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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.7</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.8</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.9</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.10</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.11</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.12</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Format</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Format-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Format subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Espresso_bar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Espresso_bar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Espresso bar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Espresso_bar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Coffeehouse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koffiewinkel" title="Koffiewinkel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koffiewinkel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%87%D9%89" title="مقهى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقهى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafeter%C3%ADa" title="Cafetería – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cafetería" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99hv%C9%99xana" title="Qəhvəxana – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qəhvəxana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="قهوه‌خانا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قهوه‌خانا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8" title="কফি হাউস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কফি হাউস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka-pi-ti%C3%A0m" title="Ka-pi-tiàm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ka-pi-tiàm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Кавярня – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кавярня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Кавярня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кавярня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Кафене – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кафене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafe" title="Kafe – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kafe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafeteria" title="Cafeteria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cafeteria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kav%C3%A1rna" title="Kavárna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kavárna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%B7_coffi" title="Tŷ coffi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tŷ coffi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" title="Café – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Café" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" title="Café – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Café" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohvik" title="Kohvik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kohvik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Καφετέρια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καφετέρια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafeter%C3%ADa" title="Cafetería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cafetería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafejo" title="Kafejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kafejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafetegi" title="Kafetegi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kafetegi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%87" title="کافه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کافه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_(%C3%A9tablissement)" title="Café (établissement) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Café (établissement)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caif%C3%A9" title="Caifé – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caifé" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafaidh" title="Cafaidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cafaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafetar%C3%ADa" title="Cafetaría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cafetaría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%8E%98" title="카페 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카페" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%80%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Սրճարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սրճարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="कॉफ़ीख़ाना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कॉफ़ीख़ाना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafi%C4%87" title="Kafić – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kafić" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedai_kopi" title="Kedai kopi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kedai kopi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffih%C3%BAs" title="Kaffihús – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kaffihús" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_(pubblico_esercizio)" title="Caffè (pubblico esercizio) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caffè (pubblico esercizio)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%94" title="בית קפה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית קפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кофехана – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кофехана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qehwexane" title="Qehwexane – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qehwexane" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5" title="Кафе – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кафе" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AE%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9F" title="ຮ້ານກາເຟ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຮ້ານກາເຟ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffearia" title="Coffearia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Coffearia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafejn%C4%ABca" title="Kafejnīca – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kafejnīca" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavin%C4%97" title="Kavinė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kavinė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1v%C3%A9h%C3%A1z" title="Kávéház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kávéház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedai_kopi" title="Kedai kopi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kedai kopi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadai_kopi" title="Kadai kopi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kadai kopi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%83-p%C4%AD-ti%C4%83ng" title="Gă-pĭ-tiăng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gă-pĭ-tiăng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кофены газар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кофены газар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koffiehuis" title="Koffiehuis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koffiehuis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7" title="カフェ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カフェ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffehus" title="Kaffehus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kaffehus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaf%C3%A9" title="Kafé – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kafé" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qahvaxona" title="Qahvaxona – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qahvaxona" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawiarnia" title="Kawiarnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kawiarnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_(estabelecimento)" title="Café (estabelecimento) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Café (estabelecimento)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafenea" title="Cafenea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cafenea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5" title="Кафе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кафе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafeneja" title="Kafeneja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kafeneja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" title="Café – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Café" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviare%C5%88" title="Kaviareň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kaviareň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95" title="قاوەخانە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قاوەخانە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%9B" title="Кафић – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кафић" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafe" title="Kafe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kafe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaf%C3%A9" title="Kafé – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kafé" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahvila" title="Kahvila – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kahvila" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaf%C3%A9" title="Kafé – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kafé" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapihan" title="Kapihan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kapihan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F" title="ร้านกาแฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ร้านกาแฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafe" title="Kafe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kafe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Кав'ярня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кав'ярня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%92" title="کیفے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیفے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongq_Gahfeih" title="Hongq Gahfeih – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Hongq Gahfeih" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A1n_c%C3%A0_ph%C3%AA" title="Quán cà phê – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quán cà phê" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1%E5%BB%B3" title="咖啡廳 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="咖啡廳" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1%E5%BA%97" title="咖啡店 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="咖啡店" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1%E5%AE%A4" title="咖啡室 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="咖啡室" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1%E5%BA%97" title="咖啡店 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="咖啡店" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q30022#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Café" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cafeteria" title="Cafeteria">Cafeteria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cafe_(British)" title="Cafe (British)">Cafe (British)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Café (disambiguation)">Café (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Coffeehouse (disambiguation)">Coffeehouse (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caf%C3%A9_de_Flore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Caf%C3%A9_de_Flore.jpg/260px-Caf%C3%A9_de_Flore.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Caf%C3%A9_de_Flore.jpg/390px-Caf%C3%A9_de_Flore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Caf%C3%A9_de_Flore.jpg/520px-Caf%C3%A9_de_Flore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_Flore" title="Café de Flore">Café de Flore</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Rive_Gauche" title="Rive Gauche">Rive Gauche</a> in Paris is one of the oldest coffeehouses in the city. It is celebrated for its famous clientele, which included high-profile writers and philosophers.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>coffeehouse</b>, <b>coffee shop</b>, or <b>café</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kafe]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/11\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-caf%C3%A9.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-caf%C3%A9.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-caf\u00e9.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-caf%C3%A9.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-caf%C3%A9.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-GrandCelinien-caf%C3%A9.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-café.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>), is an establishment that serves various types of coffee, <a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">espresso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latte" title="Latte">latte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_americano" title="Caffè americano">americano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cappuccino" title="Cappuccino">cappuccino</a>, among other hot beverages. Some coffeehouses may serve <a href="/wiki/Iced_coffee" title="Iced coffee">iced coffee</a> among other cold beverages, such as <a href="/wiki/Iced_tea" title="Iced tea">iced tea</a>, as well as other non-caffeinated beverages. A coffeehouse may also serve food, such as light snacks, sandwiches, <a href="/wiki/Muffin" title="Muffin">muffins</a>, cakes, breads, donuts or <a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">pastries</a>. In continental Europe, some cafés even serve alcoholic beverages. Coffeehouses range from owner-operated small businesses to large <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a>. Some coffeehouse chains operate on a <a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">franchise business model</a>, with numerous branches across various countries around the world. </p><p>While <i>café</i> may refer to a coffeehouse, the term "café" can also refer to a <a href="/wiki/Diner" title="Diner">diner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cafe_(British)" title="Cafe (British)">British café</a> (also colloquially called a "caff"), "<a href="/wiki/Greasy_spoon" title="Greasy spoon">greasy spoon</a>" (a small and inexpensive restaurant), <a href="/wiki/Transport_caf%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport café">transport café</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">teahouse</a> or tea room, or other casual eating and drinking place.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A coffeehouse may share some of the same characteristics of a bar or restaurant, but it is different from a cafeteria. Many coffeehouses in West Asia offer <i>shisha</i> (actually called <i>nargile</i> in <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>), flavored tobacco smoked through a <a href="/wiki/Hookah" title="Hookah">hookah</a>. An <a href="#Espresso_bar">espresso bar</a> is a type of coffeehouse that specializes in serving espresso and espresso-based drinks. </p><p>From a cultural standpoint coffeehouses largely serve as centers of social interaction: a coffeehouse provides patrons with a place to congregate, talk, read, write, entertain one another, or pass the time, whether individually or in small groups. A coffeehouse can serve as an informal <a href="/wiki/Social_club" title="Social club">social club</a> for its regular members.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as the 1950s <a href="/wiki/Beatnik" title="Beatnik">Beatnik</a> era and the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> scene, coffeehouses have hosted singer-songwriter performances, typically in the evening.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The digital age saw the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_caf%C3%A9" title="Internet café">Internet café</a> along similar principles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_the_word_Coffee.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Evolution_of_the_word_Coffee.svg/220px-Evolution_of_the_word_Coffee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Evolution_of_the_word_Coffee.svg/330px-Evolution_of_the_word_Coffee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Evolution_of_the_word_Coffee.svg/440px-Evolution_of_the_word_Coffee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>The word coffee in various European languages<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The most common English spelling of <i>café</i> is the French word for both <i>coffee</i> and <i>coffeehouse;</i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was adopted by English-speaking countries in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian spelling, <i>caffè</i>, is also sometimes used in English.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">Southern England</a>, especially around London in the 1950s, the French pronunciation was often facetiously altered to <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span></span>/</a></span></span> and spelt <i>caff</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English word <i>coffee</i> and French word <i>café</i> (coffeehouse) both derive from the Italian <i>caffè</i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—first attested as <i>caveé</i> in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> in 1570<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and in turn derived from Arabic <i>qahwa</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قهوة</span></span>). The Arabic term <i>qahwa</i> originally referred to a type of wine, but after the wine ban by <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the name was transferred to coffee because of the similar rousing effect it induced.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European knowledge of coffee (the plant, its seeds, and the drink made from the seeds) came through European contact with <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, likely via Venetian-<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> trade relations. </p><p>The English word <i>café</i> to describe a restaurant that usually serves coffee and snacks rather than the word coffee that describes the drink, is derived from the French <i>café.</i> The first café in France is believed to have opened in 1660.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first café in Europe is believed to have been opened in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia" title="Ottoman Serbia">Ottoman Serbia</a> in 1522 as a <a href="/wiki/Kafana" title="Kafana">Kafana</a> (Serbian coffee house).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Translingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Translingual">translingual</a> word root /kafe/ appears in many European languages with various naturalized spellings, including Portuguese, Spanish, and French (<i>café</i>); German (<i>Kaffee</i>); <a href="/wiki/Polish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Language">Polish</a> (<i>kawa</i>); <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Language">Serbian</a> (<i>кафа / kafa</i>); <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Language">Ukrainian</a> (<i>кава</i>, 'kava'); and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:274px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MeddahOttomman.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/MeddahOttomman.png/179px-MeddahOttomman.png" decoding="async" width="179" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/MeddahOttomman.png/269px-MeddahOttomman.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/MeddahOttomman.png/358px-MeddahOttomman.png 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1484" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Meddah" title="Meddah">meddah</a> performing at a coffeehouse</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:207px;max-width:207px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:274px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meddah_story_teller.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Meddah_story_teller.png/205px-Meddah_story_teller.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Meddah_story_teller.png/308px-Meddah_story_teller.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Meddah_story_teller.png/410px-Meddah_story_teller.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1004" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Storyteller (<i><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">meddah</a></i>) at a coffeehouse in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The first coffeehouses appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> in the 15th century.