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_known_black_holes" title="List of nearest known black holes">Nearest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quasars" title="List of quasars">Quasars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microquasars" title="List of microquasars">Microquasars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_black_holes" title="Outline of black holes">Outline of black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_Initiative" title="Black Hole Initiative">Black Hole Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_starship" title="Black hole starship">Black hole starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bounce" title="Big Bounce">Big Bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational waves">Gravitational waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst_progenitors" title="Gamma-ray burst progenitors">Gamma-ray burst progenitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity well">Gravity well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercompact_stellar_system" title="Hypercompact stellar system">Hypercompact stellar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_paradigm" title="Membrane paradigm">Membrane paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_singularity" title="Naked singularity">Naked singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_III_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Population III star">Population III star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermassive star">Supermassive star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Supermassive dark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superluminal_motion" title="Superluminal motion">Superluminal motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_black_hole_physics" title="Timeline of black hole physics">Timeline of black hole physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">Wormhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event">Tidal disruption event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_X-1" title="Cygnus X-1">Cygnus X-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XTE_J1650-500" class="mw-redirect" title="XTE J1650-500">XTE J1650-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XTE_J1118%2B480" title="XTE J1118+480">XTE J1118+480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A0620-00" title="A0620-00">A0620-00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">Sagittarius A*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaurus_A" title="Centaurus A">Centaurus A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Cluster" title="Phoenix Cluster">Phoenix Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PKS_1302-102" title="PKS 1302-102">PKS 1302-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OJ_287" title="OJ 287">OJ 287</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDSS_J0849%2B1114" title="SDSS J0849+1114">SDSS J0849+1114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TON_618" title="TON 618">TON 618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_0735.6%2B7421" title="MS 0735.6+7421">MS 0735.6+7421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeVe_1" title="NeVe 1">NeVe 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_A" title="Hercules A">Hercules A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3C_273" title="3C 273">3C 273</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q0906%2B6930" title="Q0906+6930">Q0906+6930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markarian_501" title="Markarian 501">Markarian 501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ULAS_J1342%2B0928" title="ULAS J1342+0928">ULAS J1342+0928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSO_J030947.49%2B271757.31" title="PSO J030947.49+271757.31">PSO J030947.49+271757.31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT2018hyz" title="AT2018hyz">AT2018hyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_J1644%2B57" title="Swift J1644+57">Swift J1644+57</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Black_holes" title="Category:Black holes">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_holes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Black holes">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Relativity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Relativity" title="Template:Relativity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Relativity" title="Template talk:Relativity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Relativity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Relativity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Relativity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Relativity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_relativity" title="Principle of relativity">Principle of relativity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galilean_invariance" title="Galilean invariance">Galilean relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_transformation" title="Galilean transformation">Galilean transformation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_special_relativity" title="Doubly special relativity">Doubly special relativity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Fundamental concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">Frame of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">Speed of light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_orthogonality" title="Hyperbolic orthogonality">Hyperbolic orthogonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidity" title="Rapidity">Rapidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_length" title="Proper length">Proper length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_acceleration" title="Proper acceleration">Proper acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_special_relativity" title="Mass in special relativity">Relativistic mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_transformation" title="Lorentz transformation">Lorentz transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textbooks_on_relativity" title="List of textbooks on relativity">Textbooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">Mass–energy equivalence (E=mc2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_contraction" title="Length contraction">Length contraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">Relativity of simultaneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_Doppler_effect" title="Relativistic Doppler effect">Relativistic Doppler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_precession" title="Thomas precession">Thomas precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladder_paradox" title="Ladder paradox">Ladder paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_paradox" title="Twin paradox">Twin paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrell_rotation" title="Terrell rotation">Terrell rotation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_cone" title="Light cone">Light cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_line" title="World line">World line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Minkowski diagram">Minkowski diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biquaternion" title="Biquaternion">Biquaternions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski_space" title="Minkowski space">Minkowski space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_general_relativity" title="Introduction to general relativity">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_general_relativity" title="Mathematics of general relativity">Mathematical formulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Fundamental concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">Equivalence principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riemannian_geometry" title="Riemannian geometry">Riemannian geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_diagram" title="Penrose