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id="toc-Structure_and_fusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Core" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Core"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Core </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Core-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiative_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiative_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Radiative zone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiative_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tachocline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tachocline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Tachocline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tachocline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convective_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convective_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Convective zone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convective_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Photosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Atmosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_radiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Solar radiation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetic_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Magnetic activity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Magnetic_activity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Magnetic activity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunspot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunspot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sunspot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunspot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Solar activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coronal_heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronal_heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Coronal heating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronal_heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_phases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_phases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Life phases </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_phases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Life phases subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Life_phases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sequence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sequence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Main sequence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_sequence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_core_hydrogen_exhaustion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_core_hydrogen_exhaustion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 After core hydrogen exhaustion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_core_hydrogen_exhaustion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Location </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Location-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Location subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solar_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Solar System </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celestial_neighborhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celestial_neighborhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Celestial neighborhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celestial_neighborhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Motion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observational_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observational_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Observational history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observational_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Observational history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Observational_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_understanding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_understanding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Early understanding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_understanding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_scientific_understanding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_scientific_understanding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Development of scientific understanding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_scientific_understanding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_space_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_space_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Solar space missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_space_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observation_by_eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observation_by_eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Observation by eyes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observation_by_eyes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Observation by eyes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Observation_by_eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exposure_to_the_eye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposure_to_the_eye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Exposure to the eye </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposure_to_the_eye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phenomena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phenomena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Phenomena </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phenomena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Religious aspects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sun</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 300 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-300" aria-hidden="true" > 300 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_uroe" title="Mata uroe – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Mata uroe" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%8D" title="Тыгъэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тыгъэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son" title="Son – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Son" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonne" title="Sonne – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sonne" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%80%E1%88%90%E1%8B%AD" title="ፀሐይ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፀሐይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%A4iv%C3%A1%C5%A1" title="Piäiváš – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Piäiváš" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सूर्य" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunne" title="Sunne – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sunne" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Амра – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Амра" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3" title="الشمس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشمس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%A1%DC%AB%DC%90" title="ܫܡܫܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܡܫܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soari" title="Soari – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Soari" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solely" title="Solely – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Solely" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="সূৰ্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সূৰ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisimw" title="Pisimw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Pisimw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सूर्य" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarahy" title="Kuarahy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarahy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Бакъ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Бакъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willka" title="Willka – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Willka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCn%C9%99%C5%9F" title="Günəş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Günəş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B4" title="گونش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گونش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya" title="Surya – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Surya" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile" title="Tile – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Tile" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="সূর্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সূর্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Matahari" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%CC%8Dt-th%C3%A2u" title="Ji̍t-thâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ji̍t-thâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srengenge" title="Srengenge – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Srengenge" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%88" title="Ҡояш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡояш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Сонца – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сонца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Сонца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сонца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C" title="सुरुज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सुरुज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saldang" title="Saldang – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Saldang" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/San" title="San – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="San" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Слънце – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Слънце" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" title="Sun – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sun" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཉི་མ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཉི་མ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sunce" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heol" title="Heol – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Heol" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Наран – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Наран" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Хĕвел – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хĕвел" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlaw" title="Adlaw – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Adlaw" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slunce" title="Slunce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slunce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzuwa" title="Dzuwa – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Dzuwa" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuva" title="Zuva – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zuva" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuba" title="Zuba – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Zuba" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soli" title="Soli – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Soli" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haul" title="Haul – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Haul" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solen" title="Solen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Solen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B4" title="شمش – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شمش" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaivv%C3%A1%C5%A1" title="Beaivváš – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Beaivváš" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunn" title="Sunn – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Sunn" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonne" title="Sonne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sonne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%AA" title="އިރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3honaa%CA%BC%C3%A9%C3%AD" title="Jóhonaaʼéí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Jóhonaaʼéí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82y%C5%84co" title="Słyńco – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Słyńco" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सूर्य" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4ike" title="Päike – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Päike" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%89%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ήλιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ήλιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5ul" title="Såul – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Såul" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Чи (пертпельксэнь вал) – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чи (пертпельксэнь вал)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suno" title="Suno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eguzkia" title="Eguzkia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eguzkia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%94e" title="Ɣe – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Ɣe" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="خورشید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خورشید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suraj" title="Suraj – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Suraj" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3lin" title="Sólin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sólin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soleil" title="Soleil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soleil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinne" title="Sinne – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sinne" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naange" title="Naange – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Naange" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soreli" title="Soreli – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Soreli" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grian" title="Grian – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grian" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ghrian" title="Yn Ghrian – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ghrian" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grian" title="Grian – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Grian" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85" title="Малх – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Малх" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" title="太陽 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="太陽" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8A%D8%B1" title="خۊر – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="خۊر" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="સૂર્ય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સૂર્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="सूर्य" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owh%C3%A8" title="Owhè – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Owhè" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngit-th%C3%A8u" title="Ngit-thèu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngit-thèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Нарн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Нарн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EC%96%91" title="태양 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태양" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana" title="Rana – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rana" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%81" title="Lā – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Lā" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Արեգակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արեգակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूर्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82%C3%B3nco" title="Słónco – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Słónco" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sunce" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suno" title="Suno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Suno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init" title="Init – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Init" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Matahari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole" title="Sole – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sole" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%AF%E1%95%BF%E1%93%82%E1%96%85" title="ᓯᕿᓂᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓯᕿᓂᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siqi%C3%B1iq" title="Siqiñiq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Siqiñiq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80" title="Хур – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хур" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKat" title="UKat – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="UKat" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilanga" title="Ilanga – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ilanga" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3lin" title="Sólin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sólin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole" title="Sole – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sole" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A9" title="השמש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השמש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sreng%C3%A9ng%C3%A9" title="Srengéngé – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Srengéngé" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C9%A9s%C9%A9" title="Wɩsɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Wɩsɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಸೂರ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೂರ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo" title="Aldo – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Aldo" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D0%BD" title="Кюн – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кюн" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96%E1%83%94" title="მზე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მზე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="آفتاب – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="آفتاب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%84ce" title="Słuńce – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Słuńce" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_(%D0%B6%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7)" title="Күн (жұлдыз) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күн (жұлдыз)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howl" title="Howl – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Howl" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izuba" title="Izuba – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Izuba" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jua" title="Jua – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Шонді – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шонді" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nt%C3%A2ngu" title="Ntângu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Ntângu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awalt" title="Awalt – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Awalt" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol%C3%A8y" title="Solèy – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Solèy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol%C3%A8y" title="Solèy – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Solèy" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roj_(st%C3%AArk)" title="Roj (stêrk) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Roj (stêrk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Күн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Күн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D3%B9_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8)" title="Кечӹ (астрономи) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кечӹ (астрономи)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur%C3%ABdl" title="Surëdl – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Surëdl" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="Баргъ – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Баргъ" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ຕາເວັນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຕາເວັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saule" title="Saule – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Saule" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saule" title="Saule – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saule" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonn" title="Sonn – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sonn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="Рагъ – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Рагъ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul%C4%97" title="Saulė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saulė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo" title="Luo – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Luo" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4" title="Sô – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sô" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zon" title="Zon – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zon" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3i" title="Mói – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mói" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4iv%C3%A4ine" title="Päiväine – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Päiväine" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/solri" title="solri – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="solri" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjuba" title="Enjuba – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Enjuba" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nap" title="Nap – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nap" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सूर्य" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Сонце – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сонце" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoandro" title="Masoandro – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Masoandro" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="സൂര്യൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൂര്യൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xemx" title="Xemx – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Xemx" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_R%C4%81" title="Te Rā – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Te Rā" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सूर्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90" title="ბჟა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბჟა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3" title="شمس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شمس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%81%9A%E1%80%B2" title="တ္ၚဲ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="တ္ၚဲ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="خارشید – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="خارشید" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Matahari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A0" title="ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewia" title="Ewia – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Ewia" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mfantse</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matoari" title="Matoari – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Matoari" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ADk-t%C3%A0u" title="Nĭk-tàu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nĭk-tàu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Шись – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шись" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1" title="နေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonatiuh" title="Tonatiuh – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tonatiuh" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanisiga" title="Matanisiga – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Matanisiga" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zon" title="Zon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunne" title="Zunne – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zunne" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सूर्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="सूर्द्यः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सूर्द्यः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" title="太陽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="太陽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole" title="Sole – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Sole" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%95%DF%8B%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8B" title="ߕߋ߬ߟߋ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߕߋ߬ߟߋ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85" title="Малх – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Малх" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/San" title="San – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="San" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solen" title="Solen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Solen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola" title="Sola – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sola" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol%C3%A9" title="Solé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Solé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sune" title="Sune – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sune" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soleu" title="Soleu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Soleu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biiftuu" title="Biiftuu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Biiftuu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyosh" title="Quyosh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Quyosh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C" title="ਸੂਰਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੂਰਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonne" title="Sonne – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Sonne" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidal" title="Cidal – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Cidal" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="سورج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سورج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8" title="မွူး – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="မွူး" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo" title="Solo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Solo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1" title="لمر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لمر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son" title="Son – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Son" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Шонді – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Шонді" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99" title="ព្រះអាទិត្យ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះអាទិត្យ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solel" title="Solel – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Solel" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadaw" title="Qadaw – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="Qadaw" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/San" title="San – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="San" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCnn" title="Sünn – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sünn" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82o%C5%84ce" title="Słońce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Słońce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%89%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ήλος – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ήλος" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyash" title="Quyash – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Quyash" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCne%C5%9F" title="Küneş – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Küneş" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunn" title="Sunn – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Sunn" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soare" title="Soare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Soare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kham" title="Kham – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Kham" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulegl" title="Sulegl – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Sulegl" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti" title="Inti – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Inti" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Сонце – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сонце" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Солнце – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Солнце" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81)" title="Күн (сулус) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Күн (сулус)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/cilal" title="cilal – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="cilal" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/La" title="La – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="La" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="सूर्यः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सूर्यः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2" title="Lâ – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Lâ" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A7_%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="سورج – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سورج" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole" title="Sole – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sole" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" title="Sun – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sun" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hido" title="Hido – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Hido" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunne" title="Sunne – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sunne" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielli" title="Dielli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dielli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suli" title="Suli – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Suli" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="හිරු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හිරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" title="Sun – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AC" title="سج – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سج" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slnko" title="Slnko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slnko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonce" title="Sonce – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sonce" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%94" title="Слъньцє – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Слъньцє" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82%C5%8D%C5%84ce" title="Słōńce – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Słōńce" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qorax" title="Qorax – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qorax" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B1" title="خۆر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خۆر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son" title="Son – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Son" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Сунце – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сунце" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sunce" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonpo%C3%A9" title="Panonpoé – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Panonpoé" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurinko" title="Aurinko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aurinko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solen" title="Solen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Solen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araw_(astronomiya)" title="Araw (astronomiya) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Araw (astronomiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_(%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D)" title="ஞாயிறு (விண்மீன்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஞாயிறு (விண்மீன்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafukt" title="Tafukt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tafukt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafukt_(itri)" title="Tafukt (itri) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafukt (itri)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%88" title="Кояш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кояш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဝၼ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ဝၼ်း" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/wagi%27" title="wagi' – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="wagi'" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="సూర్యుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సూర్యుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ดวงอาทิตย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดวงอาทิตย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C9%94%CC%88l" title="Akɔ̈l – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Akɔ̈l" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%B8%E1%88%93%E1%8B%AD" title="ጸሓይ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ጸሓይ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Офтоб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Офтоб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%93" title="ᏅᏓ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏅᏓ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89%C5%A1e%27he" title="Éše'he – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Éše'he" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಸೂರ್ಯ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸೂರ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCne%C5%9F" title="Güneş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güneş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCn_(%C3%BDyldyz)" title="Gün (ýyldyz) – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gün (ýyldyz)" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewia" title="Ewia – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ewia" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam" title="Mam – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Mam" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81)" title="Хүн (сылдыс) – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Хүн (сылдыс)" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Шунды – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Шунды" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%9B%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%9A" title="ᨆᨈᨕᨛᨔᨚ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨆᨈᨕᨛᨔᨚ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Сонце – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сонце" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="سورج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سورج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%87%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="قۇياش – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قۇياش" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daengngoenz" title="Daengngoenz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Daengngoenz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C5%82e" title="Sołe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sołe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4iv%C3%A4ine" title="Päiväine – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Päiväine" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%B7t_Tr%E1%BB%9Di" title="Mặt Trời – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mặt Trời" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4iv" title="Päiv – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Päiv" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solea" title="Solea – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Solea" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27i" title="Ka'i – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Ka'i" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5" title="日 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="日" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunne" title="Zunne – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zunne" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlaw_(astronomiya)" title="Adlaw (astronomiya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Adlaw (astronomiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jant" title="Jant – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Jant" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%B4" title="日头 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="日头" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9F" title="זון – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זון" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92r%C3%B9n" title="Òrùn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òrùn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" title="太陽 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="太陽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tici" title="Tici – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tici" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunne" title="Zunne – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Zunne" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul%C4%97" title="Saulė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Saulė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3" title="太阳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="太阳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ura" title="Ura – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ura" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataari" title="Mataari – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mataari" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidumadang_ari" title="Sidumadang ari – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Sidumadang ari" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Amenaa" title="Ŋmenaa – Southern Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Ŋmenaa" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Southern Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadau" title="Tadau – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Tadau" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwe" title="Hwe – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Hwe" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_panas" title="Mata panas – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Mata panas" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataharani" title="Mataharani – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Mataharani" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Слунко – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Слунко" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Руски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%A6%E1%A5%96%E1%A5%B1" title="ᥘᥦᥖᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥘᥦᥖᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99%C5%A1i" title="Həši – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Həši" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q525#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Sun.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Star at the center of the Solar System</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The Sun" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sun_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sun (disambiguation)">Sun (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The Sun (disambiguation)">The Sun (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Sun</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White glowing ball with black sunspots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg/330px-The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg/500px-The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg/960px-The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="3648" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The Sun, viewed through a clear <a href="/wiki/Solar_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar filter">solar filter</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Sun, <a href="/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a>,<a href="#cite_note-OED-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Germanic_mythology)" title="Sól (Germanic mythology)">Sól</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a><a href="#cite_note-Lexico-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;">Adjectives</th><td class="infobox-data">Solar<a href="#cite_note-OED2-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Planet_symbols#Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet symbols">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_symbol_(bold).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Circle with dot in the middle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sun_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Sun_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sun_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/36px-Sun_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sun_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/48px-Sun_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Observation data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;">Mean distance from Earth</th><td class="infobox-data">1 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> 149,600,000 km 8 min 19 s, <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">light speed</a><a href="#cite_note-Pitjeva2009-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Visual brightness</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−26.74 (V)<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.83<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Spectral classification</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">G2V<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Z = 0.0122<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Angular_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular size">Angular size</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.527–0.545°<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mean distance from <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> core</div></th><td class="infobox-data">24,000 to 28,000 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a><a href="#cite_note-francis14-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">225–250 million <a href="/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)" title="Julian year (astronomy)">years</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">Velocity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>251 km/s orbit about <a href="/wiki/Galactic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactic center">galactic center</a></li> <li>20 km/s to stellar neighborhood</li> <li>370 km/s to <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">cosmic microwave background</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Obliquity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>7.25° (<a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>)<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a></li><li>67.23° (<a href="/wiki/Galactic_plane" title="Galactic plane">galactic plane</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">Right ascension</a> North pole</div></th><td class="infobox-data">286.13° (286° 7′ 48″)<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">Declination</a> of North pole</div></th><td class="infobox-data">+63.87° (63° 52′ 12"N)<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sidereal <a href="/wiki/Solar_rotation" title="Solar rotation">rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>25.05 days (equator)</li><li>34.4 days (poles)<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Equatorial rotation velocity</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.997 km/s<a href="#cite_note-sse-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Equatorial <a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">radius</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6.957×108 m<a href="#cite_note-IAU2015resB3-12">[12]</a> 109 × <a href="/wiki/Earth_radius" title="Earth radius">Earth radii</a><a href="#cite_note-sse-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Flattening" title="Flattening">Flattening</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.00005<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">Surface area</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6.09×1012 km2 12,000 × Earth<a href="#cite_note-sse-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1.412×1018 km3</li><li>1,300,000 × Earth</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1.9885×1030 kg<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a></li><li>332,950 <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">Earths</a><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;">Average <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.408 g/cm3 0.255 × Earth<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-sse-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;">Age</th><td class="infobox-data">4.6 billion years<a href="#cite_note-Bonanno-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Equatorial <a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">surface gravity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">274 m/s2<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a> 27.9 <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">g0</a><a href="#cite_note-sse-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor" title="Moment of inertia factor">Moment of inertia factor</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">≈0.070<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Surface <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">escape velocity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">617.7 km/s 55 × Earth<a href="#cite_note-sse-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;">Temperature</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>15,700,000 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (center)<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a></li><li>5,772 K (<a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">photosphere</a>)<a href="#cite_note-IAU2015resB3-12">[12]</a></li><li>5,000,000 K (<a href="/wiki/Solar_corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar corona">corona</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>3.828×1026 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a></li><li>3.75×1028 <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(unit)" title="Lumen (unit)">lm</a></li><li>98 lm/W <a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">efficacy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">Color</a> (B-V)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.656<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;">Mean <a href="/wiki/Radiance" title="Radiance">radiance</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.009×107 W·m−2·sr−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a> composition by mass</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>73.46% <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a></li><li>24.85% <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a></li><li>0.77% <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a></li><li>0.29% <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a></li><li>0.16% <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a></li><li>0.12% <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a></li><li>0.09% <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a></li><li>0.07% <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a></li><li>0.05% <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a></li><li>0.04% <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Sun is the <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a> at the center of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. It is a massive, nearly perfect <a href="/wiki/Sphere" title="Sphere">sphere</a> of hot <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>, heated to <a href="/wiki/Incandescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescence">incandescence</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> reactions in its core, radiating the energy from its <a href="/wiki/Surface" title="Surface">surface</a> mainly as <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infrared_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared radiation">infrared radiation</a> with 10% at <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> energies. It is by far the most important source of energy for <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. The Sun has been an <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_in_culture" title="The Sun in culture">object of veneration</a> in many cultures. It has been a central subject for astronomical research since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>. The Sun orbits the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactic center">galactic center</a> at a distance of 24,000 to 28,000 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a>. From Earth, it is 1 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a> (1.496×108 km) or about 8 <a href="/wiki/Light-minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-minute">light-minutes</a> away. <a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius">Its diameter</a> is about 1,391,400 km (864,600 mi), 109 times that of Earth. <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">Its mass</a> is about 330,000 times that of Earth, making up about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System. Roughly three-quarters of the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> consists of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> (~73%); the rest is mostly <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> (~25%), with much smaller quantities of heavier elements, including <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>. The Sun is a <a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G-type main-sequence star</a> (G2V), informally called a yellow dwarf, though its light is actually white. It formed approximately 4.6 billion<a href="#cite_note-short-17">[a]</a> years ago from the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">gravitational collapse</a> of matter within a region of a large <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular cloud</a>. Most of this matter gathered in the center; the rest flattened into an orbiting disk that <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">became the Solar System</a>. The central mass became so hot and dense that it eventually initiated nuclear fusion in <a href="/wiki/Solar_core" title="Solar core">its core</a>. Every second, the Sun's core fuses about 600 billion <a href="/wiki/Kilograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilograms">kilograms</a> (kg) of hydrogen into helium and converts 4 billion kg of <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">matter into energy</a>. About 4 to 7 billion years from now, when <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fusion">hydrogen fusion</a> in the Sun's core diminishes to the point where the Sun is no longer in <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">hydrostatic equilibrium</a>, its core will undergo a marked increase in density and temperature which will cause its outer layers to expand, eventually transforming the Sun into a <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a>. After the red giant phase, models suggest the Sun will shed its outer layers and become a dense type of cooling star (a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a>), and no longer produce energy by fusion, but will still glow and give off heat from its previous fusion for perhaps trillions of years. After that, it is theorized to become a super dense <a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">black dwarf</a>, giving off negligible energy. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The English word sun developed from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> sunne. Cognates appear in other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> sinne, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> zon, <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> Sünn, <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> Sonne, <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> Sunna, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> sunna, and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> sunnō. All these words stem from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> *sunnōn.<a href="#cite_note-BARNHART776-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Orel-19">[18]</a> This is ultimately related to the word for sun in other branches of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European language</a> family, though in most cases a <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a> stem with an l is found, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> stem in n, as for example in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> sōl, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> ἥλιος (hēlios), <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> haul and <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> slunce, as well as (with *l > r) Sanskrit स्वर् (svár) and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> خور (xvar). Indeed, the l-stem survived in Proto-Germanic as well, as *sōwelan, which gave rise to Gothic sauil (alongside sunnō) and Old Norse prosaic sól (alongside poetic sunna), and through it the words for sun in the modern Scandinavian languages: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> sol, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> sól, etc.<a href="#cite_note-Orel-19">[18]</a> The principal adjectives for the Sun in English are sunny for sunlight and, in technical contexts, solar (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsoʊlər/</a>),<a href="#cite_note-OED2-3">[3]</a> from Latin sol.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> From the Greek helios comes the rare adjective heliac (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhiːliæk/</a>).<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> In English, the Greek and Latin words occur in poetry as personifications of the Sun, <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhiːliəs/</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsɒl/</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Lexico-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-OED-1">[1]</a> while in science fiction Sol may be used to distinguish the Sun from other stars. The term <a href="/wiki/Sol_(day_on_Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sol (day on Mars)">sol</a> with a lowercase s is used by planetary astronomers for the duration of a <a href="/wiki/Solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar day">solar day</a> on another planet such as <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical symbol">astronomical symbol</a> for the Sun is a circle with a center dot, <a href="/wiki/File:Sun_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☉"><img alt="☉" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/16px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/32px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> It is used for such units as M☉ (<a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">Solar mass</a>), R☉ (<a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius">Solar radius</a>) and L☉ (<a href="/wiki/Solar_luminosity" title="Solar luminosity">Solar luminosity</a>).<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The scientific study of the Sun is called heliology.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_characteristics">General characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celestial_body_size_comparison_horizontal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Celestial_body_size_comparison_horizontal.png/400px-Celestial_body_size_comparison_horizontal.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Celestial_body_size_comparison_horizontal.png/600px-Celestial_body_size_comparison_horizontal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Celestial_body_size_comparison_horizontal.png/800px-Celestial_body_size_comparison_horizontal.png 2x" data-file-width="4300" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of the Sun, all the <a href="/wiki/Planets_of_the_solar_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Planets of the solar system">planets of</a> the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> and some larger stars. The Sun is 1.4 million kilometers (4.643 <a href="/wiki/Light-second" title="Light-second">light-seconds</a>) wide, about 109 times <a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">wider than</a> Earth, or four times the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance" title="Lunar distance">Lunar distance</a>, and contains 99.86% of all Solar System <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">mass</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Sun is a <a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G-type main-sequence star</a> that makes up about 99.86% of the mass of the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-Woolfson00-27">[26]</a> It has an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">absolute magnitude</a> of +4.83, estimated to be brighter than about 85% of the stars in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>, most of which are <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarfs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> It is more massive than 95% of the stars within 7 pc (23 ly).<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The Sun is a <a href="/wiki/Population_I_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Population I stars">Population I</a>, or heavy-element-rich,<a href="#cite_note-heavy_elements-31">[b]</a> star.