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The first coffeehouses appeared in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_coffeehouse" title="Ottoman coffeehouse">Ottoman coffeehouses</a> also appeared in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> in the 15th century, then spread to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s capital of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> in the 16th century and in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. Coffeehouses became popular meeting places where people gathered to drink coffee, have conversations, play board games such as <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> and <a href="/wiki/Backgammon" title="Backgammon">backgammon</a>, listen to stories and music, and discuss news and politics. They became known as "schools of wisdom" for the type of clientele they attracted, and their free and frank discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coffeehouses in Mecca became a concern of <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imams</a> who viewed them as places for political gatherings and drinking, leading to bans between 1512 and 1524.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these bans could not be maintained, due to coffee becoming ingrained in daily ritual and culture among Arabs and neighboring peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> chronicler <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Pe%C3%A7evi" title="İbrahim Peçevi">İbrahim Peçevi</a> reports in his writings (1642–49) about the opening of the first coffeehouse (<i>kiva han</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Until the year 962 [1555], in the High, God-Guarded city of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, as well as in Ottoman lands generally, coffee and coffeehouses did not exist. About that year, a fellow called Hakam from <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and a wag called Shams from Damascus came to the city; they each opened a large shop in the district called Tahtakale, and began to purvey coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1004-CoffeeSceneCairo18th.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1004-CoffeeSceneCairo18th.jpg/220px-1004-CoffeeSceneCairo18th.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1004-CoffeeSceneCairo18th.jpg/330px-1004-CoffeeSceneCairo18th.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1004-CoffeeSceneCairo18th.jpg/440px-1004-CoffeeSceneCairo18th.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2806" data-file-height="1892" /></a><figcaption>A coffeehouse in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, 18th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persia">Persia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 17th-century French traveler and writer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chardin" title="Jean Chardin">Jean Chardin</a> gave a lively description of the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persian</a> coffeehouse (<i>qahveh khaneh</i> in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>) scene: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>People engage in conversation, for it is there that news is communicated and where those interested in politics criticize the government in all freedom and without being fearful, since the government does not heed what the people say. Innocent games ... resembling <a href="/wiki/Checkers" title="Checkers">checkers</a>, hopscotch, and chess, are played. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">mollas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">dervishes</a>, and poets take turns telling stories in verse or in prose. The narrations by the mollas and the dervishes are moral lessons, like our sermons, but it is not considered scandalous not to pay attention to them. No one is forced to give up his game or his conversation because of it. A molla will stand up in the middle, or at one end of the qahveh-khaneh, and begin to preach in a loud voice, or a dervish enters all of a sudden, and chastises the assembled on the vanity of the world and its material goods. It often happens that two or three people talk at the same time, one on one side, the other on the opposite, and sometimes one will be a preacher and the other a storyteller.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:17th_century_coffeehouse_england_1-580x400.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/17th_century_coffeehouse_england_1-580x400.jpg/220px-17th_century_coffeehouse_england_1-580x400.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/17th_century_coffeehouse_england_1-580x400.jpg/330px-17th_century_coffeehouse_england_1-580x400.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/17th_century_coffeehouse_england_1-580x400.jpg/440px-17th_century_coffeehouse_england_1-580x400.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/English_coffeehouses_in_the_17th_and_18th_centuries" title="English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries">A coffeehouse in London</a>, 17th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ParisCafeDiscussion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ParisCafeDiscussion.png/220px-ParisCafeDiscussion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ParisCafeDiscussion.png/330px-ParisCafeDiscussion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ParisCafeDiscussion.png/440px-ParisCafeDiscussion.png 2x" data-file-width="2341" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption>"Discussing the War in a Paris Café", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a></i>, 17 September 1870, during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 17th century, coffee appeared for the first time in Europe outside the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and coffeehouses were established, soon becoming increasingly popular. The first coffeehouse is said to have appeared in 1632 in <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, founded by a Jewish merchant,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or later in 1640, in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th and 20th centuries in Europe, coffeehouses were very often meeting points for writers and artists.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cafe-schwarzenberg-innen-viennaphoto-at.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cafe-schwarzenberg-innen-viennaphoto-at.jpg/220px-Cafe-schwarzenberg-innen-viennaphoto-at.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cafe-schwarzenberg-innen-viennaphoto-at.jpg/330px-Cafe-schwarzenberg-innen-viennaphoto-at.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cafe-schwarzenberg-innen-viennaphoto-at.jpg/440px-Cafe-schwarzenberg-innen-viennaphoto-at.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Viennese_coffee_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Viennese coffee house">Viennese café</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porttrieste_old.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Porttrieste_old.jpg/220px-Porttrieste_old.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Porttrieste_old.jpg/330px-Porttrieste_old.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Porttrieste_old.jpg/440px-Porttrieste_old.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> from where the cappuccino spread</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional tale of the origins of the <a href="/wiki/Viennese_caf%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Viennese café">Viennese café</a> begins with the mysterious sacks of green beans left behind when the Turks were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a> in 1683. All the sacks of coffee were granted to the victorious <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Poland">Polish king</a> <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">Jan III Sobieski</a>, who in turn gave them to one of his officers, <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Franciszek_Kulczycki" title="Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki">Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki</a>, a Ukrainian cossack and Polish diplomat of Ruthenian descent. Kulczycki, according to the tale, then began the first coffeehouse in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> with the hoard, also being the first to serve coffee with milk. There is a statue of Kulczycki on a street also named after him. </p><p>However, it is now widely accepted that the first Viennese coffeehouse was actually opened by an Armenian merchant named Johannes Diodato (also known as Johannes Theodat). He opened a registered coffeehouse in Vienna in 1685. <sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg2002-77_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg2002-77-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Teply_1980_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teply_1980-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Fifteen years later, four other Armenians owned coffeehouses.<sup id="cite_ref-Teply_1980_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teply_1980-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">culture of drinking coffee</a> was itself widespread in the country in the second half of the 18th century. </p><p>Over time, a <a href="/wiki/Viennese_coffee_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Viennese coffee house">special coffee house</a> culture developed in <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> Vienna. On the one hand, writers, artists, musicians, intellectuals, bon vivants and their financiers met in the coffee house, and on the other hand, new coffee varieties were always served. In the coffee house, people played cards or chess, worked, read, thought, composed, discussed, argued, observed and just chatted. A lot of information was also obtained in the coffee house, because local and foreign newspapers were freely available to all guests. This form of coffee house culture spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Empire">Habsburg Empire</a> in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientific theories, political plans but also artistic projects were worked out and discussed in Viennese coffee houses all over Central Europe. James Joyce even enjoyed his coffee in a Viennese coffee house on the Adriatic in <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, then and now the main port for coffee and coffee processing in Italy and Central Europe. From there, the Viennese Kapuziner coffee developed into today's world-famous <a href="/wiki/Cappuccino" title="Cappuccino">cappuccino</a>. This special multicultural atmosphere of the Habsburg coffee houses was largely destroyed by the later National Socialism and Communism and can only be found today in a few places that have long been in the slipstream of history, such as Vienna or Trieste.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England">England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_coffeehouses_in_the_17th_and_18th_centuries" title="English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries">English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries</a></div> <p>The first coffeehouse in England was set up on the High Street in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> in 1650<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–1651<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by "Jacob the Jew". A second competing coffee house was opened across the street in 1654, by "Cirques Jobson, the Jew" (<a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Lane_Coffee_House" title="Queen's Lane Coffee House">Queen's Lane Coffee House</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In London, the earliest coffeehouse was established by <a href="/wiki/Pasqua_Ros%C3%A9e" title="Pasqua Rosée">Pasqua Rosée</a> in 1652.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wood_(antiquary)" title="Anthony Wood (antiquary)">Anthony Wood</a> observed of the coffee houses of Oxford in his <i>Life and Times</i> (1674) "The decay of study, and consequently of learning, are coffee houses, to which most scholars retire and spend much of the day in hearing and speaking of news".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proprietor was Pasqua Rosée, the servant of a trader in goods from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> named Daniel Edwards, who imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment there.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg_2002_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg_2002-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wild2005_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild2005-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1670 to 1685, the number of London coffeehouses began to increase, and they also began to gain political importance due to their popularity as places of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English coffeehouses were significant meeting places, particularly in London. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses in England.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coffeehouses were great social levelers, open to all men and indifferent to social status, and as a result associated with equality and republicanism. Entry gave access to books or print news. Coffeehouses boosted the popularity of print news culture and helped the growth of various financial markets including insurance, stocks, and auctions. <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a> had its origins in <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Coffee_House" title="Lloyd's Coffee House">a coffeehouse</a> run by Edward Lloyd, where underwriters of ship insurance met to do business. The rich intellectual atmosphere of early London coffeehouses was available to anyone who could pay the sometimes one penny entry fee, giving them the name of <a href="/wiki/English_coffeehouses_in_the_17th_and_18th_centuries#Early_Oxford_coffeehouses_("penny_universities")" title="English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries">'Penny Universities'</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> later tried to suppress London coffeehouses as "places where the disaffected met, and spread scandalous reports concerning the conduct of His Majesty and his Ministers", the public still flocked to them. For several decades following the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration England">Restoration</a>, the wits gathered around <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a> at <a href="/wiki/Will%27s_Coffee_House" title="Will's Coffee House">Will's Coffee House</a>, in Russell Street, <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As coffeehouses were believed to be areas where anti-government gossip could easily spread, <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Queen Mary</a> and the London City magistrates tried to prosecute people who frequented coffeehouses as they were liable to "spread false and seditious reports". <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a>'s privy council also suppressed <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> sympathizers in the 1680s and 1690s in coffeehouses as these were the places that they believed harbored plotters against the regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1739, there were 551 coffeehouses in London; each attracted a particular clientele divided by occupation or attitude, such as <a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political faction)">Whigs</a>, wits and <a href="/wiki/Stockjobber" title="Stockjobber">stockjobbers</a>, merchants and lawyers, booksellers and authors, men of fashion or the "cits" of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">old city center</a>. According to one French visitor, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois_Pr%C3%A9vost" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine François Prévost">Antoine François Prévost</a>, coffeehouses, "where you have the right to read all the papers for and against the government", were the "seats of English liberty".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jonathan%27s_Coffee-House" title="Jonathan's Coffee-House">Jonathan's Coffee House</a> in 1698 saw the listing of stock and commodity prices that evolved into the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Coffee_House" title="Lloyd's Coffee House">Lloyd's Coffee House</a> provided the venue for merchants and shippers to discuss insurance deals<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">repetition</span></a></i>]</sup>, leading to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a> insurance market, the <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register" title="Lloyd's Register">Lloyd's Register</a> <a href="/wiki/Classification_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification society">classification society</a>, and other related businesses. Auctions in salesrooms attached to coffeehouses provided the start for the great auction houses of <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> England, the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a> set up coffeehouses (also known as coffee taverns) for the working classes, as a place of relaxation free of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, an alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">public house</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1667, Kara Hamie, a former Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a> from Constantinople, opened the first coffee shop in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> (then the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Principality of Wallachia</a>), in the center of the city, where today sits the main building of the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank of Romania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pasqua Rosée, an <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> by the name Harutiun Vartian, also established the first coffeehouse in Paris in 1672 and held a citywide coffee monopoly until <a href="/wiki/Procopio_Cut%C3%B2" title="Procopio Cutò">Procopio Cutò</a>, his apprentice, opened the <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Procope" title="Café Procope">Café Procope</a> in 1686.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This coffeehouse still exists today and was a popular meeting place of the French <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>; <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a> frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i>, the first modern encyclopedia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungary">Hungary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first known cafes in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Pest</a> date back to 1714 when a house intended to serve as a Cafe (Balázs Kávéfőző) was purchased. Minutes of the Pest City Council from 1729 mention complaints by the Balázs café and Franz Reschfellner Cafe against the Italian-originated café of Francesco Bellieno for selling underpriced coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrata_Caff%C3%A8_Florian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Entrata_Caff%C3%A8_Florian.jpg/220px-Entrata_Caff%C3%A8_Florian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Entrata_Caff%C3%A8_Florian.jpg/330px-Entrata_Caff%C3%A8_Florian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Entrata_Caff%C3%A8_Florian.jpg/440px-Entrata_Caff%C3%A8_Florian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Florian" title="Caffè Florian">Caffè Florian</a> in Venice</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 18th century, the oldest extant coffeehouses in Italy were established: <a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Florian" title="Caffè Florian">Caffè Florian</a> in Venice, <a href="/wiki/Antico_Caff%C3%A8_Greco" title="Antico Caffè Greco">Antico Caffè Greco</a> in Rome, <a href="/wiki/Pedrocchi_Caf%C3%A9" title="Pedrocchi Café">Caffè Pedrocchi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_dell%27Ussero" class="mw-redirect" title="Caffè dell'Ussero">Caffè dell'Ussero</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Fiorio" title="Caffè Fiorio">Caffè Fiorio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> coffeehouses functioned as early reading centers and the emergence of circulation and subscription libraries that provided greater access to printed material for the public. The interconnectivity of the coffeehouse and virtually every aspect of the print trade were evidenced by the incorporation of printing, publishing, selling, and viewing of newspapers, pamphlets and books on the premises, most notably in the case of <a href="/wiki/Dick%27s_Coffee_House" title="Dick's Coffee House">Dick's Coffee House</a>, owned by Richard Pue; thus contributing to a culture of reading and increased literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbas_2014_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbas_2014-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These coffeehouses were a social magnet where different strata of society came together to discuss topics covered by the newspapers and pamphlets. Most coffeehouses of the 18th century would eventually be equipped with their own printing presses or incorporate a book shop.