diagram">Penrose diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesics_in_general_relativity" title="Geodesics in general relativity">Geodesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach%27s_principle" title="Mach's principle">Mach's principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADM_formalism" title="ADM formalism">ADM formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSSN_formalism" title="BSSN formalism">BSSN formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linearized_gravity" title="Linearized gravity">Linearized gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism" title="Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism">Post-Newtonian formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raychaudhuri_equation" title="Raychaudhuri equation">Raychaudhuri equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi%E2%80%93Einstein_equation" title="Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation">Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_equation" title="Ernst equation">Ernst equation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">Event horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">Singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-body_problem_in_general_relativity" title="Two-body problem in general relativity">Two-body problem</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational waves</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_astronomy" title="Gravitational-wave astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_observatory" title="Gravitational-wave observatory">detectors</a> (<a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> and <a href="/wiki/LIGO_Scientific_Collaboration" title="LIGO Scientific Collaboration">collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEO600" title="GEO600">GEO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulse%E2%80%93Taylor_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulse–Taylor binary">Hulse–Taylor binary</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">Other tests</a>: <a href="/wiki/Apsidal_precession" title="Apsidal precession">precession</a> of Mercury</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">lensing</a> (together with <a href="/wiki/Einstein_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein cross">Einstein cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Einstein_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein rings">Einstein rings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_redshift" title="Gravitational redshift">redshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapiro_time_delay" title="Shapiro time delay">Shapiro delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame-dragging" title="Frame-dragging">frame-dragging</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_effect" title="Geodetic effect">geodetic effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lense%E2%80%93Thirring_precession" title="Lense–Thirring precession">Lense–Thirring precession</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">pulsar timing arrays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Advanced theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brans%E2%80%93Dicke_theory" title="Brans–Dicke theory">Brans–Dicke theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Exact_solutions_in_general_relativity" title="Exact solutions in general relativity">Solutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cosmological: <a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friedmann_equations" title="Friedmann equations">Friedmann equations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Tolman_metric" title="Lemaître–Tolman metric">Lemaître–Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasner_metric" title="Kasner metric">Kasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BKL_singularity" title="BKL singularity">BKL singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_metric" title="Gödel metric">Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milne_model" title="Milne model">Milne</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Spherical: <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interior_Schwarzschild_metric" title="Interior Schwarzschild metric">interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_equation" title="Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation">Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric" title="Reissner–Nordström metric">Reissner–Nordström</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Axisymmetric: <a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman_metric" title="Kerr–Newman metric">Kerr–Newman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyl%E2%88%92Lewis%E2%88%92Papapetrou_coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou coordinates">Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taub%E2%80%93NUT_space" title="Taub–NUT space">Taub–NUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Stockum_dust" title="Van Stockum dust">van Stockum dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_disk" title="Relativistic disk">discs</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Pp-wave_spacetime" title="Pp-wave spacetime">pp-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozsv%C3%A1th%E2%80%93Sch%C3%BCcking_metric" title="Ozsváth–Schücking metric">Ozsváth–Schücking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcubierre_drive" title="Alcubierre drive">Alcubierre</a></li></ul> <ul><li>In computational physics: <a href="/wiki/Numerical_relativity" title="Numerical relativity">Numerical relativity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Schwarzschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Milne" title="Edward Arthur Milne">Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Robertson" title="Howard P. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Zwicky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Choquet-Bruhat" title="Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat">Choquet-Bruhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Kerr" title="Roy Kerr">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovich" title="Yakov Zeldovich">Zel'dovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Dmitriyevich_Novikov" title="Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Geroch" title="Robert Geroch">Geroch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bondi" title="Hermann Bondi">Bondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Misner" title="Charles W. Misner">Misner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Yau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_general_relativity" title="List of contributors to general relativity">others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Theory_of_relativity" title="Category:Theory of relativity">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="String_theory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:String_theory_topics" title="Template:String theory topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:String_theory_topics" title="Template talk:String theory topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:String_theory_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:String theory topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="String_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_(physics)" title="String (physics)">Strings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_string" title="Cosmic string">Cosmic strings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_string_theory" title="History of string theory">History of string theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_superstring_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="First superstring revolution">First superstring revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_superstring_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Second superstring revolution">Second superstring revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_theory_landscape" title="String theory landscape">String theory landscape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nambu%E2%80%93Goto_action" title="Nambu–Goto action">Nambu–Goto action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyakov_action" title="Polyakov action">Polyakov action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosonic_string_theory" title="Bosonic string theory">Bosonic string theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstring_theory" title="Superstring theory">Superstring theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_I_string_theory" title="Type I string theory">Type I string</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_string_theory" title="Type II string theory">Type II string</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_string_theory" title="Type II string theory">Type IIA string</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_string_theory" title="Type II string theory">Type IIB string</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotic_string_theory" title="Heterotic string theory">Heterotic string</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%3D2_superstring" class="mw-redirect" title="N=2 superstring">N=2 superstring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-theory" title="F-theory">F-theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_field_theory" title="String field theory">String field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_string_theory" title="Matrix string theory">Matrix string theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-critical_string_theory" title="Non-critical string theory">Non-critical string theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-linear_sigma_model" title="Non-linear sigma model">Non-linear sigma model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyon_condensation" title="Tachyon condensation">Tachyon condensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNS_formalism" title="RNS formalism">RNS formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GS_formalism" title="GS formalism">GS formalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/String_duality" title="String duality">String duality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-duality" title="T-duality">T-duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-duality" title="S-duality">S-duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-duality" title="U-duality">U-duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montonen%E2%80%93Olive_duality" title="Montonen–Olive duality">Montonen–Olive duality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Particles and fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilaton" title="Dilaton">Dilaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyon" title="Tachyon">Tachyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramond%E2%80%93Ramond_field" title="Ramond–Ramond field">Ramond–Ramond field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalb%E2%80%93Ramond_field" title="Kalb–Ramond field">Kalb–Ramond field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_monopole" title="Magnetic monopole">Magnetic monopole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_graviton" title="Dual graviton">Dual graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_photon" title="Dual photon">Dual photon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brane" title="Brane">Branes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-brane" title="D-brane">D-brane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS5-brane" title="NS5-brane">NS5-brane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2-brane" title="M2-brane">M2-brane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M5-brane" title="M5-brane">M5-brane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-brane" title="S-brane">S-brane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_brane" title="Black brane">Black brane</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Black string">Black string</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brane_cosmology" title="Brane cosmology">Brane cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiver_diagram" title="Quiver diagram">Quiver diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanany%E2%80%93Witten_transition" title="Hanany–Witten transition">Hanany–Witten transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conformal_field_theory" title="Conformal field theory">Conformal field theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virasoro_algebra" title="Virasoro algebra">Virasoro algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_symmetry_(string_theory)" title="Mirror symmetry (string theory)">Mirror symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformal_anomaly" title="Conformal anomaly">Conformal anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformal_symmetry" title="Conformal symmetry">Conformal algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconformal_algebra" title="Superconformal algebra">Superconformal algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertex_operator_algebra" title="Vertex operator algebra">Vertex operator algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_algebra" title="Loop algebra">Loop algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kac%E2%80%93Moody_algebra" title="Kac–Moody algebra">Kac–Moody algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wess%E2%80%93Zumino%E2%80%93Witten_model" title="Wess–Zumino–Witten model">Wess–Zumino–Witten model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauge_theory" title="Gauge theory">Gauge theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_(physics)" title="Anomaly (physics)">Anomalies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instanton" title="Instanton">Instantons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chern%E2%80%93Simons_form" title="Chern–Simons form">Chern–Simons form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomol%27nyi%E2%80%93Prasad%E2%80%93Sommerfield_bound" title="Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound">Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptional_Lie_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Exceptional Lie group">Exceptional Lie groups</a> (<a href="/wiki/G2_(mathematics)" title="G2 (mathematics)">G2</a>, <a href="/wiki/F4_(mathematics)" title="F4 (mathematics)">F4</a>, <a href="/wiki/E6_(mathematics)" title="E6 (mathematics)">E6</a>, <a href="/wiki/E7_(mathematics)" title="E7 (mathematics)">E7</a>, <a href="/wiki/E8_(mathematics)" title="E8 (mathematics)">E8</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADE_classification" title="ADE classification">ADE classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_string" title="Dirac string">Dirac string</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-form_electrodynamics" title="P-form electrodynamics">p-form electrodynamics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worldsheet" title="Worldsheet">Worldsheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compactification_(physics)" title="Compactification (physics)">Compactification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_10_dimensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Why 10 dimensions">Why 10 dimensions</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4hler_manifold" title="Kähler manifold">Kähler manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricci-flat_manifold" title="Ricci-flat manifold">Ricci-flat manifold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabi%E2%80%93Yau_manifold" title="Calabi–Yau manifold">Calabi–Yau manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperk%C3%A4hler_manifold" title="Hyperkähler manifold">Hyperkähler manifold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K3_surface" title="K3 surface">K3 surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G2_manifold" title="G2 manifold">G2 manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin(7)-manifold" title="Spin(7)-manifold">Spin(7)-manifold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_complex_structure" title="Generalized complex structure">Generalized complex manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbifold" title="Orbifold">Orbifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conifold" title="Conifold">Conifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientifold" title="Orientifold">Orientifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moduli_space" title="Moduli space">Moduli space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C5%99ava%E2%80%93Witten_theory" title="Hořava–Witten theory">Hořava–Witten theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-theory_(physics)" title="K-theory (physics)">K-theory (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twisted_K-theory" title="Twisted K-theory">Twisted K-theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supersymmetry" title="Supersymmetry">Supersymmetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supergravity" title="Supergravity">Supergravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleven-dimensional_supergravity" title="Eleven-dimensional supergravity">Eleven-dimensional supergravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_I_supergravity" title="Type I supergravity">Type I supergravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_IIA_supergravity" title="Type IIA supergravity">Type IIA supergravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_IIB_supergravity" title="Type IIB supergravity">Type IIB supergravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superspace" title="Superspace">Superspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_superalgebra" title="Lie superalgebra">Lie superalgebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_supergroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Lie supergroup">Lie supergroup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_principle" title="Holographic principle">Holographic principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdS/CFT_correspondence" title="AdS/CFT correspondence">AdS/CFT correspondence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/M-theory" title="M-theory">M-theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_theory_(physics)" title="Matrix theory (physics)">Matrix theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_M-theory" title="Introduction to M-theory">Introduction to M-theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">String theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mina_Aganagi%C4%87" title="Mina Aganagić">Aganagić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nima_Arkani-Hamed" title="Nima Arkani-Hamed">Arkani-Hamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Atiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Banks_(physicist)" title="Tom Banks (physicist)">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Berenstein" title="David Berenstein">Berenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Bousso" title="Raphael Bousso">Bousso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Curtright" title="Thomas Curtright">Curtright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbert_Dijkgraaf" title="Robbert Dijkgraaf">Dijkgraaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Distler" title="Jacques Distler">Distler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._Douglas" title="Michael R. Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Duff_(physicist)" title="Michael Duff (physicist)">Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gia_Dvali" class="mw-redirect" title="Gia Dvali">Dvali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Ferrara" title="Sergio Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Fischler" title="Willy Fischler">Fischler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Friedan" title="Daniel Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates" title="Sylvester James Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Gliozzi" title="Ferdinando Gliozzi">Gliozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajesh_Gopakumar" title="Rajesh Gopakumar">Gopakumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Green_(physicist)" title="Michael Green (physicist)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Greene" title="Brian Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Gubser" title="Steven Gubser">Gubser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Gukov" title="Sergei Gukov">Gukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Guth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Hanson" title="Andrew J. Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Harvey" title="Jeffrey A. Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Ho%C5%99ava_(theorist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petr Hořava (theorist)">Hořava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gibbons" title="Gary Gibbons">Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamit_Kachru" title="Shamit Kachru">Kachru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michio_Kaku" title="Michio Kaku">Kaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renata_Kallosh" title="Renata Kallosh">Kallosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Kaluza" title="Theodor Kaluza">Kaluza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Kapustin" title="Anton Kapustin">Kapustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Klebanov" title="Igor Klebanov">Klebanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadim_Knizhnik" title="Vadim Knizhnik">Knizhnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Kontsevich" title="Maxim Kontsevich">Kontsevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Klein" title="Oskar Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Linde" title="Andrei Linde">Linde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_Maldacena" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Martín Maldacena">Maldacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Mandelstam" title="Stanley Mandelstam">Mandelstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Marolf" title="Donald Marolf">Marolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Martinec" title="Emil Martinec">Martinec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Minwalla" title="Shiraz Minwalla">Minwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Moore_(physicist)" title="Greg Moore (physicist)">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubo%C5%A1_Motl" title="Luboš Motl">Motl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunil_Mukhi" title="Sunil Mukhi">Mukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Myers_(physicist)" title="Robert Myers (physicist)">Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Nanopoulos" title="Dimitri Nanopoulos">Nanopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hora%C8%9Biu_N%C4%83stase" title="Horațiu Năstase">Năstase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Nekrasov" title="Nikita Nekrasov">Nekrasov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Neveu" title="André Neveu">Neveu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holger_Bech_Nielsen" title="Holger Bech Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Nieuwenhuizen" title="Peter van Nieuwenhuizen">van Nieuwenhuizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Novikov_(mathematician)" title="Sergei Novikov (mathematician)">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olive" title="David Olive">Olive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirosi_Ooguri" title="Hirosi Ooguri">Ooguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Ovrut" title="Burt Ovrut">Ovrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Polchinski" title="Joseph Polchinski">Polchinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Markovich_Polyakov" title="Alexander Markovich Polyakov">Polyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Rajaraman" title="Arvind