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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_(c._1150_–_1523)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finland_becomes_part_of_Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland_becomes_part_of_Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Finland becomes part of Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland_becomes_part_of_Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finland_as_part_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland_as_part_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Finland as part of the Kingdom of Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland_as_part_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_countryside_and_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_countryside_and_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>The countryside and cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_countryside_and_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_frälse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_frälse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>The <i>frälse</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_frälse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_age_of_the_Kalmar_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_age_of_the_Kalmar_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The age of the Kalmar Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_age_of_the_Kalmar_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finland_as_part_of_the_Kalmar_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland_as_part_of_the_Kalmar_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Finland as part of the Kalmar Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland_as_part_of_the_Kalmar_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_community_under_the_union_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_community_under_the_union_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>The community under the union times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_community_under_the_union_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_union_begins_to_fall_apart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_union_begins_to_fall_apart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>The union begins to fall apart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_union_begins_to_fall_apart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clashes_of_power_between_Finland_and_Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clashes_of_power_between_Finland_and_Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Clashes of power between Finland and Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clashes_of_power_between_Finland_and_Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispute_over_the_eastern_border" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_over_the_eastern_border"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Dispute over the eastern border</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute_over_the_eastern_border-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Axelsson_to_Sten_Sture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Axelsson_to_Sten_Sture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>From Axelsson to Sten Sture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Axelsson_to_Sten_Sture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unrest_during_the_end_of_medieval_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unrest_during_the_end_of_medieval_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.7</span> <span>Unrest during the end of medieval times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unrest_during_the_end_of_medieval_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_age_of_Vasa_(1523–1617)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_age_of_Vasa_(1523–1617)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The age of Vasa (1523–1617)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_age_of_Vasa_(1523–1617)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The age of Vasa (1523–1617) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_age_of_Vasa_(1523–1617)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_reign_of_Gustav_Vasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_reign_of_Gustav_Vasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The reign of Gustav Vasa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_reign_of_Gustav_Vasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_final_battles_of_the_union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_final_battles_of_the_union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>The final battles of the union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_final_battles_of_the_union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-An_early_modern_state_is_born" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_early_modern_state_is_born"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>An early modern state is born</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_early_modern_state_is_born-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_war_against_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_war_against_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>The war against Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_war_against_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misconduct_by_the_nobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misconduct_by_the_nobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Misconduct by the nobility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misconduct_by_the_nobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_throne_conflicts_to_the_start_of_great_power_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_throne_conflicts_to_the_start_of_great_power_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>From throne conflicts to the start of great power politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_throne_conflicts_to_the_start_of_great_power_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_reign_of_Erik_XIV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_reign_of_Erik_XIV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>The reign of Erik XIV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_reign_of_Erik_XIV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_struggle_for_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_struggle_for_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>The struggle for power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_struggle_for_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Long_Wrath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Long_Wrath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>The Long Wrath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Long_Wrath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_new_struggle_for_the_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_new_struggle_for_the_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>A new struggle for the throne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_new_struggle_for_the_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justice_becomes_stricter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justice_becomes_stricter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Justice becomes stricter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justice_becomes_stricter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_peasant_unrest_in_the_16th_century_and_the_Cudgel_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_peasant_unrest_in_the_16th_century_and_the_Cudgel_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The peasant unrest in the 16th century and the Cudgel War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_peasant_unrest_in_the_16th_century_and_the_Cudgel_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Great_Power_age_(1611–1721)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Great_Power_age_(1611–1721)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Great Power age (1611–1721)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Great_Power_age_(1611–1721)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Great Power age (1611–1721) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Great_Power_age_(1611–1721)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Treaty_of_Stolbovo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Treaty_of_Stolbovo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Treaty of Stolbovo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Treaty_of_Stolbovo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Thirty_Years'_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Thirty_Years'_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Thirty Years' War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Thirty_Years'_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_wars_to_the_age_of_peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_wars_to_the_age_of_peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>From the wars to the age of peace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_wars_to_the_age_of_peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Great_Northern_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Great_Northern_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>The Great Northern War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Great_Northern_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposals_about_the_Swedification_of_Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposals_about_the_Swedification_of_Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Proposals about the Swedification of Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposals_about_the_Swedification_of_Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Age_of_Liberty_and_the_Gustavian_Age_(1721–1809)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Age_of_Liberty_and_the_Gustavian_Age_(1721–1809)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Age of Liberty and the Gustavian Age (1721–1809)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Age_of_Liberty_and_the_Gustavian_Age_(1721–1809)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Age of Liberty and the Gustavian Age (1721–1809) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Age_of_Liberty_and_the_Gustavian_Age_(1721–1809)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power_away_from_the_king" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_away_from_the_king"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Power away from the king</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_away_from_the_king-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Hats'_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Hats'_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The Hats' War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Hats'_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thoughts_in_the_new_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thoughts_in_the_new_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Thoughts in the new age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thoughts_in_the_new_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_restless_reign_of_Gustav_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_restless_reign_of_Gustav_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>The restless reign of Gustav III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_restless_reign_of_Gustav_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden_loses_Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden_loses_Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Sweden loses Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden_loses_Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Swedish_attitude_towards_Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Swedish_attitude_towards_Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The Swedish attitude towards Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Swedish_attitude_towards_Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Finland under Swedish rule</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="فنلندا تحت الحكم السويدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فنلندا تحت الحكم السويدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%9E_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Шведскае праўленне ў Фінляндыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шведскае праўленне ў Фінляндыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia_bajo_el_dominio_sueco" title="Finlandia bajo el dominio sueco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Finlandia bajo el dominio sueco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Finland</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">Part of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1150s–1809</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Finland"><img alt="Flag of Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/125px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/188px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/250px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Finland" title="Flag of Finland">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Finland_under_Swedish_rule.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Finland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland_under_Swedish_rule.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Finland_under_Swedish_rule.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland_under_Swedish_rule.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Finland_under_Swedish_rule.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland_under_Swedish_rule.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Finland_under_Swedish_rule.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="819" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland" title="Coat of arms of Finland">Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charta_%C3%B6fver_Svea_och_G%C3%B6ta_Riken_med_Finland_och_Norland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Charta_%C3%B6fver_Svea_och_G%C3%B6ta_Riken_med_Finland_och_Norland.jpg/220px-Charta_%C3%B6fver_Svea_och_G%C3%B6ta_Riken_med_Finland_och_Norland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Charta_%C3%B6fver_Svea_och_G%C3%B6ta_Riken_med_Finland_och_Norland.jpg/330px-Charta_%C3%B6fver_Svea_och_G%C3%B6ta_Riken_med_Finland_och_Norland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Charta_%C3%B6fver_Svea_och_G%C3%B6ta_Riken_med_Finland_och_Norland.jpg/440px-Charta_%C3%B6fver_Svea_och_G%C3%B6ta_Riken_med_Finland_och_Norland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5791" data-file-height="6739" /></a></span><br />Map of Sweden (1747)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_monarchs_and_heads_of_state#Part_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sweden,_from_the_High_Middle_Ages_until_1809" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Finnish monarchs and heads of state">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1250–1275 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valdemar,_King_of_Sweden" title="Valdemar, King of Sweden">Valdemar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1792–1809 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden">Gustav IV Adolf</a> (Last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1438–1440 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles VIII of Sweden">Karl Knutsson Bonde</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1512–1520 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sten_Sture_the_Younger" title="Sten Sture the Younger">Sten Sture the Younger</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> to <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Swedish_Crusade" title="First Swedish Crusade">First Swedish Crusade</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1150s</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 November</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1397–1523</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1611–1721</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1808–1809</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Porvoo" title="Diet of Porvoo">Diet of Porvoo</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1809</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fredrikshamn" title="Treaty of Fredrikshamn">Treaty of Fredrikshamn</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 September 1809</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_tribes" title="Finnish tribes">Finnish tribes</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland_Arms.svg/20px-Grand_Duchy_of_Finland_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland_Arms.svg/30px-Grand_Duchy_of_Finland_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland_Arms.svg/40px-Grand_Duchy_of_Finland_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="616" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finlands_vapen_-_Livrustkammaren_-_47927.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Finlands_vapen_-_Livrustkammaren_-_47927.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Finlands_vapen_-_Livrustkammaren_-_47927.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Finlands_vapen_-_Livrustkammaren_-_47927.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Finlands_vapen_-_Livrustkammaren_-_47927.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Finlands_vapen_-_Livrustkammaren_-_47927.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Finlands_vapen_-_Livrustkammaren_-_47927.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3165" data-file-height="4123" /></a><figcaption>Finland's coat of arms from 1633, under the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish history">Finnish history</a>, <b>Finland under Swedish rule</b> is the historical period when the bulk of the area that later came to constitute <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> was an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. The starting point of Swedish rule is uncertain and controversial. Historical evidence of the establishment of Swedish rule in Finland exists from the middle of the 13th century onwards. </p><p>Swedish rule ended in most of so-called <a href="/wiki/Old_Finland" title="Old Finland">Old Finland</a>, the south-eastern part of the Finnish territories, in 1721 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>. Sweden ceded the remainder of Old Finland in 1743 following the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%9343)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–43)">Hats' War</a>. On 17 September 1809, the period of Swedish rule over the rest of Finland came to an end when the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fredrikshamn" title="Treaty of Fredrikshamn">Treaty of Hamina</a> was signed, ending the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a>. As a result, the eastern third of Sweden was ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and became established as the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>. </p><p>Swedish rule in the area of modern-day Finland started as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a>. The Finnish upper class lost its position and lands to new Swedish and German nobility and to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_colonisation_of_Finland" title="Swedish colonisation of Finland">Swedish colonisation</a> of some coastal areas of Finland with Christian population was a way to retain power in former pagan areas that had been conquered. It has been estimated that there were thousands of colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonisation led to several conflicts between the colonists and local population which have been recorded in the 14th century. In colonised coastal areas the Finnish population, remaining as a minority, principally lost its fishing and cultivation rights to the colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the Finnish provinces were an integral part of the Kingdom of Sweden with the same legal rights and duties as the rest of the realm, Finnish-speaking Swedish subjects faced comparative challenges in dealing with the authorities as Swedish was established as the sole official language of government. In fact, it remained a widely accepted view in Sweden proper that the Finns were in principle a separate and conquered people and therefore not necessarily entitled to be treated equitably with Swedes. Swedish kings visited Finland rarely and in Swedish contemporary texts Finns were often portrayed as primitive and their language inferior.