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the term <i>café</i> is used for most coffeehouses – this can be spelled both with and without an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>, but is always pronounced as two syllables. The name café has also come to be used for a type of diners that offers cooked meals (again, without alcoholic beverages) which can be standalone or operating within shopping centres or department stores. In Irish usage, the presence or absence of the acute accent does not signify the type of establishment (coffeehouse versus diner), and is purely a decision by the owner: for instance, the two largest diner-style café chains in Ireland in the 1990s were named "Kylemore Cafe" and "<a href="/wiki/Bewley%27s" title="Bewley's">Bewley's Café</a>" – i.e., one written without, and one with, the acute accent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estatua_de_Fernando_Pessoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Estatua_de_Fernando_Pessoa.jpg/179px-Estatua_de_Fernando_Pessoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Estatua_de_Fernando_Pessoa.jpg/269px-Estatua_de_Fernando_Pessoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Estatua_de_Fernando_Pessoa.jpg/358px-Estatua_de_Fernando_Pessoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">Statue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Fernando Pessoa</a> by Lagoa Henriques, next to the <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_A_Brasileira" title="Café A Brasileira"><i>A Brasileira</i></a> café, in <a href="/wiki/Chiado" title="Chiado">Chiado</a>, Lisbon</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of coffee in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> is usually told to have begun during the reign of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">king</a> <a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">John V</a>, when Portuguese agent Francisco de Melo Palheta supposedly managed to steal coffee beans from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> and introduce it to Brazil. From Brazil, coffee was taken to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>, which were also Portuguese colonies at the time. Despite this story, coffee already existed in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, having been introduced by <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">Portuguese missionaries</a>. During the 18th century, the first public <i>cafés</i> appeared, inspired by French gatherings from the 17th century, becoming spaces for cultural and artistic entertainment. </p><p>Several cafes emerged in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> such as: <i>Martinho da Arcada</i> (being the oldest café still functioning, having opened in 1782), <i>Café Tavares</i>, <i>Botequim Parras,</i> among others<i>.</i> Of these several became famous for harbouring poets and artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Maria_Barbosa_du_Bocage" title="Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage">Manuel du Bocage</a> with his visits to <i>Café Nicola,</i> which opened in 1796 by the Italian Nicola Breteiro; and <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Fernando Pessoa</a> with his visits to <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_A_Brasileira" title="Café A Brasileira"><i>A Brasileira</i></a>, which opened in 1905 by Adriano Teles. The most famous of these coffee houses was the <i>Café Marrare</i>, opened by the napolitan Antonio Marrare, in 1820, frequently visited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BAlio_Castilho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Júlio Castilho (page does not exist)">Júlio Castilho</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raimundo_de_Bulh%C3%A3o_Pato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raimundo de Bulhão Pato (page does not exist)">Raimundo de Bulhão Pato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Almeida Garrett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Alexandre Herculano</a> and other members of the Portuguese government and the <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>. It began its own saying: «<i>Lisboa era <a href="/wiki/Chiado" title="Chiado">Chiado</a>, o Chiado era o Marrare e o Marrare ditava a lei</i>» (English: "Lisbon was the Chiado, the Chiado was the Marrare and the Marrare dictated the law"). </p><p>Other coffee houses soon opened across the country, such as <i>Café Vianna,</i> opened in <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>, in 1858, by Manoel José da Costa Vianna, which was also visited by important Portuguese writers such as <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Camilo Castelo Branco</a> and <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A7a_de_Queiroz" title="Eça de Queiroz">Eça de Queirós</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/1930s" title="1930s">1930's</a>, a surge in coffee houses happened in <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> with the opening of several that still exist, such as <i>Café Guarany</i>, opened in 1933, and <i>A Regaleira</i>, opened in 1934. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1761 the Turm Kaffee, a shop for exported goods, was opened in <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland">Finland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulevardin_Ekberg_talvella_-_Marit_Henriksson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bulevardin_Ekberg_talvella_-_Marit_Henriksson.jpg/170px-Bulevardin_Ekberg_talvella_-_Marit_Henriksson.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bulevardin_Ekberg_talvella_-_Marit_Henriksson.jpg/255px-Bulevardin_Ekberg_talvella_-_Marit_Henriksson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bulevardin_Ekberg_talvella_-_Marit_Henriksson.jpg/340px-Bulevardin_Ekberg_talvella_-_Marit_Henriksson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2916" data-file-height="2916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Ekberg" title="Café Ekberg">Café Ekberg</a> in 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>Finland's first coffee house, Kaffehus, was founded in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a> in 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest still-in-use coffee house in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> called <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Ekberg" title="Café Ekberg">Café Ekberg</a> was founded 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender">Gender</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exclusion of women from coffeehouses as guests was not universal, but does appear to have been common in Europe. In Germany, women frequented them, but in England and France they were banned.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Émilie du Châtelet</a> purportedly <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressed</a> to gain entrance to a coffeehouse in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a well-known engraving of a <a href="/wiki/Parisian_caf%C3%A9" title="Parisian café">Parisian café</a> c. 1700,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the gentlemen hang their hats on pegs and sit at long communal tables strewn with papers and writing implements. Coffee pots are ranged at an open fire, with a hanging cauldron of boiling water. The only woman present presides, <a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">separated</a> in a canopied booth, from which she serves coffee in tall cups. </p><p>Aside from the discussion around women as guests of the coffeehouses, it is noted that women did work as waitresses at coffeehouses and also managed coffeehouses as proprietors. Well known women in the coffeehouse business were <a href="/wiki/Moll_King_(coffee_house_proprietor)" title="Moll King (coffee house proprietor)">Moll King (coffee house proprietor)</a> in England, and <a href="/wiki/Maja-Lisa_Borgman" title="Maja-Lisa Borgman">Maja-Lisa Borgman</a> in Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most European countries, such as Spain, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, and others, the term <i>café</i> means a restaurant primarily serving coffee, as well as <a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">pastries</a> such as cakes, <a href="/wiki/Tart" title="Tart">tarts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">pies</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bun" title="Bun">buns</a>. Many cafés also serve light meals such as <a href="/wiki/Sandwich" title="Sandwich">sandwiches</a>. European cafés often have tables on the pavement (sidewalk) as well as indoors. Some cafés also serve alcoholic drinks (e.g., wine), particularly in Southern Europe. In the Netherlands and Belgium, a <i>café</i> is the equivalent of a bar, and also sells alcoholic drinks. In the Netherlands a <i>koffiehuis</i> serves coffee, while a <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_coffee_shops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis coffee shops">coffee shop</a> (using the English term) sells "soft" drugs (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">hashish</a>) and is generally not allowed to sell alcoholic drinks. In France, most cafés serve as lunch restaurants in the day, and bars in the evening. They generally do not have pastries except in the mornings, when a <a href="/wiki/Croissant" title="Croissant">croissant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pain_au_chocolat" title="Pain au chocolat">pain au chocolat</a> can be purchased with breakfast coffee. In Italy, cafés are similar to those found in France and known as <i>bar</i>. They typically serve a variety of espresso coffee, cakes and alcoholic drinks. Bars in city centers usually have different prices for consumption at the bar and consumption at a table.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This whole paragraph needs sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avenida_de_Mayo_Caf%C3%A9_Tortoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Avenida_de_Mayo_Caf%C3%A9_Tortoni.jpg/220px-Avenida_de_Mayo_Caf%C3%A9_Tortoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Avenida_de_Mayo_Caf%C3%A9_Tortoni.jpg/330px-Avenida_de_Mayo_Caf%C3%A9_Tortoni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Avenida_de_Mayo_Caf%C3%A9_Tortoni.jpg/440px-Avenida_de_Mayo_Caf%C3%A9_Tortoni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Tortoni" title="Café Tortoni">Café Tortoni</a> is an emblematic café in Buenos Aires. Frequented by <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> among many other figures of Argentina.</figcaption></figure> <p>Coffeehouses are part of the culture of <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> and the customs of its inhabitants. They are traditional meeting places for 'porteños' and have inspired innumerable artistic creations. Some notable coffeehouses include <a href="/wiki/Confiter%C3%ADa_del_Molino" title="Confitería del Molino">Confitería del Molino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Tortoni" title="Café Tortoni">Café Tortoni</a>, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Gato_Negro" class="extiw" title="es:El Gato Negro">El Gato Negro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_La_Biela" title="Café La Biela">Café La Biela</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caffe_Reggio_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Caffe_Reggio_01.jpg/220px-Caffe_Reggio_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Caffe_Reggio_01.jpg/330px-Caffe_Reggio_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Caffe_Reggio_01.jpg/440px-Caffe_Reggio_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caffe_Reggio" title="Caffe Reggio">Caffe Reggio</a> on <a href="/wiki/MacDougal_Street" title="MacDougal Street">MacDougal Street</a> in New York City's <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> which was founded in 1927</figcaption></figure> <p>The first coffeehouse in America opened in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, in 1676.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Americans did not start choosing coffee over tea until the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>. After the Revolutionary War, Americans momentarily went back to drinking tea until after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> when they began importing high-quality coffee from Latin America and expensive inferior-quality tea from American shippers instead of Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether they were drinking coffee or tea, coffeehouses served a similar purpose to that which they did in Great Britain, as places where business was done. In the 1780s, Merchant's Coffee House located on Wall Street in New York City was home to the organization of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_New_York_Mellon_v._Realogy_Corp." title="Bank of New York Mellon v. Realogy Corp.">Bank of New York</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_of_the_State_of_New_York" title="Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York">New York Chamber of Commerce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coffeehouses in the United States arose from the <a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">espresso</a>- and pastry-centered Italian coffeehouses of the Italian American immigrant communities in the major U.S. cities, notably New York City's <a href="/wiki/Little_Italy,_Manhattan" title="Little Italy, Manhattan">Little Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a>, Boston's <a href="/wiki/North_End,_Boston" title="North End, Boston">North End</a>, and San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/North_Beach,_San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="North Beach, San Francisco, California">North Beach</a>. From the late 1950s onward, coffeehouses also served as a venue for entertainment, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a> performers during the <a href="/wiki/American_folk_music_revival" title="American folk music revival">American folk music revival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Greenwich Village and North Beach became major haunts of the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beats</a>, who were highly identified with these coffeehouses. As the youth culture of the 1960s evolved, non-Italians consciously copied these coffeehouses. The political nature of much of 1960s folk music made the music a natural tie-in with coffeehouses with their association with political action. A number of well-known performers like <a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> began their careers performing in coffeehouses. <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a> singer <a href="/wiki/Lightnin%27_Hopkins" title="Lightnin' Hopkins">Lightnin' Hopkins</a> bemoaned his woman's inattentiveness to her domestic situation due to her overindulgence in coffeehouse socializing in his 1969 song "Coffeehouse Blues".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Peet" title="Alfred Peet">Alfred Peet</a> began applying the dark roast style to high quality beans and opened up a small shop in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a> to educate customers on the virtues of good coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1967 with the opening of the historic <a href="/wiki/Last_Exit_on_Brooklyn" title="Last Exit on Brooklyn">Last Exit on Brooklyn</a> coffeehouse, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> became known for its thriving <a href="/wiki/Countercultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Countercultural">countercultural</a> coffeehouse scene; the <a href="/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a> chain later standardized and mainstreamed this <a href="#Espresso_bar">espresso bar</a> model.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1960s through the mid-1980s, churches and individuals in the United States used the coffeehouse concept for outreach. They were often storefronts and had names like <i>The Lost Coin</i> (Greenwich Village), <i>The Gathering Place</i> (Riverside, CA), <i>Catacomb Chapel</i> (New York City), and <i>Jesus For You</i> (Buffalo, NY). Christian music (often guitar-based) was performed, coffee and food was provided, and <a href="/wiki/Bible_study_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible study (Christian)">Bible studies</a> were convened as people of varying backgrounds gathered in a casual setting that was purposefully different from traditional churches. An out-of-print book, published by the ministry of David Wilkerson, titled, <i>A Coffeehouse Manual</i>, served as a guide for Christian coffeehouses, including a list of name suggestions for coffeehouses.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, Brownstones Coffee of <a href="/wiki/Amityville,_New_York" title="Amityville, New York">Amityville, New York</a> opened its first location as a breakfast-oriented coffeehouse well before that business model became popular.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trend later caught on through coffeehouses such as Starbucks,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which seemed to be on every street corner in several major American cities including Los Angeles and Seattle.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Format">Format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_coffeehouse_chains" title="List of coffeehouse chains">List of coffeehouse chains</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pastries_sold_at_a_coffee_shop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pastries_sold_at_a_coffee_shop.jpg/220px-Pastries_sold_at_a_coffee_shop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pastries_sold_at_a_coffee_shop.jpg/330px-Pastries_sold_at_a_coffee_shop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pastries_sold_at_a_coffee_shop.jpg/440px-Pastries_sold_at_a_coffee_shop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Coffeehouses often sell <a href="/wiki/Pastries" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastries">pastries</a> or other food items.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cafés may have an outdoor section (terrace, pavement or <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_cafe" title="Sidewalk cafe">sidewalk café</a>) with seats, tables and parasols. This is especially the case with European cafés. Cafés offer a more open public space compared to many of the traditional pubs they have replaced, which were more male dominated with a focus on drinking alcohol. </p><p>One of the original uses of the café, as a place for information exchange and communication, was reintroduced in the 1990s with the <a href="/wiki/Internet_caf%C3%A9" title="Internet café">Internet café</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotspot (Wi-Fi)">Hotspot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spread of modern-style cafés to urban and rural areas went hand-in-hand with the rising use of mobile computers. Computers and Internet access in a contemporary-styled venue help to create a youthful, modern place, compared to the traditional pubs or old-fashioned <a href="/wiki/Diner" title="Diner">diners</a> that they replaced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coffeehouses in Egypt are colloquially called <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>ahwah</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔhwa/</span>, which is the dialectal pronunciation of <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قَهْوة</span></span> <i>qahwah</i> (literally "coffee")<sup id="cite_ref-Gėzim_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gėzim-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<small>see also <a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology#Local_variations" title="Arabic phonology">Arabic phonology#Local variations</a></small>). Also commonly served in <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>ahwah</i> are tea (<i>shāy</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">herbal teas</a>, especially the highly popular <a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_tea" title="Hibiscus tea">hibiscus blend</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a>: <i>karkadeh</i> or <i>ennab</i>). The first <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>ahwah</i> opened around the 1850s and were originally patronized mostly by older people, with youths frequenting but not always ordering. There were associated by the 1920s with clubs (<a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>), <i>bursa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>) and <i>gharza</i> (rural inns). In the early 20th century, some of them became crucial venues for political and social debates.