<a href="#cite_note-zeilik-32">[30]</a> Its formation approximately 4.6 billion years ago may have been triggered by shockwaves from one or more nearby <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Connelly2012-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Falk-34">[32]</a> This is suggested by a high <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">abundance</a> of heavy elements in the Solar System, such as <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, relative to the abundances of these elements in so-called <a href="/wiki/Population_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Population II">Population II</a>, heavy-element-poor, stars. The heavy elements could most plausibly have been produced by <a href="/wiki/Endothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothermic">endothermic</a> nuclear reactions during a supernova, or by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">transmutation</a> through <a href="/wiki/Neutron_absorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron absorption">neutron absorption</a> within a massive second-generation star.<a href="#cite_note-zeilik-32">[30]</a> The Sun is by far the <a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_natural_objects_in_the_sky" title="List of brightest natural objects in the sky">brightest object in the Earth's sky</a>, with an <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> of −26.74.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> This is about 13 billion times brighter than the next brightest star, <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>, which has an apparent magnitude of −1.46.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffleit1991-37">[35]</a> One <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a> (about 150 million kilometres; 93 million miles) is defined as the mean distance between the centers of the Sun and the Earth. The instantaneous distance varies by about ±2.5 million kilometres (1.6 million miles) as Earth moves from <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> around 3 January to <a href="/wiki/Aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelion">aphelion</a> around 4 July.<a href="#cite_note-USNO-38">[36]</a> At its average distance, light travels from the Sun's horizon to Earth's horizon in about 8 minutes and 20 seconds,<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> while light from the closest points of the Sun and Earth takes about two seconds less. The energy of this <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> supports almost all life<a href="#cite_note-40">[c]</a> on Earth by <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> and drives <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's climate">Earth's climate</a> and weather.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> The Sun does not have a definite boundary, but its density decreases exponentially with increasing height above the <a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">photosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beer_et_al,_2012-41-43">[40]</a> For the purpose of measurement, the Sun's radius is considered to be the distance from its center to the edge of the photosphere, the apparent visible surface of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Phillips1995-73-44">[41]</a> The roundness of the Sun is relative difference between its radius at its equator, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\textrm {eq}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>eq</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\textrm {eq}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8e8fb785c8630b31c4161720ca451e18f8c1a43e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.594ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\textrm {eq}}}" />, and at its pole, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\textrm {pol}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>pol</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\textrm {pol}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cacaa4fdf7ee7280b62021eaad0749e8d4063a55" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.19ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\textrm {pol}}}" />, called the <a href="/wiki/Oblateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblateness">oblateness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Meftah-2015-45">[42]</a> <math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\odot }=(R_{\textrm {eq}}-R_{\textrm {pol}})/R_{\textrm {pol}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>eq</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>pol</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>pol</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\odot }=(R_{\textrm {eq}}-R_{\textrm {pol}})/R_{\textrm {pol}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d7c549c5d87bf482b4f10f78737b6ae11febcfc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:24.978ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\odot }=(R_{\textrm {eq}}-R_{\textrm {pol}})/R_{\textrm {pol}}.}" /> The value is difficult to measure. Atmospheric distortion means the measurement must be done on satellites; the value is very small meaning very precise technique is needed.<a href="#cite_note-GoughOverview2012-46">[43]</a> The oblateness was once proposed to be sufficient to explain the <a href="/wiki/Perihelion_precession_of_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion precession of Mercury">perihelion precession of Mercury</a> but Einstein proposed that <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> could explain the precession using a spherical Sun.<a href="#cite_note-GoughOverview2012-46">[43]</a> When high precision measurements of the oblateness became available via the <a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Picard_(satellite)" title="Picard (satellite)">Picard</a> satellite<a href="#cite_note-Meftah-2015-45">[42]</a> the measured value was even smaller than expected,<a href="#cite_note-GoughOverview2012-46">[43]</a> 8.2 x 10−6, or 8 parts per million. This makes the Sun the natural object closest to a perfect sphere.<a href="#cite_note-perfect_sphere-48">[45]</a> The oblateness value remains constant independent of solar irradiation changes.<a href="#cite_note-Meftah-2015-45">[42]</a> The tidal effect of the planets is weak and does not significantly affect the shape of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Schutz2003-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotation">Rotation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_rotation" title="Solar rotation">Solar rotation</a></div> The Sun rotates faster at its equator than at its <a href="/wiki/Poles_of_astronomical_bodies" title="Poles of astronomical bodies">poles</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Solar_rotation" title="Solar rotation">differential rotation</a> is caused by <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convective motion</a> due to heat transport and the <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis effect">Coriolis force</a> due to the Sun's rotation. In a frame of reference defined by the stars, the rotational period is approximately 25.6 days at the equator and 33.5 days at the poles. Viewed from Earth as it orbits the Sun, the apparent rotational period of the Sun at its equator is about 28 days.<a href="#cite_note-Phillips1995-78-50">[47]</a> Viewed from a vantage point above its north pole, the Sun rotates <a href="/wiki/Counterclockwise" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterclockwise">counterclockwise</a> around its axis of spin.<a href="#cite_note-rotation-51">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-spaceacademy-52">[48]</a> A survey of <a href="/wiki/Solar_analog" title="Solar analog">solar analogs</a> suggest the early Sun was rotating up to ten times faster than it does today. This would have made the surface much more active, with greater X-ray and UV emission. Sun spots would have covered 5–30% of the surface.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> The rotation rate was gradually slowed by <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_braking_(astronomy)" title="Magnetic braking (astronomy)">magnetic braking</a>, as the Sun's magnetic field interacted with the outflowing <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> A vestige of this rapid primordial rotation still survives at the Sun's core, which rotates at a rate of once per week; four times the mean surface rotation rate.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></div> The Sun consists mainly of the elements <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>. At this time in the Sun's life, they account for 74.9% and 23.8%, respectively, of the mass of the Sun in the photosphere.<a href="#cite_note-lodders-57">[53]</a> All heavier elements, called <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">metals</a> in astronomy, account for less than 2% of the mass, with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (roughly 1% of the Sun's mass), <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> (0.3%), <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> (0.2%), and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (0.2%) being the most abundant.<a href="#cite_note-hkt2004-58">[54]</a> The Sun's original chemical composition was inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a> out of which it formed. Originally it would have been about 71.1% hydrogen, 27.4% helium, and 1.5% heavier elements.<a href="#cite_note-lodders-57">[53]</a> The hydrogen and most of the helium in the Sun would have been produced by <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" title="Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Big Bang nucleosynthesis</a> in the first 20 minutes of the universe, and the heavier elements were <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">produced by previous generations of stars</a> before the Sun was formed, and spread into the interstellar medium during the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">final stages of stellar life</a> and by events such as <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hkt2004_78-59">[55]</a> Since the Sun formed, the main fusion process has involved fusing hydrogen into helium. Over the past 4.6 billion years, the amount of helium and its location within the Sun has gradually changed. The proportion of helium within the core has increased from about 24% to about 60% due to fusion, and some of the helium and heavy elements have settled from the photosphere toward the center of the Sun because of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>. The proportions of heavier elements are unchanged. <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat is transferred</a> outward from the Sun's core by radiation rather than by convection (see <a href="#Radiative_zone">Radiative zone</a> below), so the fusion products are not lifted outward by heat; they remain in the core,<a href="#cite_note-hkt2004_9.2.3-60">[56]</a> and gradually an inner core of helium has begun to form that cannot be fused because presently the Sun's core is not hot or dense enough to fuse helium. In the current photosphere, the helium fraction is reduced, and the <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">metallicity</a> is only 84% of what it was in the <a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">protostellar</a> phase (before nuclear fusion in the core started). In the future, helium will continue to accumulate in the core, and in about 5 billion years this gradual build-up will eventually cause the Sun to exit the <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a> and become a <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> The chemical composition of the photosphere is normally considered representative of the composition of the primordial Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-aller1968-62">[58]</a> Typically, the solar heavy-element abundances described above are measured both by using <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> of the Sun's photosphere and by measuring abundances in <a href="/wiki/Meteorites" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorites">meteorites</a> that have never been heated to melting temperatures. These meteorites are thought to retain the composition of the protostellar Sun and are thus not affected by the settling of heavy elements. The two methods generally agree well.<a href="#cite_note-basu2008-63">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_fusion">Structure and fusion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Standard_solar_model" title="Standard solar model">Standard solar model</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_poster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sun_poster.svg/500px-Sun_poster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sun_poster.svg/750px-Sun_poster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sun_poster.svg/1000px-Sun_poster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the Sun's structure, in false color for contrast</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Core">Core</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_core" title="Solar core">Solar core</a></div> The core of the Sun extends from the center to about 20–25% of the solar radius.<a href="#cite_note-Garcia2007-64">[60]</a> It has a density of up to 150 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-Basu-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA1-66">[62]</a> (about 150 times the density of water) and a temperature of close to 15.7 million <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a> (K).<a href="#cite_note-NASA1-66">[62]</a> By contrast, the Sun's surface temperature is about 5800 K. Recent analysis of <a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> mission data favors the idea that the core is rotating faster than the radiative zone outside it.<a href="#cite_note-Garcia2007-64">[60]</a> Through most of the Sun's life, energy has been produced by nuclear fusion in the core region through the <a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">proton–proton chain</a>; this process converts hydrogen into helium.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> Currently, 0.8% of the energy generated in the Sun comes from another sequence of fusion reactions called the <a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a>; the proportion coming from the CNO cycle is expected to increase as the Sun becomes older and more luminous.<a href="#cite_note-jpcs271_1_012031-68">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> The core is the only region of the Sun that produces an appreciable amount of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal energy</a> through fusion; 99% of the Sun's power is generated in the innermost 24% of its radius, and almost no fusion occurs beyond 30% of the radius. The rest of the Sun is heated by this energy as it is transferred outward through many successive layers, finally to the solar photosphere where it escapes into space through radiation (photons) or advection (massive particles).<a href="#cite_note-Phillips1995-47-70">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zirker2002-15-71">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proton-proton_reaction_chain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="circles and arrows showing protons combining in a series of fusion reactions yielding helium-3 which breaks down tow helium-4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Proton-proton_reaction_chain.svg/220px-Proton-proton_reaction_chain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Proton-proton_reaction_chain.svg/330px-Proton-proton_reaction_chain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Proton-proton_reaction_chain.svg/440px-Proton-proton_reaction_chain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a proton-proton reaction chain, from hydrogen forming <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a>, and regular <a href="/wiki/Helium-4" title="Helium-4">helium-4</a></figcaption></figure> The proton–proton chain occurs around 9.2×1037 times each second in the core, converting about 3.7×1038 protons into <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a> (helium nuclei) every second (out of a total of ~8.9×1056 free protons in the Sun), or about 6.2×1011 kg/s. However, each proton (on average) takes around 9 billion years to fuse with another using the PP chain.<a href="#cite_note-Phillips1995-47-70">[66]</a> Fusing four free <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> (hydrogen nuclei) into a single alpha particle (helium nucleus) releases around 0.7% of the fused mass as energy,<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> so the Sun releases energy at the mass–energy conversion rate of 4.26 billion kg/s (which requires 600 billion kg of hydrogen<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a>), for 384.6 <a href="/wiki/Yotta-" class="mw-redirect" title="Yotta-">yottawatts</a> (3.846×1026 W),<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a> or 9.192×1010 <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">megatons of TNT</a> per second. The large power output of the Sun is mainly due to the huge size and density of its core (compared to Earth and objects on Earth), with only a fairly small amount of power being generated per <a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre" title="Cubic metre">cubic metre</a>. Theoretical models of the Sun's interior indicate a maximum power density, or energy production, of approximately 276.5 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a> per cubic metre at the center of the core,<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> which, according to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kruszelnicki" title="Karl Kruszelnicki">Karl Kruszelnicki</a>, is about the same power density inside a <a href="/wiki/Compost_pile" class="mw-redirect" title="Compost pile">compost pile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> The fusion rate in the core is in a self-correcting equilibrium: a slightly higher rate of fusion would cause the core to heat up more and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">expand</a> slightly against the weight of the outer layers, reducing the density and hence the fusion rate and correcting the <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturbation</a>; and a slightly lower rate would cause the core to cool and shrink slightly, increasing the density and increasing the fusion rate and again reverting it to its present rate.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiative_zone">Radiative zone</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radiative_zone" title="Radiative zone">Radiative zone</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heat_Transfer_in_Stars.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Heat_Transfer_in_Stars.svg/330px-Heat_Transfer_in_Stars.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Heat_Transfer_in_Stars.svg/500px-Heat_Transfer_in_Stars.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Heat_Transfer_in_Stars.svg/600px-Heat_Transfer_in_Stars.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of different stars' internal structure based on mass. The Sun in the middle has an inner radiating zone and an outer convective zone.</figcaption></figure> The radiative zone is the thickest layer of the Sun, at 0.45 solar radii. From the core out to about 0.7 <a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius">solar radii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">thermal radiation</a> is the primary means of energy transfer.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-78">[74]</a> The temperature drops from approximately 7 million to 2 million kelvins with increasing distance from the core.<a href="#cite_note-NASA1-66">[62]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Temperature_gradient" title="Temperature gradient">temperature gradient</a> is less than the value of the <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_lapse_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiabatic lapse rate">adiabatic lapse rate</a> and hence cannot drive convection, which explains why the transfer of energy through this zone is by <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> instead of thermal convection.<a href="#cite_note-NASA1-66">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">Ions</a> of hydrogen and helium emit photons, which travel only a brief distance before being reabsorbed by other ions.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-78">[74]</a> The density drops a hundredfold (from 20,000 kg/m3 to 200 kg/m3) between 0.25 solar radii and 0.7 radii, the top of the radiative zone.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-78">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tachocline">Tachocline</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tachocline" title="Tachocline">Tachocline</a></div> The radiative zone and the convective zone are separated by a transition layer, the <a href="/wiki/Tachocline" title="Tachocline">tachocline</a>. This is a region where the sharp regime change between the uniform rotation of the radiative zone and the differential rotation of the <a href="/wiki/Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">convection zone</a> results in a large <a href="/wiki/Shear_(fluid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shear (fluid)">shear</a> between the two—a condition where successive horizontal layers slide past one another.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> Presently, it is hypothesized that a magnetic dynamo, or <a href="/wiki/Solar_dynamo" title="Solar dynamo">solar dynamo</a>, within this layer generates the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA1-66">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convective_zone">Convective zone</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">Convection zone</a></div> The Sun's convection zone extends from 0.7 solar radii (500,000 km) to near the surface. In this layer, the solar plasma is not dense or hot enough to transfer the heat energy of the interior outward via radiation. Instead, the density of the plasma is low enough to allow convective currents to develop and move the Sun's energy outward towards its surface. Material heated at the tachocline picks up heat and expands, thereby reducing its density and allowing it to rise. As a result, an orderly motion of the mass develops into thermal cells that carry most of the heat outward to the Sun's photosphere above. Once the material diffusively and radiatively cools just beneath the photospheric surface, its density increases, and it sinks to the base of the convection zone, where it again picks up heat from the top of the radiative zone and the convective cycle continues. At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped 350-fold to 5,700 K (9,800 °F) and the density to only 0.2 g/m3 (about 1/10,000 the density of air at sea level, and 1 millionth that of the inner layer of the convective zone).<a href="#cite_note-NASA1-66">[62]</a> The thermal columns of the convection zone form an imprint on the surface of the Sun giving it a granular appearance called the <a href="/wiki/Solar_granulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar granulation">solar granulation</a> at the smallest scale and <a href="/wiki/Supergranulation" title="Supergranulation">supergranulation</a> at larger scales. Turbulent convection in this outer part of the solar interior sustains "small-scale" dynamo action over the near-surface volume of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-NASA1-66">[62]</a> The Sun's thermal columns are <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9nard_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Bénard cells">Bénard cells</a> and take the shape of roughly hexagonal prisms.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photosphere">Photosphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Highest_resolution_photo_of_Sun_(NSF)_as_of_January_20,_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A miasma of plasma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Highest_resolution_photo_of_Sun_%28NSF%29_as_of_January_20%2C_2020.jpg/220px-Highest_resolution_photo_of_Sun_%28NSF%29_as_of_January_20%2C_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Highest_resolution_photo_of_Sun_%28NSF%29_as_of_January_20%2C_2020.jpg/330px-Highest_resolution_photo_of_Sun_%28NSF%29_as_of_January_20%2C_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Highest_resolution_photo_of_Sun_%28NSF%29_as_of_January_20%2C_2020.jpg/440px-Highest_resolution_photo_of_Sun_%28NSF%29_as_of_January_20%2C_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7320" data-file-height="7320" /></a><figcaption>Image of the Sun's cell-like surface structures</figcaption></figure> The visible surface of the Sun, the photosphere, is the layer below which the Sun becomes <a href="/wiki/Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">opaque</a> to visible light.<a href="#cite_note-Abhyankar1977-81">[77]</a> Photons produced in this layer escape the Sun through the transparent solar atmosphere above it and become solar radiation, sunlight. The change in opacity is due to the decreasing amount of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_anion" title="Hydrogen anion">H− ions</a>, which absorb visible light easily.<a href="#cite_note-Abhyankar1977-81">[77]</a> Conversely, the visible light perceived is produced as electrons react with hydrogen atoms to produce H− ions.<a href="#cite_note-Gibson-82">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shu-83">[79]</a> The photosphere is tens to hundreds of kilometers thick, and is slightly less opaque than air on Earth. Because the upper part of the photosphere is cooler than the lower part, an image of the Sun appears brighter in the center than on the edge or limb of the solar disk, in a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Limb_darkening" title="Limb darkening">limb darkening</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abhyankar1977-81">[77]</a> The spectrum of sunlight has approximately the spectrum of a <a href="/wiki/Black-body" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-body">black-body</a> radiating at 5,772 K (9,930 °F),<a href="#cite_note-IAU2015resB3-12">[12]</a> interspersed with atomic <a href="/wiki/Absorption_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption line">absorption lines</a> from the tenuous layers above the photosphere. The photosphere has a particle density of ~1023 m−3 (about 0.37% of the particle number per volume of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a> at sea level). The photosphere is not fully ionized—the extent of ionization is about 3%, leaving almost all of the hydrogen in atomic form.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Stellar atmosphere</a></div> The Sun's atmosphere is composed of five layers: the photosphere, the <a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">chromosphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solar_transition_region" title="Solar transition region">transition region</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">corona</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">heliosphere</a>. The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region extending to about 500 km above the photosphere, and has a temperature of about 4,100 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abhyankar1977-81">[77]</a> This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow for the existence of simple molecules such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> and water.<a href="#cite_note-Solanki1994-85">[81]</a> The chromosphere, transition region, and corona are much hotter than the surface of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Abhyankar1977-81">[77]</a> The reason is not well understood, but evidence suggests that <a href="/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_wave" title="Alfvén wave">Alfvén waves</a> may have enough energy to heat the corona.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of the surface of the sun, with flares terminating from the surface on the left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg/250px-171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg/330px-171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg/500px-171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>The Sun's transition region taken by <a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode</a>'s Solar Optical Telescope</figcaption></figure> Above the temperature minimum layer is a layer about 2,000 km thick, dominated by a spectrum of emission and absorption lines.<a href="#cite_note-Abhyankar1977-81">[77]</a> It is called the chromosphere from the Greek root chroma, meaning color, because the chromosphere is visible as a colored flash at the beginning and end of total solar eclipses.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-78">[74]</a> The temperature of the chromosphere increases gradually with altitude, ranging up to around 20,000 K near the top.<a href="#cite_note-Abhyankar1977-81">[77]</a> In the upper part of the chromosphere helium becomes partially <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hansteen1997-87">[83]</a> Above the chromosphere, in a thin (about 200 km) transition region, the temperature rises rapidly from around 20,000 K in the upper chromosphere to coronal temperatures closer to 1,000,000 K.<a href="#cite_note-Erdelyi2007-88">[84]</a> The temperature increase is facilitated by the full ionization of helium in the transition region, which significantly reduces radiative cooling of the plasma.<a href="#cite_note-Hansteen1997-87">[83]</a> The transition region does not occur at a well-defined altitude, but forms a kind of <a href="/wiki/Halo_(optical_phenomenon)" title="Halo (optical phenomenon)">nimbus</a> around chromospheric features such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_spicule" title="Solar spicule">spicules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar filament">filaments</a>, and is in constant, chaotic motion.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-78">[74]</a> The transition region is not easily visible from Earth's surface, but is readily observable from <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">space</a> by instruments sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet" title="Extreme ultraviolet">extreme ultraviolet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dwivedi2006-89">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Total_Solar_Eclipse_(35909952653).