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately half of the taxes collected in Finland was used in the country, while the other half was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Sweden, Finland was annexed as part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christian domain</a> and the cultural, communal and economic order of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, on which the <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutional</a> governments and <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Western_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Western philosophy)">legalistic</a> principles were founded. Finland was the eastern frontier of the realm, which brought many wars and raids to the areas. The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish language</a>, dating from prehistoric times, and some parts of folklore religion and culture remained under Swedish rule, even though they changed as they adapted to new circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in this period Finnish adopted the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> as its writing system and approximately 1100 Swedish loanwords, though most of them are originally from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Englund" title="Peter Englund">Peter Englund</a> has noted that Swedish-ruled Finland was not so much part of a national union or a province as "the eastern half of the realm which was practically destroyed in 1809, when both parts went on along their separate ways." Englund thinks that the period of Sweden as a superpower was the common "property" of Sweden and Finland, because the rise as a superpower would have been impossible for a poor nation without the resources of the eastern part of the realm.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a time, Finns were considered by a majority of historians to be the first inhabitants of Sweden together with the Sámi. This was also believed by some Swedish historians, like <a href="/wiki/Olof_von_Dalin" title="Olof von Dalin">Olof von Dalin</a> (18th century), who believed them to be one of the biblical <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a> of Israel. This change in attitude largely stemmed from a need to create a more equal footing during the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a>. They still faced difficulties in dealing with higher Swedish authorities in Finnish and a lack of publications in Finnish.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages_(c._1150_–_1523)"><span id="Middle_Ages_.28c._1150_.E2.80.93_1523.29"></span>Middle Ages (c. 1150 – 1523)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Middle Ages (c. 1150 – 1523)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland_becomes_part_of_Sweden">Finland becomes part of Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Finland becomes part of Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Birger_letter_of_peace_for_Karelian_women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/King_Birger_letter_of_peace_for_Karelian_women.jpg/220px-King_Birger_letter_of_peace_for_Karelian_women.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/King_Birger_letter_of_peace_for_Karelian_women.jpg/330px-King_Birger_letter_of_peace_for_Karelian_women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/King_Birger_letter_of_peace_for_Karelian_women.jpg/440px-King_Birger_letter_of_peace_for_Karelian_women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5900" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Birger" class="mw-redirect" title="King Birger">King Birger</a> letter for <a href="/wiki/Karelians_(Finns)" title="Karelians (Finns)">Karelian women</a> from 1316 is Finland's oldest surviving original document.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piispa_Henrik_ja_Lalli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Piispa_Henrik_ja_Lalli.jpg/220px-Piispa_Henrik_ja_Lalli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Piispa_Henrik_ja_Lalli.jpg/330px-Piispa_Henrik_ja_Lalli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Piispa_Henrik_ja_Lalli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>The bishop Henry and Lalli</figcaption></figure> <p>The starting point of the Swedish rule is under a large amount of uncertainty. It is connected to the efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> to expand the faith in the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> region and to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A4hkin%C3%A4saaren_rauhan_raja_1323_-_Treaty_of_N%C3%B6teborg_1323.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/P%C3%A4hkin%C3%A4saaren_rauhan_raja_1323_-_Treaty_of_N%C3%B6teborg_1323.jpg/220px-P%C3%A4hkin%C3%A4saaren_rauhan_raja_1323_-_Treaty_of_N%C3%B6teborg_1323.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/P%C3%A4hkin%C3%A4saaren_rauhan_raja_1323_-_Treaty_of_N%C3%B6teborg_1323.jpg/330px-P%C3%A4hkin%C3%A4saaren_rauhan_raja_1323_-_Treaty_of_N%C3%B6teborg_1323.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/P%C3%A4hkin%C3%A4saaren_rauhan_raja_1323_-_Treaty_of_N%C3%B6teborg_1323.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Prevalent view of the two-branched border set in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_N%C3%B6teborg" title="Treaty of Nöteborg">treaty of Nöteborg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shown in red is the undisputed section of the border, shown as a black dotted line are the two branches of the border, and in gray the border that was in use in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legend_of_Eric_the_Holy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legend of Eric the Holy (page does not exist)">legend of Eric the Holy</a>, written in the 1270s, the King of Sweden <a href="/wiki/Eric_IX_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric IX of Sweden">Eric the Holy</a> and English bishop <a href="/wiki/Henry_(bishop_of_Finland)" title="Henry (bishop of Finland)">Henry</a> made the <a href="/wiki/First_Swedish_Crusade" title="First Swedish Crusade">first Swedish crusade</a> to southwest Finland in the 1150s. According to the chronicle and other sources, the bishop <a href="/wiki/Henry_(bishop_of_Finland)" title="Henry (bishop of Finland)">Henry</a> was converting people to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Finland_Proper_(historical_province)" title="Finland Proper (historical province)">Finland Proper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satakunta" title="Satakunta">Satakunta</a> during the crusade. The crusade, possibly in 1155, most likely never occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a> of the South-western part of Finland is known to have already started in the 10th century, and in the 12th century, the area was probably almost entirely Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Erik%27s_Chronicle" title="Erik's Chronicle">Erik's Chronicle</a></i>, the Swedish kingdom made two crusades to Finland in the 13th century. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Second_Swedish_Crusade" title="Second Swedish Crusade">Second Crusade</a> against <a href="/wiki/Tavastians" title="Tavastians">Tavastians</a> was made in 1249–1250 and the so-called <a href="/wiki/Third_Swedish_Crusade" title="Third Swedish Crusade">Third Crusade</a> against <a href="/wiki/Karelia_(historical_province_of_Finland)" title="Karelia (historical province of Finland)">Karelians</a> in 1293. According to historical sources, the reason for the crusades besides spreading Catholic faith, were the numerous raids that Finnish tribes made to Sweden. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Pope Alexander IV</a> even accepted marriage between Swedish king <a href="/wiki/Valdemar,_King_of_Sweden" title="Valdemar, King of Sweden">Valdemar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Denmark" title="Sophia of Denmark">Sophia</a>, daughter of Danish king <a href="/wiki/Eric_IV_of_Denmark" title="Eric IV of Denmark">Eric IV</a>, so they could better repel heathen attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 14th century, with the successful crusades and the partial colonization of Finnish coastline with Christian <a href="/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland" title="Swedish-speaking population of Finland">Swedish colonists</a>, what is now Western and Southern Finland and the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_isthmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Karelian isthmus">Karelian isthmus</a>, had become part of Sweden, Catholic Church and the <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a> diocese. Eastern Karelia, the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4kisalmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Käkisalmi">Käkisalmi</a> region and the <a href="/wiki/Ladoga_Karelia" title="Ladoga Karelia">Ladoga Karelia</a> retained their ties to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_N%C3%B6teborg" title="Treaty of Nöteborg">Treaty of Nöteborg</a>, made in 1323 between Sweden and Novgorod, was the first treaty that defined the eastern boundary of the Swedish realm and Finland at least for Karelia. The boundary in northern Finland remained unclear. However, Sweden annexed the Finnish population on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ostrobothnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ostrobothnia">Northern Ostrobothnia</a> in the 14th century to its realm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland_as_part_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sweden">Finland as part of the Kingdom of Sweden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Finland as part of the Kingdom of Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnus_Eriksson_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Magnus_Eriksson_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Magnus_Eriksson_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Magnus_Eriksson_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Magnus_Eriksson_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Magnus_Eriksson_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Magnus_Eriksson_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Magnus Eriksson on <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Erikssons_landslag" title="Magnus Erikssons landslag">his national law book</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turku_Castle_medieval_keep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turku_Castle_medieval_keep.jpg/220px-Turku_Castle_medieval_keep.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turku_Castle_medieval_keep.jpg/330px-Turku_Castle_medieval_keep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turku_Castle_medieval_keep.jpg/440px-Turku_Castle_medieval_keep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The older part of the Turku Castle viewed from the harbour</figcaption></figure> <p>To help establish the power of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sweden">King of Sweden</a>, three castles were built: the <a href="/wiki/Turku_Castle" title="Turku Castle">Turku Castle</a> in Finland Proper, the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4me_Castle" title="Häme Castle">Häme Castle</a> in Tavastia and the <a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Castle" title="Vyborg Castle">Vyborg Castle</a> in Karelia. In <a href="/wiki/Mediaeval" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediaeval">medieval</a> times the castles were important for the defence of Finland and they also acted as government centers in Finland. The government area surrounding a castle was called a <i><a href="/wiki/Slottsl%C3%A4n" title="Slottslän">slottslän</a></i> (<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">linnalääni</i></span> in Finnish). Sweden was an electoral kingdom in medieval times and the election was held at the <a href="/wiki/Stones_of_Mora" title="Stones of Mora">Stones of Mora</a>. Finland also received the right to send their representative to the election in 1362, which shows the established role of Finland as part of Sweden. The development of government and justice had a large role in the law established during the reign of king <a href="/wiki/Magnus_IV_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus IV of Sweden">Magnus IV of Sweden</a>. </p><p>In medieval times, the historical regions of Finland Proper and Satakunta were part of the central area of the Swedish government and retained the ties to <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> they had formed already during prehistory. In Southwest Finland, Tavastia, southern Karelia there was permanent <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> population, which gradually condensed and spread to a larger area. The spreading and establishment of the new population in Middle and North Ostrobothnia was one of the most notable events in the history of the Finnish population during the medieval ages. In <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>, the Turku archipelago and the coastal regions of Ostrobothnia and <a href="/wiki/Nylandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nylandia">Nylandia</a> there also was a <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedish</a>-speaking population. In the medieval ages, <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a> were by far the largest population group in Finland. A large part of the area of current Finland was a wilderness in medieval times, where people from Satakunta, Tavastia and Karelia held hunting trips, and which was inhabited by the Sámi people, at least some of which spoke Sami. The wilderness was not part of any government area in practical terms. </p><p>In the early times of the Swedish rule, official government documents were often written in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, which emphasised the role of the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> also in secular government. The use of old Swedish as a written government language increased during the 14th century. In local governments in cities, particularly concerning international trade, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Low German language">Middle Low German language</a> was also largely used. It is however impossible to present accurate approximations of the relations of different languages in medieval times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_countryside_and_cities">The countryside and cities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The countryside and cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the situation in central Europe, peasants in Sweden were free and <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> never developed in the Swedish realm in the proportion it did in central Europe. The local government was based on local settlements (<i><a href="/wiki/Socken" title="Socken">socken</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parishes</a> in the countryside. </p><p>In the medieval times, the concept of cities was introduced to Finland. The <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> living in the cities, such as merchants and handicraft workers, only represented a small part of the population. The most important medieval cities in Finland were <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a> (in Swedish Åbo) and Viipuri (Viborg). Other cities were <a href="/wiki/Naantali" title="Naantali">Naantali</a> (Nådendal), <a href="/wiki/Rauma,_Finland" title="Rauma, Finland">Rauma</a> (Raumå), <a href="/wiki/Ulvila" title="Ulvila">Ulvila</a> (Ulfsby) and <a href="/wiki/Porvoo" title="Porvoo">Porvoo</a> (Borgå). Faraway trade in Finland and other <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> in the medieval times was mostly in the hands of German <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> merchants and as such a significant portion of the bourgeoisie in Turku and Viipuri were <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>. In cities, the local government was in the hands of a court led by a <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_frälse"><span id="The_fr.C3.A4lse"></span>The <i>frälse</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The frälse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Alsn%C3%B6" title="Ordinance of Alsnö">Ordinance of Alsnö</a>, given during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Magnus_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus III of Sweden">Magnus III of Sweden</a>, established a small secular <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">frälse</i></span> (Finnish: <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">rälssi</i></span>) or <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>, freed from <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">tax</a>, in Sweden and Finland in 1280. The spiritual <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">frälse</i></span> meant spiritual people who were exempt from paying tax to the secular government (such as priests, nuns and beggar brothers). </p><p>The parishes of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic church">Catholic church</a> in the area of Finland belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Turku" title="Archdiocese of Turku">Archdiocese of Turku</a>. The bishop of Turku, the head of the diocese, had as well as power over the church, a large amount of secular power, and he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Sweden" title="Privy Council of Sweden">Privy Council of Sweden</a>. One of the most notable medieval bishops of Turku was Magnus II Tavast, who held the office from 1412 to 1450. The spiritual <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">frälse</i></span> were the educated, literate intellectuals in medieval Finland. Its members had often attended the Turku cathedral school and some had also studied in foreign universities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_age_of_the_Kalmar_Union">The age of the Kalmar Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The age of the Kalmar Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland_as_part_of_the_Kalmar_Union">Finland as part of the Kalmar Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Finland as part of the Kalmar Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_of_Denmark,_Norway_%26_Sweden_(1389)_effigy_2010_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Margaret_of_Denmark%2C_Norway_%26_Sweden_%281389%29_effigy_2010_%282%29.jpg/220px-Margaret_of_Denmark%2C_Norway_%26_Sweden_%281389%29_effigy_2010_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Margaret_of_Denmark%2C_Norway_%26_Sweden_%281389%29_effigy_2010_%282%29.jpg/330px-Margaret_of_Denmark%2C_Norway_%26_Sweden_%281389%29_effigy_2010_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Margaret_of_Denmark%2C_Norway_%26_Sweden_%281389%29_effigy_2010_%282%29.jpg/440px-Margaret_of_Denmark%2C_Norway_%26_Sweden_%281389%29_effigy_2010_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption>Queen Margaret I</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nordic <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> was founded by Queen of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark" title="Margaret I of Denmark">Margaret I</a> in 1397. In practice, conflicts arose within the union, as the Swedish high classes with their expansion policy were interested in the east, the direction of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, whereas the Danish were more interested in the south – the direction of the German lands. There were also internal conflicts between the high class of individual nations. The struggle to power was not only the result of "foreign political" differences in modern parlance. </p><p>Even in the union age, Finland did not form a continuous governmental area but was divided into two separate governmental districts. <a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Viipuri</a> acted as a significant, sometimes almost independent centre, whereas <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a> was a more integral part of the governmental area of the central authority. According to <a href="/wiki/Kauko_Pirinen" title="Kauko Pirinen">Kauko Pirinen</a>, "In the decentralised union nation Finland was also decentralised. In practical terms, it was not a continuous political entity."