<sup id="cite_ref-Gėzim_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gėzim-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, coffee culture has expanded in the past twenty years. Chains like <a href="/wiki/Indian_Coffee_House" title="Indian Coffee House">Indian Coffee House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Coffee_Day" title="Café Coffee Day">Café Coffee Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barista_Lavazza" class="mw-redirect" title="Barista Lavazza">Barista Lavazza</a> have become very popular. Cafes are considered good venues to conduct office meetings and for friends to meet.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caffeena_caf%C3%A9_storefront_at_NOMO,_Bacoor,_Cavite_%E2%80%94_25_Feb_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Caffeena_caf%C3%A9_storefront_at_NOMO%2C_Bacoor%2C_Cavite_%E2%80%94_25_Feb_2022.jpg/220px-Caffeena_caf%C3%A9_storefront_at_NOMO%2C_Bacoor%2C_Cavite_%E2%80%94_25_Feb_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Caffeena_caf%C3%A9_storefront_at_NOMO%2C_Bacoor%2C_Cavite_%E2%80%94_25_Feb_2022.jpg/330px-Caffeena_caf%C3%A9_storefront_at_NOMO%2C_Bacoor%2C_Cavite_%E2%80%94_25_Feb_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Caffeena_caf%C3%A9_storefront_at_NOMO%2C_Bacoor%2C_Cavite_%E2%80%94_25_Feb_2022.jpg/440px-Caffeena_caf%C3%A9_storefront_at_NOMO%2C_Bacoor%2C_Cavite_%E2%80%94_25_Feb_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>A coffee shop in <a href="/wiki/Bacoor" title="Bacoor">Bacoor</a>, Philippines</figcaption></figure> <p>In China, an abundance of recently started domestic coffeehouse chains may be seen accommodating business people for <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">conspicuous consumption</a>, with coffee prices sometimes even higher than in the West. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumah_Loer_-_Palembang,_SS_(9_August_2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rumah_Loer_-_Palembang%2C_SS_%289_August_2021%29.jpg/220px-Rumah_Loer_-_Palembang%2C_SS_%289_August_2021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rumah_Loer_-_Palembang%2C_SS_%289_August_2021%29.jpg/330px-Rumah_Loer_-_Palembang%2C_SS_%289_August_2021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rumah_Loer_-_Palembang%2C_SS_%289_August_2021%29.jpg/440px-Rumah_Loer_-_Palembang%2C_SS_%289_August_2021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>Rumah Loer, a contemporary-style coffee shop (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">rumah kopi kekinian</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Malaysia and Singapore, traditional breakfast and coffee shops are called <i><a href="/wiki/Kopi_tiam" title="Kopi tiam">kopi tiam</a></i>. The word is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> word for coffee (as borrowed and altered from English) and the <a href="/wiki/Min_Nan" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Nan">Hokkien</a> dialect word for shop (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">店</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a>: tiàm). Menus typically feature simple offerings: a variety of foods based on <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">egg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toast_(food)" title="Toast (food)">toast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coconut_jam" title="Coconut jam">coconut jam</a>, plus coffee, tea, and <a href="/wiki/Milo_(drink)" title="Milo (drink)">Milo</a>, a malted chocolate drink that is extremely popular in Southeast Asia and Australasia, particularly Singapore and Malaysia. </p><p>In Indonesia, traditional coffee houses are called <i>kedai kopi</i>, <i>rumah kopi</i>, or <i>warung kopi</i> which is often abbreviated as <i>warkop</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kopi_tubruk" title="Kopi tubruk">Kopi tubruk</a> is a common drink in small <i>warkop</i>. As a coffee drink companion, traditional <a href="/wiki/Kue" title="Kue">kue</a> is also served in the coffee house. The first coffee house in Indonesia was founded in 1878 in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> which named <i>Warung Tinggi Tek Sun Ho</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Philippines, coffee shop chains like <a href="/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a> have become the prevalent hangouts for upper- and middle-class professionals in such districts as the <a href="/wiki/Makati_Central_Business_District" title="Makati Central Business District">Makati CBD</a>. However, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carinderias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carinderias (page does not exist)">carinderias</a> (small eateries) continue to serve coffee alongside breakfast and snack dishes. Events called "Kapihan" (fora) are often held inside bakeshops or restaurants that also serve coffee for breakfast or <a href="/wiki/Merienda" title="Merienda">merienda</a>. There are also a number of establishments often referred to as "cafés" that serve not just coffee and pastries, but full meals, often international cuisine highly altered to Filipino tastes.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_02_Rustic_Barista_Specialty_Coffee_Korat_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/2019_02_Rustic_Barista_Specialty_Coffee_Korat_01.jpg/220px-2019_02_Rustic_Barista_Specialty_Coffee_Korat_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/2019_02_Rustic_Barista_Specialty_Coffee_Korat_01.jpg/330px-2019_02_Rustic_Barista_Specialty_Coffee_Korat_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/2019_02_Rustic_Barista_Specialty_Coffee_Korat_01.jpg/440px-2019_02_Rustic_Barista_Specialty_Coffee_Korat_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption>A shop specialised in drip coffee in <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Ratchasima" title="Nakhon Ratchasima">Nakhon Ratchasima</a>, Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p>In Thailand, the term "café" is not only a coffeehouse in the international definition, as in other countries, but in the past was considered <a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">a night restaurant that serves</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcoholic drinks</a> during a comedy show on stage. The era in which this type of business flourished was the 1990s, before the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 financial crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first real coffeehouse in Thailand opened in 1917 at the <a href="/wiki/Si_Kak_Phraya_Si" title="Si Kak Phraya Si">Si Kak Phraya Si</a> in the area of <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Island" title="Rattanakosin Island">Rattanakosin Island</a>, by Madam Cole, an American woman who living in Thailand at that time, Later, <a href="/wiki/Phraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Phraya">Chao Phraya</a> Ram Rakop (เจ้าพระยารามราฆพ), Thai aristocrat, opened a coffeehouse named "Café de Norasingha" (คาเฟ่นรสิงห์) located at Sanam Suea Pa (สนามเสือป่า), the ground next to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Plaza_(Thailand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Plaza (Thailand)">Royal Plaza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At present, Café de Norasingha has been renovated and moved to within <a href="/wiki/Phayathai_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Phayathai Palace">Phayathai Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">southern region</a>, a traditional coffeehouse or <i>kopi tiam</i> is popular with locals, like many countries in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federal_Coffee_Palace_Melbourne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Federal_Coffee_Palace_Melbourne.jpg/220px-Federal_Coffee_Palace_Melbourne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Federal_Coffee_Palace_Melbourne.jpg/330px-Federal_Coffee_Palace_Melbourne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Federal_Coffee_Palace_Melbourne.jpg/440px-Federal_Coffee_Palace_Melbourne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3422" data-file-height="5197" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Coffee_Palace" title="Federal Coffee Palace">Federal Coffee Palace</a>, built on Collins Street, Melbourne, in 1888, was the largest and grandest Coffee Palace ever built. It was demolished in 1973.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centre_Place_December_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Centre_Place_December_2012.jpg/220px-Centre_Place_December_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Centre_Place_December_2012.jpg/330px-Centre_Place_December_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Centre_Place_December_2012.jpg/440px-Centre_Place_December_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3775" data-file-height="2831" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Centre_Place,_Melbourne" title="Centre Place, Melbourne">Centre Place, Melbourne</a>. Australia and New Zealand have competing claims as being the birthplace of the "<a href="/wiki/Flat_white" title="Flat white">flat white</a>".</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century, coffee houses such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collingwood_Coffee_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collingwood Coffee Palace (page does not exist)">Collingwood Coffee Palace</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Coffee_Palace" title="Federal Coffee Palace">Federal Coffee Palace</a> in the centre of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> were established and were part of the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a> to reduce the consumption of alcohol in society.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern Australia, coffee shops are ubiquitously known as <i>cafés</i>. Since the post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> influx of Italian and Greek immigrants introduced the first espresso coffee machines to Australia in the 1950s, there was initially a slow rise in café culture, particularly in Melbourne, until a boom in locally owned cafés Australia-wide began in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside the rise in the number of cafés there has been a rise in demand for locally (or on-site) roasted specialty coffee, particularly in Sydney and Melbourne. A local favourite is the "<a href="/wiki/Flat_white" title="Flat white">flat white</a>" which remains a popular coffee drink.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Cairo, the capital of Egypt, most cafés have shisha (waterpipe). Most Egyptians indulge in the habit of smoking shisha while hanging out at the café, watching a match, studying, or even sometimes finishing some work. In <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, the capital of Ethiopia, independent coffeehouses that struggled prior to 1991 have become popular with young professionals who do not have time for traditional coffee roasting at home. One establishment that has become well-known is the Tomoca coffee shop, which opened in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_2">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The patrons of the first coffeehouse in England, The Angel, which opened in Oxford in 1650,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the mass of London coffee houses that flourished over the next three centuries, were far removed from those of modern Britain. Haunts for teenagers in particular, <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Italians in the United Kingdom">Italian-run</a> espresso bars and their <a href="/wiki/Formica_(plastic)" title="Formica (plastic)">formica</a>-topped tables were a feature of 1950s <a href="/wiki/Soho" title="Soho">Soho</a> that provided a backdrop as well as a title for <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Richard" title="Cliff Richard">Cliff Richard</a>'s 1960 film <i><a href="/wiki/Expresso_Bongo" title="Expresso Bongo">Expresso Bongo</a></i>. The first was The Moka in <a href="/wiki/Frith_Street" title="Frith Street">Frith Street</a>, opened by <a href="/wiki/Gina_Lollobrigida" title="Gina Lollobrigida">Gina Lollobrigida</a> in 1953. With their "exotic <a href="/wiki/Gaggia" title="Gaggia">Gaggia</a> <a href="/wiki/Espresso_machine" title="Espresso machine">coffee machine</a>[s],... Coke, Pepsi, weak frothy coffee and... Suncrush orange fountain[s]"<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they spread to other urban centers during the 1960s, providing cheap, warm places for young people to congregate and an ambience far removed from the global coffee bar standard that would be established in the final decades of the century by chains such as <a href="/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pret_a_Manger" title="Pret a Manger">Pret a Manger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Espresso_bar">Espresso bar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Espresso bar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Coffeehouse" title="Special:EditPage/Coffeehouse">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baliuagjf1696_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Baliuagjf1696_08.JPG/170px-Baliuagjf1696_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Baliuagjf1696_08.JPG/255px-Baliuagjf1696_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Baliuagjf1696_08.JPG/340px-Baliuagjf1696_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Interior of an espresso bar from <a href="/wiki/Baliuag,_Bulacan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baliuag, Bulacan">Baliuag</a>, Philippines</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>espresso bar</b> is a type of coffeehouse that specializes in coffee drinks made from <a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">espresso</a>. Originating in Italy, the espresso bar has spread throughout the world in various forms. Prime examples that are internationally known are <a href="/wiki/Starbucks_Coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Starbucks Coffee">Starbucks Coffee</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, U.S., and <a href="/wiki/Costa_Coffee" title="Costa Coffee">Costa Coffee</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Dunstable" title="Dunstable">Dunstable</a>, U.K. (the first and second largest coffeehouse chains respectively), although the espresso bar exists in some form throughout much of the world. </p><p>The espresso bar is typically centered around a long counter with a high-yield <a href="/wiki/Espresso_machine" title="Espresso machine">espresso machine</a> (usually <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bean_to_cup_machines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bean to cup machines (page does not exist)">bean to cup machines</a>, automatic or semiautomatic pump-type machine, although occasionally a manually operated lever-and-piston system) and a display case containing pastries and occasionally savory items such as sandwiches. In the traditional Italian bar, customers either order at the bar and consume their drinks standing or, if they wish to sit down and be served, are usually charged a higher price. In some bars there is an additional charge for drinks served at an outside table. In other countries, especially the United States, seating areas for customers to relax and work are provided free of charge. Some espresso bars also sell coffee paraphernalia, candy, and even music. North American espresso bars were also at the forefront of widespread adoption of public <a href="/wiki/WiFi" class="mw-redirect" title="WiFi">WiFi</a> access points to provide Internet services to people doing work on laptop computers on the premises. </p><p>The offerings at the typical espresso bar are generally quite Italianate in inspiration; <a href="/wiki/Biscotti" title="Biscotti">biscotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannoli" title="Cannoli">cannoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pizzelle" title="Pizzelle">pizzelle</a> are a common traditional accompaniment to a <a href="/wiki/Latte" title="Latte">caffe latte</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cappuccino" title="Cappuccino">cappuccino</a>. Some upscale espresso bars even offer alcoholic drinks such as grappa and sambuca. Nevertheless, typical pastries are not always strictly Italianate and common additions include <a href="/wiki/Scones" class="mw-redirect" title="Scones">scones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muffins" class="mw-redirect" title="Muffins">muffins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croissant" title="Croissant">croissants</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Doughnuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Doughnuts">doughnuts</a>. There is usually a large selection of teas as well, and the North American espresso bar culture is responsible for the popularization of the Indian spiced tea drink <a href="/wiki/Masala_chai" title="Masala chai">masala chai</a>. Iced drinks are also popular in some countries, including both iced tea and iced coffee as well as blended drinks such as Starbucks' <a href="/wiki/Frappucino" class="mw-redirect" title="Frappucino">Frappucino</a>. </p><p>A worker in an espresso bar is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Barista" title="Barista">barista</a>. The barista is a skilled position that requires familiarity with the drinks being made (often very elaborate, especially in North American-style espresso bars), a reasonable facility with some equipment as well as the usual customer service skills. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:028_Cafe_sign_free_photo_-_Cafe_neon_-_Creative_Commons_Attribution.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Café" neon sign in Breda"><img alt=""Café" neon sign in Breda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/028_Cafe_sign_free_photo_-_Cafe_neon_-_Creative_Commons_Attribution.jpg/120px-028_Cafe_sign_free_photo_-_Cafe_neon_-_Creative_Commons_Attribution.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/028_Cafe_sign_free_photo_-_Cafe_neon_-_Creative_Commons_Attribution.jpg/180px-028_Cafe_sign_free_photo_-_Cafe_neon_-_Creative_Commons_Attribution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/028_Cafe_sign_free_photo_-_Cafe_neon_-_Creative_Commons_Attribution.jpg/240px-028_Cafe_sign_free_photo_-_Cafe_neon_-_Creative_Commons_Attribution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3012" data-file-height="2008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<i>Café</i>" neon sign in <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caf%C3%A9_M%C3%A9lange,_Wien.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Café Mélange, Vienna"><img alt="Café Mélange, Vienna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Caf%C3%A9_M%C3%A9lange%2C_Wien.jpg/120px-Caf%C3%A9_M%C3%A9lange%2C_Wien.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Caf%C3%A9_M%C3%A9lange%2C_Wien.jpg/180px-Caf%C3%A9_M%C3%A9lange%2C_Wien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Caf%C3%A9_M%C3%A9lange%2C_Wien.jpg/240px-Caf%C3%A9_M%C3%A9lange%2C_Wien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Café Mélange, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kahvila_Kampelan_terassia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Café Kampela, Helsinki"><img alt="Café Kampela, Helsinki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kahvila_Kampelan_terassia.JPG/120px-Kahvila_Kampelan_terassia.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kahvila_Kampelan_terassia.JPG/180px-Kahvila_Kampelan_terassia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kahvila_Kampelan_terassia.JPG/240px-Kahvila_Kampelan_terassia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Café Kampela, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Grey_Owl_Coffee_shop_in_Norman_Oklahoma_on_the_morning_of_10_Dec_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Grey Owl Coffee shop in Norman, Oklahoma"><img alt="The Grey Owl Coffee shop in Norman, Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The_Grey_Owl_Coffee_shop_in_Norman_Oklahoma_on_the_morning_of_10_Dec_2023.jpg/120px-The_Grey_Owl_Coffee_shop_in_Norman_Oklahoma_on_the_morning_of_10_Dec_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The_Grey_Owl_Coffee_shop_in_Norman_Oklahoma_on_the_morning_of_10_Dec_2023.jpg/180px-The_Grey_Owl_Coffee_shop_in_Norman_Oklahoma_on_the_morning_of_10_Dec_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The_Grey_Owl_Coffee_shop_in_Norman_Oklahoma_on_the_morning_of_10_Dec_2023.jpg/240px-The_Grey_Owl_Coffee_shop_in_Norman_Oklahoma_on_the_morning_of_10_Dec_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Grey Owl Coffee shop in <a href="/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma" title="Norman, Oklahoma">Norman, Oklahoma</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:In_caf%C3%A9_omgebouwde_kerk_in_Utrecht.