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of a solar eclipse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2017_Total_Solar_Eclipse_%2835909952653%29.jpg/250px-2017_Total_Solar_Eclipse_%2835909952653%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2017_Total_Solar_Eclipse_%2835909952653%29.jpg/330px-2017_Total_Solar_Eclipse_%2835909952653%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2017_Total_Solar_Eclipse_%2835909952653%29.jpg/500px-2017_Total_Solar_Eclipse_%2835909952653%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3186" data-file-height="2527" /></a><figcaption>During a <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a> the solar corona can be seen with the naked eye during totality.</figcaption></figure> The corona is the next layer of the Sun. The low corona, near the surface of the Sun, has a particle density around 1015 m−3 to 1016 m−3.<a href="#cite_note-Hansteen1997-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-particle_density-90">[e]</a> The average temperature of the corona and solar wind is about 1,000,000–2,000,000 K; however, in the hottest regions it is 8,000,000–20,000,000 K.<a href="#cite_note-Erdelyi2007-88">[84]</a> Although no complete theory yet exists to account for the temperature of the corona, at least some of its heat is known to be from <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_reconnection" title="Magnetic reconnection">magnetic reconnection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Erdelyi2007-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Russell2001-91">[86]</a> The corona is the extended atmosphere of the Sun, which has a volume much larger than the volume enclosed by the Sun's photosphere. A flow of plasma outward from the Sun into <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">interplanetary space</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Russell2001-91">[86]</a> The heliosphere, the tenuous outermost atmosphere of the Sun, is filled with solar wind plasma and is defined to begin at the distance where the flow of the solar wind becomes superalfvénic—that is, where the flow becomes faster than the speed of Alfvén waves,<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> at approximately 20 solar radii (0.1 AU). Turbulence and dynamic forces in the heliosphere cannot affect the shape of the solar corona within, because the information can only travel at the speed of Alfvén waves. The solar wind travels outward continuously through the heliosphere,<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> forming the solar magnetic field into a <a href="/wiki/Parker_spiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Parker spiral">spiral</a> shape,<a href="#cite_note-Russell2001-91">[86]</a> until it impacts the <a href="/wiki/Heliopause_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopause (astronomy)">heliopause</a> more than 50 AU from the Sun. In December 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> probe passed through a shock front that is thought to be part of the heliopause.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> In late 2012, Voyager 1 recorded a marked increase in <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic ray</a> collisions and a sharp drop in lower energy particles from the solar wind, which suggested that the probe had passed through the heliopause and entered the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> and indeed did so on August 25, 2012, at approximately 122 astronomical units (18 Tm) from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> The heliosphere has a <a href="/wiki/Heliosphere#Heliotail" title="Heliosphere">heliotail</a> which stretches out behind it due to the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Peculiar_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Peculiar motion">peculiar motion</a> through the galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> On April 28, 2021, NASA's <a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a> encountered the specific magnetic and particle conditions at 18.8 solar radii that indicated that it penetrated the <a href="/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a>, the boundary separating the corona from the solar wind, defined as where the coronal plasma's Alfvén speed and the large-scale solar wind speed are equal.<a href="#cite_note-touching-99">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-animation-100">[95]</a> During the flyby, Parker Solar Probe passed into and out of the corona several times. This proved the predictions that the Alfvén critical surface is not shaped like a smooth ball, but has spikes and valleys that wrinkle its surface.<a href="#cite_note-touching-99">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22835-VoyagerProgram%26Heliosphere-Chart-20181210.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PIA22835-VoyagerProgram%26Heliosphere-Chart-20181210.png/220px-PIA22835-VoyagerProgram%26Heliosphere-Chart-20181210.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PIA22835-VoyagerProgram%26Heliosphere-Chart-20181210.png/330px-PIA22835-VoyagerProgram%26Heliosphere-Chart-20181210.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PIA22835-VoyagerProgram%26Heliosphere-Chart-20181210.png/440px-PIA22835-VoyagerProgram%26Heliosphere-Chart-20181210.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">heliosphere</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solar_radiation">Solar radiation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">Solar irradiance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_in_fog_in_Lysekil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of the sun with a layer of fog visible in front of it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sun_in_fog_in_Lysekil.jpg/220px-Sun_in_fog_in_Lysekil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sun_in_fog_in_Lysekil.jpg/330px-Sun_in_fog_in_Lysekil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sun_in_fog_in_Lysekil.jpg/440px-Sun_in_fog_in_Lysekil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4133" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption>The Sun seen through a light fog</figcaption></figure> The Sun emits light across the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>, so its color is <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE</a> color-space index near (0.3, 0.3), when viewed from space or when the Sun is high in the sky. The Solar radiance per wavelength peaks in the green portion of the spectrum when viewed from space.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> When the Sun is very low in the sky, <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_sky_radiation" title="Diffuse sky radiation">atmospheric scattering</a> renders the Sun yellow, red, orange, or magenta, and in rare occasions even <a href="/wiki/Green_flash" title="Green flash">green or blue</a>. Some cultures mentally picture the Sun as yellow and some even red; the cultural reasons for this are debated.<a href="#cite_note-yellow_sun_paradox-103">[98]</a> The Sun is classed as a G2 star,<a href="#cite_note-Phillips1995-47-70">[66]</a> meaning it is a <a href="/wiki/G-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="G-type star">G-type star</a>, with 2 indicating its <a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">surface temperature</a> is in the second range of the G class. The <a href="/wiki/Solar_constant" title="Solar constant">solar constant</a> is the amount of power that the Sun deposits per unit area that is directly exposed to sunlight. The solar constant is equal to approximately 1,368 W/m2 (watts per square meter) at a distance of one <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a> (AU) from the Sun (that is, at or near Earth's orbit).<a href="#cite_note-TSI-104">[99]</a> Sunlight on the surface of Earth is <a href="/wiki/Attenuation_(electromagnetic_radiation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attenuation (electromagnetic radiation)">attenuated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth's atmosphere</a>, so that less power arrives at the surface (closer to 1,000 W/m2) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the <a href="/wiki/Zenith" title="Zenith">zenith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-El-Sharkawi2005-105">[100]</a> Sunlight at the top of Earth's atmosphere is composed (by total energy) of about 50% infrared light, 40% visible light, and 10% ultraviolet light.<a href="#cite_note-Solar_radiation-106">[101]</a> The atmosphere filters out over 70% of solar ultraviolet, especially at the shorter wavelengths.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> Solar <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet radiation</a> ionizes Earth's dayside upper atmosphere, creating the electrically conducting <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Phillips1995-108">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a> light from the Sun has <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a> properties and can be used to sanitize tools and water. This radiation causes <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sunburn</a>, and has other biological effects such as the production of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_tanning" title="Sun tanning">sun tanning</a>. It is the main cause of <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancer</a>. Ultraviolet light is strongly attenuated by Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>, so that the amount of UV varies greatly with <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and has been partially responsible for many biological adaptations, including variations in <a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">human skin color</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> High-energy <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a> <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> initially released with fusion reactions in the core are almost immediately absorbed by the solar plasma of the radiative zone, usually after traveling only a few millimeters. Re-emission happens in a random direction and usually at slightly lower energy. With this sequence of emissions and absorptions, it takes a long time for radiation to reach the Sun's surface. Estimates of the photon travel time range between 10,000 and 170,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-110">[105]</a> In contrast, it takes only 2.3 seconds for <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinos</a>, which account for about 2% of the total energy production of the Sun, to reach the surface. Because energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamic</a> equilibrium with <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>, the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is longer, on the order of 30,000,000 years. This is the time it would take the Sun to return to a stable state if the rate of energy generation in its core were suddenly changed.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" title="Electron neutrino">Electron neutrinos</a> are released by fusion reactions in the core, but, unlike photons, they rarely interact with matter, so almost all are able to escape the Sun immediately. However, measurements of the number of these neutrinos produced in the Sun are <a href="/wiki/Solar_neutrino_problem" title="Solar neutrino problem">lower than theories predict</a> by a factor of 3. In 2001, the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation" title="Neutrino oscillation">neutrino oscillation</a> resolved the discrepancy: the Sun emits the number of electron neutrinos predicted by the theory, but neutrino detectors were missing <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2⁄3 of them because the neutrinos had changed <a href="/wiki/Flavor_(particle_physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavor (particle physics)">flavor</a> by the time they were detected.<a href="#cite_note-Schlattl-112">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magnetic_activity">Magnetic activity</h2></div> The Sun has a <a href="/wiki/Stellar_magnetic_field" title="Stellar magnetic field">stellar magnetic field</a> that varies across its surface. Its polar field is 1–2 <a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a> (0.0001–0.0002 <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">T</a>), whereas the field is typically 3,000 gauss (0.3 T) in features on the Sun called <a href="/wiki/Sunspot" title="Sunspot">sunspots</a> and 10–100 gauss (0.001–0.01 T) in <a href="/wiki/Solar_prominence" title="Solar prominence">solar prominences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a> The magnetic field varies in time and location. The quasi-periodic 11-year <a href="/wiki/Solar_cycle" title="Solar cycle">solar cycle</a> is the most prominent variation in which the number and size of sunspots waxes and wanes.<a href="#cite_note-doi10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-040012-113">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zirker2002-119-114">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lang-115">[110]</a> The solar magnetic field extends well beyond the Sun itself. The electrically conducting solar wind plasma carries the Sun's magnetic field into space, forming what is called the <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_magnetic_field" title="Interplanetary magnetic field">interplanetary magnetic field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Russell2001-91">[86]</a> In an approximation known as ideal <a href="/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamics" title="Magnetohydrodynamics">magnetohydrodynamics</a>, plasma particles only move along magnetic field lines. As a result, the outward-flowing solar wind stretches the interplanetary magnetic field outward, forcing it into a roughly radial structure. For a simple dipolar solar magnetic field, with opposite hemispherical polarities on either side of the solar magnetic equator, a thin <a href="/wiki/Heliospheric_current_sheet" title="Heliospheric current sheet">current sheet</a> is formed in the solar wind. At great distances, the rotation of the Sun twists the dipolar magnetic field and corresponding current sheet into an <a href="/wiki/Archimedean_spiral" title="Archimedean spiral">Archimedean spiral</a> structure called the Parker spiral.<a href="#cite_note-Russell2001-91">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunspot">Sunspot</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sunspot" title="Sunspot">Sunspot</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Largest_Sunspot_Group_(noao0114).tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white photograph of a group of sunspots." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Largest_Sunspot_Group_%28noao0114%29.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-The_Largest_Sunspot_Group_%28noao0114%29.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Largest_Sunspot_Group_%28noao0114%29.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-The_Largest_Sunspot_Group_%28noao0114%29.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Largest_Sunspot_Group_%28noao0114%29.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-The_Largest_Sunspot_Group_%28noao0114%29.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2571" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption>A large sunspot group observed in white light</figcaption></figure> Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface. As a result, sunspots are slightly cooler than the surrounding photosphere, so they appear dark. At a typical <a href="/wiki/Solar_minimum" title="Solar minimum">solar minimum</a>, few sunspots are visible, and occasionally none can be seen at all. Those that do appear are at high solar latitudes. As the solar cycle progresses toward its <a href="/wiki/Solar_maximum" title="Solar maximum">maximum</a>, sunspots tend to form closer to the solar equator, a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B6rer%27s_law" title="Spörer's law">Spörer's law</a>. The largest sunspots can be tens of thousands of kilometers across.<a href="#cite_note-Sunspot2001-116">[111]</a> An 11-year sunspot cycle is half of a 22-year <a href="/wiki/Babcock_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Babcock Model">Babcock</a>–Leighton <a href="/wiki/Solar_dynamo" title="Solar dynamo">dynamo</a> cycle, which corresponds to an oscillatory exchange of energy between <a href="/wiki/Toroidal_and_poloidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Toroidal and poloidal">toroidal and poloidal</a> solar magnetic fields. At solar-cycle maximum, the external poloidal dipolar magnetic field is near its dynamo-cycle minimum strength; but an internal toroidal quadrupolar field, generated through differential rotation within the tachocline, is near its maximum strength. At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of the toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east–west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities. The magnetic polarity of sunspot pairs alternates every solar cycle, a phenomenon described by <a href="/wiki/Hale%27s_law" title="Hale's law">Hale's law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-solarcycle-118">[113]</a> During the solar cycle's declining phase, energy shifts from the internal toroidal magnetic field to the external poloidal field, and sunspots diminish in number and size. At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength. With the rise of the next 11-year sunspot cycle, differential rotation shifts magnetic energy back from the poloidal to the toroidal field, but with a polarity that is opposite to the previous cycle. The process carries on continuously, and in an idealized, simplified scenario, each 11-year sunspot cycle corresponds to a change, then, in the overall polarity of the Sun's large-scale magnetic field.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_activity">Solar activity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_cycle" title="Solar cycle">Solar cycle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar-cycle-data.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Solar-cycle-data.png/220px-Solar-cycle-data.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Solar-cycle-data.png/330px-Solar-cycle-data.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Solar-cycle-data.png/440px-Solar-cycle-data.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Measurements from 2005 of solar cycle variation during the previous 30 years</figcaption></figure> The Sun's magnetic field leads to many effects that are collectively called <a href="/wiki/Solar_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar variation">solar activity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Solar_flares" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar flares">Solar flares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejections" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronal mass ejections">coronal mass ejections</a> tend to occur at sunspot groups. Slowly changing high-speed streams of solar wind are emitted from <a href="/wiki/Coronal_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronal holes">coronal holes</a> at the photospheric surface. Both coronal mass ejections and high-speed streams of solar wind carry plasma and the interplanetary magnetic field outward into the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-Zirker2002-121">[116]</a> The effects of solar activity on Earth include <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">auroras</a> at moderate to high latitudes and the disruption of radio communications and <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric power</a>. Solar activity is thought to have played a large role in the <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">formation and evolution of the Solar System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> Change in solar irradiance over the 11 year solar cycle has been correlated with change in sunspot number.<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> The solar cycle influences <a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">space weather</a> conditions, including those surrounding Earth. For example, in the 17th century, the solar cycle appeared to have stopped entirely for several decades; few sunspots were observed during a period known as the <a href="/wiki/Maunder_minimum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maunder minimum">Maunder minimum</a>. This coincided in time with the era of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>, when Europe experienced unusually cold temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lean-125">[120]</a> Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of <a href="/wiki/Tree_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree ring">tree rings</a> and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coronal_heating">Coronal heating</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Stellar corona</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233989161">.mw-parser-output .unsolved{margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;border:#ccc solid;padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.35em 2.2em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle);background-image:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Question%2C_Web_Fundamentals.svg");background-position:top 50%left 0.35em;background-size:1.5em;background-repeat:no-repeat}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .unsolved{clear:right;float:right;max-width:25%}}.mw-parser-output .unsolved-label{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .unsolved-body{margin:0.35em;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .unsolved-more{font-size:smaller}</style> <div role="note" aria-labelledby="unsolved-label-astronomy" class="unsolved"> <div>Unsolved problem in astronomy:</div> <div class="unsolved-body">Why is the Sun's corona so much hotter than the Sun's surface?</div> <div class="unsolved-more"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_astronomy" title="List of unsolved problems in astronomy">(more unsolved problems in astronomy)</a></div> </div> The temperature of the photosphere is approximately 6,000 K, whereas the temperature of the corona reaches 1,000,000–2,000,000 K.<a href="#cite_note-Erdelyi2007-88">[84]</a> The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than direct <a href="/wiki/Heat_conduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat conduction">heat conduction</a> from the photosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Russell2001-91">[86]</a> It is thought that the energy necessary to heat the corona is provided by turbulent motion in the convection zone below the photosphere, and two main mechanisms have been proposed to explain coronal heating.<a href="#cite_note-Erdelyi2007-88">[84]</a> The first is wave heating, in which sound, gravitational or magnetohydrodynamic waves are produced by turbulence in the convection zone.<a href="#cite_note-Erdelyi2007-88">[84]</a> These waves travel upward and dissipate in the corona, depositing their energy in the ambient matter in the form of heat.<a href="#cite_note-Alfven-127">[122]</a> The other is magnetic heating, in which magnetic energy is continuously built up by photospheric motion and released through <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_reconnection" title="Magnetic reconnection">magnetic reconnection</a> in the form of large solar flares and myriad similar but smaller events—<a href="/wiki/Nanoflares" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoflares">nanoflares</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parker2-128">[123]</a> Currently, it is unclear whether waves are an efficient heating mechanism. All waves except Alfvén waves have been found to dissipate or refract before reaching the corona.<a href="#cite_note-Sturrock-129">[124]</a> In addition, Alfvén waves do not easily dissipate in the corona. Current research focus has therefore shifted towards flare heating mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-Erdelyi2007-88">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_phases">Life phases</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation and evolution of the Solar System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Stellar evolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_life_cycle_of_a_Sun-like_star_(annotated).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_life_cycle_of_a_Sun-like_star_%28annotated%29.jpg/440px-The_life_cycle_of_a_Sun-like_star_%28annotated%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_life_cycle_of_a_Sun-like_star_%28annotated%29.jpg/660px-The_life_cycle_of_a_Sun-like_star_%28annotated%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_life_cycle_of_a_Sun-like_star_%28annotated%29.jpg/880px-The_life_cycle_of_a_Sun-like_star_%28annotated%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Overview of the evolution of a star like the Sun, from collapsing <a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">protostar</a> at left to <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a> stage at right</figcaption></figure> The Sun today is roughly halfway through the main-sequence portion of its life. It has not changed dramatically in over four billion<a href="#cite_note-short-17">[a]</a> years and will remain fairly stable for about five billion more. However, after hydrogen fusion in its core has stopped, the Sun will undergo dramatic changes, both internally and externally. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation and evolution of the Solar System</a></div> The Sun formed about 4.6 billion years ago from the collapse of part of a giant <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular cloud</a> that consisted mostly of hydrogen and helium and that probably gave birth to many other stars.<a href="#cite_note-Zirker2002-7-130">[125]</a> This age is estimated using <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">computer models</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">stellar evolution</a> and through <a href="/wiki/Nucleocosmochronology" title="Nucleocosmochronology">nucleocosmochronology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bonanno-13">[13]</a> The result is consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric date</a> of the oldest Solar System material, at 4.567 billion years ago.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-nature436-132">[127]</a> Studies of ancient <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> reveal traces of stable daughter nuclei of short-lived isotopes, such as <a href="/wiki/Iron-60" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron-60">iron-60</a>, that form only in exploding, short-lived stars. This indicates that one or more <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a> must have occurred near the location where the Sun formed. A <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock wave</a> from a nearby supernova would have triggered the formation of the Sun by compressing the matter within the molecular cloud and causing certain regions to collapse under their own gravity.<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> As one fragment of the cloud collapsed it also began to rotate due to <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of angular momentum">conservation of angular momentum</a> and heat up with the increasing pressure.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> Much of the mass became concentrated in the center, whereas the rest flattened out into a disk that would become the planets and other Solar System bodies.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> Gravity and pressure within the core of the cloud generated a lot of heat as it accumulated more matter from the surrounding disk, eventually triggering <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">nuclear fusion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> The stars <a href="/wiki/HD_162826" title="HD 162826">HD 162826</a> and <a href="/wiki/HD_186302" title="HD 186302">HD 186302</a> share similarities with the Sun and are thus hypothesized to be its stellar siblings, formed in the same molecular cloud.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_sequence">Main sequence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main sequence</a></div> <figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_the_Sun_2_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Evolution_of_the_Sun_2_EN.svg/400px-Evolution_of_the_Sun_2_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Evolution_of_the_Sun_2_EN.svg/600px-Evolution_of_the_Sun_2_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Evolution_of_the_Sun_2_EN.svg/800px-Evolution_of_the_Sun_2_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of a Sun-like star. The track of a one solar mass star on the <a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a> is shown from the main sequence to the white dwarf stage.</figcaption></figure> The Sun is about halfway through its main-sequence stage, during which nuclear fusion reactions in its core fuse hydrogen into helium. Each second, more than four billion kilograms of matter are converted into energy within the Sun's core, producing neutrinos and <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a>. At this rate, the Sun has so far converted around 100 times the mass of Earth into energy, about 0.03% of the total mass of the Sun. The Sun will spend a total of approximately 10 to 11 billion years as a main-sequence star before the <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a> phase of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> At the 8 billion year mark, the Sun will be at its hottest point according to the ESA's <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> space observatory mission in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> The Sun is gradually becoming hotter in its core, hotter at the surface, larger in radius, and more luminous during its time on the main sequence: since the beginning of its main sequence life, it has expanded in radius by 15% and the surface has increased in temperature from 5,620 K (9,660 °F) to 5,772 K (9,930 °F), resulting in a 48% increase in luminosity from 0.677 <a href="/wiki/Solar_luminosity" title="Solar luminosity">solar luminosities</a> to its present-day 1.0 solar luminosity. This occurs because the helium atoms in the core have a higher mean <a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weight</a> than the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_atom" title="Hydrogen atom">hydrogen atoms</a> that were fused, resulting in less thermal pressure. The core is therefore shrinking, allowing the outer layers of the Sun to move closer to the center, releasing <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_potential_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational potential energy">gravitational potential energy</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Virial_theorem" title="Virial theorem">virial theorem</a>, half of this released gravitational energy goes into heating, which leads to a gradual increase in the rate at which fusion occurs and thus an increase in the luminosity. This process speeds up as the core gradually becomes denser.