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (November 2022)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The independent position of Viipuri was evident in that although Finland was divided into two separate lawspeaker areas, Southern and Northern Finland, in 1435, Viipuri had its own independent Karelian lawspeaker area already in the 1440s, with the lawspeaker probably appointed by the chief of the Viipuri Castle. However, the Karelian lawspeaker had no authority in the Turku land court.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the union age, Finland's position as part of the realm changed. For four decades, the monarch's grasp of Finland was tighter than before. King <a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric of Pomerania</a> visited Finland twice, in 1403 and in 1407. With the union, the leading authorities in Finland also changed, as the king placed his own trustees to lead the castles. Abraham Broderson rose as the chief of the Turku Castle and the Danish <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fleming" title="Klaus Fleming">Klaus Fleming</a> was appointed as lawspeaker. Later, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Lydekesson_Dj%C3%A4kn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Lydekesson Djäkn (page does not exist)">Klaus Lydekesson Djäkn</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Lydekenpoika_Dj%C3%A4kn" class="extiw" title="fi:Klaus Lydekenpoika Djäkn">fi</a>; <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klas_Lydekesson_Dj%C3%A4kn" class="extiw" title="sv:Klas Lydekesson Djäkn">sv</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krister_Nilsson_Vasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krister Nilsson Vasa (page does not exist)">Krister Nilsson Vasa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krister_Niilonpoika_Vaasa" class="extiw" title="fi:Krister Niilonpoika Vaasa">fi</a>; <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krister_Nilsson_(Vasa)" class="extiw" title="sv:Krister Nilsson (Vasa)">sv</a>]</span> rose to significant positions. The bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_II_Tavast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnus II Tavast (page does not exist)">Magnus II Tavast</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maunu_Tavast" class="extiw" title="fi:Maunu Tavast">fi</a>; <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_II_Tavast" class="extiw" title="sv:Magnus II Tavast">sv</a>]</span> was a supporter of the union power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_community_under_the_union_times">The community under the union times</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The community under the union times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">frälse</i></span> and the clergy formed the leading political group under the union times. Finland's own <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">frälse</i></span> only rarely ruled over larger <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">slottslän</i></span>, which were mostly ruled by Swedes or Danes, sometimes even German-born men, who had however lived in Finland for decades. The Finnish <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">frälse</i></span> was mostly responsible for the lower government, military duty and especially justice. The most significant duties in the church were also assigned to sons of the Finnish <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">frälse</i></span> under the union times. However, peasants could also participate in the activities of different courts and have an effect in political decisions, such as the election of the king. </p><p>Apart from Turku and Viipuri (Viborg), cities under union times were small, and numbered very few. As such, foreign trade was modest. Even Viipuri could not compete with <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval</a> (Tallinn) as the centre of Russian trade. Domestic trade was economically more significant than foreign trade. </p><p>Under the union times, the Finnish government was reorganised to help the economic situation. In 1405, hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farms</a> had their tax exemption status revoked. With this, the foundation for systematic agricultural taxing was created. The crown attempted to raise tax income also by settler activities: farming fields caused tax income, whereas work in the wilderness did not. Tax income could be raised by dealing out wilderness areas for permanent population. In 1409, Turku started minting its own <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a>, which had a different value than the money used in the rest of Sweden. They were <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96rtug" title="Örtug">örtugs</a></i> made of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and six <a href="/wiki/Penny" title="Penny">penny</a> coins. In 1407, Finland got its own supreme court, the Turku land court, which was also given governmental powers. The leaders of Finland could now decide on their country's matters in their own meetings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_union_begins_to_fall_apart">The union begins to fall apart</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The union begins to fall apart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Externally, the early times of the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> were a time of peace for Finland. With his active foreign policy, the king <a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric of Pomerania</a> ran into conflict with the Hanseatic League, which made trade more difficult. In the 1430s, the upper class and peasant rebel movements in Sweden did not really have an effect on Finland. The opposition to the upper class caused by the minor peasant rebel movements in Finland can be explained by the expansion of the property of the crown and the <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">frälse</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best known of these rebellions was <a href="/wiki/David%27s_Rebellion" title="David's Rebellion">David's Rebellion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tavastia_(historical_province)" title="Tavastia (historical province)">Tavastia</a> in 1438, which was a <a href="/wiki/Peasant_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant rebellion">peasant rebellion</a> aimed at the Viikki manor.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No one from Finland participated in the <a href="/wiki/Arboga" title="Arboga">Arboga</a> meeting in 1435. In the same autumn, the bishop Magnus II Tavast and Krister Nilsson arrived in Sweden, and in the negotiations there they participated in the discharge of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Engelbrekt_Engelbrektsson" title="Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson">Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson</a> rebellion and the forming of a compromise. Krister Nilsson became the <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">drots</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Seneschal_in_Scandinavia" title="Seneschal in Scandinavia">seneschal</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles VIII of Sweden">Karl Knutsson Bonde</a> became the marshal. After Nilsson had returned to Finland in the same autumn, rebel movements started in Sweden again. </p><p>In order to fight the rebel movements, the Finnish peasants were promised a cut in taxes in a letter dated 24 June 1436, signed by the archbishop, the <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">drots</i></span> and the marshal, under authority from the government. The stated reason was that the Finns had proven to be loyal to the realm and sworn never to take up a leader of their own, and promised not to rise up in rebellion, and accepted the leader appointed by the government. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seppo_Suvanto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seppo Suvanto (page does not exist)">Seppo Suvanto</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppo_Suvanto" class="extiw" title="fi:Seppo Suvanto">fi</a>; <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppo_Suvanto" class="extiw" title="sv:Seppo Suvanto">sv</a>]</span> has interpreted this so that Sweden feared that the Finnish local government would detach itself from the Swedish realm and the Finns would choose a leader of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clashes_of_power_between_Finland_and_Sweden">Clashes of power between Finland and Sweden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clashes of power between Finland and Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_I_of_Denmark,_Norway_%26_Sweden_1440s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Christian_I_of_Denmark%2C_Norway_%26_Sweden_1440s.jpg/220px-Christian_I_of_Denmark%2C_Norway_%26_Sweden_1440s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Christian_I_of_Denmark%2C_Norway_%26_Sweden_1440s.jpg/330px-Christian_I_of_Denmark%2C_Norway_%26_Sweden_1440s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Christian_I_of_Denmark%2C_Norway_%26_Sweden_1440s.jpg/440px-Christian_I_of_Denmark%2C_Norway_%26_Sweden_1440s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Christian I</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_II_of_Sweden,_Carl_I_of_Norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Carl_II_of_Sweden%2C_Carl_I_of_Norway.jpg/220px-Carl_II_of_Sweden%2C_Carl_I_of_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Carl_II_of_Sweden%2C_Carl_I_of_Norway.jpg/330px-Carl_II_of_Sweden%2C_Carl_I_of_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Carl_II_of_Sweden%2C_Carl_I_of_Norway.jpg/440px-Carl_II_of_Sweden%2C_Carl_I_of_Norway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3126" data-file-height="4192" /></a><figcaption>Charles VIII (Carl II), sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Bernt_Notke" title="Bernt Notke">Bernt Notke</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The king was finally deposed in 1439, after which Sweden was ruled by a council of <a href="/wiki/Aristocrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocrat">aristocrats</a>. It was composed of bishops and leading noblemen. The mightiest of this group was Karl Knutsson, who was elected leader of the realm in 1438. His biggest competitor, the <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">drots</i></span> Krister retreated to Vyborg after this. After the fall of the absolutist government, Finland's connections to <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> were severed. However, the connections to Sweden were not really strengthened but local <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">slottslän</i></span> governors mostly ruled the country. </p><p>In 1440, the Danish invited <a href="/wiki/Christopher_of_Bavaria" title="Christopher of Bavaria">Christopher of Bavaria</a> to their country and elected him as their king. In Sweden, negotiations were being held about the conditions of his recognition. <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles VIII of Sweden">Charles VIII of Sweden</a> moved to Finland in the same year and took hold of the Turku and <a href="/wiki/Kastelholm_Castle" title="Kastelholm Castle">Kastelholm</a> castles, promising to denounce his position as leader of the realm if he were to receive the whole of Finland as his county. This wish was granted, apart from <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>. However, the situation changed very quickly, and Charles VIII had to contend himself with the Vyborg <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">slottslän</i></span>. Turku returned to the power of an official appointed by the king. The king's intention was to prevent the forming of a continuous Finland. </p><p>After Christopher died in 1448, Charles VIII sailed from Vyborg to <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> with 800 armed men, where he was elected king (1448 to 1457), apparently because of his military superiority. His term was marked by a war with <a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I of Denmark</a>, which caused taxes to rise also in Finland. During this period, Finland was the king's most significant support area. In 1457, the Swedish high nobility rebelled against the king, and he fled to <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a>. Christian I was elected as king of Sweden. He ruled from 1457 to 1464. However, not all people supported the new king – especially in Vyborg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dispute_over_the_eastern_border">Dispute over the eastern border</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dispute over the eastern border"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next period was marked by problems in the eastern parts of the realm. As population spread to the wilderness, border disputes and fights with Novgorod and the Karelians started. As <a href="/wiki/Savonia_(historical_province)" title="Savonia (historical province)">Savonian</a> population spread, Northern Karelia was also populated. In 1478, Novgorod was annexed to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, and a new power arose beyond the eastern border. To secure the border, the <a href="/wiki/Olavinlinna" title="Olavinlinna">Olavinlinna</a> castle was built to protect the new settlers. The Russians viewed this as a breach of the border treaty, and open war reigned for many years until the interim peace in 1482. However, the parties could not agree on where the border was to be located. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_Axelsson_to_Sten_Sture">From Axelsson to Sten Sture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: From Axelsson to Sten Sture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stein_Gustavson_(Sture).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Stein_Gustavson_%28Sture%29.jpg/220px-Stein_Gustavson_%28Sture%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Stein_Gustavson_%28Sture%29.jpg/330px-Stein_Gustavson_%28Sture%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Stein_Gustavson_%28Sture%29.jpg/440px-Stein_Gustavson_%28Sture%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1139" /></a><figcaption>Sten Sture, sculpted by Bernt Notke</figcaption></figure> <p>In the battle for the Swedish crown, Finnish castles were also conquered and persuaded to the union king's side. The Danish knight <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axelsson_Tott" title="Erik Axelsson Tott">Erik Axelsson Tott</a> came with his brothers to conquer castles in the 1480s, and in the end, all the castles were under the power of the Axelssons. After Erik's death he left the Viipuri, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna">Hämeenlinna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savonlinna" title="Savonlinna">Savonlinna</a> counties to his brothers Ivar and Lauri, who already ruled over <a href="/wiki/Raseborg" title="Raseborg">Raseborg</a>. However, the formation of a continuous circle of power did not fit to the regent <a href="/wiki/Sten_Sture_the_Elder" title="Sten Sture the Elder">Sten Sture</a>'s plans. In 1481 Sten Sture arrived in Finland, all the way to Viipuri. The regent and the local governors could not come to an agreement: the regent promised tax cuts to the people; the local landowners could not accept this. </p><p>In the end of the union times, no regent had universal acceptance from all the Nordic countries any more. The King of Denmark <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Denmark" title="John, King of Denmark">John</a> (reigned 1481–1513) was not accepted in the union countries, and the councils took power into their own hands. In 1483 Sten Sture received power over three counties in Finland: Viipuri, Savonlinna and Hämeenlinna. The former realm of the Axelssons became the regent's support area and Finland became an even more integral part of the central government; especially as even Raseborg came to the power of Sten Sture's supporter <a href="/wiki/Knut_Posse" title="Knut Posse">Knut Posse</a>. Sture did not distribute the castles to the nobility, but ruled over them through officials dependent on him, gathering a significant amount of tax income to himself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unrest_during_the_end_of_medieval_times">Unrest during the end of medieval times</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Unrest during the end of medieval times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 15th century, previous skirmishes with Moscow escalated into a <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1495%E2%80%9397)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Swedish War (1495–97)">war</a>. In 1495, the Vyborg Castle was sieged. People from Western Finland were also drafted to war. In threatened areas, all people over 15 years of age were called to arms, and in addition, German <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a> and people from Sweden arrived in the country. The Russian attacks stretched from Karelia to <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(historical_province)" title="Ostrobothnia (historical province)">Ostrobothnia</a>, Savonia and <a href="/wiki/Tavastia_(historical_province)" title="Tavastia (historical province)">Tavastia</a>. Peace was made in 1497. </p><p>In the same year, the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Sweden" title="Privy Council of Sweden">Privy Council of Sweden</a> deposed Sten Sture as regent. However, the Finnish <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">slottsläns</i></span> remained under his control. A <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> followed, where King John beat the regent's troops, becoming King of Sweden himself (1497–1501). In 1499, Sture had to renounce his areas in Finland. In 1503, <a href="/wiki/Svante_Nilsson_(regent_of_Sweden)" title="Svante Nilsson (regent of Sweden)">Svante Nilsson Sture</a> (reigned 1504–1512) was elected as regent, and the Finnish leaders swore their loyalty to him. In a meeting held in Turku, the people showed their support for his position. However, the unanimity was only specious, as part of the leaders of Finland supported their own political standpoint together with Sten Sture's family. Their goals have remained somewhat unclear. However, national history has emphasised the role of eastern politics in the disagreements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_age_of_Vasa_(1523–1617)"><span id="The_age_of_Vasa_.281523.E2.80.931617.29"></span>The age of Vasa (1523–1617)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The age of Vasa (1523–1617)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_reign_of_Gustav_Vasa">The reign of Gustav Vasa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The reign of Gustav Vasa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_final_battles_of_the_union">The final battles of the union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The final battles of the union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_Vasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gustav_Vasa.jpg/220px-Gustav_Vasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Gustav_Vasa.