Rajaraman">Rajaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Ramond" title="Pierre Ramond">Ramond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Randall" title="Lisa Randall">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seifallah_Randjbar-Daemi" title="Seifallah Randjbar-Daemi">Randjbar-Daemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ro%C4%8Dek" title="Martin Roček">Roček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Rohm" title="Ryan Rohm">Rohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Sagnotti" title="Augusto Sagnotti">Sagnotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Scherk" title="Joël Scherk">Scherk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Schwarz" title="John Henry Schwarz">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Seiberg" title="Nathan Seiberg">Seiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoke_Sen" title="Ashoke Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Shenker" title="Stephen Shenker">Shenker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Siegel" title="Warren Siegel">Siegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Silverstein" title="Eva Silverstein">Silverstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0m_Thanh_S%C6%A1n" title="Đàm Thanh Sơn">Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Staudacher" title="Matthias Staudacher">Staudacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Steinhardt" title="Paul Steinhardt">Steinhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Strominger" title="Andrew Strominger">Strominger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_Sundrum" title="Raman Sundrum">Sundrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Susskind" title="Leonard Susskind">Susskind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Townsend" title="Paul Townsend">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandip_Trivedi" title="Sandip Trivedi">Trivedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Turok" title="Neil Turok">Turok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumrun_Vafa" title="Cumrun Vafa">Vafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Veneziano" title="Gabriele Veneziano">Veneziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Verlinde" title="Erik Verlinde">Verlinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Verlinde" title="Herman Verlinde">Verlinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Wess" title="Julius Wess">Wess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Witten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Yau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamiaki_Yoneya" title="Tamiaki Yoneya">Yoneya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zamolodchikov" title="Alexander Zamolodchikov">Zamolodchikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Zamolodchikov" title="Alexei Zamolodchikov">Zamolodchikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Zaslow" title="Eric Zaslow">Zaslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Zumino" title="Bruno Zumino">Zumino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_Zwiebach" title="Barton Zwiebach">Zwiebach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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4.48% 139.416 1 Template:General_relativity_sidebar"," 4.37% 135.922 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 3.19% 99.315 20 Template:Cite_news"," 3.03% 94.217 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.076","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12709364,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\u0026#039;t_Hooft2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\u0026#039;t_Hooft2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAP2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbbott,_B.P.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbbott2016\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFAbbott2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAmheiriMarolfPolchinskiSully2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAntoci1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAntociLoinger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArkani–HamedDimopoulosDvali1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBardeen1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBardeenCarterHawking1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBardeenPressTeukolsky1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBañadosVenemansMazzucchelliFarina2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBegelmanRees2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennettBeckerQuinnTomaney2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerger2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoissoneault2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolton1972\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBombaci1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoumanJohnsonZoranFish2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBozza2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroderickLoebNarayan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._Bower2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCardoso,_V.Franzin,_E.Pani,_P.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCardosoPani2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlip2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarr2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavaglià2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCelottiMillerSciama1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCho2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChouAndersonWatzke2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClery_D2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCramer1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrass\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelgadoHerdeiroRadu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDetweiler1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoeleman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDroste1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrozIsraelMorsink1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEddington1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl-BadryRixQuataertHoward2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmparanReall2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvent_Horizon_Telescope2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvent_Horizon_Telescope_Collaboration2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrareseMerritt2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFichtelBertschDingusEsposito1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFindley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelstein1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleischKregenow2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrautschi1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalloMarolf2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardiner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhezKleinMorrisBecklin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiddings1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiddingsMangano2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiddingsThomas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillessenEisenhauerTrippeAlexander2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossmanConover2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamade1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton,_A.