<a href="#cite_note-carroll_ostlie-142">[137]</a> At present, it is increasing in brightness by about 1% every 100 million years. It will take at least 1 billion years from now to deplete liquid water from the Earth from such increase.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> After that, the Earth will cease to be able to support complex, multicellular life and the last remaining multicellular organisms on the planet will suffer a final, complete <a href="/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder-BeattieAndBonsall2022-144">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_core_hydrogen_exhaustion">After core hydrogen exhaustion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_red_giant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sun_red_giant.svg/220px-Sun_red_giant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sun_red_giant.svg/330px-Sun_red_giant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sun_red_giant.svg/440px-Sun_red_giant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>The size of the current Sun (now in the <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a>) compared to its estimated size during its red-giant phase in the future</figcaption></figure> The Sun does not have enough mass to explode as a <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>. Instead, when it runs out of hydrogen in the core in approximately 5 billion years, core hydrogen fusion will stop, and there will be nothing to prevent the core from contracting. The release of gravitational potential energy will cause the luminosity of the Sun to increase, ending the main sequence phase and leading the Sun to expand over the next billion years: first into a <a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant">subgiant</a>, and then into a <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-carroll_ostlie-142">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-schroder-146">[141]</a> The heating due to gravitational contraction will also lead to expansion of the Sun and hydrogen fusion in a shell just outside the core, where unfused hydrogen remains, contributing to the increased luminosity, which will eventually reach more than 1,000 times its present luminosity.<a href="#cite_note-carroll_ostlie-142">[137]</a> When the Sun enters its <a href="/wiki/Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">red-giant branch</a> (RGB) phase, it will engulf (and very likely destroy) <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>. According to a 2008 article, Earth's orbit will have initially expanded to at most 1.5 AU (220 million km; 140 million mi) due to the Sun's loss of mass. However, Earth's orbit will then start shrinking due to <a href="/wiki/Tidal_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal forces">tidal forces</a> (and, eventually, drag from the lower chromosphere) so that it is engulfed by the Sun during the <a href="/wiki/Tip_of_the_red-giant_branch" title="Tip of the red-giant branch">tip of the red-giant branch</a> phase 7.59 billion years from now, 3.8 and 1 million years after Mercury and Venus have respectively suffered the same fate.<a href="#cite_note-schroder-146">[141]</a> By the time the Sun reaches the tip of the red-giant branch, it will be about 256 times larger than it is today, with a radius of 1.19 AU (178 million km; 111 million mi).<a href="#cite_note-schroder-146">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-sackmann-147">[142]</a> The Sun will spend around a billion years in the RGB and lose around a third of its mass.<a href="#cite_note-schroder-146">[141]</a> After the red-giant branch, the Sun has approximately 120 million years of active life left, but much happens. First, the core (full of <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter" title="Degenerate matter">degenerate</a> helium) ignites violently in the <a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">helium flash</a>; it is estimated that 6% of the core—itself 40% of the Sun's mass—will be converted into carbon within a matter of minutes through the <a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">triple-alpha process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> The Sun then shrinks to around 10 times its current size and 50 times the luminosity, with a temperature a little lower than today. It will then have reached the <a href="/wiki/Red_clump" title="Red clump">red clump</a> or <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">horizontal branch</a>, but a star of the Sun's metallicity does not evolve blueward along the horizontal branch. Instead, it just becomes moderately larger and more luminous over about 100 million years as it continues to react helium in the core.<a href="#cite_note-schroder-146">[141]</a> When the helium is exhausted, the Sun will repeat the expansion it followed when the hydrogen in the core was exhausted. This time, however, it all happens faster, and the Sun becomes larger and more luminous. This is the <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">asymptotic-giant-branch</a> phase, and the Sun is alternately reacting hydrogen in a shell or helium in a deeper shell. After about 20 million years on the early asymptotic giant branch, the Sun becomes increasingly unstable, with rapid mass loss and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pulse" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal pulse">thermal pulses</a> that increase the size and luminosity for a few hundred years every 100,000 years or so. The thermal pulses become larger each time, with the later pulses pushing the luminosity to as much as 5,000 times the current level. Despite this, the Sun's maximum AGB radius will not be as large as its tip-RGB maximum: 179 <a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius"><var>R</var>☉</a>, or about 0.832 AU (124.5 million km; 77.3 million mi).<a href="#cite_note-schroder-146">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-agb-149">[144]</a> Models vary depending on the rate and timing of mass loss. Models that have higher mass loss on the red-giant branch produce smaller, less luminous stars at the tip of the asymptotic giant branch, perhaps only 2,000 times the luminosity and less than 200 times the radius.<a href="#cite_note-schroder-146">[141]</a> For the Sun, four thermal pulses are predicted before it completely loses its outer envelope and starts to make a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">planetary nebula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SunIII-150">[145]</a> The post-asymptotic-giant-branch evolution is even faster. The luminosity stays approximately constant as the temperature increases, with the ejected half of the Sun's mass becoming ionized into a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">planetary nebula</a> as the exposed core reaches 30,000 K (53,500 °F), as if it is in a sort of <a href="/wiki/Blue_loop" title="Blue loop">blue loop</a>. The final naked core, a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a>, will have a temperature of over 100,000 K (180,000 °F) and contain an estimated 54.05% of the Sun's present-day mass.<a href="#cite_note-schroder-146">[141]</a> Simulations indicate that the Sun may be among the least massive stars capable of forming a planetary nebula.<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> The planetary nebula will disperse in about 10,000 years, but the white dwarf will survive for trillions of years before fading to a hypothetical super-dense <a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">black dwarf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bloecker1-152">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloecker2-153">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> As such, it would give off no more energy.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-Groh_2020_j255-155">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_System">Solar System</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.svg/250px-Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.svg/330px-Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.svg/500px-Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="2499" /></a><figcaption>Location of the Sun within the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, which extends to the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a>, where at 125,000 AU to 230,000 AU, equal to several light-years, the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence_(astrodynamics)" title="Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)">gravitational sphere of influence</a> ends.</figcaption></figure> The Sun has eight known planets orbiting it. This includes four <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial planets">terrestrial planets</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>), two <a href="/wiki/Gas_giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas giants">gas giants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>), and two <a href="/wiki/Ice_giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice giants">ice giants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>). The Solar System also has nine bodies generally considered as <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planets</a> and some more <a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">candidates</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>, numerous <a href="/wiki/Comets" class="mw-redirect" title="Comets">comets</a>, and a large number of icy bodies which lie beyond the orbit of Neptune. Six of the planets and many smaller bodies also have their own <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a>: in particular, the satellite systems of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus are in some ways like miniature versions of the Sun's system.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> The Sun is moved by the gravitational pull of the planets. The center of the Sun moves around the Solar System <a href="/wiki/Barycenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycenter">barycenter</a>, within a range from 0.1 to 2.2 solar radii. The Sun's motion around the barycenter approximately repeats every 179 years, rotated by about 30° due primarily to the <a href="/wiki/Synodic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic period">synodic period</a> of Jupiter and Saturn.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> The Sun's gravitational field is estimated to <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence_(astrodynamics)" title="Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)">dominate the gravitational forces of surrounding stars</a> out to about two light-years (125,000 AU). Lower estimates for the radius of the <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a>, by contrast, do not place it farther than 50,000 AU.<a href="#cite_note-Encrenaz_et_al_2004-158">[153]</a> Most of the mass is orbiting in the region between 3,000 and 100,000 AU.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> The furthest known objects, such as <a href="/wiki/Comet_West" title="Comet West">Comet West</a>, have aphelia around 70,000 AU from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> The Sun's <a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a> with respect to the galactic nucleus, the effective range of its gravitational influence, was calculated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleb_Alexandrovich_Chebotarev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gleb Alexandrovich Chebotarev (page does not exist)">G. A. Chebotarev</a> to be 230,000 AU.<a href="#cite_note-Chebotarev-161">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celestial_neighborhood">Celestial neighborhood</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Solar_System#Celestial_neighborhood" title="Solar System">Solar System § Celestial neighborhood</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_System&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Local_Interstellar_Cloud_and_neighboring_G-cloud_complex.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_Local_Interstellar_Cloud_and_neighboring_G-cloud_complex.svg/220px-The_Local_Interstellar_Cloud_and_neighboring_G-cloud_complex.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_Local_Interstellar_Cloud_and_neighboring_G-cloud_complex.svg/330px-The_Local_Interstellar_Cloud_and_neighboring_G-cloud_complex.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_Local_Interstellar_Cloud_and_neighboring_G-cloud_complex.svg/440px-The_Local_Interstellar_Cloud_and_neighboring_G-cloud_complex.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the <a href="/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G-Cloud" title="G-Cloud">G-Cloud</a> and surrounding stars. As of 2022, the precise location of the Solar System in the clouds is an open question in astronomy.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a></figcaption></figure> Within 10 light-years of the Sun there are relatively few stars, the closest being the triple star system <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Alpha Centauri</a>, which is about 4.4 light-years away and may be in the Local Bubble's <a href="/wiki/G-Cloud" title="G-Cloud">G-Cloud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> Alpha Centauri A and B are a closely tied pair of <a href="/wiki/Solar_analog" title="Solar analog">Sun-like stars</a>, whereas the closest star to the Sun, the small <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a> <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a>, orbits the pair at a distance of 0.2 light-years. In 2016, a potentially habitable <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanet</a> was found to be orbiting Proxima Centauri, called <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_b" title="Proxima Centauri b">Proxima Centauri b</a>, the closest confirmed exoplanet to the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Solar_System_proxima_b_discovery_paper-164">[159]</a> The Solar System is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a>, although it is not clear if it is embedded in the Local Interstellar Cloud or if it lies just outside the cloud's edge.<a href="#cite_note-Solar_System_:1-165">[160]</a> Multiple other <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">interstellar clouds</a> exist in the region within 300 light-years of the Sun, known as the <a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Solar_System_:1-165">[160]</a> The latter feature is an hourglass-shaped cavity or <a href="/wiki/Superbubble" title="Superbubble">superbubble</a> in the interstellar medium roughly 300 light-years across. The bubble is suffused with high-temperature plasma, suggesting that it may be the product of several recent supernovae.<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> The Local Bubble is a small superbubble compared to the neighboring wider <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Radcliffe Wave">Radcliffe Wave</a> and Split linear structures (formerly <a href="/wiki/Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a>), each of which are some thousands of light-years in length.<a href="#cite_note-Solar_System_Alves_Zucker_Goodman_Speagle_2020-167">[162]</a> All these structures are part of the <a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a>, which contains most of the stars in the Milky Way that are visible to the unaided eye.<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> Groups of stars form together in <a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">star clusters</a>, before dissolving into co-moving associations. A prominent grouping that is visible to the naked eye is the <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major_moving_group" title="Ursa Major moving group">Ursa Major moving group</a>, which is around 80 light-years away within the Local Bubble. The nearest star cluster is <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(star_cluster)" title="Hyades (star cluster)">Hyades</a>, which lies at the edge of the Local Bubble. The closest star-forming regions are the <a href="/wiki/Corona_Australis_Molecular_Cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Corona Australis Molecular Cloud">Corona Australis Molecular Cloud</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rho_Ophiuchi_cloud_complex" title="Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex">Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_molecular_cloud" title="Taurus molecular cloud">Taurus molecular cloud</a>; the latter lies just beyond the Local Bubble and is part of the Radcliffe wave.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> Stellar flybys that pass within 0.8 light-years of the Sun occur roughly once every 100,000 years. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars#Distant_future_and_past_encounters" title="List of nearest stars">closest well-measured approach</a> was <a href="/wiki/Scholz%27s_Star" title="Scholz's Star">Scholz's Star</a>, which approached to ~50,000 AU of the Sun some ~70 thousands years ago, likely passing through the outer Oort cloud.<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> There is a 1% chance every billion years that a star will pass within 100 AU of the Sun, potentially disrupting the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-Solar_System_Raymond_et_al_2024-171">[166]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motion">Motion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Stellar kinematics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Motion_of_Sun%2C_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg/220px-Motion_of_Sun%2C_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Motion_of_Sun%2C_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg/330px-Motion_of_Sun%2C_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Motion_of_Sun%2C_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg/440px-Motion_of_Sun%2C_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption>The general motion and orientation of the Sun, with Earth and the moon as its Solar System satellites.</figcaption></figure> The Sun, taking along the whole Solar System, orbits <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">the galaxy's center of mass</a> at an average speed of 230 km/s (828,000 km/h) or 143 mi/s (514,000 mph),<a href="#cite_note-StarChild-172">[167]</a> taking about 220–250 million <a href="/wiki/Earth_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth year">Earth years</a> to complete a revolution (a <a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">galactic year</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Siegel_2018_n418-173">[168]</a> having done so about 20 times since the Sun's formation.<a href="#cite_note-Currin_2020_t043-174">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-fn10-175">[170]</a> The direction of the Sun's motion, the <a href="/wiki/Solar_apex" title="Solar apex">Solar apex</a>, is roughly in the direction of the star <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milky_Way_Arms_ssc2008-10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Milky_Way_Arms_ssc2008-10.svg/220px-Milky_Way_Arms_ssc2008-10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Milky_Way_Arms_ssc2008-10.svg/330px-Milky_Way_Arms_ssc2008-10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Milky_Way_Arms_ssc2008-10.svg/440px-Milky_Way_Arms_ssc2008-10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>The Sun's idealized orbit around the galactic center in an artist's top-down depiction of the current layout of the Milky Way.</figcaption></figure> The Milky Way is moving with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic microwave background radiation">cosmic microwave background radiation</a> (CMB) in the direction of the constellation <a href="/wiki/Hydra_(constellation)" title="Hydra (constellation)">Hydra</a> with a speed of 550 km/s. Since the Sun is moving with respect to the galactic center in the direction of Cygnus (galactic longitude 90°; latitude 0°) at more than 200 km/sec, the resultant velocity with respect to the CMB is about 370 km/s in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Crater_(constellation)" title="Crater (constellation)">Crater</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leo_(constellation)" title="Leo (constellation)">Leo</a> (galactic latitude 264°, latitude 48°).<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observational_history">Observational history</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_understanding">Early understanding</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_in_culture" title="The Sun in culture">The Sun in culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A sculpture of the sun in a chariot being pulled by a horse that has wheels instead of hoofs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg/220px-Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg/330px-Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg/440px-Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trundholm_sun_chariot" title="Trundholm sun chariot">Trundholm sun chariot</a> pulled by a horse is a sculpture believed to be illustrating an important part of <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a> mythology.</figcaption></figure> In many prehistoric and ancient cultures, the Sun was thought to be a <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">solar deity</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> entity.<a href="#cite_note-e488-178">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-t793-179">[174]</a> In the early first millennium BC, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomers</a> observed that the Sun's motion along the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> is not uniform, though they did not know why; it is today known that this is due to the movement of Earth in an <a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">elliptic orbit</a>, moving faster when it is nearer to the Sun at perihelion and moving slower when it is farther away at aphelion.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> One of the first people to offer a scientific or philosophical explanation for the Sun was the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a>. He reasoned that it was a giant flaming ball of metal even larger than the land of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a> and that the Moon reflected the light of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> estimated the distance between Earth and the Sun in the third century BC as "of stadia <a href="/wiki/Myriad" title="Myriad">myriads</a> 400 and 80000", the translation of which is ambiguous, implying either 4,080,000 <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unit)" title="Stadion (unit)">stadia</a> (755,000 km) or 804,000,000 stadia (148 to 153 million kilometers or 0.99 to 1.02 AU); the latter value is correct to within a few percent. In the first century AD, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> estimated the distance as 1,210 times <a href="/wiki/Earth_radius" title="Earth radius">the radius of Earth</a>, approximately 7.71 million kilometers (0.0515 AU).<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> The theory that the Sun is the center around which the planets orbit was first proposed by the ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus of Samos</a> in the third century BC,<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> and later adopted by <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_of_Seleucia" title="Seleucus of Seleucia">Seleucus of Seleucia</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> This view was developed in a more detailed mathematical model of a heliocentric system in the 16th century by <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_scientific_understanding">Development of scientific understanding</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun-bonatti.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawing of a man wearing a crown in a chariot, being pulled by horses." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sun-bonatti.png/220px-Sun-bonatti.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sun-bonatti.png/330px-Sun-bonatti.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sun-bonatti.png/440px-Sun-bonatti.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Sol, the Sun, from a 1550 edition of <a href="/wiki/Guido_Bonatti" title="Guido Bonatti">Guido Bonatti</a>'s Liber astronomiae</figcaption></figure> Observations of sunspots were recorded during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (206 BC–AD 220) by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese astronomers</a>, who maintained records of these observations for centuries. <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> also provided a description of sunspots in the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> The invention of the telescope in the early 17th century permitted detailed observations of sunspots by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harriot" title="Thomas Harriot">Thomas Harriot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> and other astronomers. Galileo posited that sunspots were on the surface of the Sun rather than small objects passing between Earth and the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Arabic astronomical contributions</a> include <a href="/wiki/Al-Battani" title="Al-Battani">Al-Battani</a>'s discovery that the direction of the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Apogee" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogee">apogee</a> (the place in the Sun's orbit against the fixed stars where it seems to be moving slowest) is changing.<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> In modern heliocentric terms, this is caused by a gradual motion of the aphelion of the Earth's orbit. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Yunus" title="Ibn Yunus">Ibn Yunus</a> observed more than 10,000 entries for the Sun's position for many years using a large <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> The first reasonably accurate distance to the Sun was determined in 1684 by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini" title="Giovanni Domenico Cassini">Giovanni Domenico Cassini</a>. Knowing that direct measurements of the solar parallax were difficult, he chose to measure the Martian parallax. Having sent <a href="/wiki/Jean_Richer" title="Jean Richer">Jean Richer</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cayenne" title="Cayenne">Cayenne</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, for simultaneous measurements, Cassini in Paris determined the parallax of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> when Mars was at its closest to Earth in 1672. Using the circumference distance between the two observations, Cassini calculated the Earth-Mars distance, then used <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler's laws">Kepler's laws</a> to determine the Earth-Sun distance. His value, about 10% smaller than modern values, was much larger than all previous estimates.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> From an observation of a <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">transit of Venus</a> in 1032, the Persian astronomer and polymath <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sina</a> concluded that Venus was closer to Earth than the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-191">[186]</a> In 1677, <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a> observed a transit of Mercury across the Sun, leading him to realize that observations of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_parallax" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar parallax">solar parallax</a> of a planet (more ideally using the transit of Venus) could be used to <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometrically</a> determine the distances between Earth, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, and the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> Careful observations of the <a href="/wiki/1769_transit_of_Venus_observed_from_Tahiti" title="1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti">1769 transit of Venus</a> allowed astronomers to calculate the average Earth–Sun distance as 93,726,900 miles (150,838,800 km), only 0.8% greater than the modern value.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BBSO_full-disk_H-alpha_2002-07-26_153931_color.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of the sun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/BBSO_full-disk_H-alpha_2002-07-26_153931_color.png/220px-BBSO_full-disk_H-alpha_2002-07-26_153931_color.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/BBSO_full-disk_H-alpha_2002-07-26_153931_color.png/330px-BBSO_full-disk_H-alpha_2002-07-26_153931_color.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/BBSO_full-disk_H-alpha_2002-07-26_153931_color.png/440px-BBSO_full-disk_H-alpha_2002-07-26_153931_color.png 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>Sun as seen in Hydrogen-alpha light</figcaption></figure> In 1666, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> observed the Sun's light using a <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prism</a>, and showed that it is made up of light of many colors.