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Gustav I (Vasa) of Sweden</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg/220px-Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg/330px-Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg/440px-Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>A drawing of Mikael Agricola by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Albert Edelfelt</a>. No contemporary images of Agricola remain.</figcaption></figure> <p>The final times of the union were a time of unrest in most of Finland, not only in Vyborg. In the late 16th century, the Danish went on pillages on the Finnish coast, and the pirate captain Otto Rudi robbed Turku and its <a href="/wiki/Turku_Cathedral" title="Turku Cathedral">cathedral</a>'s treasures. As the Danish union king <a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II of Denmark</a> came to power, in his coronation he had tens of Swedish noblemen beheaded. This was called the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Bloodbath" title="Stockholm Bloodbath">Stockholm Bloodbath</a>. The Swedish nobleman <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav Vasa</a> rose up to oppose the union king and won the peasants on his side. The German Hanseatic merchants also supported Gustav Vasa and provided him with weapons and money. The Finnish-born brothers Erik and Ivar Fleming conquered the Finnish castles for Gustav Vasa and drove the Danish away from Finland in 1523. The age of the Nordic union came to an end, and Gustav Vasa became king of Sweden and Finland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="An_early_modern_state_is_born">An early modern state is born</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: An early modern state is born"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the reign of Gustav Vasa, a continuous Swedish realm started to form. He managed to suppress the regional communities who had been driving their own politics. In turn, the <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Sweden" title="Reformation in Sweden">reformation</a> suppressed the church. The high nobility, already weakened by the bloodbath, was now attached to support royal politics. However, the governing was still done in the medieval tradition: the king had numerous noblemen and scribes to help him, but these were not really officials. Also the government did not have a clear distinction of jobs, but tasks under the king's service changed according to the situation. In the 1530s, Gustav Vasa started to bring in German government officials to the country, along with whom new visions of royal power arrived in Sweden. During the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1544_V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s_Diet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1544 Västerås Diet (page does not exist)">1544 Västerås Diet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5sin_valtiop%C3%A4iv%C3%A4t_1544" class="extiw" title="fi:Västeråsin valtiopäivät 1544">fi</a>; <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksdagen_1544" class="extiw" title="sv:Riksdagen 1544">sv</a>]</span>, the royalty was changed to hereditary and Gustav Vasa's eldest son Erik was named heir to the throne. </p><p>The crown's local government concentrated in the hands of officials after land grants had been revoked. Their jobs were numerous, but collecting taxes was one of the most important ones. During Gustav Vasa's reign, tax collecting switched to literal government; first, systematic land documents (of ownership of land) were kept to help in taxation, other kinds of catalogues and literal accounts soon followed. The officials were also responsible for repopulating vacated houses, providing transport and roads. The officials also had to prevent illegal trade and handwork practiced in the countryside. Also overall peacekeeping and justice work belonged to the officials' duties – this way the crown's share of tax and fine income could be secured. Enhancing government raised the crown's tax income by tens of percents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_war_against_Russia">The war against Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The war against Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Continuing conflicts with Russia were still significant in Finnish foreign politics. In the start of Gustav Vasa's reign, negotiations were held in an attempt to regain an idea of where the borderline went. The Swedish tried to postpone checking the borderline for as long as possible, and despite temporary agreements, conflicts and raids on both sides continued. In a nobility meeting held in Vyborg in 1555, the king was advised to go to war. The attack resulted in a counter-attack by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> from the direction of Vyborg and Savonia. Negotiations held from 1556 to 1557 resulted in an interim peace lasting 40 years. There was a plan to hold a new negotiation about the borderline in 1559, but this never happened. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Misconduct_by_the_nobility">Misconduct by the nobility</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Misconduct by the nobility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In war times, the king had spent a long time in Finland. There he ordered an extensive investigation of misconduct by the nobility. This investigation resulted in the so-called Jakob Teit complaint list, which is a significant source of community history in the 16th century. In summer 1556, the king made Finland into its own duchy, and named his son John as its ruler. Gustav Vasa died in September 1560. <a href="/wiki/Erik_XIV_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Erik XIV of Sweden">Erik XIV of Sweden</a> succeeded him on the throne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_throne_conflicts_to_the_start_of_great_power_politics">From throne conflicts to the start of great power politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: From throne conflicts to the start of great power politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_reign_of_Erik_XIV">The reign of Erik XIV</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The reign of Erik XIV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_XIV_of_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden.jpg/220px-Eric_XIV_of_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden.jpg/330px-Eric_XIV_of_Sweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden.jpg/440px-Eric_XIV_of_Sweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Eric XIV</figcaption></figure> <p>Erik XIV was crowned as king in 1561. He attempted to strengthen the monarchy even more in regard to the nobility and also to his brothers. To weaken their position, Erik founded new counties and baronships to divide the power of dukes. In Finland, the king's politics also resulted in new lawspeakers being appointed to the country. In 1561 the king approved the so-called Arboga articles at a diet, which submitted the dukes to the king's control and stripped them of a chance for independent foreign politics. </p><p>Destroying the position of John, the duke of Finland, was important to the king. As John's duchy, Finland became a "feudal minicountry"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (November 2022)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> subject to the realm, with its own <a href="/wiki/Chancery_(medieval_office)" title="Chancery (medieval office)">chancery</a>, tax chamber and council, which could be compared to a state council. John's prerogatives in <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a> were also in conflict with the king: through a planned marriage with <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Jagiellon" title="Catherine Jagiellon">Catherine Jagiellon</a>, John could receive numerous castles under his power in Livonia. At the same time, Erik XIV was being driven to war with Poland because of his expansion politics directed at Livonia. In 1561, the Tallinn city council had already given the city to the protection of the king, and during the same spring the <a href="/wiki/Virumaa" title="Virumaa">Virumaa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harjumaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harjumaa">Harjumaa</a> nobility also resigned from the German knighthood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_struggle_for_power">The struggle for power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The struggle for power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the conflict had intensified, the king assembled a diet in 1563, where John was sentenced to death. The development led to the siege of the Turku Castle in summer 1563. After conflicts and bombardments, the castle surrendered on 12 August 1563, after which the luxury of the castle was destroyed, the duke and his wife were arrested and sent to Sweden for imprisonment. In the 1560s, Swedish foreign policy was marked by war against Poland in the <a href="/wiki/Baltics" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltics">Baltics</a>. As well as this, Erik XIV was driven to war against <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>. This required good relations to the east: concentrating military forces elsewhere required good relations towards Moscow. Erik XIV's era ended in 1568 after the nobility rose up against the king. This time even the Finnish nobility was on the side of the rebels, both old supporters of John and Erik's trusted men. The Turku Castle fell under the power of the rebels. Erik spent the next years in prison, until he was sentenced to death and poisoned in 1577. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Long_Wrath">The Long Wrath<span class="anchor" id="Long_Wrath"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The Long Wrath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johan_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Johan_III.jpg/220px-Johan_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Johan_III.jpg/330px-Johan_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Johan_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>John III. A painting by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Baptista_van_Uther" title="Johan Baptista van Uther">Johan Baptista van Uther</a> from 1582. The king is dressed according to the latest court fashion from Spain.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the reign of <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III of Sweden</a>, the border conflicts at the border of <a href="/wiki/Kexholm_County" title="Kexholm County">Kexholm County</a> led to a new war (1570–1595), which is known in Finnish historiography as the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Wrath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Long Wrath (page does not exist)">Long Wrath</a></i> or the <i>25 Years' War</i>. It was mostly a brutal war with guerilla warfare on both sides. In its beginnings, the war was well organised, and there was a truce on the Finnish front from 1573 to 1577. In the middle of the decade the peasant conflicts started again: the Karelians attacked in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Ouluj%C3%A4rvi" title="Oulujärvi">Oulujärvi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iijoki" title="Iijoki">Iijoki</a>, forces from Southern Finland travelled across the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a>. At the end of the decade, organised warfare started again with an attack to <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a> (1579) and the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Kexholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Kexholm">Kexholm</a> in 1580. Narva was conquered the next year, after which negotiations led to an interim peace lasting until the year 1590. Despite the interim peace, guerilla warfare continued on both sides of the eastern border, which led to <a href="/wiki/Kainuu" title="Kainuu">Kainuu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ostrobothnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ostrobothnia">Northern Ostrobothnia</a> being largely deserted in the 1580s. Led by <a href="/wiki/Pekka_Vesainen" title="Pekka Vesainen">Pekka Vesainen</a>, the Ostrobothnians made vengeance trips to <a href="/wiki/White_Karelia" title="White Karelia">White Karelia</a>. The war ended in 1595 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Teusina" title="Treaty of Teusina">Treaty of Teusina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_new_struggle_for_the_throne">A new struggle for the throne</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: A new struggle for the throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Edelfelt_-_Duke_Karl_Insulting_the_Corpse_of_Klas_Fleming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Duke_Karl_Insulting_the_Corpse_of_Klas_Fleming.jpg/220px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Duke_Karl_Insulting_the_Corpse_of_Klas_Fleming.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Duke_Karl_Insulting_the_Corpse_of_Klas_Fleming.jpg/330px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Duke_Karl_Insulting_the_Corpse_of_Klas_Fleming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Duke_Karl_Insulting_the_Corpse_of_Klas_Fleming.jpg/440px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Duke_Karl_Insulting_the_Corpse_of_Klas_Fleming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3103" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX of Sweden</a> insulting the corpse of his enemy, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fleming" title="Klaus Fleming">Klaus Fleming</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After John III died in 1592, the throne was left vacant. There were two candidates for his successor: Sigismund and the duke Karl. The question of the monarchy was entwined with church politics: in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">counter-reformation</a> in Europe Sigismund was a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic church">Catholic</a>, which made his position even more problematic in <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> Sweden. In 1593, Sigismund arrived in the country to be crowned. He took his oath as a ruler in the autumn of the next year. At the same time, he accepted the Lutheran line of the <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a> estate and church meeting (1593). With Sigismund's coronation, a personal union between Sweden and Poland, lasting a few years, was born; Sigismund was king of Poland until 1632. </p><p>After the king returned to Poland, conflicts arose among the nobility about Karl's position as a regent. In this conflict, Finland's leader <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fleming" title="Klaus Fleming">Klaus Fleming</a> sided with the king. At the Arboga diet in 1597, Karl was still named as regent. At this time, he declared his opponents, especially Klaus Fleming, to be rebels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Justice_becomes_stricter">Justice becomes stricter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Justice becomes stricter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, secular courts in Europe during the start of the New Age in the 16th and 17th centuries started using the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a>", that is to say, some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. According to the Law of Moses, <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a> was forbidden, and for example <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">swearing</a>, betraying one's parents, <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">perjury</a>, killing, demanding too high interest, false testimony and numerous sexual crimes could be punished by death. The Law of Moses became a general guide of justice in the Swedish realm in 1608 and remained in force until the new law of the realm in 1734. However, the law was often not used to the full extent of its cruelty, and death penalties were replaced with lesser penalties in about half of the cases.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_peasant_unrest_in_the_16th_century_and_the_Cudgel_War">The peasant unrest in the 16th century and the Cudgel War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The peasant unrest in the 16th century and the Cudgel War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unrest increased among the peasants during Gustav Vasa's reign, because of both heightened taxes and the struggle for power amongst his sons. The unrest resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Cudgel_War" title="Cudgel War">Cudgel War</a> from 1596 to 1597. It ended bloodily, with the army beating the Ostrobothnian and Savonian peasants, armed by cudgels, spears and bows. The rebellion in Finland was directed at the nobility in power and especially at Klaus Fleming. The rebels sought help from the duke Karl who had been trying to usurp the throne. According to current research, the reasons for the rebellion included strain left from the 25-year war, financial setbacks and suffering caused by the castle camp system. Researchers disagree on how big an effect the duke Karl's leading the rebels against Klaus Fleming had on the outbreak of the Cudgel War.