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A café in a former church, Utrecht"><img alt="A café in a former church, Utrecht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/In_caf%C3%A9_omgebouwde_kerk_in_Utrecht.jpg/120px-In_caf%C3%A9_omgebouwde_kerk_in_Utrecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/In_caf%C3%A9_omgebouwde_kerk_in_Utrecht.jpg/180px-In_caf%C3%A9_omgebouwde_kerk_in_Utrecht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/In_caf%C3%A9_omgebouwde_kerk_in_Utrecht.jpg/240px-In_caf%C3%A9_omgebouwde_kerk_in_Utrecht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A café in a former church, <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roadside_cafe_on_the_summer_terrace._Buryatia,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roadside café with a summer terrace. Buryatia, Russia"><img alt="Roadside café with a summer terrace. Buryatia, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Roadside_cafe_on_the_summer_terrace._Buryatia%2C_Russia.jpg/120px-Roadside_cafe_on_the_summer_terrace._Buryatia%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Roadside_cafe_on_the_summer_terrace._Buryatia%2C_Russia.jpg/180px-Roadside_cafe_on_the_summer_terrace._Buryatia%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Roadside_cafe_on_the_summer_terrace._Buryatia%2C_Russia.jpg/240px-Roadside_cafe_on_the_summer_terrace._Buryatia%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="575" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roadside café with a summer terrace. <a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a>, Russia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaysia-kopitiam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inside of a kopitiam, Malaysia"><img alt="Inside of a kopitiam, Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Malaysia-kopitiam.jpg/120px-Malaysia-kopitiam.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Malaysia-kopitiam.jpg/180px-Malaysia-kopitiam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Malaysia-kopitiam.jpg/240px-Malaysia-kopitiam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inside of a <a href="/wiki/Kopitiam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopitiam">kopitiam</a>, Malaysia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-relax.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/28px-Emblem-relax.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/42px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/56px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Coffee" title="Portal:Coffee">Coffee portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/16px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/24px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/33px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_sospeso" title="Caffè sospeso">Caffè sospeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_caf%C3%A9" title="Cat café">Cat café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha_chaan_teng" title="Cha chaan teng">Cha chaan teng</a>, Hong Kong-style café</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse_culture_of_Baghdad" title="Coffeehouse culture of Baghdad">Coffeehouse culture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_service" title="Coffee service">Coffee service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Cafe" title="Death Cafe">Death Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_caf%C3%A9" title="Dog café">Dog café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_coffeehouses_in_the_17th_and_18th_centuries" title="English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries">English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greasy_spoon" title="Greasy spoon">Greasy spoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coffee" title="History of coffee">History of coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafana" title="Kafana">Kafana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissaten" title="Kissaten">Kissaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_tiam" title="Kopi tiam">Kopi tiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffeehouse_chains" title="List of coffeehouse chains">List of coffeehouse chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_caf%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Manga café">Manga café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaine1998" class="citation book cs1">Haine, W. Scott (1998-09-11). <i>The World of the Paris Café</i>. JHU Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801860709" title="Special:BookSources/0801860709"><bdi>0801860709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Paris+Caf%C3%A9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1998-09-11&rft.isbn=0801860709&rft.aulast=Haine&rft.aufirst=W.+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaine2006" class="citation book cs1">Haine, W. Scott (2006-06-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9hTqg7shA-QC&pg=PA121"><i>Alcohol: A Social and Cultural History</i></a>. Berg. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845201654" title="Special:BookSources/9781845201654"><bdi>9781845201654</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329054356/https://books.google.com/books?id=9hTqg7shA-QC&pg=PA121">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcohol%3A+A+Social+and+Cultural+History&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2006-06-12&rft.isbn=9781845201654&rft.aulast=Haine&rft.aufirst=W.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9hTqg7shA-QC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetocorf00joh_hvu"><i>The Rough Guide to France</i></a></span>. Rough Guides. 2003. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetocorf00joh_hvu/page/49">49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843530381" title="Special:BookSources/9781843530381"><bdi>9781843530381</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+France&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781843530381&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froughguidetocorf00joh_hvu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classiccafes.co.uk/">"Classic Cafes: London's vintage Formica caffs!"</a>. <i>classiccafes.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130820150546/http://www.classiccafes.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=classiccafes.co.uk&rft.atitle=Classic+Cafes%3A+London%27s+vintage+Formica+caffs%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classiccafes.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2005" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Russell (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e72EAAAACAAJ&q=cafes+in+the+uk"><i>Egg, Bacon, Chips and Beans: 50 Great Cafes and the Stuff That Makes Them Great</i></a>. HarperCollins Entertainment. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780007213788" title="Special:BookSources/9780007213788"><bdi>9780007213788</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610231327/https://books.google.com/books?id=e72EAAAACAAJ&dq=cafes+in+the+uk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DuFGUu3jDcmOswbe-4GgBg&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egg%2C+Bacon%2C+Chips+and+Beans%3A+50+Great+Cafes+and+the+Stuff+That+Makes+Them+Great&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Entertainment&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780007213788&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De72EAAAACAAJ%26q%3Dcafes%2Bin%2Bthe%2Buk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coffeehouse">"Coffeehouse"</a>. MerriamWebster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104152745/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coffeehouse">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coffeehouse&rft.pub=MerriamWebster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcoffeehouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinBoyerCasper2013" class="citation news cs1">Rubin, Joan Shelley; Boyer, Paul S.; Casper, Professor Scott E. (2013). "Bob Dylan". <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual History</i>. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 317.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+American+Cultural+and+Intellectual+History&rft.atitle=Bob+Dylan&rft.pages=317&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Joan+Shelley&rft.au=Boyer%2C+Paul+S.&rft.au=Casper%2C+Professor+Scott+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130113213754/http://www.jamaicanbluemountaincoffee.net/JamaicanCoffeeBlog/blue-mountain-cafe-or-blue-mountain-coffee/">"Blue Mountain Café vs Blue Mountain Coffee"</a>. Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicanbluemountaincoffee.net/JamaicanCoffeeBlog/blue-mountain-cafe-or-blue-mountain-coffee/">the original</a> on 2013-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+Mountain+Caf%C3%A9+vs+Blue+Mountain+Coffee&rft.pub=Jamaican+Blue+Mountain+Coffee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicanbluemountaincoffee.net%2FJamaicanCoffeeBlog%2Fblue-mountain-cafe-or-blue-mountain-coffee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cafe&allowed_in_frame=0">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <i>etymonline.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627215304/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cafe&allowed_in_frame=0">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dcafe%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cafe">"CAFÉ definition and meaning – Collins English Dictionary"</a>. <i>collinsdictionary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collinsdictionary.com&rft.atitle=CAF%C3%89+definition+and+meaning+%E2%80%93+Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcafe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, 2nd ed (1989), entry number 50031127 (<i>café</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 2nd ed (1989), entry number 00333259 (<i>caffé, n</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 2nd ed (1989), entry number 50031130 (<i>caff</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/coffee">"Coffee definition and meaning – Collins English Dictionary"</a>. <i>collinsdictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163617/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/coffee">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collinsdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Coffee+definition+and+meaning+%E2%80%93+Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcoffee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cafe">"CAFE : Etymologie de CAFE"</a>. <i>cnrtl.fr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018175008/http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cafe">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnrtl.fr&rft.atitle=CAFE+%3A+Etymologie+de+CAFE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrtl.fr%2Fetymologie%2Fcafe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/koffie">"etymologiebank.nl"</a>. etymologiebank.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319032030/http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/koffie">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=etymologiebank.nl&rft.pub=etymologiebank.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymologiebank.nl%2Ftrefwoord%2Fkoffie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.serbia.com/the-first-coffee-house-in-europe/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Kafana", the first coffee house in Europe"</a>. <i>serbia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615071029/http://www.serbia.com:80/the-first-coffee-house-in-europe/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=serbia.com&rft.atitle=%22Kafana%22%2C+the+first+coffee+house+in+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.serbia.com%2Fthe-first-coffee-house-in-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/coffee">"Coffee | Origin, Types, Uses, History, & Facts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425195035/https://www.britannica.com/topic/coffee">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coffee+%26%23124%3B+Origin%2C+Types%2C+Uses%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fcoffee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810205940/http://www.altaakhipress.com/viewart.php?art=64196">"صحيفة التاخي – المســــرح في المقاهي والملاهي البغدادية"</a>. 2018-08-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altaakhipress.com/viewart.php?art=64196">the original</a> on 2018-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A+%E2%80%93+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B1%D8%AD+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.date=2018-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.altaakhipress.com%2Fviewart.php%3Fart%3D64196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇomakPembecioğlu2014" class="citation web cs1">Çomak, Nebahat; Pembecioğlu, Nilüfer (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35538335">"Changing the values of the past to future"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221108100337/https://www.academia.edu/35538335">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changing+the+values+of+the+past+to+future&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=%C3%87omak&rft.aufirst=Nebahat&rft.au=Pembecio%C4%9Flu%2C+Nil%C3%BCfer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35538335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>, <i>Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a> Press (reprint, 1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7FQRrbUMojcC&dq=Pechevi+coffeehouses+Constantinople&pg=PA132">p. 132 Internet Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328175409/https://books.google.com/books?id=7FQRrbUMojcC&pg=PA132&dq=Pechevi+coffeehouses+Constantinople&ei=cLNiSrzFA4OgzASj6cS0DQ">Archived</a> 2017-03-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1060-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1060-8">978-0-8061-1060-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.superluminal.com/cookbook/essay_coffee.html">"Coffee – The Wine of Islam"</a>. Superluminal.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611135304/http://www.superluminal.com/cookbook/essay_coffee.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coffee+%E2%80%93+The+Wine+of+Islam&rft.pub=Superluminal.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.superluminal.com%2Fcookbook%2Fessay_coffee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of Jewish Food</i>, Gil Marks, HMH, 17 November 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> APM – Archeologia Postmedievale, 19, 2015 – Gran Bretagna e Italia tra Mediterraneo e Atlantico: Livorno – 'un porto inglese' / Italy and Britain between Mediterranean and Atlantic worlds: Leghorn – 'an English port' Hugo Blake All'Insegna del Giglio, 8 September 2017, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horowitz, Elliot. "Coffee, Coffeehouses, and the Nocturnal Rituals of Early Modern Jewry". <i>AJS Review </i> Vol. 14, No. 1 (Spring, 1989), pp. 17–46, citing Antonio Pilot, <i>La Bottega da Caffe</i>(Venice, 1916)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinick2014" class="citation web cs1">Winick, Stephen (2014-04-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2014/04/coffeehouses-folk-music-culture-and-counterculture">"Coffeehouses: Folk Music, Culture, and Counterculture | Folklife Today"</a>. <i>The Library of Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Coffeehouses%3A+Folk+Music%2C+Culture%2C+and+Counterculture+%7C+Folklife+Today&rft.date=2014-04-17&rft.aulast=Winick&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Ffolklife%2F2014%2F04%2Fcoffeehouses-folk-music-culture-and-counterculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg2002-77-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg2002-77_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinbergBealer2002" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Bennett Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K. (2002). <i>The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug</i>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qyz5CnOaH9oC&pg=PA77">page 77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92722-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92722-6"><bdi>0-415-92722-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Caffeine%3A+The+Science+and+Culture+of+the+World%27s+Most+Popular+Drug&rft.pages=page+77&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-92722-6&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Bennett+Alan&rft.au=Bealer%2C+Bonnie+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teply_1980-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teply_1980_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teply_1980_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeply1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Teply, Karl (1980). <a href="/wiki/Felix_Czeike" title="Felix Czeike">Czeike, Felix</a> (ed.). <i>Die Einführung des Kaffees in Wien. Georg Franz Koltschitzky. Johannes Diodato. Isaac de Luca</i>. Sonderreihe der "Wiener Geschichtsblätter" (später Reihe: "Forschungen und Beiträge zur Wiener Stadtgeschichte") (in German). Vol. 6. Vienna, Austria & Munich, Germany: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verein_f%C3%BCr_Geschichte_der_Stadt_Wien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verein für Geschichte der Stadt Wien (page does not exist)">Verein für Geschichte der Stadt Wien</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verein_f%C3%BCr_Geschichte_der_Stadt_Wien" class="extiw" title="de:Verein für Geschichte der Stadt Wien">de</a>]</span> / Kommissionsverlag Jugend und Volk. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7141-9330-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-7141-9330-8"><bdi>3-7141-9330-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14949012">14949012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190364058">190364058</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7005-4536-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-7005-4536-3">3-7005-4536-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Einf%C3%BChrung+des+Kaffees+in+Wien.+Georg+Franz+Koltschitzky.+Johannes+Diodato.+Isaac+de+Luca.&rft.place=Vienna%2C+Austria+%26+Munich%2C+Germany&rft.series=Sonderreihe+der+%22Wiener+Geschichtsbl%C3%A4tter%22+%28sp%C3%A4ter+Reihe%3A+%22Forschungen+und+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Wiener+Stadtgeschichte%22%29&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Verein+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte+der+Stadt+Wien%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bde%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E+%2F+Kommissionsverlag+Jugend+und+Volk&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14949012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190364058%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=3-7141-9330-8&rft.aulast=Teply&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span> (208 pages, 15 illustrations). Cited in: Seibel, Anna Maria: "Die Bedeutung der Griechen für das wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Leben in Wien". <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://utheses.univie.ac.at/detail/1675">https://utheses.univie.ac.at/detail/1675</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedrich Torberg "Kaffeehaus war überall" (1982) pp 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfram Siebeck "Die Kaffeehäuser von Wien. Eine Melange aus Mythos und Schmäh" (1996) pp 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helmut Luther "Warum Kaffeetrinken in Triest anspruchsvoll ist" In: Die Welt, 16 February 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/kultur/kaffeehaus-als-menschenrecht/">"Doron Rabinovici "Kaffeehaus als Menschenrecht (German: Coffee house as a human right)"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 2017-01-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623191030/https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/kultur/kaffeehaus-als-menschenrecht/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doron+Rabinovici+%22Kaffeehaus+als+Menschenrecht+%28German%3A+Coffee+house+as+a+human+right%29%22&rft.date=2017-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.juedische-allgemeine.de%2Fkultur%2Fkaffeehaus-als-menschenrecht%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kulinarisches-erbe.at/geschichte-der-ess-trinkkultur/historische-kuechen/wiener-kueche/esskulturen/kaffeehauskultur/">"Coffeehouse culture – Austria's culinary heritage"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116083734/https://www.kulinarisches-erbe.at/geschichte-der-ess-trinkkultur/historische-kuechen/wiener-kueche/esskulturen/kaffeehauskultur/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coffeehouse+culture+%E2%80%93+Austria%27s+culinary+heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kulinarisches-erbe.at%2Fgeschichte-der-ess-trinkkultur%2Fhistorische-kuechen%2Fwiener-kueche%2Fesskulturen%2Fkaffeehauskultur%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riha, Fritz "Das alte Wiener Caféhaus" (1987), pp 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinz2013" class="citation book cs1">Prinz, Deborah R. (2013). <i>On the Chocolate Trail: A Delicious Adventure Connecting Jews, Religions, History, Travel, Rituals and Recipes to the Magic of Cacao</i>. Jewish Lights Publishing. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781683366775" title="Special:BookSources/9781683366775"><bdi>9781683366775</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Chocolate+Trail%3A+A+Delicious+Adventure+Connecting+Jews%2C+Religions%2C+History%2C+Travel%2C+Rituals+and+Recipes+to+the+Magic+of+Cacao&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Jewish+Lights+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781683366775&rft.aulast=Prinz&rft.aufirst=Deborah+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBH-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBH_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerPalmer1992" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). <i>The Chronology of British History</i>. London: Century. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-5616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-5616-0"><bdi>978-0-7126-5616-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronology+of+British+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Century&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-5616-0&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Veronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordjewishheritage.co.uk/oxford-jewish-heritage/exclusion-periods-1290-1656/narrative/155-oxford-exclusion">"Oxford Exclusion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411100820/https://www.oxfordjewishheritage.co.uk/oxford-jewish-heritage/exclusion-periods-1290-1656/narrative/155-oxford-exclusion">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+Exclusion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordjewishheritage.co.uk%2Foxford-jewish-heritage%2Fexclusion-periods-1290-1656%2Fnarrative%2F155-oxford-exclusion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cowan, Brian (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/92862">"Pasqua Rosee"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F92862">10.1093/ref:odnb/92862</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130114151204/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/92862">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pasqua+Rosee&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F92862&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F92862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macaulay, Rose (1936) <i>The Minor Pleasures of Life</i>. London: Victor Gollancz; p. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg_2002-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_2002_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinbergBealer2002" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Bennett Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K. (2002). <i>The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug</i>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qyz5CnOaH9oC&pg=PA154">page 154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92722-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92722-6"><bdi>0-415-92722-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Caffeine%3A+The+Science+and+Culture+of+the+World%27s+Most+Popular+Drug&rft.pages=page+154&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-92722-6&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Bennett+Alan&rft.au=Bealer%2C+Bonnie+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wild2005-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wild2005_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWild2005" class="citation book cs1">Wild, Anthony (2005). <i>Coffee A Dark History</i>. W. W. 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Fordham.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131011225710/http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/1670coffee.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internet+History+Sourcebooks&rft.pub=Fordham.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2FHalsall%2Fmod%2F1670coffee.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerreira2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ferreira, Jennifer (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/cafe-nation-exploring-the-growth-of-the-uk-cafe-industry(516bfe79-51e2-4aed-82df-605b5c8a867f).html">"Café nation? Exploring the growth of the UK café industry"</a>. <i>Area</i>. <b>49</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">67–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Area...49...69F">2017Area...49...69F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Farea.12285">10.1111/area.12285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Area&rft.atitle=Caf%C3%A9+nation%3F+Exploring+the+growth+of+the+UK+caf%C3%A9+industry&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Farea.12285&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Area...49...69F&rft.aulast=Ferreira&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpureportal.coventry.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fcafe-nation-exploring-the-growth-of-the-uk-cafe-industry%28516bfe79-51e2-4aed-82df-605b5c8a867f%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWild2005" class="citation book cs1">Wild, Antony (2005). 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Norton Company & Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coffeedarkhistor0000wild/page/85">85</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Coffee+and+Societies&rft.btitle=Coffee%3A+A+Dark+History&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+Company+%26+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Wild&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoffeedarkhistor0000wild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1891" class="citation news cs1">White, Lucy Cecil (February 1891). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zenchef&rft.atitle=Le+Procope+%E2%80%93+Paris+%E2%80%93+Brasserie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.procope.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bpromantikaja.blog.hu/2020/03/20/az_elso_pesti_kavehaz_haboruja">"Az első pesti kávéház háborúja"</a>. <i>Budapest romantikája</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401061636/https://bpromantikaja.blog.hu/2020/03/20/az_elso_pesti_kavehaz_haboruja">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ekberg+%E2%80%93+Helsingin+Historiallinen+Herkkukeidas&rft.pub=Parasta+Stadissa&rft.date=2024-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparastastadissa.com%2Fekberg-helsingin-historiallinen-herkkukeidas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070915014128/http://www.humboldtcoffee.com/History.htm">"Coffee History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humboldtcoffee.com/History.htm">the original</a> on 2007-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coffee+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumboldtcoffee.com%2FHistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitvoltaire.com/emilie_du_chatelet_bio.htm">"Gabrielle Emilie le Tonnelier de Breteuil du Chatelet – and Voltaire"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018200406/http://visitvoltaire.com/emilie_du_chatelet_bio.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gabrielle+Emilie+le+Tonnelier+de+Breteuil+du+Chatelet+%E2%80%93+and+Voltaire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitvoltaire.com%2Femilie_du_chatelet_bio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091019185259/http://geocities.com/mtpetley/18th_century_coffehouse_1.jpg">"A coffeehouse at the close of the seventeenth century"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/mtpetley/18th_century_coffehouse_1.jpg">the original</a> on 2009-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+coffeehouse+at+the+close+of+the+seventeenth+century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fmtpetley%2F18th_century_coffehouse_1.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Du Rietz, Anita, Kvinnors entreprenörskap: under 400 år, 1. uppl., Dialogos, Stockholm, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomalin2016" class="citation book cs1">Tomalin, Barry (2016). <i>Italy – Culture Smart! : The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture</i>. London: Kuperard. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857338300" title="Special:BookSources/9781857338300"><bdi>9781857338300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+%E2%80%93+Culture+Smart%21+%3A+The+Essential+Guide+to+Customs+%26+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Kuperard&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781857338300&rft.aulast=Tomalin&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100927210021/http://masstraveljournal.com/page/quick-facts/americas-first-coffeehouse">"America's First Coffeehouse"</a>. <i>Massachusetts Travel Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://masstraveljournal.com/page/quick-facts/americas-first-coffeehouse">the original</a> on 2010-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Massachusetts+Travel+Journal&rft.atitle=America%27s+First+Coffeehouse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmasstraveljournal.com%2Fpage%2Fquick-facts%2Famericas-first-coffeehouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2002" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Burt (2002). <i>What We Eat: The True Story of Why We Put Sugar in our Coffee and Ketchup on our Fries</i>. Tehabi Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">112–</span>115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+We+Eat%3A+The+True+Story+of+Why+We+Put+Sugar+in+our+Coffee+and+Ketchup+on+our+Fries&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.pub=Tehabi+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Burt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotondi2020" class="citation web cs1">Rotondi, Jessica Pearce (2020-02-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/coffee-houses-revolutions">"How Coffee Fueled Revolutions—And Changed History"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410032927/https://www.history.com/news/coffee-houses-revolutions">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=How+Coffee+Fueled+Revolutions%E2%80%94And+Changed+History&rft.date=2020-02-11&rft.aulast=Rotondi&rft.aufirst=Jessica+Pearce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fcoffee-houses-revolutions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shelton, Robert "Something happened in America", in: Laing, Dave, et al. (1975) <i>The Electric Muse</i>. London: Eyre Methuen; pp. 7–44: p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.purelycoffeebeans.com/starbucks-coffee-company/">"Starbucks Coffee Company: Past, Present and Future"</a>. PurelyCoffeeBeans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107072136/https://www.purelycoffeebeans.com/starbucks-coffee-company/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Starbucks+Coffee+Company%3A+Past%2C+Present+and+Future&rft.pub=PurelyCoffeeBeans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.purelycoffeebeans.com%2Fstarbucks-coffee-company%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources: Tim Schultz, Director, "Jesus For You". <i>A Coffeehouse Manual</i>, Bethany Fellowship, 1972.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch2018" class="citation news cs1">Hirsch, Corin (2018-07-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2071253876">"Brownstone's Coffee Opens in Former Friendly's in East Northport"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a></i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2071253876">2071253876</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-07</span></span>. <q>... Brownstone's Coffee, a breakfast-and-lunch joint ... first opened in Amityville in 2002, long before the current breakfast boom took hold.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft.atitle=Brownstone%27s+Coffee+Opens+in+Former+Friendly%27s+in+East+Northport&rft.date=2018-07-14&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Corin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F2071253876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalrath-Holdridge2024" class="citation news cs1">Walrath-Holdridge, Mary (2024-06-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/food/2024/06/13/starbucks-pairing-menu-coffee-meal-deal/74083587007/">"Starbucks Introduces Value Meals with New 'Pairings Menu'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Starbucks+Introduces+Value+Meals+with+New+%27Pairings+Menu%27&rft.date=2024-06-13&rft.aulast=Walrath-Holdridge&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fmoney%2Ffood%2F2024%2F06%2F13%2Fstarbucks-pairing-menu-coffee-meal-deal%2F74083587007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources: Chase Purdy, author, "That joke about a Starbucks on every corner? It's actually true and hurting the company's sales", Quartz, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/board.aspx?board_id=16089">"Julius Briner Message Board"</a>. Investorshub.advfn.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501135208/http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/board.aspx?board_id=16089">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Julius+Briner+Message+Board&rft.pub=Investorshub.advfn.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvestorshub.advfn.com%2Fboards%2Fboard.aspx%3Fboard_id%3D16089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gėzim-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gėzim_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gėzim_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpion2011" class="citation book cs1">Alpion, Gëzim (2011-05-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ikb8zMXSViMC&pg=PA48"><i>Encounters With Civilizations: From Alexander the Great to Mother Teresa</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1831-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1831-5"><bdi>978-1-4128-1831-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906225907/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ikb8zMXSViMC&pg=PA48">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-01</span></span>. <q>[T]he drinking establishment began to be named after its newest beverage [i.e., coffee]. This is how <i>qahwa</i> (coffee shop) came into being in Egypt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encounters+With+Civilizations%3A+From+Alexander+the+Great+to+Mother+Teresa&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2011-05-18&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-1831-5&rft.aulast=Alpion&rft.aufirst=G%C3%ABzim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIkb8zMXSViMC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</span> is <a href="/wiki/Debuccalization" title="Debuccalization">debuccalized</a> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1965" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Desmond (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1qctAQAAIAAJ"><i>Cairo</i></a>. Phoenix House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103014114/http://books.google.com/books?id=1qctAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-01</span></span>. <q>[...] <i>qahwah</i>, coffee, is pronounced as <i>ahwah</i>; the word for citadel, <i>qal'ah</i>, is pronounced <i>al'ah</i>; in both cases, it should be added, the final 'h' is silent and is often omitted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo&rft.pub=Phoenix+House&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1qctAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiancorrespondent.com/97958/middle-class-india-embraces-coffee-culture/">"Middle-class India embraces coffee culture"</a>. Asian Correspondent. 2013-02-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906100753/http://asiancorrespondent.com/97958/middle-class-india-embraces-coffee-culture/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle-class+India+embraces+coffee+culture&rft.pub=Asian+Correspondent&rft.date=2013-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasiancorrespondent.com%2F97958%2Fmiddle-class-india-embraces-coffee-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsriyati" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Asriyati, Asriyati. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2019/10/01/inilah-kedai-kopi-pertama-di-indonesia">"Inilah Kedai Kopi Pertama di Indonesia"</a>. <i>goodnewsfromindonesia.id</i> (in Indonesian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514123147/https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2019/10/01/inilah-kedai-kopi-pertama-di-indonesia">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=goodnewsfromindonesia.id&rft.atitle=Inilah+Kedai+Kopi+Pertama+di+Indonesia&rft.aulast=Asriyati&rft.aufirst=Asriyati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodnewsfromindonesia.id%2F2019%2F10%2F01%2Finilah-kedai-kopi-pertama-di-indonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuvallos2024" class="citation web cs1">Yuvallos, Andrei (2024-01-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nolisoli.ph/108349/filipino-cafe-food-essay/">"What is Filipino café food, anyway?"</a>. <i>NOLISOLI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOLISOLI&rft.atitle=What+is+Filipino+caf%C3%A9+food%2C+anyway%3F&rft.date=2024-01-17&rft.aulast=Yuvallos&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnolisoli.ph%2F108349%2Ffilipino-cafe-food-essay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manager.co.th/Crime/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9580000073919">"40 ปี "ตำนานคาเฟ่" เมืองหลวง จากศูนย์รวมบันเทิงถึงยุคเสื่อม นักร้องต้องขายตัวแลกพวงมาลัย"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Manager_Daily" title="Manager Daily">Manager Daily</a></i> (in Thai). 2015-06-30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160621222501/http://www.manager.co.th/Crime/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9580000073919">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manager+Daily&rft.atitle=40+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5+%22%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%88%22+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87+%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manager.co.th%2FCrime%2FViewNews.aspx%3FNewsID%3D9580000073919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFบุนนาค2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">บุนนาค, โรม (2018-02-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9610000010601">"เมื่อ "เครื่องดื่มปีศาจ" มาสยาม! ร.๓ ทรงปลูกเป็นสวนหลวงในหัวแหวนกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์!!"</a>. <i>Manager Daily</i> (in Thai). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180402101919/https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9610000010601">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manager+Daily&rft.atitle=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD+%22%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%22+%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%21+%E0%B8%A3.%E0%B9%93+%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%21%21&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft.aulast=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84&rft.aufirst=%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmgronline.com%2Fonlinesection%2Fdetail%2F9610000010601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.line.me/th/pc/article/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B8%93+%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97-NmWqNP">"เที่ยวร้านกาแฟนรสิงห์ ร้านกาแฟแห่งแรกของสยาม ณ พระราชวังพญาไท"</a>. <i>today.line.me</i> (in Thai). 2017-10-30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403051905/https://today.line.me/th/pc/article/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B8%93+%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97-NmWqNP">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=today.line.me&rft.atitle=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B8%93+%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.line.me%2Fth%2Fpc%2Farticle%2F%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%259F%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B9%258C%2B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%259F%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%2582%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A1%2B%25E0%25B8%2593%2B%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%258D%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B9%2584%25E0%25B8%2597-NmWqNP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>ประชาธิปัตย์ปราศรัย</i> [<i>DEMOCRAT LIVE</i>] (in Thai). Bangkok: politikpress. 2005. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-92738-6-9" title="Special:BookSources/974-92738-6-9"><bdi>974-92738-6-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=politikpress&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=974-92738-6-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.slv.vic.gov.au/such-was-life/temperance-and-melbournes-grand-coffee-palaces/">"State Library Victoria Temperance and Melbourne's grand coffee palaces"</a>. State Library Victoria. 