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> In 1800, <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> radiation beyond the red part of the solar spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> The 19th century saw advancement in spectroscopic studies of the Sun; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer" title="Joseph von Fraunhofer">Joseph von Fraunhofer</a> recorded more than 600 <a href="/wiki/Absorption_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption lines">absorption lines</a> in the spectrum, the strongest of which are still often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_lines" title="Fraunhofer lines">Fraunhofer lines</a>. The 20th century brought about several specialized systems for observing the Sun, especially at different narrowband wavelengths, such as those using Calcium H (396.9 nm), K (393.37 nm) and <a href="/wiki/H-alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="H-alpha">Hydrogen-alpha</a> (656.46 nm) <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_filter" title="Astronomical filter">filtering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> During early studies of the <a href="/wiki/Optical_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical spectrum">optical spectrum</a> of the photosphere, some absorption lines were found that did not correspond to any <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> then known on Earth. In 1868, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lockyer" title="Norman Lockyer">Norman Lockyer</a> hypothesized that these absorption lines were caused by a new element that he dubbed helium, after the Greek Sun god <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>. Twenty-five years later, helium was isolated on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Lockyer-197">[192]</a> In the early years of the modern scientific era, the source of the Sun's energy was a significant puzzle. <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> suggested that the Sun is a gradually cooling liquid body that is radiating an internal store of heat.<a href="#cite_note-kelvin-198">[193]</a> Kelvin and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> then proposed a <a href="/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">gravitational contraction</a> mechanism to explain the energy output, but the resulting age estimate was only 20 million years, well short of the time span of at least 300 million years suggested by some geological discoveries of that time.<a href="#cite_note-kelvin-198">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> In 1890, Lockyer proposed a meteoritic hypothesis for the formation and evolution of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> Not until 1904 was a documented solution offered. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> suggested that the Sun's output could be maintained by an internal source of heat, and suggested <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> as the source.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> However, it would be <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> who would provide the essential clue to the source of the Sun's energy output with his <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">mass–energy equivalence</a> relation E = mc2.<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> In 1920, Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a> proposed that the pressures and temperatures at the core of the Sun could produce a nuclear fusion reaction that merged hydrogen (protons) into helium nuclei, resulting in a production of energy from the net change in mass.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> The preponderance of hydrogen in the Sun was confirmed in 1925 by <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Payne-Gaposchkin" title="Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin">Cecilia Payne</a> using the ionization theory developed by <a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a>. The theoretical concept of fusion was developed in the 1930s by the astrophysicists <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a>. Hans Bethe calculated the details of the two main energy-producing nuclear reactions that power the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Bethe-204">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bethe2-205">[200]</a> In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Burbidge" title="Margaret Burbidge">Margaret Burbidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Burbidge" title="Geoffrey Burbidge">Geoffrey Burbidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Fowler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hoyle" title="Fred Hoyle">Fred Hoyle</a> showed that most of the elements in the universe have been <a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">synthesized</a> by nuclear reactions inside stars, some like the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_space_missions">Solar space missions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Solar_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar observatory">Solar observatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_heliophysics_missions" title="List of heliophysics missions">List of heliophysics missions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pioneer-6-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pioneer-6-9.jpg/250px-Pioneer-6-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pioneer-6-9.jpg/330px-Pioneer-6-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pioneer-6-9.jpg/500px-Pioneer-6-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6,_7,_8,_and_9" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9</a></figcaption></figure> The first satellites designed for long term observation of the Sun from interplanetary space were NASA's <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneers</a> 6, 7, 8 and 9, which were launched between 1959 and 1968. These probes orbited the Sun at a distance similar to that of Earth, and made the first detailed measurements of the solar wind and the solar magnetic field. <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer 9">Pioneer 9</a> operated for a particularly long time, transmitting data until May 1983.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> In the 1970s, two <a href="/wiki/Helios_(spacecraft)" title="Helios (spacecraft)">Helios spacecraft</a> and the Skylab <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">Apollo Telescope Mount</a> provided scientists with significant new data on solar wind and the solar corona. The Helios 1 and 2 probes were U.S.–German collaborations that studied the solar wind from an orbit carrying the spacecraft inside Mercury's orbit at perihelion.<a href="#cite_note-Burlaga2001-209">[204]</a> The Skylab space station, launched by NASA in 1973, included a solar observatory module called the Apollo Telescope Mount that was operated by astronauts resident on the station.<a href="#cite_note-Dwivedi2006-89">[85]</a> Skylab made the first time-resolved observations of the solar transition region and of ultraviolet emissions from the solar corona.<a href="#cite_note-Dwivedi2006-89">[85]</a> Discoveries included the first observations of coronal mass ejections, then called "coronal transients", and of <a href="/wiki/Coronal_hole" title="Coronal hole">coronal holes</a>, now known to be intimately associated with the solar wind.<a href="#cite_note-Burlaga2001-209">[204]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Smm.jpg/220px-Smm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Smm.jpg/330px-Smm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Smm.jpg/440px-Smm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of a <a href="/wiki/Solar_Maximum_Mission" title="Solar Maximum Mission">Solar Maximum Mission</a> probe</figcaption></figure> In 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Solar_Maximum_Mission" title="Solar Maximum Mission">Solar Maximum Mission</a> probes were launched by NASA. This spacecraft was designed to observe gamma rays, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a> radiation from solar flares during a time of high solar activity and solar luminosity. Just a few months after launch, however, an electronics failure caused the probe to go into standby mode, and it spent the next three years in this inactive state. In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Space Shuttle Challenger</a> mission <a href="/wiki/STS-41C" class="mw-redirect" title="STS-41C">STS-41C</a> retrieved the satellite and repaired its electronics before re-releasing it into orbit. The Solar Maximum Mission subsequently acquired thousands of images of the solar corona before <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_reentry" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric reentry">re-entering</a> Earth's atmosphere in June 1989.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> Launched in 1991, Japan's <a href="/wiki/Yohkoh" title="Yohkoh">Yohkoh</a> (Sunbeam) satellite observed solar flares at X-ray wavelengths. Mission data allowed scientists to identify several different types of flares and demonstrated that the corona away from regions of peak activity was much more dynamic and active than had previously been supposed. Yohkoh observed an entire solar cycle but went into standby mode when an annular eclipse in 2001 caused it to lose its lock on the Sun. It was destroyed by atmospheric re-entry in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">Solar and Heliospheric Observatory</a>, jointly built by the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> and NASA, was launched on 2 December 1995.<a href="#cite_note-Dwivedi2006-89">[85]</a> Originally intended to serve a two-year mission,<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> SOHO remains in operation as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> Situated at the <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">Lagrangian point</a> between Earth and the Sun (at which the gravitational pull from both is equal), SOHO has provided a constant view of the Sun at many wavelengths since its launch.<a href="#cite_note-Dwivedi2006-89">[85]</a> Besides its direct solar observation, SOHO has enabled the discovery of a large number of <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>, mostly tiny <a href="/wiki/Sungrazing_comet" title="Sungrazing comet">sungrazing comets</a> that incinerate as they pass the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ulysses_spacecraft_undergoes_testing_at_the_vacuum_spin-balancing_facility_in_ESTEC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of Ulysses spacecraft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_Ulysses_spacecraft_undergoes_testing_at_the_vacuum_spin-balancing_facility_in_ESTEC.jpg/220px-The_Ulysses_spacecraft_undergoes_testing_at_the_vacuum_spin-balancing_facility_in_ESTEC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_Ulysses_spacecraft_undergoes_testing_at_the_vacuum_spin-balancing_facility_in_ESTEC.jpg/330px-The_Ulysses_spacecraft_undergoes_testing_at_the_vacuum_spin-balancing_facility_in_ESTEC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_Ulysses_spacecraft_undergoes_testing_at_the_vacuum_spin-balancing_facility_in_ESTEC.jpg/440px-The_Ulysses_spacecraft_undergoes_testing_at_the_vacuum_spin-balancing_facility_in_ESTEC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4308" data-file-height="2812" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses spacecraft</a> testing at the vacuum spin-balancing facility</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parker_Solar_Probe_spacecraft_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Parker_Solar_Probe_spacecraft_model.png/220px-Parker_Solar_Probe_spacecraft_model.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Parker_Solar_Probe_spacecraft_model.png/330px-Parker_Solar_Probe_spacecraft_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Parker_Solar_Probe_spacecraft_model.png/440px-Parker_Solar_Probe_spacecraft_model.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Artist rendition of the <a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></figcaption></figure> All these satellites have observed the Sun from the plane of the ecliptic, and so have only observed its equatorial regions in detail. The <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses probe</a> was launched in 1990 to study the Sun's polar regions. It first traveled to Jupiter, to "slingshot" into an orbit that would take it far above the plane of the ecliptic. Once Ulysses was in its scheduled orbit, it began observing the solar wind and magnetic field strength at high solar latitudes, finding that the solar wind from high latitudes was moving at about 750 km/s, which was slower than expected, and that there were large magnetic waves emerging from high latitudes that scattered galactic cosmic rays.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> Elemental abundances in the photosphere are well known from <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">spectroscopic</a> studies, but the composition of the interior of the Sun is more poorly understood. A solar wind sample return mission, <a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a>, was designed to allow astronomers to directly measure the composition of solar material.<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observation_by_eyes">Observation by eyes</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposure_to_the_eye">Exposure to the eye</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-_panoramio_(785).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/-_panoramio_%28785%29.jpg/220px--_panoramio_%28785%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/-_panoramio_%28785%29.jpg/330px--_panoramio_%28785%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/-_panoramio_%28785%29.jpg/440px--_panoramio_%28785%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>The Sun seen from Earth, with <a href="/wiki/Glare_(vision)" title="Glare (vision)">glare</a> from the lenses. The eye also sees glare when looked towards the Sun directly.</figcaption></figure> The brightness of the Sun can cause pain from looking at it with the <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a>; however, doing so for brief periods is not hazardous for normal non-<a href="/wiki/Mydriasis" title="Mydriasis">dilated</a> eyes.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> Looking directly at the Sun (<a href="/wiki/Sungazing" title="Sungazing">sungazing</a>) causes <a href="/wiki/Phosphene" title="Phosphene">phosphene</a> visual artifacts and temporary partial blindness. It also delivers about 4 milliwatts of sunlight to the retina, slightly heating it and potentially causing damage in eyes that cannot respond properly to the brightness.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> Viewing of the direct Sun with the naked eye can cause UV-induced, sunburn-like lesions on the retina beginning after about 100 seconds, particularly under conditions where the UV light from the Sun is intense and well focused.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> Viewing the Sun through light-concentrating <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars">binoculars</a> may result in permanent damage to the retina without an appropriate filter that blocks UV and substantially dims the sunlight. When using an attenuating filter to view the Sun, the viewer is cautioned to use a filter specifically designed for that use. Some improvised filters that pass UV or <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">IR</a> rays, can actually harm the eye at high brightness levels.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> Brief glances at the midday Sun through an unfiltered telescope can cause permanent damage.<a href="#cite_note-Macdonald-224">[219]</a> During sunrise and sunset, sunlight is attenuated because of <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mie_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Mie theory">Mie scattering</a> from a particularly long passage through Earth's atmosphere,<a href="#cite_note-Haber2005-225">[220]</a> and the Sun is sometimes faint enough to be viewed comfortably with the naked eye or safely with optics (provided there is no risk of bright sunlight suddenly appearing through a break between clouds). Hazy conditions, atmospheric dust, and high humidity contribute to this atmospheric attenuation.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phenomena">Phenomena</h3></div> An <a href="/wiki/Optical_phenomenon" title="Optical phenomenon">optical phenomenon</a>, known as a <a href="/wiki/Green_flash" title="Green flash">green flash</a>, can sometimes be seen shortly after sunset or before sunrise. The flash is caused by light from the Sun just below the horizon being <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">bent</a> (usually through a <a href="/wiki/Temperature_inversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperature inversion">temperature inversion</a>) towards the observer. Light of shorter wavelengths (violet, blue, green) is bent more than that of longer wavelengths (yellow, orange, red) but the violet and blue light is <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">scattered</a> more, leaving light that is perceived as green.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_aspects">Religious aspects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">Solar deity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%A5%9E%E9%B8%9F%E9%87%91%E9%A5%B0_Golden_Sun_Bird.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%A5%9E%E9%B8%9F%E9%87%91%E9%A5%B0_Golden_Sun_Bird.png/220px-%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%A5%9E%E9%B8%9F%E9%87%91%E9%A5%B0_Golden_Sun_Bird.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%A5%9E%E9%B8%9F%E9%87%91%E9%A5%B0_Golden_Sun_Bird.png/330px-%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%A5%9E%E9%B8%9F%E9%87%91%E9%A5%B0_Golden_Sun_Bird.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%A5%9E%E9%B8%9F%E9%87%91%E9%A5%B0_Golden_Sun_Bird.png/440px-%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%A5%9E%E9%B8%9F%E9%87%91%E9%A5%B0_Golden_Sun_Bird.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Golden_Sun_Bird" title="Golden Sun Bird">Sun and Immortal Birds Gold Ornament</a> by ancient Shu people. The center is a sun pattern with twelve points around which four <a href="/wiki/Three-legged_crow" title="Three-legged crow">birds</a> fly in the same counterclockwise direction. <a href="/wiki/Shu_(kingdom)" title="Shu (kingdom)">Ancient Kingdom of Shu</a>, coinciding with the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>.</figcaption></figure> Solar deities play a major role in many world religions and mythologies.<a href="#cite_note-APLLondon-228">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sun_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun worship">Worship of the Sun</a> was central to civilizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> of South America and the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a> of what is now Mexico. In religions such as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the Sun is still considered a god, known as <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>. Many ancient monuments were constructed with solar phenomena in mind; for example, stone <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megaliths</a> accurately mark the summer or winter <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a> (for example in <a href="/wiki/Nabta_Playa" title="Nabta Playa">Nabta Playa</a>, Egypt; <a href="/wiki/Mnajdra" title="Mnajdra">Mnajdra</a>, Malta; and <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, England); <a href="/wiki/Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a>, a prehistoric human-built mount in Ireland, was designed to detect the winter solstice; the pyramid of <a href="/wiki/El_Castillo,_Chichen_Itza" title="El Castillo, Chichen Itza">El Castillo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichén Itzá">Chichén Itzá</a> in Mexico is designed to cast shadows in the shape of serpents climbing the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramid</a> at the vernal and autumnal <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> The ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> believed that the Sun was <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-230">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nemet1998-231">[226]</a> the god of justice and twin brother of <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_(antiquity)" title="Queen of Heaven (antiquity)">Queen of Heaven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-230">[225]</a> Later, Utu was identified with the <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic">East Semitic</a> god <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-230">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nemet1998-231">[226]</a> Utu was regarded as a helper-deity, who aided those in distress.<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-230">[225]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of Ra and Nefertari" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_001.jpg/250px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_001.jpg/330px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_001.jpg/500px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Ra from the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Nefertari" title="Tomb of Nefertari">tomb of Nefertari</a>, 13th century BC</figcaption></figure> From at least the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Dynasty">Fourth Dynasty</a> of Ancient Egypt, the Sun was worshipped as the <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">god Ra</a>, portrayed as a falcon-headed divinity surmounted by the solar disk. In the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Empire</a> period, the Sun became identified with the <a href="/wiki/Dung_beetle" title="Dung beetle">dung beetle</a>. In the form of the sun disc <a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a>, the Sun had a brief resurgence during the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_Period" title="Amarna Period">Amarna Period</a> when it again became the preeminent, if not only, divinity for the Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Akhenaton" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhenaton">Akhenaton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> The Egyptians portrayed the god Ra as being carried across the sky in a solar barque, accompanied by lesser gods, and to the Greeks, he was Helios, carried by a chariot drawn by fiery horses. From the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">late Roman Empire</a> the Sun's birthday was a holiday celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a> (literally "Unconquered Sun") soon after the winter solstice. The Sun appears from Earth to revolve once a year along the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a>, and so Greek astronomers categorized it as one of the seven <a href="/wiki/Classical_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical planets">planets</a> (Greek planetes, "wanderer"); the naming of the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_days_of_the_week" title="Names of the days of the week">days of the weeks</a> after the seven planets dates to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oed-234">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-almagest-235">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European religion</a>, the Sun was personified as the goddess <a href="/wiki/Sun_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun deity">*Seh2ul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-MALLORY129-238">[233]</a> Derivatives of this goddess in <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(sun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sól (sun)">Sól</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulis" title="Sulis">Sulis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Saul%C4%97" title="Saulė">Saulė</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> Solntse.<a href="#cite_note-MALLORY129-238">[233]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek religion</a>, the sun deity was the male god Helios,<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> who in later times was <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretized</a> with <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> In ancient Roman culture, <a href="/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">Sunday</a> was the day of the sun god. In paganism, the Sun was a source of life. It was the center of a popular cult among Romans, who would stand at dawn to catch the first rays of sunshine as they prayed. The celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> (which influenced Christmas) was part of the Roman cult of the unconquered Sun (<a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a>). It was adopted as the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a> day by Christians. The symbol of light was a pagan device adopted by Christians, and perhaps the most important one that did not come from Jewish traditions. Christian churches were built so that the congregation faced toward the sunrise.<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Book of Malachi</a> mentions the "Sun of Righteousness", which some <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> have interpreted as a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>).<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tonatiuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonatiuh">Tonatiuh</a>, the Aztec god of the sun,<a href="#cite_note-Townsend1979-243">[238]</a> was closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Townsend1979-243">[238]</a> The sun goddess <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a> is the most important deity in the <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> religion,<a href="#cite_note-Roberts_110-244">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a> and she is believed to be the direct ancestor of all <a href="/wiki/List_of_Emperors_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Emperors of Japan">Japanese emperors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts_110-244">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/40px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/60px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/24px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/36px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/49px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/40px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/60px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/48px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/64px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/37px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/49px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Composition_Explorer" title="Advanced Composition Explorer">Advanced Composition Explorer</a> – NASA satellite of the Explorer program, at SE-L1 from 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analemma" title="Analemma">Analemma</a> – Diagrammatic representation of Sun's position over a period of time</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisolar_point" title="Antisolar point">Antisolar point</a> – Point on the celestial sphere opposite Sun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faint_young_Sun_paradox" title="Faint young Sun paradox">Faint young Sun paradox</a> – Paradox concerning water on early Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">List of brightest stars</a> – Stars sorted by apparent magnitude</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">List of nearest stars</a> – Stars and brown dwarfs within 20 light years of the Solar System</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">Midnight sun</a> – Natural phenomenon when daylight lasts for a whole day</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_in_astrology#Sun" title="Planets in astrology">Planets in astrology § Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_telescope" title="Solar telescope">Solar telescope</a> – Telescope used to observe the Sun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_path" title="Sun path">Sun path</a> – Arc-like path that the Sun appears to follow across the sky</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-Earth_Day" title="Sun-Earth Day">Sun-Earth Day</a> – NASA and ESA joint educational program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_in_culture" title="The Sun in culture">The Sun in culture</a> – Depictions of the Sun in culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_in_fiction" title="Sun in fiction">Sun in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future" title="Timeline of the far future">Timeline of the far future</a> – Scientific projections regarding the far future</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-short-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-short_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-short_17-1">b</a> All numbers in this article are <a href="/wiki/Short_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Short scale">short scale</a>. One billion is 109, or 1,000,000,000. </li> <li id="cite_note-heavy_elements-31"><a href="#cite_ref-heavy_elements_31-0">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomical sciences</a>, the term heavy elements (or metals) refers to all chemical elements except hydrogen and helium. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal vent communities">Hydrothermal vent communities</a> live so deep under the sea that they have no access to sunlight. Bacteria instead use sulfur compounds as an energy source, via <a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">chemosynthesis</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-rotation-51"><a href="#cite_ref-rotation_51-0">^</a> Counterclockwise is also the direction of revolution around the Sun for objects in the Solar System and is the direction of axial spin for most objects. </li> <li id="cite_note-particle_density-90"><a href="#cite_ref-particle_density_90-0">^</a> Earth's atmosphere near sea level has a particle density of about 2×1025 m−3. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OED-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Sol" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Sol">"Sol"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sol&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DSol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Lexico-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lexico_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lexico_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327234645/https://www.lexico.com/definition/helios">"Helios"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 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Greenwood. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/203">203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29497-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29497-6"><bdi>978-0-313-29497-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29497-6&rft.aulast=Nemet-Nejat&rft.aufirst=Karen+Rhea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinancie00neme%2Fpage%2F203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeeter2011" class="citation book cs1">Teeter, Emily (2011). Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84855-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84855-8"><bdi>978-0-521-84855-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Ritual+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84855-8&rft.aulast=Teeter&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrankfort2011" class="citation book cs1">Frankfort, Henri (2011). Ancient Egyptian Religion: an Interpretation. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41138-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41138-5"><bdi>978-0-486-41138-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Religion%3A+an+Interpretation&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-486-41138-5&rft.aulast=Frankfort&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-234"><a href="#cite_ref-oed_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154243/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/planet">"Planet"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/planet">the original</a> on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planet&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fplanet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-almagest-235"><a href="#cite_ref-almagest_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1997" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, Bernard R. (1997). "Saving the phenomena : the background to Ptolemy's planetary theory". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 28 (1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JHA....28....1G">1997JHA....28....1G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182869702800101">10.1177/002182869702800101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118875902">118875902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Saving+the+phenomena+%3A+the+background+to+Ptolemy%27s+planetary+theory&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118875902%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002182869702800101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JHA....28....1G&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPtolemyToomer1998" class="citation book cs1">Ptolemy; Toomer, G.J. (1998). Ptolemy's Almagest. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00260-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00260-6"><bdi>978-0-691-00260-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemy%27s+Almagest&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00260-6&rft.au=Ptolemy&rft.au=Toomer%2C+G.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, James P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Q._Adams" title="Douglas Q. Adams">Adams, Douglas Q.</a>, eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&q=Sun+goddess">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>. (EIEC). Retrieved 20 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC%26q%3DSun%2Bgoddess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MALLORY129-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MALLORY129_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MALLORY129_238-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMallory1989" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J. P. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma">In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma/page/129">129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27616-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27616-7"><bdi>978-0-500-27616-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+Language%2C+Archaeology+and+Myth&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27616-7&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofindoeu00jpma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210915222218/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0130:card%3D371">"Hesiod, Theogony line 371"</a>. Perseus Digital Library. 15 September 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D371">the original</a> on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Hesiod%2C+Theogony+line+371&rft.date=2021-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0130%253Acard%253D371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurkert1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a> (1985). Greek Religion. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36281-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36281-9"><bdi>978-0-674-36281-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Religion&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-36281-9&rft.aulast=Burkert&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1998" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Owen (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qugouOh3KjMC&pg=PA22">A History of Christianity</a>. St. Martin's. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-18723-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-18723-1"><bdi>978-0-312-18723-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-312-18723-1&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqugouOh3KjMC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpargo1953" class="citation book cs1">Spargo, Emma Jane Marie (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SUkWAAAAMAAJ&q=sol+iustitiae+malachiae+IV+2&pg=PA86">The Category of the Aesthetic in the Philosophy of Saint Bonaventure</a>. St. Bonaventure, New York; E. Nauwelaerts, Louvain, Belgium; F. Schöningh, Paderborn, Germany: The Franciscan Institute. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Category+of+the+Aesthetic+in+the+Philosophy+of+Saint+Bonaventure&rft.place=St.+Bonaventure%2C+New+York%3B+E.+Nauwelaerts%2C+Louvain%2C+Belgium%3B+F.+Sch%C3%B6ningh%2C+Paderborn%2C+Germany&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=The+Franciscan+Institute&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Spargo&rft.aufirst=Emma+Jane+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSUkWAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsol%2Biustitiae%2Bmalachiae%2BIV%2B2%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Townsend1979-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend1979_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend1979_243-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTownsend1979" class="citation book cs1">Townsend, Richard (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statecosmosinart00town">State and Cosmos in the Art of Tenochtitlan</a>. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statecosmosinart00town/page/66">66</a>. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Cosmos+in+the+Art+of+Tenochtitlan&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatecosmosinart00town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts_110-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_110_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_110_244-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2010" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Jeremy (2010). Japanese Mythology A To Z (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_House_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelsea House Publishers">Chelsea House Publishers</a>. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-435-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-435-3"><bdi>978-1-60413-435-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Mythology+A+To+Z&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60413-435-3&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1952" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Post (1952). The Sacred Scriptures of the Japanese. New York: Henry Schuman. pp. 393–395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4254-8787-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4254-8787-4"><bdi>978-1-4254-8787-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Scriptures+of+the+Japanese&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E393-%3C%2Fspan%3E395&rft.pub=Henry+Schuman&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-1-4254-8787-4&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Post&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Sun <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Sun&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Sun">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Sun&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen2010" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rspEEVTcmIAC">Chasing the sun: the epic story of the star that gives us life</a>. New York, NY: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6875-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6875-3"><bdi>978-1-4000-6875-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chasing+the+sun%3A+the+epic+story+of+the+star+that+gives+us+life&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6875-3&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrspEEVTcmIAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHudson2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hudson, Hugh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Solar_activity">"Solar activity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scholarpedia" title="Scholarpedia">Scholarpedia</a>. Vol. 3. p. 3967. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SchpJ...3.3967H">2008SchpJ...3.3967H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.3967">10.4249/scholarpedia.3967</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-6016">1941-6016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Solar+activity&rft.btitle=Scholarpedia&rft.pages=3967&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1941-6016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.3967&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SchpJ...3.3967H&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scholarpedia.org%2Farticle%2FSolar_activity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Michael J (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1468-4004.2003.45421.x">"Helioseismology and the Sun's interior"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_%26_Geophysics" title="Astronomy & Geophysics">Astronomy & Geophysics</a>. 45 (4): 4.21 – 4.25. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004A&G....45d..21T">2004A&G....45d..21T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1468-4004.2003.45421.x">10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.45421.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1366-8781">1366-8781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Geophysics&rft.atitle=Helioseismology+and+the+Sun%27s+interior&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4.21+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4.25%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2004-08&rft.issn=1366-8781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1468-4004.2003.45421.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004A%26G....45d..21T&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Michael+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1468-4004.2003.45421.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (1 hour and 29 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="5315" data-mwtitle="En-Sun.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/En-Sun.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/En-Sun.ogg/En-Sun.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Sun.ogg" title="File:En-Sun.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 7 June 2021 (2021-6-7), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Sun at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sun" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Sun">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sun" class="extiw" title="c:Sun">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sun" class="extiw" title="q:Sun">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-30-the-sun-spots-and-all/">Astronomy Cast: The Sun</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acrim.com/">Satellite observations of solar luminosity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170611210135/http://acrim.com/">Archived</a> 11 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpMRtvFD8ek&hl=fr">Animation – The Future of the Sun</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tmbeLTHC_0">"Thermonuclear Art – The Sun In Ultra-HD"</a> | <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3QQQu7QLoM">"A Decade of Sun"</a> | Goddard Space Flight Center</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Sun300" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Sun" title="Template:The Sun"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Sun" title="Template talk:The Sun"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Sun" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Sun"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Sun300" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Sun</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_solar_model" title="Standard solar model">Internal structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_core" title="Solar core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_zone" title="Radiative zone">Radiative zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachocline" title="Tachocline">Tachocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">Convection zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supergranulation" title="Supergranulation">Supergranulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_granule" title="Solar granule">Granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_facula" title="Solar facula">Faculae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunspot" title="Sunspot">Sunspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellerman_bomb" title="Ellerman bomb">Ellerman bomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Chromosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_plage" title="Solar plage">Plage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_spicule" title="Solar spicule">Spicule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreton_wave" title="Moreton wave">Moreton wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Corona</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_transition_region" title="Solar transition region">Transition region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_hole" title="Coronal hole">Coronal hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_loop" title="Coronal loop">Coronal loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoflare" title="Nanoflare">Nanoflare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_prominence" title="Solar prominence">Prominence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_streamer" title="Helmet streamer">Helmet streamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supra-arcade_downflows" title="Supra-arcade downflows">Supra-arcade downflows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_moss" title="Solar moss">Moss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar variation">Variation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cycle" title="Solar cycle">Solar cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_cycles" title="List of solar cycles">List of solar cycles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_region" title="Active region">Active region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_maximum" title="Solar maximum">Solar maximum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_minimum" title="Solar minimum">Solar minimum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunspot_number" title="Sunspot number">Sunspot number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">Solar wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_wind_turbulence" title="Solar wind turbulence">Solar wind turbulence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_switchback" title="Magnetic switchback">Magnetic switchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">Heliosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corotating_interaction_region" title="Corotating interaction region">Corotating interaction region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliospheric_current_sheet" title="Heliospheric current sheet">Current sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliosphere#Termination_shock" title="Heliosphere">Termination shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliosphere#Heliosheath" title="Heliosphere">Heliosheath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliopause_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopause (astronomy)">Heliopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_shock" title="Bow shock">Bow shock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Eclipse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclipses_in_mythology_and_culture" title="Eclipses in mythology and culture">In mythology and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Lunar eclipse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliophysics" title="Heliophysics">Heliophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_in_culture" title="The Sun in culture">In culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">Solar deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_deities" title="List of solar deities">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_in_fiction" title="Sun in fiction">Sun in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar activity">Solar activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar astronomy">Solar astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_dynamo" title="Solar dynamo">Solar dynamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_neutrino" title="Solar neutrino">Solar neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_observation" title="Solar observation">Solar observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_phenomena" title="Solar phenomena">Solar phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_physics" title="Solar physics">Solar physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_telescope" title="Solar telescope">Solar telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_climate" title="Space climate">Space climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_solar_model" title="Standard solar model">Standard solar model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight radiation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Spectral class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G-type main-sequence star</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar observatory">Solar observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heliophysics_missions" title="List of heliophysics missions">List of heliophysics missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Missions_to_the_Sun" title="Category:Missions to the Sun">Category:Missions to the Sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sun" title="Category:Sun">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_space_missions285" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sun_spacecraft" title="Template:Sun spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sun_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Sun spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sun_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sun spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_space_missions285" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Solar_space_missions">Solar space missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heliophysics_missions" title="List of heliophysics missions">List of heliophysics missions</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_telescopes" title="List of solar telescopes">List of solar telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Composition_Explorer" title="Advanced Composition Explorer">ACE</a> (since 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a> (since 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Space-based_Solar_Observatory" title="Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory">ASO-S</a> (since 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_H-alpha_Solar_Explorer" title="Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer">CHASE (Xihe)</a> (since 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Climate_Observatory" title="Deep Space Climate Observatory">DSCOVR</a> (since 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode (Solar-B)</a> (since 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Region_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph">IRIS</a> (since 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a> (since 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">Solar and Heliospheric Observatory</a> (since 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a> (since 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (since 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> (since 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)">Wind</a> (since 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a> (since 2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">Apollo Telescope Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONAS_programme#CORONAS-I" title="CORONAS programme">CORONAS-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONAS_programme#CORONAS-F" title="CORONAS programme">CORONAS-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koronas-Foton" title="Koronas-Foton">CORONAS-Photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">EURECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESRO_2B" title="ESRO 2B">ESRO 2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_13" title="GOES 13">GOES 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios_(spacecraft)" title="Helios (spacecraft)">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinotori_(satellite)" title="Hinotori (satellite)">Hinotori (Astro-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_50" title="Explorer 50">IMP-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-1" title="ISEE-1">ISEE-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-2" title="ISEE-2">ISEE-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">ICE / ISEE-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">Orbiting Solar Observatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSO_1" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 1">OSO 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_2" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 2">OSO 2</a>/<a href="/wiki/OSO_B" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO B">OSO B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_3" title="OSO 3">OSO 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_4" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 4">OSO 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_5" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 5">OSO 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_6" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 6">OSO 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_7" title="OSO 7">OSO 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_8" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 8">OSO 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solwind" title="Solwind">Solwind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_(satellite)" title="Picard (satellite)">PICARD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_5" title="Pioneer 5">Pioneer 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6,_7,_8,_and_9" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer 6, 7, 8 and 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-2" title="PROBA-2">PROBA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prognoz (satellite)">Prognoz programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" title="Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Maximum_Mission" title="Solar Maximum Mission">SolarMax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-87#SPARTAN-201" title="STS-87">Spartan 201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Radiation_and_Thermospheric_Satellite" title="Solar Radiation and Thermospheric Satellite">Taiyo (SRATS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRACE" title="TRACE">TRACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohkoh" title="Yohkoh">Yohkoh (Solar-A)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrojet_Zeeman_Imaging_Explorer" title="Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer">Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarimeter_to_Unify_the_Corona_and_Heliosphere" title="Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere">PUNCH</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Weather_Follow_On-Lagrange_1" title="Space Weather Follow On-Lagrange 1">SWFO-L1</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_Reconnection_and_Cusp_Electrodynamics_Reconnaissance_Satellites" title="Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites">TRACERS</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR-C" title="SOLAR-C">SOLAR-C</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HelioSwarm" title="HelioSwarm">HelioSwarm</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Polar_Orbit_Observatory" title="Solar Polar Orbit Observatory">Solar Polar Orbit Observatory</a> (2029)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Vigil" title="ESA Vigil">Vigil</a> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADAHELI" title="ADAHELI">ADAHELI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-Enabling_Technologies_for_Heliophysics" title="Science-Enabling Technologies for Heliophysics">SETH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundiver_(space_mission)" title="Sundiver (space mission)">Sundiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Solar_Space_Telescope" title="Galileo Solar Space Telescope">GSST</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AOSO" class="mw-redirect" title="AOSO">AOSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_H" title="Pioneer H">Pioneer H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">OSO J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">OSO K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Cruiser" title="Solar Cruiser">Solar Cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Sentinels" title="Solar Sentinels">Solar Sentinels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer E">Pioneer E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_C" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO C">OSO C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sun-Earth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Radiation_and_Climate_Experiment" title="Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment">SORCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_X-ray_Imager" title="Solar X-ray Imager">SXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACRIMSAT" title="ACRIMSAT">ACRIMSAT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Missions_to_the_Sun" title="Category:Missions to the Sun">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_System1947" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System" title="Template:Solar System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System" title="Template talk:Solar System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_System1947" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="The Sun, the planets, their moons, and several trans-Neptunian objects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Solar_System_Template_2.