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Great_Power_age_(1611–1721)"><span id="The_Great_Power_age_.281611.E2.80.931721.29"></span>The Great Power age (1611–1721)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The Great Power age (1611–1721)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Beck_-_Per_Brahe_the_Younger_(1602_%E2%80%93_80)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/David_Beck_-_Per_Brahe_the_Younger_%281602_%E2%80%93_80%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/150px-David_Beck_-_Per_Brahe_the_Younger_%281602_%E2%80%93_80%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/David_Beck_-_Per_Brahe_the_Younger_%281602_%E2%80%93_80%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/225px-David_Beck_-_Per_Brahe_the_Younger_%281602_%E2%80%93_80%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/David_Beck_-_Per_Brahe_the_Younger_%281602_%E2%80%93_80%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-David_Beck_-_Per_Brahe_the_Younger_%281602_%E2%80%93_80%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3629" data-file-height="4490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Per_Brahe_the_Younger" title="Per Brahe the Younger">Per Brahe the Younger</a>, who developed and reformed Finland significantly in the 17th century.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Treaty_of_Stolbovo">The Treaty of Stolbovo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: The Treaty of Stolbovo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/220px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/330px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/440px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>Development of Sweden as a Great Power</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1604 to 1611, the duke Karl of Södermanland was king <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX of Sweden</a>. During his reign, the realm was almost constantly at war with Russia and Poland, especially about the ownership of the Baltic lands of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and Livonia. Also, a war with Denmark was fought from 1611 to 1613, resulting in a loss for Sweden. After Charles IX died, his son <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustav II Adolf</a> inherited the throne. The realm was in a bad state and Sweden had to sign a peace treaty with Denmark in 1613. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stolbovo" title="Treaty of Stolbovo">Treaty of Stolbovo</a> was signed with Russia in 1617, which resulted in Käkisalmi county, <a href="/wiki/Shlisselburg" title="Shlisselburg">Nöteborg</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Ingria" title="Ingria">Ingria</a> being annexed into Sweden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Thirty_Years'_War"><span id="The_Thirty_Years.27_War"></span>The Thirty Years' War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: The Thirty Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%85ke_Tott.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%C3%85ke_Tott.jpg/150px-%C3%85ke_Tott.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%C3%85ke_Tott.jpg/225px-%C3%85ke_Tott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%C3%85ke_Tott.jpg/300px-%C3%85ke_Tott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%85ke_Tott" class="mw-redirect" title="Åke Tott">Åke Tott</a> was a Finnish soldier / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_field_marshals" title="List of Swedish field marshals">Field marshal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thirtywar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thirtywar.gif/220px-Thirtywar.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thirtywar.gif/330px-Thirtywar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thirtywar.gif/440px-Thirtywar.gif 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Victory by <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustav II Adolf</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">Battle of Breitenfeld</a> in 1631</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Baltics, Sweden was still at war with Poland, and in 1629 the temporary <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Altmark" title="Truce of Altmark">Truce of Altmark</a> was made. In Germany, Gustav II Adolf joined the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> between the Catholic emperor and the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> princes in 1630 after making landfall in Northern Germany. Sweden's aim in the war was to support the German Protestants and strengthen its own position. However, Gustav II Adolf died in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Battle of Lützen</a> in 1632 and his daughter <a href="/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Christina</a> succeeded him on the throne while still a minor. In practice, the realm was ruled by a caretaker government led by Axel Oxenstierna. In the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> that had ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648, Sweden secured its position as a superpower. However, the Thirty Years' War and other conflicts in the superpower age drained Sweden's and Finland's resources badly. A significant part of the peasants had to serve in the army and the navy, and many of them died in service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_wars_to_the_age_of_peace">From the wars to the age of peace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: From the wars to the age of peace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Christina's reign from 1632 to 1654, a large amount of lands were given as <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> lands to the nobility. The nobility had the right to collect taxes on their lands, which made the crown's financial position more difficult. After Christina had renounced the crown, <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav of Sweden</a> followed her on the throne and ruled over the Swedish realm from 1654 to 1660. Charles X died in 1660, and was followed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI of Sweden</a>, during whose reign from 1660 to 1697, a large <a href="/wiki/Reduction_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduction (Sweden)">reduction</a> was made, which returned most of the feudal lands to the crown. Charles XI weakened the power of the nobility and ruled the realm as an autocrat. Charles XI's reign meant a long time of peace for Finland. The Protestant clergy was responsible for teaching <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> to the people, and clerical life was dominated by religious purism. From 1695 to 1697 Finland was devastated by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Finland_(1695%E2%80%9397)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Famine of Finland (1695–97)">Great Famine</a>, which resulted in a significant part of the population dying of hunger and illnesses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Great_Northern_War">The Great Northern War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: The Great Northern War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg/220px-Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg/330px-Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg/440px-Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="1441" /></a><figcaption><i>The Battle of Poltava</i> – a painting by Denis Martens the Younger from 1726</figcaption></figure> <p>During the reign of Charles XI's successor <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII of Sweden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> erupted in 1700, resulting in Sweden losing its superpower position. The cause of the war was an alliance against Sweden made by its enemies Denmark, Russia, Poland and <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>. In the 1617 Treaty of Stolbovo, Russia had lost its connection to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. The renovation-minded <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> sought to reopen a connection to the Baltic Sea for Russia, so that its connections and trade to Western Europe would become easier. </p><p>Although Charles XII managed to beat Denmark, Russia's attacking troops (in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1700)" title="Battle of Narva (1700)">Battle of Narva</a>) and Poland, one at a time, the Swedish finally suffered a decisive defeat to the Russians in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a> in 1709. After this, the king fled to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and the realm was open to an enemy attack. Vyborg was conquered in 1710, and the Russians occupied the rest of Finland after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%C3%A4lk%C3%A4ne" title="Battle of Pälkäne">Battle of Pälkäne</a> in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4lk%C3%A4ne" title="Pälkäne">Pälkäne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Storkyro" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Storkyro">Battle of Storkyro</a> in Ostrobothnia and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gangut" title="Battle of Gangut">Battle of Gangut</a> in front of <a href="/wiki/Hanko,_Finland" title="Hanko, Finland">Hanko</a> by 1714. The Russian invasion period from 1714 to 1721 is commonly called the <a href="/wiki/Finland_during_the_Great_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland during the Great Northern War">Greater Wrath</a>. The occupation period was destructive to Finland. Thousands of people were killed and even more were sent to Russia, and a large part of the country's officials and clergy fled to Sweden. The Great Northern War and the Greater Wrath ended in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a> in 1721. In the treaty, Ingria, Estonia, Livonia, the Käkisalmi county and Vyborg were annexed to Russia. The part of Karelia annexed to Russia is commonly called <a href="/wiki/Old_Finland" title="Old Finland">Old Finland</a>. Russians also sometimes enslaved large parts of the Finnish population, both Swedes and Finns. Swedish boys were praised for their high literacy and almost all Swedish slaves were able to read. They were considered luxury goods by Russian and Ottoman nobles for their beautiful eyes and blonde hair. Slavery was banned in Sweden in the 14th century. But the primitive ruling system in Russia enabled slavery to remain economically feasible. During the Swedish and Russian wars, Finns were frequently sold into slavery by Russian Cossacks. Due to the Swedish state, higher morals and political pressure concerning slavery created a demand to stop the trade of Finnish and Swedish slaves in Russia among Russian noblemen.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karl XII also spoke some Finnish with the Finnish part of the Swedish military.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposals_about_the_Swedification_of_Finland">Proposals about the Swedification of Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Proposals about the Swedification of Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Great Northern War, professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Nesselius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel Nesselius (page does not exist)">Israel Nesselius</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Nesselius" class="extiw" title="fi:Israel Nesselius">fi</a>; <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Nesselius" class="extiw" title="sv:Israel Nesselius">sv</a>]</span> of the Turku Academy wrote several articles about the fate of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish language</a>. In one of his articles, he proposed the Swedification of Finland by teaching the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish language</a> to the people of Finland and by bringing more population from Sweden to strengthen and expand the Swedish population. He thought that the Finnish language was so peculiar that only a couple of villages on the border of <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a> should be allowed to keep their language. According to Nesselius, this could be handled by bringing army recruits from <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Skåne">Skåne</a> as immigrants to Finland to defend the country against <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> attacks. In return, Finnish soldiers could be moved to Skåne as farmers and to defend the border against <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. Also the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Finnish sauna</a> custom – "that constant sauna bathing" – should be eliminated as it wasted firewood and was different from the Swedish customs.<sup id="cite_ref-valtakunnanosa-54-55_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valtakunnanosa-54-55-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century, there was discussion about bringing Swedish population as immigrants to Finland in a different context. The idea was to kill two birds with one stone. On one hand, areas suffering from overpopulation, such as <a href="/wiki/Dalarna_County" title="Dalarna County">Dalarna County</a>, would be addressed. On the other hand, farming could be extended to sparsely-populated areas in Finland. The Swedish official and economist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrik_Rudensch%C3%B6ld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrik Rudenschöld (page does not exist)">Ulrik Rudenschöld</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrik_Rudensch%C3%B6ld" class="extiw" title="fi:Ulrik Rudenschöld">fi</a>; <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrik_Rudensch%C3%B6ld" class="extiw" title="sv:Ulrik Rudenschöld">sv</a>]</span> specified in 1738 that this kind of migration would help develop bilingualism in the eastern parts of the realm.<sup id="cite_ref-valtakunnanosa-54-55_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valtakunnanosa-54-55-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the Diet of 1738, the president of the court <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_%C3%85kerhielm_the_younger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Åkerhielm the younger (page does not exist)">Samuel Åkerhielm the younger</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_%C3%85kerhielm" class="extiw" title="fi:Samuel Åkerhielm">fi</a>; <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_%C3%85kerhielm_den_yngre" class="extiw" title="sv:Samuel Åkerhielm den yngre">sv</a>]</span> started a discussion about languages at the discussion of the great secret court. According to Åkerhielm, the peculiarity of the eastern part of the realm was exaggerated and the use of the Finnish language was a lesser problem than what had been claimed. According to him it was short-sighted to demand knowledge of both languages in order to get official posts in the eastern parts of the realm. If posts in the eastern parts of the realm required knowledge of Finnish, which in practice meant being born in Finland, the same requirement had to be also in the western parts of the realm. He saw this as causing envy and striking a wedge between "our two nations", which would harm the realm. However, he saw it as an unchangeable fact that the people in the realm spoke two different languages. <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Faggot" title="Jacob Faggot">Jakob Faggot</a> continued the same thought in his letter in 1745, but according to him, the Finnish people should be taught Swedish so they could become as good Swedes in their language as they were in their mind.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Diet of 1746–1747 saw the increase of the use of the Swedish language in Finland as favourable. It was seen as "strengthening the trust between two peoples". However, even the proponents of this matter saw its practical fulfilment as impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-valtakunnanosa-54-55_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valtakunnanosa-54-55-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Age_of_Liberty_and_the_Gustavian_Age_(1721–1809)"><span id="The_Age_of_Liberty_and_the_Gustavian_Age_.281721.E2.80.931809.29"></span>The Age of Liberty and the Gustavian Age (1721–1809)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: The Age of Liberty and the Gustavian Age (1721–1809)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_away_from_the_king">Power away from the king</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Power away from the king"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charta_%C3%B6fver_Svea_och_G%C3%B6ta_Riken_med_Finland_och_Norland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Charta_%C3%B6fver_Svea_och_G%C3%B6ta_Riken_med_Finland_och_Norland.jpg/220px-Charta_%C3%B6fver_Svea_och_G%C3%B6ta_Riken_med_Finland_och_Norland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Charta_%C3%B6fver_Svea_och_G%C3%B6ta_Riken_med_Finland_och_Norland.jpg/330px-Charta_%C3%B6fver_Svea_och_G%C3%B6ta_Riken_med_Finland_och_Norland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Charta_%C3%B6fver_Svea_och_G%C3%B6ta_Riken_med_Finland_och_Norland.jpg/440px-Charta_%C3%B6fver_Svea_och_G%C3%B6ta_Riken_med_Finland_och_Norland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5791" data-file-height="6739" /></a><figcaption>Sweden (Svealand, Götaland, Norland and Finland) after the Treaty of Turku, map from 1747</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_III_by_Alexander_Roslin_-_no_frame_(Nationalmuseum,_15330).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gustav_III_by_Alexander_Roslin_-_no_frame_%28Nationalmuseum%2C_15330%29.png/220px-Gustav_III_by_Alexander_Roslin_-_no_frame_%28Nationalmuseum%2C_15330%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gustav_III_by_Alexander_Roslin_-_no_frame_%28Nationalmuseum%2C_15330%29.png/330px-Gustav_III_by_Alexander_Roslin_-_no_frame_%28Nationalmuseum%2C_15330%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gustav_III_by_Alexander_Roslin_-_no_frame_%28Nationalmuseum%2C_15330%29.png/440px-Gustav_III_by_Alexander_Roslin_-_no_frame_%28Nationalmuseum%2C_15330%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="3489" /></a><figcaption>Gustav III of Sweden</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustaf_Fredrik_von_Rosen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gustaf_Fredrik_von_Rosen.jpg/220px-Gustaf_Fredrik_von_Rosen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gustaf_Fredrik_von_Rosen.jpg/330px-Gustaf_Fredrik_von_Rosen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gustaf_Fredrik_von_Rosen.jpg/440px-Gustaf_Fredrik_von_Rosen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustaf_Fredrik_von_Rosen_(1688%E2%80%931769)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustaf Fredrik von Rosen (1688–1769) (page does not exist)">Gustaf Fredrik von Rosen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_Fredrik_von_Rosen_(1688%E2%80%931769)" class="extiw" title="sv:Gustaf Fredrik von Rosen (1688–1769)">sv</a>]</span>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Hats_(party)" title="Hats (party)">Hat Party</a>, served as the last <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Finland" title="Governor-General of Finland">Governor-General of Finland</a> from 1747 to 1753.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Swedish realm after Charles XII, the estates took power away from the king in the 1719 and 1720 governments and the age of autocracy changed into the age of estate rule (the "<a href="/wiki/Age_of_Liberty" title="Age of Liberty">Age of Liberty</a>"). Economy and science progressed during this age, but on the other side, power politics among parties caused problems. <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and Russia gained power in Sweden by financing competing parties, which were called the Caps and the Hats.