2014-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Library+Victoria+Temperance+and+Melbourne%E2%80%99s+grand+coffee+palaces&rft.pub=State+Library+Victoria&rft.date=2014-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.slv.vic.gov.au%2Fsuch-was-life%2Ftemperance-and-melbournes-grand-coffee-palaces%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-12/history-of-coffee-the-global-beverage-with-chequered-past/102445782">"Coffee is consumed everywhere — even in space. How did it win over the world?"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 2023-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Coffee+is+consumed+everywhere+%E2%80%94+even+in+space.+How+did+it+win+over+the+world%3F&rft.date=2023-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2023-06-12%2Fhistory-of-coffee-the-global-beverage-with-chequered-past%2F102445782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/flat-white-coffee-culture-antipodean-mcdonalds-advert-starbucks-latte-a8246111.html">"How the flat white conquered the UK coffee scene"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 2018-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=How+the+flat+white+conquered+the+UK+coffee+scene&rft.date=2018-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fflat-white-coffee-culture-antipodean-mcdonalds-advert-starbucks-latte-a8246111.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey2014" class="citation web cs1">Jeffrey, James (2014-10-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-29541768">"Boom times for Ethiopia's coffee shops"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019001552/http://www.bbc.com/news/business-29541768">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Boom+times+for+Ethiopia%27s+coffee+shops&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-29541768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008074931/http://careynash.com/2014/09/28/ethiopian-coffee-ceremony/">"Ethiopian Coffee Ceremony"</a>. <i>Carey Nash Photography</i>. 2014-09-28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://careynash.com/2014/09/28/ethiopian-coffee-ceremony/">the original</a> on 2014-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carey+Nash+Photography&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Coffee+Ceremony&rft.date=2014-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcareynash.com%2F2014%2F09%2F28%2Fethiopian-coffee-ceremony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Drugs and Society". Vol. 2, no. 9. June 1973.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Drugs+and+Society&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=9&rft.date=1973-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyn Perry, "Cabbages and Cuppas", in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfi.org.uk/education/community/adventures_in_the_mediatheque.pdf"><i>Adventures in the Mediatheque: Personal Selections of Films</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515132037/http://www.bfi.org.uk/education/community/adventures_in_the_mediatheque.pdf">Archived</a> 15 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (London: BFI Southbank / University of the Third Age, 2008), pp 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323201633/http://www.classiccafes.co.uk/History.html">"The Coming of the Cafes"</a>. <i>Classic Cafes</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classiccafes.co.uk/History.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classic+Cafes&rft.atitle=The+Coming+of+the+Cafes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classiccafes.co.uk%2FHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span> Specifically the section headed "1953...".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffeehouse&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Marie-France Boyer; photographs by Eric Morin (1994) <i>The French Café</i>. London: Thames & Hudson</li> <li>Brian Cowan (2005), <i>The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse</i>, Yale University Press</li> <li>Markman Ellis (2004), <i>The Coffee House: a cultural history</i>, Weidenfeld & Nicolson</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomsiHendawiMahmoudOweis2023" class="citation news cs1">Homsi, Nada; Hendawi, Hamza; Mahmoud, Sinan; Oweis, Khaled Yacoub (2023-02-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/weekend/2023/02/24/coffee-houses-of-the-middle-east-inside-the-regions-historic-cauldrons-of-culture/">"Coffee houses of the Middle East: inside the region's historic cauldrons of culture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National (Abu Dhabi)</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430092001/https://www.thenationalnews.com/weekend/2023/02/24/coffee-houses-of-the-middle-east-inside-the-regions-historic-cauldrons-of-culture/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+%28Abu+Dhabi%29&rft.atitle=Coffee+houses+of+the+Middle+East%3A+inside+the+region%27s+historic+cauldrons+of+culture&rft.date=2023-02-24&rft.aulast=Homsi&rft.aufirst=Nada&rft.au=Hendawi%2C+Hamza&rft.au=Mahmoud%2C+Sinan&rft.au=Oweis%2C+Khaled+Yacoub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Fweekend%2F2023%2F02%2F24%2Fcoffee-houses-of-the-middle-east-inside-the-regions-historic-cauldrons-of-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robert Hume "Percolating Society", Irish Examiner, 27 April 2017 p. 13</li> <li>Nautiyal, J. J. (2016). "Aesthetic and affective experiences in coffee shops: a Deweyan engagement with ordinary affects in ordinary spaces". <i>Education & Culture</i>, 32(2), 99–118.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Oldenburg" title="Ray Oldenburg">Ray Oldenburg</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Good_Place_(Oldenburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Good Place (Oldenburg)">The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You through the Day</a></i>. New York: Parragon Books, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56924-681-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56924-681-5">1-56924-681-5</a></li> <li>Tom Standage (2006) <i>A History of the World in Six Glasses</i>, Walker & Company, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1447-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1447-1">0-8027-1447-1</a></li> <li>Antony Wild, <i>Coffee, A Dark History</i>, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393060713" title="Special:BookSources/9780393060713">9780393060713</a>; London: Fourth Estate, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841156493" title="Special:BookSources/1841156493">1841156493</a>.</li> <li>Withington, Phil. "Public and private pleasures." <i>History Today</i> (June 2020) 70#6 pp. 16–18. covers London 1630 to 1800.</li> <li>Withington, Phil. "Where was the coffee in early modern England?." <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 92.1 (2020): 40–75.</li> <li>Ahmet Yaşar, "The Coffeehouses in Early Modern Istanbul: Public Space, Sociability and Surveillance", MA Thesis, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, 2003. Library.boun.edu.tr <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405081750/https://seyhan.library.boun.edu.tr/search/aya%7B240%7Dsar%2C+ahmet/ayas~aar+ahmet/1%2C1%2C3%2CB/frameset%26FF%3Dayas~aar+ahmet+1978%262%2C%2C3">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from the original on 2022-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseyhan.library.boun.edu.tr%2Fsearch%2Faya%257B240%257Dsar%252C%2Bahmet%2Fayas~aar%2Bahmet%2F1%252C1%252C3%252CB%2Fframeset%2526FF%253Dayas~aar%2Bahmet%2B1978%25262%252C%252C3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffeehouse" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Ahmet Yaşar, "Osmanlı Şehir Mekânları: Kahvehane Literatürü / Ottoman Urban Spaces: An Evaluation of Literature on Coffeehouses", TALİD Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, 6, 2005, 237–256. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111170216/http://www.talid.org/dergiler.aspx?SAYI=6">Talid.org</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coffee" title="Template:Coffee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coffee" title="Template talk:Coffee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coffee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coffee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coffee512" class="hrecipe fn ingredient" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_coffee" title="Economics of coffee">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade_coffee" title="Fair trade coffee">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coffee" title="History of coffee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Coffee_Day" title="International Coffee Day">International Coffee Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-origin_coffee" title="Single-origin coffee">Single-origin coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_coffee" title="Third-wave coffee">Third-wave coffee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production" title="Coffee production">Coffee production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_coffee" title="Organic coffee">Organic coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade-grown_coffee" title="Shade-grown coffee">Shade-grown coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_coffee" title="Sustainable coffee">Sustainable coffee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_production" title="List of countries by coffee production">List of countries by coffee production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_roasting" title="Coffee roasting">Coffee roasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_wastewater" title="Coffee wastewater">Coffee wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decaffeination" title="Decaffeination">Decaffeination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_roasting_coffee" title="Home roasting coffee">Home roasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffea" title="Coffea">Species</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_varieties" title="List of coffee varieties">varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">Arabica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benguet_coffee" title="Benguet coffee">Benguet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Blue_Mountain_Coffee" title="Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee">Blue Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Bonifieur" title="Guadeloupe Bonifieur">Bonifieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_coffee" title="Bourbon coffee">Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha_(coffee)" title="Geisha (coffee)">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kona_coffee" title="Kona coffee">Kona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maracaturra_coffee" title="Maracaturra coffee">Maracaturra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragogipe_Coffee" title="Maragogipe Coffee">Maragogipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokai_coffee" title="Molokai coffee">Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S795_coffee" title="S795 coffee">S795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagada_coffee" title="Sagada coffee">Sagada</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_charrieriana" title="Coffea charrieriana">Charrieriana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_liberica" title="Coffea liberica">Liberica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapeng_barako" title="Kapeng barako">Barako</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_racemosa" title="Coffea racemosa">Racemosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robusta_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Robusta coffee">Robusta</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahawa_Sug" title="Kahawa Sug">Sulu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cafestol" title="Cafestol">Cafestol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeic_acid" title="Caffeic acid">Caffeic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_bean" title="Coffee bean">Coffee bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furan-2-ylmethanethiol" title="Furan-2-ylmethanethiol">Furan-2-ylmethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahweol" title="Kahweol">Kahweol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_preparation" title="Coffee preparation">Preparation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AeroPress" title="AeroPress">AeroPress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_coffee" title="Arabic coffee">Arabic coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebena" title="Jebena">Jebena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewed_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewed coffee">Brewed coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemex_Coffeemaker" title="Chemex Coffeemaker">Chemex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cezve" title="Cezve">Cezve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorreador" title="Chorreador">Chorreador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeemaker" title="Coffeemaker">Coffeemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_brew_coffee" title="Cold brew coffee">Cold brew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitro_cold_brew_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitro cold brew coffee">nitro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_coffee" title="Drip coffee">Drip coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">Espresso</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doppio" title="Doppio">doppio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungo" title="Lungo">lungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ristretto" title="Ristretto">ristretto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso_machine" title="Espresso machine">Espresso machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_drip" class="mw-redirect" title="French drip">French drip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karlsbad_coffee_maker" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlsbad coffee maker">Karlsbad coffee maker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_press" title="French press">French press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_coffee" title="Instant coffee">Instant coffee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee syrup">Coffee syrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knockbox" title="Knockbox">Knockbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moka_pot" title="Moka pot">Moka pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_flip_coffee_pot" title="Neapolitan flip coffee pot">Neapolitan flip coffee pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_percolator" title="Coffee percolator">Percolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazdi_coffee" title="Yazdi coffee">Yazdi coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_coffee_maker" title="Vacuum coffee maker">Vacuum maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-serve_coffee_container" title="Single-serve coffee container">Single-serve coffee container</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks" title="List of coffee drinks">Coffee drinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affogato" title="Affogato">Affogato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Americano" class="mw-redirect" title="Caffè Americano">Americano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaten_coffee" title="Beaten coffee">Beaten coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bica_(coffee)" title="Bica (coffee)">Bica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicerin" title="Bicerin">Bicerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Russian" title="Black Russian">Black Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_iced_coffee" title="Vietnamese iced coffee">Cà phê sữa đá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_au_lait" title="Café au lait">Café au lait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_com_cheirinho" title="Café com cheirinho">Café com cheirinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_con_leche" title="Café con leche">Café con leche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_olla" title="Café de olla">Café de olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Touba" title="Café Touba">Café Touba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_corretto" title="Caffè corretto">Caffè corretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_crema" title="Caffè crema">Caffè crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_macchiato" title="Caffè macchiato">Caffè macchiato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_mocha" title="Caffè mocha">Caffè mocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappuccino" title="Cappuccino">Cappuccino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carajillo" title="Carajillo">Carajillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cabinet" title="Coffee cabinet">Coffee cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_milk" title="Coffee milk">Coffee milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortado" title="Cortado">Cortado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_espresso" title="Cuban espresso">Café Cubano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalgona_coffee" title="Dalgona coffee">Dalgona coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_coffee" title="Egg coffee">Egg coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">Espresso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_white" title="Flat white">Flat white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee" title="Frappé coffee">Frappé coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frappuccino" title="Frappuccino">Frappuccino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A3o" title="Galão">Galão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks#Garoto" title="List of coffee drinks">Garoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gassosa_al_caff%C3%A8" title="Gassosa al caffè">Gassosa al caffè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iced_coffee" title="Iced coffee">Iced coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_filter_coffee" title="Indian filter coffee">Indian filter coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipoh_white_coffee" title="Ipoh white coffee">Ipoh white coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Irish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsk" title="Karsk">Karsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_(drink)" title="Kopi (drink)">Kopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_luwak" title="Kopi luwak">Kopi luwak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_tubruk" title="Kopi tubruk">Kopi tubruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_coffee" title="Kurdish coffee">Kurdish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_macchiato" title="Latte macchiato">Latte macchiato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte" title="Latte">Latte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liqueur_coffee" title="Liqueur coffee">Liqueur coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_black" title="Long black">Long black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungo" title="Lungo">Lungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchino" title="Marocchino">Marocchino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazagran_(drink)" title="Mazagran (drink)">Mazagran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moretta_(coffee)" title="Moretta (coffee)">Moretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliang" title="Oliang">Oliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raf_coffee" title="Raf coffee">Raf coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks#Red_eye" title="List of coffee drinks">Red eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ristretto" title="Ristretto">Ristretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdesheimer_Kaffee" title="Rüdesheimer Kaffee">Rüdesheimer Kaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenom_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenom coffee">Tenom coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_coffee" title="White coffee">White coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Russian_(cocktail)" title="White Russian (cocktail)">White Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Melange" title="Wiener Melange">Wiener Melange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazdi_coffee" title="Yazdi coffee">Yazdi coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuenyeung" title="Yuenyeung">Yuenyeung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bakery_caf%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bakery cafés">Bakery cafés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_companies" title="List of coffee companies">Coffee companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffeehouse_chains" title="List of coffeehouse