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanssonSandin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarada2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarpaz1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawking\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawking1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawking1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkingEllis1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkingPenrose1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeusler2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewish1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewishBellPilkingtonScott1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsrael1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonFishDoelemanMarrone2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiefer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKormendyRichstone1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKovacsChengHarko2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKox1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrolik1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKruskal1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKusenko2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLHC_Safety_Assessment_Group2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisKwan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLu,_Ru-Sen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMannMurkTerno2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaoSmithWoźniakUdalski2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarck1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargalitMetzger2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathur2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathur2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazurMottola2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClintockRemillard2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClintockShafeeNarayanRemillard2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcRae2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerali2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichell1784\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMisnerThorneWheeler1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomeryOrchistonWhittingham2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMummeryIngramDavisFabian2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurk2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuñozMediavillaKochanekFalco2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaeye\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewmanCouchChinnaparedExton1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNittaChibaSugiyama2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;LearyRasioFregeauIvanova2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObers2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOldham,_L._J.Auger,_M._W.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppenheimerSnyder1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppenheimerVolkoff1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverbye2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverbye2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverbye2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverbye2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverbye2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverbye2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPacucciFerraraGrazianFiore2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPage1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPage1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPage2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenrose1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenrose2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeskin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Gibbs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilkingtonHewishBellCole1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoissonIsrael1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreskill1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFReesVolonteri2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRezzollaMostWeih2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRolston1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRuffiniWheeler1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuizShapiroTsokaros2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaaSantarelli2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchutz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarzschild1916\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSeedsBackman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiroTeukolsky1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShibataFujibayashiHotokezakaKiuchi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShipman1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShipmanYuDu1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegfried2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSivaram2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkenderisTaylor2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlayterSlayter1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmarr1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparkeGallagher2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStromingerVafa1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorne1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorneHawking1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornePrice1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnruhWald2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenkataraman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVesperiniMcMilland\u0026#039;Ercoled\u0026#039;Antona2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisser,_M.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisser2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWald1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWald1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWald2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebsterMurdin1972\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinterMushotzkyReynolds2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZwartBaumgardtHutMakino2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFinformation@eso.org\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"\\\" '\"] = 1,\n [\"(J/M)\"] = 1,\n [\"10^\"] = 11,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bigmath\"] = 1,\n [\"Black holes\"] = 1,\n [\"CC-notice\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite arXiv\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 120,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 31,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"General relativity sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 24,\n [\"Image frame\"] = 1,\n [\"In Our Time\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Math\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Mvar\"] = 6,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 4,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 4,\n [\"Relativity\"] = 1,\n [\"Scholia\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfrac\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Solar mass\"] = 22,\n [\"String theory topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Sub\"] = 4,\n [\"Sup\"] = 11,\n [\"Toclimit\"] = 1,\n [\"Unsolved\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 5,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","16.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","300","13.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","240","11.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","10.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","140","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","6.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::len","60","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","2.8"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2614\u003E","60","2.8"],["[others]","460","21.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-697b7966c5-dschs","timestamp":"20241126183709","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Black 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