<sup id="cite_ref-fennica.fi_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fennica.fi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finnish became an official language of the Swedish administration in <a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_1734" title="Civil Code of 1734">Civil Code of 1734</a>. So monolingual Finnish parliamentarians could always use Swedish translators at the Riksdag of the Estates and use Finnish with local administrators. It was a new liberal reform made to modernize the Swedish state.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reform had been proposed earlier in the 18th century but the invasion of Finland by Russia delayed the Swedish government from passing the new law until 1734. The law is also the oldest law both partially still in use in both Finland and Sweden. It was the first time in Sweden and Finland's history when the king and Riksdag created a unitary legal code applied to the entire country. It was also translated to Finnish so that Finnish speakers would understand.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Hats'_War"><span id="The_Hats.27_War"></span>The Hats' War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: The Hats' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hats' rise to power in the 1738–1739 diet led to a Russophobic foreign policy, which was a disadvantage for Finland. An attack war against Russia, known as the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%9343)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–43)">Hats' War</a>, erupted in 1741. Sweden suffered a defeat in the battle of <a href="/wiki/Lappeenranta" title="Lappeenranta">Lappeenranta</a> in the same year, and the later stages of the war fared no better for it. In 1742, the Swedish army withdrew from a Russian attack and surrendered. Russia occupied Finland again from 1742 to 1743. This occupation period is known as the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Wrath" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Wrath">Lesser Wrath</a>. The Russian empress Elizabeth spread a manifesto in 1742, urging Finns to abandon Sweden and form an autonomous state protected by Russia. However, after the occupation of Finland, promises of autonomy stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The occupation ended in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_%C3%85bo" title="Treaty of Åbo">Treaty of Åbo</a>. The occupation during the Lesser Wrath did not cause as much damage as the longer and more violent Greater Wrath a couple of decades earlier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thoughts_in_the_new_age">Thoughts in the new age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Thoughts in the new age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chydenius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chydenius.jpg/150px-Chydenius.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chydenius.jpg/225px-Chydenius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Chydenius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anders_Chydenius" title="Anders Chydenius">Anders Chydenius</a>, a Swedish-Finnish priest and member of the Swedish Riksdag</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, the <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilist</a> principles in the trade led to the financial gain from <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> being left in Stockholm. In 1760, <a href="/wiki/Anders_Chydenius" title="Anders Chydenius">Anders Chydenius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">vicar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kokkola" title="Kokkola">Kokkola</a>, started demanding freedom of trade and speech.<sup id="cite_ref-fennica.fi_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fennica.fi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the last decades of the 18th century, interest to Finnish history and Finnish national poetry arose in the Royal Academy of Turku, especially because of <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Henrik Gabriel Porthan</a>, the "father of Finnish history".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the researchers, <a href="/wiki/Eino_Jutikkala" title="Eino Jutikkala">Eino Jutikkala</a> says: "People in various regions and of various estates in Finland in the late 18th century consciously considered themselves as Finnish as opposed to the Swedish who lived on the other side of the sea."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Swedish clergy demanded universal literacy. Finland and Sweden had the highest literacy rates in comparison to other European nations due to Lutheran priests demanding pupils and farmers to read the Bible, which led to quick development in reading skills. Already in the 1660s religious school classes could read with good scores for the time in comparison with other European nations. <a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI of Sweden</a> believed that an illiterate man could never become a full member of the Swedish church. Therefore, he could never join the church and would never marry if he were not a member of the church. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_av_Forsell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl av Forsell (page does not exist)">Carl av Forsell's</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_af_Forsell" class="extiw" title="sv:Carl af Forsell">sv</a>]</span> official examinations of Finland and Sweden, he found high literacy an essential part of religious education for commoners in both countries in 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Finnish papers only started to appear in the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_restless_reign_of_Gustav_III">The restless reign of Gustav III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: The restless reign of Gustav III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1772, after <a href="/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav III of Sweden">Gustav III of Sweden</a> had seized power, a <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Constitution_of_1772" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Constitution of 1772">new constitution</a> was made, giving power back to the king. The age tried to get rid of <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> expanded. Finnish officers trusted the king less, because the nobility lost their power to the king, who was supported by the people. Some high-ranking soldiers moved to serve in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-fennica.fi_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fennica.fi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finland also gained a degree of autonomy during this year, receiving its own assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1788 to 1790, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%9390)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–90)">Gustav III's war</a>, started by Gustav III, was fought between Sweden and Russia. Sweden was also confronted by Denmark. The officers in the <a href="/wiki/Anjala_conspiracy" title="Anjala conspiracy">Anjala conspiracy</a>, among others, opposed the war. Despite a decisive marine victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svensksund" title="Battle of Svensksund">Battle of Svensksund</a>, Sweden did not gain any new territories in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_V%C3%A4r%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="Treaty of Värälä">Treaty of Värälä</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Union_and_Security_Act" title="Union and Security Act">Union and Security Act</a> of 1789 strengthened the king's power even more. With the war, the nobility grew even more bitter towards the king, and this eventually led to the king's murder in 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-fennica.fi_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fennica.fi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden_loses_Finland">Sweden loses Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sweden loses Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a> was fought from 1808 to 1809 between Russia and Sweden. The reason for the war were the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Treaties of Tilsit</a> made between Russia and France on 7 July 1807. In the treaties, France and Russia had become allies and Russia had promised to pressure, with armed force if necessary, Sweden and other countries to join the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a> against the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, an embargo that France would have used to strengthen its position against the maritime power of the United Kingdom. </p><p>The last Grand Duke of Finland during the Swedish era was <a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf</a>'s second son Karl Gustaf, who was born in 1802 and died as an infant in 1805.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, the last Swedish king of Finland, ironically was one of few Swedish kings to learn Finnish. He also became popular among the people in Finland when he was nine years old and spoke Finnish with local Finns during his visit to Finland. Gustav travelled to Finland on several vacations because of his extensive knowledge of the language. But he was considered an incompetent ruler when it came to international politics and his management of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces" title="Swedish Armed Forces">Swedish Armed Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Swedish_attitude_towards_Finland">The Swedish attitude towards Finland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: The Swedish attitude towards Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Swedish thought Finland was far away from the centre of power and from <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>. From Stockholm's point of view, inhabitants of the eastern part of the realm were seen as "the people of that country". Royal letters about matters relating to Finland told that information had been gathered "from that area" and people came from Finland "over here to Sweden". Landlords in Finland could be called to come "here to Sweden". People who ended up in Finland from Sweden felt they had arrived in a strange and foreign environment. For example, troops from <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a> stationed in Viipuri (<a href="/wiki/Viborg_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Viborg Province">Viborg</a>) rebelled in 1754 because they had not received the benefits usually given to Swedish troops stationed abroad. They also felt that they were not required to defend Finland as it was not their home country. Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bielke" class="mw-redirect" title="Niels Bielke">Niels Bielke</a>, who had arrived in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a> in the 1620s to strengthen the rule of the central power, described Finland as a repulsive land of barbarians, and the bishop <a href="/wiki/Isaacus_Rothovius" title="Isaacus Rothovius">Isaacus Rothovius</a> felt he was "in the middle of scorpions and barbarians".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (November 2022)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Gyldenstolpe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Gyldenstolpe (page does not exist)">Michael Gyldenstolpe</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wexionius" class="extiw" title="fi:Michael Wexionius">fi</a>; <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gyldenstolpe" class="extiw" title="sv:Michael Gyldenstolpe">sv</a>]</span>, who had moved from <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6" title="Växjö">Växjö</a> to Turku in 1640, repeatedly wrote to <a href="/wiki/Per_Brahe_the_Younger" title="Per Brahe the Younger">Per Brahe the Younger</a> that as a Smålandian, he was "a foreigner in this country" and he felt sorry for "the moment he arrived in this country". Carl Johan Ljunggren, who had served in the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stmanland" title="Västmanland">Västmanland</a> regiment in the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a> in 1808 described the Swedish-speaking people of the coast as similar to the common people of Sweden, but the peasants in the inner country as looking repulsive and impolite. They wore dome-shaped caps on their heads and leather boots on their feet. Living in smoke cabins had made their skin a dirty shade of brown and they spoke "incomprehensible gobbledygook".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the period after the loss of the great Swedish power status and due to the potential growth of <a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish nationalism</a>, a need among the Swedish nobles and historians for a common Swedish and Finnish identity arose. Instead of treating the Finnish culture and history as inferior, the Swedish historians and nobles sought to make Finnish culture appear more connected to the history of Sweden. The Swedish state (during the period) advocated that the Finns were the original Inhabitants of Sweden. According to <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Messenius" title="Johannes Messenius">Johannes Messenius</a>, a Finnish king was the first monarch to rule Scandinavia. This thesis that the Finns were the first to rule Scandinavia launched during the 16th century, as previously mentioned this was to create a combined Finnish and Swedish identity. This idea conflicted with previous historical consensus which ruled that the Swedes settled Scandinavia before the Finns arrived. </p><p>The first king of Scandinavia was allegedly (according to Messenius) the first monarch of the <a href="/wiki/Fornj%C3%B3t" title="Fornjót">Fornjót</a> dynasty. This first king was of Finnish descent. Finland was the first kingdom in Scandinavia according to <a href="/wiki/Sven_Lagerbring" title="Sven Lagerbring">Sven Lagerbring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johan_Ihre" title="Johan Ihre">Johan Ihre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swedish historians and politicians during the Great power era sought to make Sweden appear more prestigious. Considered being connected with a great and glorious past was deemed of great importance. Swedes and Finns being related to ancient peoples with a proud history was invented for Sweden to appear more prestigious among foreign nobles. Swedish historians believed Finns were still speaking Hebrew and were considered a lost tribe of Israel. <a href="/wiki/Olof_von_Dalin" title="Olof von Dalin">Olof von Dalin</a> in the 18th century was one of the advocates for Finns being a lost <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> tribe. Von Dalin stated in 1732: "they are a mix of Scythians, Greeks and Hebrews". Finns were to have been the creators of the first advanced civilization according to some Swedish historians.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He describes Finns as simple people that live simple lives but are as close to God as they can be: very happy and satisfied with their easy life and closeness to nature and God.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Dalin also claims Finns are as fast as trolls on their skis moving incredibly fast, but that their clothing style looks somewhat wild in comparison with Swedes making them look like trolls.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to von Dalin, the Finnish and Swedish elite even before the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Crusades_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Swedish Crusades (disambiguation)">Swedish crusades</a> had close friendly connections but also fought some wars. Neurer or Finns, the first inhabitants of Scandinavia, according to Dalin already had an independent Finlandic kingdom with their own courts and kings before the <a href="/wiki/Old_Uppsala" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Uppsala">Old Uppsala</a> kingdom was created. The Finns, according to von Dalin, took part in the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> migration from Sweden into the Roman empire. When the East Geats together with the Finns made up the ancestors of the Gothic migration from Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="incomplete sentence (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This noble Finnish past was also created by a geopolitical need to create a common identity between Swedes and Finns against Russia. The idea of Finns being a lost tribe of Israel became a consensus among Swedish historians. The Finnish language was ancient Hebrew according, to the Swedish priest <a href="/wiki/Olof_Rudbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Olof Rudbeck">Olof Rudbeck</a>. Finnish was also, according to Rudbeck, related to the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic language</a>. The idea of Finnish being ancient Hebrew soon had support among many Swedish historians. The German nationalist awakening claimed <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> or <a href="/wiki/Swedes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedes (Germanic tribe)">Swedes</a> made up the bulk of early Swedish civilization. It got rejected by Swedish mainstream historians that meant it was <a href="/wiki/Finnish_tribes" title="Finnish tribes">Finnish tribes</a> that first reached Sweden. The idea that Finnish was Hebrew was later abandoned by a majority of mainstream historians, though some stuck to the theory. But the Finns being the first people in Sweden stuck among the majority of historians. </p><p>When Finland was lost, the ideas of Finns being the original native population of Sweden and a lost tribe of Israel was gradually abandoned. It was abandoned since there were no geopolitical benefits for building a common identity any longer. New ideas began to develop; instead of the Swedes being mixed with Finnic peoples, the idea arose that Swedes were completely culturally clean both in history and archaeology. Especially due to the shared Viking history with Norway and Denmark, after the <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Union between Sweden and Norway</a>, interests in regaining Finland ended. Sami and Finnish archaeological findings in Sweden began to be denied even though they had been widely examined and studied before. Even though there were clear traces of Finnic tribes in some parts of Sweden, archaeologists ended their research on Finnish history in Sweden. Some bitterness in Sweden remained in the hope of regaining Finland in a war with Russia, but the idea of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</a> or Scandinavian unification like in <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italy</a> started to develop among the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic language">Nordic language</a>-speaking populations in Scandinavia in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTarkiainen2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tarkiainen, Kari (2010). <i>Ruotsin itämaa</i> (in Finnish). Porvoo: <a href="/wiki/Svenska_litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet_i_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland">Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</a>. pp. 167–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789515832122" title="Special:BookSources/9789515832122"><bdi>9789515832122</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruotsin+it%C3%A4maa&rft.place=Porvoo&rft.pages=167-170&rft.pub=Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789515832122&rft.aulast=Tarkiainen&rft.aufirst=Kari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaggrenHalinenLaventoRaninen2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haggren, Georg; Halinen, Petri; Lavento, Mika; Raninen, Sami; Wessman, Anna (2015). <i>Muinaisuutemme jäljet</i> (in Finnish). Helsinki: Gaudeamus. pp. 420–421.