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136" /><map name="ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136"><area href="/wiki/Sun" shape="rect" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="The Sun" title="The Sun" /><area href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercury" title="Mercury" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Moon" shape="circle" coords="204,10,4" alt="The Moon" title="The Moon" /><area href="/wiki/Earth" shape="circle" coords="195,18,8" alt="Earth" title="Earth" /><area href="/wiki/Mars" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Mars" title="Mars" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" shape="circle" coords="241,13,3" alt="Phobos and Deimos" title="Phobos and Deimos" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,5" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="The main asteroid belt" title="The main asteroid belt" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,19,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,6,6" alt="Moons of Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="298,18,335,20" alt="Rings of Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,12" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Moons of Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" shape="rect" coords="353,5,389,31" alt="Rings of Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,12" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Moons of Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="408,4,429,34" alt="Rings of Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptune" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptune" title="Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" shape="circle" coords="471,10,5" alt="Moons of Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" shape="rect" coords="441,9,485,28" alt="Rings of Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="504,18,12" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="510,13,8" alt="Moons of Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea" shape="circle" coords="534,18,12" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="540,13,8" alt="Moons of Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake" shape="circle" coords="567,18,12" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" shape="circle" coords="571,13,8" alt="S/2015 (136472) 1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1" /><area href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" shape="rect" coords="490,0,580,35" alt="The Kuiper Belt" title="The Kuiper Belt" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="596,18,12" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" shape="circle" coords="602,13,8" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" shape="rect" coords="581,0,610,35" alt="The Scattered Disc" title="The Scattered Disc" /><area href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" shape="rect" coords="623,0,640,35" alt="The Hills Cloud" title="The Hills Cloud" /><area href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" shape="rect" coords="641,0,666,35" alt="The Oort Cloud" title="The Oort Cloud" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets,_dwarfs,_minors275" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Large Minor Planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20000_Varuna" title="20000 Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">Ixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Claimed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#List" title="Moons of Jupiter">all 95</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#List" title="Moons of Saturn">all 274</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#List" title="Moons of Uranus">all 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune#List" title="Moons of Neptune">all 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation, evolution</a>, contents, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Solar_System_formation_and_evolution_hypotheses" title="History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solar_System_formation_and_evolution_hypotheses#Capture_hypothesis" title="History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses">Capture theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Triton" title="Capture of Triton">Capture of Triton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration" title="Co-orbital configuration">Co-orbital configuration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Saturn Moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant#Disk_instability" title="Ice giant">Disk instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost/Ice/Snow line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_tack_hypothesis" title="Grand tack hypothesis">Grand tack hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium/space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordylewski_cloud" title="Kordylewski cloud">Kordylewski cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_model" title="Nice model">Nice model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nice_2_model" title="Nice 2 model">Nice 2 model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">Five-planet Nice model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet" title="Roche limit">vs. Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Rings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Earth</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rhean</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Charikloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Chironean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Haumean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Quaoarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects" title="List of hypothetical Solar System objects">Hypothetical objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Other_claims" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Bagby's moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiron_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Chiron (hypothetical moon)">Chiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Earth" title="Counter-Earth">Counter-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysalis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Chrysalis (hypothetical moon)">Chrysalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Giant" title="Fifth Giant">Fifth Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Hyperion (hypothetical planet)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Lilith" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Lilith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_moon_of_Mercury" title="Hypothetical moon of Mercury">Mercury's moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Neith (hypothetical moon)">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Petit's_moon" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Petit's moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Kuiper_cliff_and_"Planet_Ten"" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synestia#Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Synestia">Synestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Themis (hypothetical moon)">Themis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Tyche (hypothetical planet)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Waltemath's_moons" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Waltemath's moons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">historical models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">Deep space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">names and meanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li>Planetary orbit-crossers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_UO14" title="2019 UO14">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojans" title="Uranus trojans">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object#Near-Earth_asteroids" title="Near-Earth object">NEAs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">exceptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">Possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Gravitationally rounded objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects" title="List of Solar System objects">Solar System objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">by discovery date</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">Moonlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Solar_System" title="Outline of the Solar System">Outline of the Solar System</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/20px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/40px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/20px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/40px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/19px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/29px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a> → <a href="/wiki/Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a> → <a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a> → <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> → <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Milky Way subgroup</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Sheet" title="Local Sheet">Local Sheet</a> → <a href="/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Hole" title="Local Hole">Local Hole</a> → <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> → <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of". </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stars520" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Star" title="Template:Star"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Star" title="Template talk:Star"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Star" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Star"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stars520" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bok_globule" title="Bok globule">Bok globule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_stellar_object" title="Young stellar object">Young stellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">Protostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Pre-main-sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_track" title="Hayashi track">Hayashi track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henyey_track" title="Henyey track">Henyey track</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">Red-giant branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">Horizontal branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_clump" title="Red clump">Red clump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">Asymptotic giant branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-AGB_star" title="Post-AGB star">post-AGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">super-AGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_loop" title="Blue loop">Blue loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_nebula" title="Wolf–Rayet nebula">Wolf–Rayet nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PG_1159_star" title="PG 1159 star">PG1159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredge-up" title="Dredge-up">Dredge-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OH/IR_star" title="OH/IR star">OH/IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instability_strip" title="Instability strip">Instability strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">Stellar population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Early-type star">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-type star">Late</a></li> <li>Main sequence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O-type_main-sequence_star" title="O-type main-sequence star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star" title="B-type main-sequence star">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star" title="F-type main-sequence star">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star" title="K-type main-sequence star">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf">Subdwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_O_star" title="Subdwarf O star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star" title="Subdwarf B star">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">WR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB_star" title="OB star">OB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star">Giant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_giant" title="Blue giant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant">Bright giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">Supergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiant" title="Yellow supergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">Carbon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S-type_star" title="S-type star">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN_star" title="CN star">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH_star" title="CH star">CH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemically_peculiar_star" title="Chemically peculiar star">Chemically peculiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Am_star" title="Am star">Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ap_and_Bp_stars" title="Ap and Bp stars">Ap/Bp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEMP_star" title="CEMP star">CEMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-manganese_star" title="Mercury-manganese star">HgMn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium-weak_star" title="Helium-weak star">He-weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_star" title="Barium star">Barium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Bo%C3%B6tis_star" title="Lambda Boötis star">Lambda Boötis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_star" title="Lead star">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_star" title="Technetium star">Technetium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_star" title="Be star">Be</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_star" title="Shell star">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B(e)_star" title="B(e) star">B[e]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_star" title="Helium star">Helium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_helium_star" title="Extreme helium star">Extreme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_straggler" title="Blue straggler">Blue straggler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Remnants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS_00500%2B6713" title="IRAS 00500+6713">Parker's star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">X-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_burster" title="X-ray burster">Burster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">SGR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_star" title="Hypothetical star">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)" title="Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)">Blue dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">Black dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boson_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Boson star">Boson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak star">Electroweak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_star" title="Strange star">Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_star" title="Q star">Q</a></li></ul></li> <li>Black hole star <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black</a></li> <li>Hawking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorne%E2%80%93%C5%BBytkow_object" title="Thorne–Żytkow object">Thorne–Żytkow object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_star" title="Iron star">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzar" title="Blitzar">Blitzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_fusion" title="Deuterium fusion">Deuterium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">Lithium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">Proton–proton chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">Alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">C burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">Ne burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">O burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">Si burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova#Recurrent_novae" title="Nova">Recurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">Convection zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microturbulence" title="Microturbulence">Microturbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Oscillations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation zone">Radiation zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Atmosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starspot" title="Starspot">Starspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Chromosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Stellar corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">Stellar wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar-wind_bubble" title="Stellar-wind bubble">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_outflow" title="Bipolar outflow">Bipolar outflow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplyd" title="Proplyd">Proplyd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">Asteroseismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_luminosity" title="Eddington luminosity">Eddington luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_designations_and_names" title="Stellar designations and names">Designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Effective temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_magnetic_field" title="Stellar magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">Rotation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_darkening" title="Gravity darkening">Gravity darkening</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Photometric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">Color index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color%E2%80%93color_diagram" title="Color–color diagram">Color–color diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6mgren_sphere" title="Strömgren sphere">Strömgren sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_break" title="Kraft break">Kraft break</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">Star systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_binary" title="Contact binary">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_envelope" title="Common envelope">Common envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipsing_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsing binary">Eclipsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_system#Multiple_star_systems" title="Star system">Multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Cluster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_star_cluster" title="Super star cluster">Super</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth-centric observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">Pole star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_star" title="Circumpolar star">Circumpolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">Asterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">Magnitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_magnitude" title="Photographic magnitude">Photographic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">Radial velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">Proper motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">Parallax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric-standard_star" title="Photometric-standard star">Photometric-standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_stars" title="List of proper names of stars">Proper names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_star_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese star names">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_star_extremes" title="List of star extremes">Extremes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Most massive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hottest_stars" title="List of hottest stars">Highest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coolest_stars" title="List of coolest stars">Lowest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_known_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest known stars">Largest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_known_stars" title="List of smallest known stars">Smallest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">Brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_brightest_stars" title="Historical brightest stars">Historical brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_luminous_stars" title="List of most luminous stars">Most luminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">Nearest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_bright_stars" title="List of nearest bright stars">bright</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_distant_astronomical_objects#List_of_most_distant_objects_by_type" title="List of the most distant astronomical objects">Most distant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_with_resolved_images" title="List of stars with resolved images">With resolved images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">With multiple exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brown_dwarfs" title="List of brown dwarfs">Brown dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_red_dwarfs" title="List of red dwarfs">Red dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_white_dwarfs" title="List of white dwarfs">White dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_novae_in_the_Milky_Way_galaxy" title="List of novae in the Milky Way galaxy">Milky Way novae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Supernovae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">Planetary nebulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_stellar_astronomy" title="Timeline of stellar astronomy">Timeline of stellar astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substellar_object" title="Substellar object">Substellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-dwarf_desert" title="Brown-dwarf desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Intergalactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet-hosting_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet-hosting stars">Planet-hosting stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event">Tidal disruption event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Stars" title="Category:Stars">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/13px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/20px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/26px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="_Celestial_objects_within_10_light-years_→163" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Star_systems_within_10_light-years" title="Template:Star systems within 10 light-years"><abbr title="View 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Primary_member_type175" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:17em"><abbr title="Primary member of a system is the brightest one (and, in most cases, also the most massive one).">Primary</abbr> member <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><div id="Celestial_objects_by_systems.29">Celestial objects by systems.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Main-sequencestars42" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;line-height:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main-sequence stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.85em;line-height:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A-type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius (Alpha Canis Majoris)</a> (8.7094±0.0054 ly)</li> <li>white dwarf B</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.85em;line-height:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G-type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sun</a> (0 ly)</li> <li><abbr title="8 planets; over 1,100,000 minor planets (including 5 dwarf planets); over 5000 comets; 206 moons of planets; over 200 moons of minor planets (including 9 moons of dwarf planets); bodies of planetary rings (mostly were observed rings, not separate bodies, but over 150 moonlets were observed); numerous small bodies, observed as meteors and meteorites, but not catalogued as minor planets or comets; spacecraft; space debris; cosmonauts. Some known comets and spacecrafts, currently located within Solar System boundaries, are not gravitationally bound with the Sun, and therefore formally are separate (interstellar) objects.">rest</abbr> of <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li> <li>Alpha Centauri <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">α Cen (Rigil Kentaurus)</a> (4.3441±0.0022 ly)</li></ul></li> <li>K-type main-sequence star B (Toliman)</li> <li>red dwarf <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">C (Proxima Centauri)</a> (4.2465 ± 0.0003 ly)</li> <li>2 (5?) planets: <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri_Ab" title="Alpha Centauri Ab">Ab</a>?; Bc?; <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_b" title="Proxima Centauri b">Cb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_c" title="Proxima Centauri c">Cc</a>?, <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_d" title="Proxima Centauri d">Cd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.85em;line-height:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">M-type (red dwarfs)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnard%27s_Star" title="Barnard's Star">Barnard's Star</a> (5.9629±0.0004 ly)</li> <li>4 planets: <a href="/wiki/Barnard%27s_Star_b" title="Barnard's Star b">b</a>, c, d, e</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_359" title="Wolf 359">Wolf 359</a> (7.8558±0.0013 ly)</li> <li>1? planets: b?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalande_21185" title="Lalande 21185">Lalande 21185</a> (8.3044±0.0007 ly)</li> <li>2 (3?) planets: b, d?, c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_65" title="Gliese 65">Gliese 65 A (BL Ceti)</a> (8.724±0.012 ly)</li> <li>red dwarf B (UV Ceti)</li> <li>1? planets: b?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_154" title="Ross 154">Ross 154</a> (9.7063±0.0009 ly)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Brown_dwarfs16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="L-type117" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.85em"><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf#Spectral_class_L" title="Brown dwarf">L-type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luhman_16" title="Luhman 16">Luhman 16</a> (6.5029±0.0011 ly)</li> <li>T-type brown dwarf B</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sub-brown_dwarfsand_rogue_planets46" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub-brown dwarfs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">rogue planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Y-type6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.85em">Y-type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WISE_0855%E2%88%920714" title="WISE 0855−0714">WISE 0855−0714</a> (7.430±0.041 ly)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Astronomy559" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astronomy_navbox" title="Template:Astronomy 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href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbols" title="Astronomical symbols">Astronomical symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">Astronomical object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy" title="Glossary of astronomy">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_in_space" title="List of topics in space">... in space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Astronomy by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Manner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_astronomy" title="Amateur astronomy">Amateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">Observational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_astronomy" title="Sidewalk astronomy">Sidewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Celestial subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_astronomy" title="Galactic astronomy">Galactic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_astronomy" title="Extragalactic astronomy">Extragalactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Local system</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">EM methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submillimetre_astronomy" title="Submillimetre astronomy">Submillimetre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">Infrared</a> (<a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_astronomy" title="Far-infrared astronomy">Far-infrared</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible-light_astronomy" title="Visible-light astronomy">Visible-light (optical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_astronomy" title="Ultraviolet astronomy">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-ray</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_X-ray_astronomy" title="History of X-ray astronomy">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">Gamma-ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Other methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_astronomy" title="Neutrino astronomy">Neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray_astronomy" title="Cosmic ray astronomy">Cosmic rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_astronomy" title="Gravitational-wave astronomy">Gravitational radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-energy_astronomy" title="High-energy astronomy">High-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_astronomy" title="Radar astronomy">Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_astronomy" title="Spherical astronomy">Spherical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-messenger_astronomy" title="Multi-messenger astronomy">Multi-messenger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_astronomy" title="Cultural astronomy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_astronomy" title="Inuit astronomy">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_Serbia" title="Astronomy in Serbia">Serbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_folk_astronomy" title="Serbian folk astronomy">folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_astronomy" title="Tibetan astronomy">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">Optical telescopes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_optical_telescopes" title="List of optical telescopes">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telescopes" title="Category:Telescopes">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_large_telescope" title="Extremely large telescope">Extremely large telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_Large_Telescope" title="Extremely Large Telescope">Extremely Large Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Telescopio_Canarias" title="Gran Telescopio Canarias">Gran Telescopio Canarias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale_Telescope" title="Hale Telescope">Hale Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Binocular_Telescope" title="Large Binocular Telescope">Large Binocular Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Large_Telescope" title="Southern African Large Telescope">Southern African Large Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">Very Large Telescope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroinformatics" title="Astroinformatics">Astroinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" 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