chains">Coffeehouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lifestyle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barista" title="Barista">Barista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikini_barista" title="Bikini barista">Bikini barista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_sospeso" title="Caffè sospeso">Caffè sospeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_ceremony_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea">Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoffeeCon" title="CoffeeCon">CoffeeCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture_in_Australia" title="Coffee culture in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture_in_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="Coffee culture in the former Yugoslavia">Former Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cupping" title="Coffee cupping">Coffee cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_palace" title="Coffee palace">Coffee palace</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_coffeehouses_in_the_17th_and_18th_centuries" title="English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries">Historical coffeehouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_tiam" title="Kopi tiam">Kopi tiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_coffee_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Viennese coffee house">Viennese coffee house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_substitute" title="Coffee substitute">Substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_d%27orzo" title="Caffè d'orzo">Barley coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_tea" title="Barley tea">Barley tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barleycup" title="Barleycup">Barleycup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro_(drink)" title="Caro (drink)">Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cereal_coffee" title="Cereal coffee">Cereal coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicory" title="Chicory">Chicory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandelion_coffee" title="Dandelion coffee">Dandelion coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inka_(drink)" title="Inka (drink)">Inka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brosimum_alicastrum" title="Brosimum alicastrum">Maya nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postum" title="Postum">Postum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qishr" title="Qishr">Qishr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serving vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cup" title="Coffee cup">Coffee cup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cup_sleeve" title="Coffee cup sleeve">sleeve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cezve" title="Cezve">Cezve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demitasse" title="Demitasse">Demitasse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demitasse_spoon" title="Demitasse spoon">spoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasse_%C3%A0_caf%C3%A9" title="Tasse à café">Tasse à café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarf" title="Zarf">Zarf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Barista_Championship" title="United States Barista Championship">United States Barista Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Barista_Championship" title="World Barista Championship">World Barista Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Brewers_Cup" title="World Brewers Cup">World Brewers Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_and_doughnuts" title="Coffee and doughnuts">Coffee and doughnuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_bag" title="Coffee bag">Coffee bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_service" title="Coffee service">Coffee service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_leaf_rust" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee leaf rust">Coffee leaf rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_wars" title="Coffee wars">Coffee wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden%27s_coffee_experiment" title="Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment">Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_coffee" title="Canned coffee">Canned coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_vending_machine" title="Coffee vending machine">Coffee vending machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_coffee_grounds" title="Used coffee grounds">Used coffee grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_coffee" title="Sustainable coffee">Sustainable coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_acid_coffee" title="Low acid coffee">Low acid coffee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-relax.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/16px-Emblem-relax.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/24px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/32px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Coffee" title="Portal:Coffee">Coffee portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Coffee" title="Category:Coffee">Category: Coffee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1266661725"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_coffeehouses25" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_coffeehouses" title="Template:Types of coffeehouses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_coffeehouses" title="Template talk:Types of coffeehouses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_coffeehouses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of coffeehouses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_coffeehouses25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">coffeehouses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture_in_Australia#Australian_cafe" title="Coffee culture in Australia">Australian cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Café">Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_caf%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Book café">Book café</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manga_cafe" title="Manga cafe">Manga cafe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafe_church" title="Cafe church">Cafe church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Philosophique" class="mw-redirect" title="Café Philosophique">Café Philosophique</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_con_piernas" title="Café con piernas">Café con piernas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_caf%C3%A9" title="Cat café">Cat café</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffeeshop_(Netherlands)" title="Coffeeshop (Netherlands)">Coffeeshop</a></i> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosplay_restaurant" title="Cosplay restaurant">Cosplay restaurant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maid_caf%C3%A9" title="Maid café">Maid café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_caf%C3%A9" title="Butler café">Butler café</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_cafe" title="Crisis cafe">Crisis cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_caf%C3%A9" title="Internet café">Internet café</a> (<a href="/wiki/PC_bang" title="PC bang">PC <i>bang</i></a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dabang" title="Dabang">Dabang</a></i> (Korea)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafana" title="Kafana">Kafana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kissaten" title="Kissaten">Kissaten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Konditorei" title="Konditorei">Konditorei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kopi_tiam" title="Kopi tiam">Kopi tiam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamak_stall" title="Mamak stall"><i>Mamak</i> stall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meikyoku_kissa" title="Meikyoku kissa">Meikyoku kissa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No-pan_kissa" title="No-pan kissa">No-pan kissa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_coffeehouse" title="Ottoman coffeehouse">Ottoman coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parisian_caf%C3%A9" title="Parisian café">Parisian café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Penny university">Penny university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates_Cafe" title="Socrates Cafe">Socrates Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_cafe" title="Sidewalk cafe">Sidewalk cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utagoe_coffeehouse" title="Utagoe coffeehouse"><i>Utagoe</i> coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_coffee_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Viennese coffee house">Viennese coffee house</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-relax.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/28px-Emblem-relax.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/42px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/56px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Coffee" title="Portal:Coffee">Coffee portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meals471" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meals_navbox" title="Template:Meals navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meals_navbox" title="Template talk:Meals navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meals_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meals navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meals471" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common meals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suhur" title="Suhur">Suhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakfast" title="Breakfast">Breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_breakfast" title="Second breakfast">Second breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevenses" title="Elevenses">Elevenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunch" title="Brunch">Brunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch" title="Lunch">Lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_(meal)" title="Tea (meal)">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merienda" title="Merienda">Merienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffin" title="Tiffin">Tiffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinner" title="Dinner">Dinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supper" title="Supper">Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siu_yeh" title="Siu yeh">Siu yeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components<br />and <a href="/wiki/Course_(food)" title="Course (food)">courses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif" title="Apéritif and digestif">Apéritif and digestif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hors_d%27oeuvre" title="Hors d'oeuvre">Hors d'oeuvre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amuse-bouche" title="Amuse-bouche">Amuse-bouche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">Soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entr%C3%A9e" title="Entrée">Entrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_course" title="Main course">Main course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">Salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_dish" title="Side dish">Side dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entremets" class="mw-redirect" title="Entremets">Entremets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">Dessert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoury_(dish)" title="Savoury (dish)">Savoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_replacement" title="Meal replacement">Meal replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snack" title="Snack">Snack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foodservice#Table_service" title="Foodservice">Table service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffet" title="Buffet">Buffet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_belt_sushi" title="Conveyor belt sushi">Conveyor belt sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_(food)" title="Dish (food)">Dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_food" title="Finger food">Finger food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-course_dinner" title="Full-course dinner">Full-course dinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platter_(dinner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Platter (dinner)">Platter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod%C3%ADzio" title="Rodízio">Rodízio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_%C3%A0_la_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Service à la française">Service à la française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_%C3%A0_la_russe" title="Service à la russe">Service à la russe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_service" title="Silver service">Silver service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_plates" title="Small plates">Small plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_reservation" title="Table reservation">Table reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_fresco_dining" class="mw-redirect" title="Al fresco dining">Al fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eating_utensils" title="List of eating utensils">Eating utensils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_presentation" title="Food presentation">Food presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnish_(cooking)" title="Garnish (cooking)">Garnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyotaimori" title="Nyotaimori">Nyotaimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%A8ce_mont%C3%A9e" title="Pièce montée">Pièce montée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serving_size" title="Serving size">Serving size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_setting" title="Table setting">Table setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablecloth" title="Tablecloth">Tablecloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableware" title="Tableware">Tableware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_manners" title="Table manners">Table manners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eating_utensil_etiquette" title="Eating utensil etiquette">Eating utensil etiquette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toast_(honor)" title="Toast (honor)">Toast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiting_staff" title="Waiting staff">Waiting staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anju_(food)" title="Anju (food)">Anju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipasto" title="Antipasto">Antipasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicchetti" title="Cicchetti">Cicchetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">Banchan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Korean_table_d%27h%C3%B4te" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean table d'hôte">Korean table d'hôte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandeja_paisa" title="Bandeja paisa">Bandeja paisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastarkh%C4%81n" title="Dastarkhān">Dastarkhān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">Dim sum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">Yum cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fika_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fika (Sweden)">Fika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izakaya" title="Izakaya">Izakaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sakana" title="Sakana">Sakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiseki" title="Kaiseki">Kaiseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_and_three" title="Meat and three">Meat and three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okazuya" title="Okazuya">Okazuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_lunch" title="Plate lunch">Plate lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_pu_platter" title="Pu pu platter">Pu pu platter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_and_three" title="Rice and three">Rice and three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijsttafel" title="Rijsttafel">Rijsttafel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhya">Sadhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas" title="Tapas">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thali" title="Thali">Thali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffin" title="Tiffin">Tiffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakuski" title="Zakuski">Zakuski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bento" title="Bento">Bento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">Convenience food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosirak" title="Dosirak">Dosirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiben" title="Ekiben">Ekiben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_rations" title="Emergency rations">Emergency rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_ration" title="Field ration">Field ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_meal" title="Frozen meal">Frozen meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_breakfast" title="Instant breakfast">Instant breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABbako" title="Jūbako">Jūbako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninja diet">Ninja diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packed_lunch" title="Packed lunch">Packed lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_food" title="Space food">Space food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take-out" title="Take-out">Take-out</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menu" title="Menu">Menus</a> and<br />meal deals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_la_carte" title="À la carte">À la carte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-plate_special" title="Blue-plate special">Blue-plate special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_meal" title="Combination meal">Combination meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_lunch" title="Free lunch">Free lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_refill" title="Free refill">Free refill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kids%27_meal" title="Kids' meal">Kids' meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_meal" title="School meal">School meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_meal" title="Suspended meal">Suspended meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_d%27h%C3%B4te" title="Table d'hôte">Table d'hôte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasting_menu" title="Tasting menu">Tasting menu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Degustation" title="Degustation">Degustation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_menu" title="Value menu">Value menu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communal_meal" title="Communal meal">Communal meals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">Banquet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_banquet" title="State banquet">State banquet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercium" title="Commercium">Commercium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_in" title="Dining in">Dining in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potluck" title="Potluck">Potluck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder" class="mw-redirect" title="Seder">Seder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittning" title="Sittning">Sittning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">Soup kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supra_(feast)" title="Supra (feast)">Supra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableround" class="mw-redirect" title="Tableround">Tableround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_party" title="Tea party">Tea party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catering" title="Catering">Catering</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Food_delivery" title="Food delivery">food delivery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_delivery" title="Food delivery">Food delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_food_ordering" title="Online food ordering">Online food ordering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_restaurant" title="Virtual restaurant">Virtual restaurant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places to eat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafeteria" title="Cafeteria">Cafeteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_truck" title="Food truck">Food truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess" title="Mess">Mess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picnic_table" title="Picnic table">Picnic table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">Soup kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">Street food</a></li> <li><a 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