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muinaisuutemme+j%C3%A4ljet&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=420-421&rft.pub=Gaudeamus&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Haggren&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft.au=Halinen%2C+Petri&rft.au=Lavento%2C+Mika&rft.au=Raninen%2C+Sami&rft.au=Wessman%2C+Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarkiainen2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tarkiainen, Kari (2010). <i>Ruotsin itämaa</i> (in Finnish). Porvoo: <a href="/wiki/Svenska_litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet_i_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland">Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</a>. pp. 134–136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruotsin+it%C3%A4maa&rft.place=Porvoo&rft.pages=134-136&rft.pub=Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Tarkiainen&rft.aufirst=Kari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarkiainen2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tarkiainen, Kari (2010). <i>Ruotsin itämaa</i> (in Finnish). Porvoo: <a href="/wiki/Svenska_litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet_i_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland">Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</a>. pp. 143–147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruotsin+it%C3%A4maa&rft.place=Porvoo&rft.pages=143-147&rft.pub=Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Tarkiainen&rft.aufirst=Kari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemiläinen2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kemiläinen, Aira (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/tt/article/view/57138/19187">"Kansallinen identiteetti Ruotsissa ja Suomessa 1600-1700-luvuilla"</a>. <i>Tieteessä Tapahtuu</i> (in Finnish). <b>22</b> (8). Tieteessä tapahtuu 8/2004: 25–26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014115/https://journal.fi/tt/article/view/57138/19187">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tieteess%C3%A4+Tapahtuu&rft.atitle=Kansallinen+identiteetti+Ruotsissa+ja+Suomessa+1600-1700-luvuilla&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=25-26&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kemil%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Aira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Ftt%2Farticle%2Fview%2F57138%2F19187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngman2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Engman, Max (2018). <i>Kielikysymys</i> (in Finnish). Helsinki: <a href="/wiki/Svenska_litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet_i_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland">Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</a>. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-583-425-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-583-425-6"><bdi>978-951-583-425-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kielikysymys&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-951-583-425-6&rft.aulast=Engman&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217002226/http://www.finnica.fi:80/suomi/index.htm">"Suomi osana Ruotsin valtakuntaa"</a>. <i>finnica.fi</i> (in Finnish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finnica.fi/suomi/index.htm">the original</a> on 17 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=finnica.fi&rft.atitle=Suomi+osana+Ruotsin+valtakuntaa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finnica.fi%2Fsuomi%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarkiainen2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tarkiainen, Kari (2010). <i>Ruotsin itämaa</i> (in Finnish). Helsinki: <a href="/wiki/Svenska_litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet_i_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland">Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</a>. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-583-212-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-583-212-2"><bdi>978-951-583-212-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruotsin+it%C3%A4maa&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-951-583-212-2&rft.aulast=Tarkiainen&rft.aufirst=Kari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Englund, Peter (2003). <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Suuren sodan vuodet</i></span>, Finnish-language version, introduction. Helsinki, <a href="/wiki/Bonnier_Group" title="Bonnier Group">WSOY</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789510279403" title="Special:BookSources/9789510279403">9789510279403</a> See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finnica.fi/suomi/index.htm">finnica.fi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200117200704/http://www.finnica.fi/suomi/index.htm">Archived</a> 17 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jensen, Ola W. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210706073605/http://samla.raa.se/xmlui/bitstream/handle/raa/3219/2009_288.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Sveriges och Finlands gemensamma forntid – en ambivalent historia: idéer om forntiden, kulturarvsbegreppet och den nationella självbilden före och efter 1809"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fornv%C3%A4nnen._Journal_of_Swedish_Antiquarian_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Fornvännen. Journal of Swedish Antiquarian Research">Fornvännen. Journal of Swedish Antiquarian Research</a></i> (in Swedish). <b>104</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7813">0015-7813</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samla.raa.se/xmlui/bitstream/handle/raa/3219/2009_288.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fornv%C3%A4nnen.+Journal+of+Swedish+Antiquarian+Research&rft.atitle=Sveriges+och+Finlands+gemensamma+forntid+%E2%80%93+en+ambivalent+historia%3A+id%C3%A9er+om+forntiden%2C+kulturarvsbegreppet+och+den+nationella+sj%C3%A4lvbilden+f%C3%B6re+och+efter+1809&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0015-7813&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Ola+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamla.raa.se%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2Fraa%2F3219%2F2009_288.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg_Haggren,_Petri_Halinen,_Mika_Lavento,_Sami_Raninen_ja_Anna_Wessman2015" class="citation book cs1">Georg Haggren, Petri Halinen, Mika Lavento, Sami Raninen ja Anna Wessman (2015). <i>Muinaisuutemme jäljet</i>. Helsinki: Gaudeamus. p. 376.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muinaisuutemme+j%C3%A4ljet&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Gaudeamus&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Georg+Haggren%2C+Petri+Halinen%2C+Mika+Lavento%2C+Sami+Raninen+ja+Anna+Wessman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUino1997" class="citation book cs1">Uino, Pirjo (1997). <i>Ancient Karelia</i>. Helsinki: Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakausikirja 104. p. 201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Karelia&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Suomen+muinaismuistoyhdistyksen+aikakausikirja+104&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Uino&rft.aufirst=Pirjo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarkiainen2010" class="citation book cs1">Tarkiainen, Kari (2010). <i><span></span></i>Ruotsin itämaa<i><span></span></i>. Helsinki: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruotsin+it%C3%A4maa&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Tarkiainen&rft.aufirst=Kari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetterberg1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zetterberg, Seppo, ed. (1987). <i>"Eerik-kuningas ja Henrik-piispa Suomessa" Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen</i> (in Finnish). Helsinki: <a href="/wiki/Werner_S%C3%B6derstr%C3%B6m_Osakeyhti%C3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö">WSOY</a>. pp. 48–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-0-14253-0" title="Special:BookSources/951-0-14253-0"><bdi>951-0-14253-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Eerik-kuningas+ja+Henrik-piispa+Suomessa%22+Suomen+historian+pikkuj%C3%A4ttil%C3%A4inen&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=48-52&rft.pub=WSOY&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=951-0-14253-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarkiainen2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tarkiainen, Kari (2010). <i>Ruotsi itämaa</i> (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/Svenska_litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet_i_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland">Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-583-212-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-583-212-2"><bdi>978-951-583-212-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruotsi+it%C3%A4maa&rft.pub=Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-951-583-212-2&rft.aulast=Tarkiainen&rft.aufirst=Kari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaggrenHalinenLaventoRaninen2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haggren, Georg; Halinen, Petri; Lavento, Mika; Raninen, Sami; Wessman, Anna (2015). <i>Muinaisuutemme jäljet</i> (in Finnish). Helsinki: Gaudeamus. p. 343.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muinaisuutemme+j%C3%A4ljet&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=Gaudeamus&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Haggren&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft.au=Halinen%2C+Petri&rft.au=Lavento%2C+Mika&rft.au=Raninen%2C+Sami&rft.au=Wessman%2C+Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinna1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Linna, Martti, ed. (1989). <i>Suomen varhaiskeskiajan lähteitä</i> (in Finnish). Historian aitta. pp. 82–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789519600611" title="Special:BookSources/9789519600611"><bdi>9789519600611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suomen+varhaiskeskiajan+l%C3%A4hteit%C3%A4&rft.pages=82-85&rft.pub=Historian+aitta&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9789519600611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLönnrothLinna2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lönnroth, Harry; Linna, Martti (2013). <i>Eerikronikka</i> (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/Suomalaisen_Kirjallisuuden_Seura" class="mw-redirect" title="Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura">Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura</a>. pp. 71–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerikronikka&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=Suomalaisen+Kirjallisuuden+Seura&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6nnroth&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=Linna%2C+Martti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holappa, Veli: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holappa.info/html/verot/oikeuslaitos.html"><i>Verot ja oikeuslaitos 1500–1600 -luvulla: Keskiaikainen oikeudenkäyttö</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214150844/http://www.holappa.info/html/verot/oikeuslaitos.html">Archived</a> 14 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatajala2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Katajala, Kimmo (2002). <i>Suomalainen kapina</i> (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/Suomalaisen_Kirjallisuuden_Seura" class="mw-redirect" title="Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura">Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura</a>. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789517463065" title="Special:BookSources/9789517463065"><bdi>9789517463065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suomalainen+kapina&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Suomalaisen+Kirjallisuuden+Seura&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789517463065&rft.aulast=Katajala&rft.aufirst=Kimmo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYlikangas2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ylikangas, Heikki (2005). <i>Nuijasota</i> (in Finnish). Helsinki: <a href="/wiki/Otava_(publisher)" title="Otava (publisher)">Otava</a>. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789511142539" title="Special:BookSources/9789511142539"><bdi>9789511142539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuijasota&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Otava&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789511142539&rft.aulast=Ylikangas&rft.aufirst=Heikki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katajala, pp. 124–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salminen, Tapio: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tutkielmat.uta.fi/pdf/gradu02053.pdf">Suomen linnojen ja voutikuntien hallinto 1412–1448</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></i>, pp. 37–38. Master's thesis, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tampere" title="University of Tampere">University of Tampere</a> 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nenonen, Marko; Kervinen, Timo: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronicon.com/noita/witchtrials.html">Finnish witch trials in synopsis (1500–1750)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080628181317/http://www.chronicon.com/noita/witchtrials.html">Archived</a> 28 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080628181008/http://www.chronicon.com/noita/jumalanlaki.html">"Jumalan laki astuu voimaan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronicon.com/noita/jumalanlaki.html">the original</a> on 28 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jumalan+laki+astuu+voimaan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicon.com%2Fnoita%2Fjumalanlaki.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatajala" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Katajala, Kimmo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508105211/http://www.tieteessatapahtuu.fi/033/katajala.pdf">"Miksi nuijasota syttyi Pohjanmaalla?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Finnish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tieteessatapahtuu.fi/033/katajala.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miksi+nuijasota+syttyi+Pohjanmaalla%3F&rft.aulast=Katajala&rft.aufirst=Kimmo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tieteessatapahtuu.fi%2F033%2Fkatajala.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYlikangas1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ylikangas, Heikki (1997). <i>Nuijasota</i> (in Finnish). Helsinki: <a href="/wiki/Otava_(publisher)" title="Otava (publisher)">Otava</a>. pp. 358–359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-1-14253-4" title="Special:BookSources/951-1-14253-4"><bdi>951-1-14253-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuijasota&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=358-359&rft.pub=Otava&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=951-1-14253-4&rft.aulast=Ylikangas&rft.aufirst=Heikki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/595112">"Slave trade continued in Russia even after the Middle Ages"</a>. <i>EurekAlert!</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220104175604/https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/595112">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EurekAlert%21&rft.atitle=Slave+trade+continued+in+Russia+even+after+the+Middle+Ages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fnews-releases%2F595112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDash2015" class="citation web cs1">Dash, Mike (15 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mikedashhistory.com/2015/01/15/blonde-cargoes-finnish-children-in-the-slave-markets-of-medieval-crimea/">"Slavery on the Steppes: Finnish children in the slave markets of medieval Crimea"</a>. <i>A Blast From The Past</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030042652/https://mikedashhistory.com/2015/01/15/blonde-cargoes-finnish-children-in-the-slave-markets-of-medieval-crimea/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Blast+From+The+Past&rft.atitle=Slavery+on+the+Steppes%3A+Finnish+children+in+the+slave+markets+of+medieval+Crimea&rft.date=2015-01-15&rft.aulast=Dash&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmikedashhistory.com%2F2015%2F01%2F15%2Fblonde-cargoes-finnish-children-in-the-slave-markets-of-medieval-crimea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historiesajten.se/visainfo.asp?id=76">"Karl XII av Pfalz-Zweibrücken – Historiesajten"</a>. <i>historiesajten.se</i> (in Swedish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021015220/https://historiesajten.se/visainfo.asp?id=76">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historiesajten.se&rft.atitle=Karl+XII+av+Pfalz-Zweibr%C3%BCcken+%E2%80%93+Historiesajten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoriesajten.se%2Fvisainfo.asp%3Fid%3D76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-valtakunnanosa-54-55-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-valtakunnanosa-54-55_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-valtakunnanosa-54-55_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-valtakunnanosa-54-55_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillstrand2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villstrand, Nils Erik (2012). <i>Valtakunnanosa</i> (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/Svenska_litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet_i_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland">Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</a>. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-583-256-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-583-256-6"><bdi>978-951-583-256-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valtakunnanosa&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-951-583-256-6&rft.aulast=Villstrand&rft.aufirst=Nils+Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillstrand2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villstrand, Nils Erik (2012). <i>Valtakunnanosa</i> (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/Svenska_litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet_i_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland">Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</a>. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-583-256-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-583-256-6"><bdi>978-951-583-256-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valtakunnanosa&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-951-583-256-6&rft.aulast=Villstrand&rft.aufirst=Nils+Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fennica.fi-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fennica.fi_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fennica.fi_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fennica.fi_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fennica.fi_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805170927/http://www.finnica.fi/suomi/">"Suomi – Vapauden ja hyödyn aika"</a>. <i>fennica.fi</i> (in Finnish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finnica.fi/suomi/">the original</a> on 5 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fennica.fi&rft.atitle=Suomi+%E2%80%93+Vapauden+ja+hy%C3%B6dyn+aika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finnica.fi%2Fsuomi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vahtola, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattila2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mattila, H.E.S. (29 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tieteentermipankki.fi/wiki/Oikeustiede:kodifikaatio/laajempi_kuvaus">"Oikeustiede: kodifikaatio: laajempi kuvaus"</a>. <i>Tieteen Termipankki</i> (in Finnish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723092920/http://tieteentermipankki.fi/wiki/Oikeustiede:kodifikaatio/laajempi_kuvaus">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tieteen+Termipankki&rft.atitle=Oikeustiede%3A+kodifikaatio%3A+laajempi+kuvaus&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft.aulast=Mattila&rft.aufirst=H.E.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftieteentermipankki.fi%2Fwiki%2FOikeustiede%3Akodifikaatio%2Flaajempi_kuvaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Suomi". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/pieni/4/0273.html"><i>Pieni tietosanakirja</i></a> (in Finnish). 1925–1928. pp. 478–490. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116161451/http://runeberg.org/pieni/4/0273.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Suomi&rft.btitle=Pieni+tietosanakirja&rft.pages=478-490&rft.date=1925%2F1928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fpieni%2F4%2F0273.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101084242/http://org.utu.fi/yhd/porthan-seura/">"Porthan-Seura"</a> (in Finnish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://org.utu.fi/yhd/porthan-seura/">the original</a> on 1 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Porthan-Seura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forg.utu.fi%2Fyhd%2Fporthan-seura%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jutikkala-Pirinen: <i>Kivikaudesta Koivistoon</i>, 1989, pp. 194, 196, 205, the same in the 2002 edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraff2009" class="citation book cs1">Graff, Harvey J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210706073614/https://www.bokus.com/newsletters/Pdf/9789185509072.pdf"><i>Understanding Literacy in Its Historical Contexts: Socio-Cultural History and the Legacy of Egil Johansson</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Alison Mackinnon, Bengt Sandin, Ian Winchester. Lund: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_Academic_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordic Academic Press (page does not exist)">Nordic Academic Press</a>. pp. 28–29, 34, 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-87121-76-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-87121-76-0"><bdi>978-91-87121-76-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/797917608">797917608</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bokus.com/newsletters/Pdf/9789185509072.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Literacy+in+Its+Historical+Contexts%3A+Socio-Cultural+History+and+the+Legacy+of+Egil+Johansson.&rft.place=Lund&rft.pages=28-29%2C+34%2C+47&rft.pub=Nordic+Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F797917608&rft.isbn=978-91-87121-76-0&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=Harvey+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bokus.com%2Fnewsletters%2FPdf%2F9789185509072.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublications2003" class="citation book cs1">Publications, Europa (2 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hVNvCz0c_gsC&dq=finland+1772+autonomy&pg=PA83"><i>A Political Chronology of Europe</i></a>. Routledge. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-35687-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-35687-3"><bdi>978-1-135-35687-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+Chronology+of+Europe&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft.isbn=978-1-135-35687-3&rft.aulast=Publications&rft.aufirst=Europa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhVNvCz0c_gsC%26dq%3Dfinland%2B1772%2Bautonomy%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCederberg1947" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cederberg, A. R. (1947) [1942]. "Juva". <i>Suomen historia vapauden ajalla, I-II</i> (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/Werner_S%C3%B6derstr%C3%B6m_Osakeyhti%C3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö">WSOY</a>. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Juva&rft.btitle=Suomen+historia+vapauden+ajalla%2C+I-II&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=WSOY&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Cederberg&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrispinsson2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chrispinsson, John (2014). <i>Den glömda historien: om svenska öden och äventyr i öster under tusen år [new edition]</i> (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Norstedts" class="mw-redirect" title="Norstedts">Norstedts</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789113068541" title="Special:BookSources/9789113068541"><bdi>9789113068541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Den+gl%C3%B6mda+historien%3A+om+svenska+%C3%B6den+och+%C3%A4ventyr+i+%C3%B6ster+under+tusen+%C3%A5r+%5Bnew+edition%5D&rft.pub=Norstedts&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789113068541&rft.aulast=Chrispinsson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMäntylä2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mäntylä, Ilkka (2014). "Gustav IV Adolf". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104213110/https://www.blf.fi/artikel.php?id=325"><i>Biografiskt lexikon för Finland</i></a> (in Swedish). electronic edition: <a href="/wiki/Svenska_litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet_i_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland">Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blf.fi/artikel.php?id=325#:~:text=Sveriges%20konung,och%20bevara%20freden%20med%20Ryssland">the original</a> on 4 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gustav+IV+Adolf&rft.btitle=Biografiskt+lexikon+f%C3%B6r+Finland&rft.place=electronic+edition&rft.pub=Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4ntyl%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=Ilkka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blf.fi%2Fartikel.php%3Fid%3D325%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSveriges%2520konung%2Coch%2520bevara%2520freden%2520med%2520Ryssland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillstrand2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villstrand, Nils Erik (2012). <i>Valtakunnanosa</i> (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/Svenska_litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet_i_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland">Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</a>. pp. 23–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-583-256-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-583-256-6"><bdi>978-951-583-256-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valtakunnanosa&rft.pages=23-28&rft.pub=Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-951-583-256-6&rft.aulast=Villstrand&rft.aufirst=Nils+Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jensen, Ola W. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210706073605/http://samla.raa.se/xmlui/bitstream/handle/raa/3219/2009_288.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Sveriges och Finlands gemensamma forntid – en ambivalent historia: idéer om forntiden, kulturarvsbegreppet och den nationella självbilden före och efter 1809"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fornv%C3%A4nnen" title="Fornvännen">Fornvännen</a></i> (in Swedish). <b>104</b> (4): 290. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7813">0015-7813</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samla.raa.se/xmlui/bitstream/handle/raa/3219/2009_288.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fornv%C3%A4nnen&rft.atitle=Sveriges+och+Finlands+gemensamma+forntid+%E2%80%93+en+ambivalent+historia%3A+id%C3%A9er+om+forntiden%2C+kulturarvsbegreppet+och+den+nationella+sj%C3%A4lvbilden+f%C3%B6re+och+efter+1809&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=290&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0015-7813&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Ola+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamla.raa.se%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2Fraa%2F3219%2F2009_288.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Dalin1747" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Dalin, Olov (1747). <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikisource.org/wiki/Svea_Rikes_historia/F%C3%B6rsta_delen/Kapitel_09"><i>Svea Rikes historia. Första Delen</i></a> (in Swedish). p. 280. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029193246/https://sv.wikisource.org/wiki/Svea_Rikes_historia/F%C3%B6rsta_delen/Kapitel_09">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svea+Rikes+historia.+F%C3%B6rsta+Delen&rft.pages=280&rft.date=1747&rft.aulast=von+Dalin&rft.aufirst=Olov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FSvea_Rikes_historia%2FF%25C3%25B6rsta_delen%2FKapitel_09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Dalin1747" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Dalin, Olov (1747). <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikisource.org/wiki/Sida:Svea_Rikes_historia._F%C3%B6rsta_delen_1747.djvu/322"><i>Svea Rikes historia. Första Delen</i></a> (in Swedish). p. 276. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029163311/https://sv.wikisource.org/wiki/Sida:Svea_Rikes_historia._F%C3%B6rsta_delen_1747.djvu/322">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svea+Rikes+historia.+F%C3%B6rsta+Delen&rft.pages=276&rft.date=1747&rft.aulast=von+Dalin&rft.aufirst=Olov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FSida%3ASvea_Rikes_historia._F%25C3%25B6rsta_delen_1747.djvu%2F322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Dalin1750" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Dalin, Olof (1750). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://litteraturbanken.se/f%C3%B6rfattare/DalinOvon/titlar/SveaRikesHistoria2/sida/IX/faksimil"><i>Svea Rikes Historia. Andre Delen</i></a> (in Swedish). pp. 100–104. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220104193104/https://litteraturbanken.se/f%C3%B6rfattare/DalinOvon/titlar/SveaRikesHistoria2/sida/IX/faksimil">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svea+Rikes+Historia.+Andre+Delen&rft.pages=100-104&rft.date=1750&rft.aulast=von+Dalin&rft.aufirst=Olof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flitteraturbanken.se%2Ff%25C3%25B6rfattare%2FDalinOvon%2Ftitlar%2FSveaRikesHistoria2%2Fsida%2FIX%2Ffaksimil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland+under+Swedish+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vahtola, Jouko: <i>Suomen historia: Jääkaudesta Euroopan unioniin</i>. <a href="/wiki/Otava_(publisher)" title="Otava (publisher)">Otava</a>, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> (4th edition 2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-1-17397-9" title="Special:BookSources/951-1-17397-9">951-1-17397-9</a>.</li> <li>Zetterberg, Seppo (ed.): <i>Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen</i>. <a href="/wiki/Werner_S%C3%B6derstr%C3%B6m_Osakeyhti%C3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö">WSOY</a>, 1987, Helsinki. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-0-14253-0" title="Special:BookSources/951-0-14253-0">951-0-14253-0</a>.</li> <li>Korhonen, Arvi (ed.): <i>Suomen historian käsikirja</i>, previous part. WSOY, 1949, <a href="/wiki/Porvoo" title="Porvoo">Porvoo</a> – Helsinki.</li> <li>Karonen, Petri: <i>Pohjoinen suurvalta: Ruotsi ja Suomi 1521–1809</i>. WSOY, 1999, Helsinki. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-0-23739-6" title="Special:BookSources/951-0-23739-6">951-0-23739-6</a>.</li> <li>Pohjolan-Pirhonen, Helge: <i>Suomen historia 1523–1617</i>. WSOY, 1960, Porvoo – Helsinki.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finland_under_Swedish_rule&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Finland_topics" title="Template:Finland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Finland_topics" title="Template talk:Finland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Finland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Finland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Finland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Finland-related_topics" title="List of Finland-related topics">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Finland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finland under Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cudgel_War" title="Cudgel War">Cudgel War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland_during_the_Great_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland during the Great Northern War">The Great Wrath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Finnish_Art" title="Golden Age of Finnish Art">Golden Age of Finnish Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Finland" title="Independence of Finland">Independence of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland in World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandization" title="Finlandization">Finlandization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland_(1917%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Finland (1917–present)">History of independent Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland" title="Military history of Finland">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Finland" title="Geography of Finland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Finland" title="List of cities and towns in Finland">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Finland" title="List of extreme points of Finland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Finland" title="Geology of Finland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Finland" title="List of islands of Finland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Finland" title="List of lakes of Finland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Finland" title="List of national parks of Finland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Finland" title="List of rivers of Finland">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Finland_by_population" title="List of urban areas in Finland by population">Urban areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Finland" title="Wildlife of Finland">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Finland" title="Administrative divisions of Finland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Finland" title="Elections in Finland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Finland" title="Foreign relations of Finland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Government" title="Finnish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Finland" title="Human rights in Finland">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland" title="Judicial system of Finland">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Finland" title="Law of Finland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Finland" title="Law enforcement in Finland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Finland–NATO relations">NATO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Finland" title="List of political parties in Finland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Finland" title="Agriculture in Finland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Finland" title="Energy in Finland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_government_enterprises" title="List of Finnish government enterprises">Government-owned companies</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Finland" title="Industry in Finland">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_income_policy_agreement_(Finland)" title="National income policy agreement (Finland)">National income agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_maritime_cluster" title="Finnish maritime cluster">Ship-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_startup_scene" title="Finnish startup scene">Startups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Helsinki" title="Nasdaq Helsinki">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Finland" title="Taxation in Finland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Finland" title="Tourism in Finland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Finland" title="Transport in Finland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Finland" title="Category:Society of Finland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Finland" title="Abortion in Finland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Finland" title="Crime in Finland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Finland" title="Climate change in Finland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Finland" title="Demographics of Finland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Finland" title="Healthcare in Finland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Finland" title="Welfare in Finland">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maamme" title="Maamme">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Finland" title="Architecture of Finland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_art" title="Finnish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland" title="Coat of arms of Finland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Finland" title="Flag of Finland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Finland" title="Folklore of Finland">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature" title="Finnish literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala"><i>The Kalevala</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_national_symbols" title="Finnish national symbols">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Finland" title="Public holidays in Finland">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Finland)" title="Independence Day (Finland)">Independence Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Sauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Finland" title="Sport in Finland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Finland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Finland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Finland" title="Outline of Finland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finland-related_topics" title="List of Finland-related topics">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Finland#Further_reading" title="Finland">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finland" title="Category:Finland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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