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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Halides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Halides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Oxides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Borides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Source_of_gamma_rays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_of_gamma_rays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Source of gamma rays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_of_gamma_rays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-stability_atomic_clocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-stability_atomic_clocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 High-stability atomic clocks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-stability_atomic_clocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doping_of_stainless_steel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doping_of_stainless_steel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Doping of stainless steel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doping_of_stainless_steel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ytterbium_as_dopant_of_active_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ytterbium_as_dopant_of_active_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Ytterbium as dopant of active media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ytterbium_as_dopant_of_active_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ion_qubits_for_quantum_computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ion_qubits_for_quantum_computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Ion qubits for quantum computing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ion_qubits_for_quantum_computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ytterbium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 128 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-128" aria-hidden="true" > 128 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ይተርቢየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ይተርቢየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="यटेरबियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="यटेरबियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="إتيربيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إتيربيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbiu" title="Iterbiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Iterbiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbiu" title="Iterbiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Iterbiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0tterbium" title="İtterbium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İtterbium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itterbium" title="Itterbium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Itterbium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ইটারবিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইটারবিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Ітэрбій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ітэрбій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1" title="Ітэрб – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ітэрб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="यिट्टर्बियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यिट्टर्बियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbyo" title="Iterbyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iterbyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Итербий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Итербий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbij" title="Iterbij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Iterbij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbiom" title="Iterbiom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iterbiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbi" title="Iterbi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iterbi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттербий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иттербий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbyo" title="Iterbyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Iterbyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itterbiu" title="Itterbiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Itterbiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yterbiwm" title="Yterbiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yterbiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="إيطيربيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيطيربيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cterbium" title="Üterbium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Üterbium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%84%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Υττέρβιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υττέρβιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbio" title="Iterbio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iterbio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbio" title="Iterbio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iterbio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbio" title="Iterbio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iterbio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ایتربیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایتربیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbi" title="Iterbi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Iterbi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A9irbiam" title="Itéirbiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Itéirbiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iterbium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbio" title="Iterbio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iterbio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="ઈટરબિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈટરબિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Иттербиум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Иттербиум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%B8%80" title="이터븀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이터븀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Իտերբիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իտերբիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इटरबियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इटरबियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbij" title="Iterbij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Iterbij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiterbio" title="Yiterbio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yiterbio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iterbium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmYabambi" title="UmYabambi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmYabambi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterb%C3%ADn" title="Ytterbín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ytterbín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itterbio" title="Itterbio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Itterbio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="איטרביום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איטרביום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Iterbium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%96t%C9%9Brb%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Ɩtɛrbɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɩtɛrbɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಟ್ಟೆರ್ಬಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಟ್ಟೆರ್ಬಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="იტერბიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იტერბიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттербий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иттербий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yterbiom" title="Yterbiom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yterbiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yterbi" title="Yterbi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yterbi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттербий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Иттербий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттербий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иттербий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттербий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Иттербий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbijs" title="Iterbijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iterbijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbis" title="Iterbis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Iterbis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itterbio" title="Itterbio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Itterbio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itterbii" title="Itterbii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Itterbii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrtiterbi" title="jinmrtiterbi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrtiterbi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itterbium" title="Itterbium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Itterbium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Итербиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Итербиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="യിറ്റെർബിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യിറ്റെർബിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="यिट्टरबियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="यिट्टरबियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="اتيربيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اتيربيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iterbium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Иттерби – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иттерби" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အိတ္တာဘီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိတ္တာဘီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="यिट्टरबियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="यिट्टरबियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%83%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="イッテルビウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イッテルビウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cterbium" title="Üterbium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Üterbium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itterbiy" title="Itterbiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Itterbiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="यिट्टरबियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="यिट्टरबियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="یتربیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یتربیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ايتربيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ايتربيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbi" title="Iterbi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Iterbi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterb" title="Iterb – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iterb" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A9rbio" title="Itérbio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Itérbio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yterbiu" title="Yterbiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Yterbiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itirpiyu" title="Itirpiyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Itirpiyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттербий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иттербий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Иттербиум – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Иттербиум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="यिट्टरबियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="यिट्टरबियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A8rbiu" title="Itèrbiu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Itèrbiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yterbiumi" title="Yterbiumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Yterbiumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itterbiu" title="Itterbiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Itterbiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yterbium" title="Yterbium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Yterbium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbij" title="Iterbij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Iterbij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ئیتێربیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیتێربیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Итербијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Итербијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbijum" title="Iterbijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Iterbijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ytterbium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbiyo" title="Iterbiyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Iterbiyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இட்டெர்பியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இட்டெர்பியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттербий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Иттербий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="యిటర్బియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యిటర్బియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="อิตเทอร์เบียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิตเทอร์เบียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттербий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иттербий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0terbiyum" title="İterbiyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İterbiyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Ітербій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ітербій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%91%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="یٹّربیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یٹّربیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A" title="ئىتتېربىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىتتېربىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itterbii" title="Itterbii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Itterbii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yterbi" title="Yterbi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Yterbi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%BF" title="鐿 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鐿" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbyo" title="Iterbyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Iterbyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="镱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 70 (Yb)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os 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.infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Ytterbium, 70Yb</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ytterbium-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ytterbium-3.jpg/220px-Ytterbium-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ytterbium-3.jpg/330px-Ytterbium-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ytterbium-3.jpg/440px-Ytterbium-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="467" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Ytterbium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪˈtɜːrbiəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ih-TUR-bee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery white; with a pale yellow tint<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Yb)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>173.045±0.010<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li>173.05±0.02 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Ytterbium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">– ↑ Yb ↓ <a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">thulium</a> ← ytterbium → <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">70</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/F-block_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block groups">f-block groups</a> (no number)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">period 6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#f-block" title="Block (periodic table)">f-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f14 6s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1097 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (824 °C, 1515 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1469 K (1196 °C, 2185 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">6.967 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">6.21 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.66 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">129 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26.74 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>736 </td> <td>813 </td> <td>910 </td> <td>1047 </td> <td>(1266) </td> <td>(1465) </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +3 0,<a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-5">[5]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-LnI-6">[6]</a> +2<a href="#cite_note-GE28-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.1 (?)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 603.4 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1174.8 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2417 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 176 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">187±8 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ytterbium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ytterbium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Ytterbium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ytterbium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Ytterbium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ytterbium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Ytterbium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of ytterbium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centered cubic</a> (fcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cF4</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Face-centered cubic crystal structure for ytterbium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1002" /></a></div>a = 548.46 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24.31×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">38.5 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">β, poly: 0.250 µΩ⋅m (at <abbr title="room temperature">r.t.</abbr>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+249.0×10−6 cm3/mol (2928 K)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">β form: 23.9 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">β form: 9.9 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">β form: 30.5 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">1590 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">β form: 0.207 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">205–250 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">340–440 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-64-4 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after <a href="/wiki/Ytterby" title="Ytterby">Ytterby</a> (Sweden), where it was mined</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_Galissard_de_Marignac" title="Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac">Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac</a> (1878)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach" title="Carl Auer von Welsbach">Carl Auer von Welsbach</a> (1906)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ytterbium" title="Isotopes of ytterbium">Isotopes of ytterbium</a><style 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_ytterbium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox ytterbium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_ytterbium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox ytterbium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">166Yb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">56.7 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium-166" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium-166">166Tm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">168Yb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.126% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">169Yb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">32.026 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">ε </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium-169" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium-169">169Tm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">170Yb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">3.02% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">171Yb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">14.2% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">172Yb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">21.8% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">173Yb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">16.1% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">174Yb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">31.9% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">175Yb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">4.185 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium-175" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium-175">175Lu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">176Yb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">12.9% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">177Yb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.911 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium-177" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium-177">177Lu</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ytterbium" title="Category:Ytterbium">Category: Ytterbium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_ytterbium" title="Template:Infobox ytterbium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_ytterbium" title="Template talk:Infobox ytterbium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_ytterbium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox ytterbium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Ytterbium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Yb and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 70. It is a metal, the fourteenth and penultimate element in the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a> series, which is the basis of the relative stability of its +2 <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a>. Like the other lanthanides, its most common oxidation state is +3, as in its <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halides</a>, and other compounds. In <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solution</a>, like compounds of other late lanthanides, soluble ytterbium compounds form complexes with nine water molecules. Because of its closed-shell electron configuration, its density, melting point and boiling point are much lower than those of most other lanthanides. In 1878, Swiss chemist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_Galissard_de_Marignac" title="Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac">Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac</a> separated from the rare earth "erbia" (another independent component) which he called "<a href="/wiki/Ytterbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbia">ytterbia</a>", for <a href="/wiki/Ytterby" title="Ytterby">Ytterby</a>, the village in Sweden near where he found the new component of <a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">erbium</a>. He suspected that ytterbia was a compound of a new element that he called "ytterbium". (In total, four elements were named after the village, the others being <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">erbium</a>.) In 1907, the new earth "lutecia" was separated from ytterbia, from which the element "lutecium" (now <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a>) was extracted by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Urbain" title="Georges Urbain">Georges Urbain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach" title="Carl Auer von Welsbach">Carl Auer von Welsbach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_(chemist)" title="Charles James (chemist)">Charles James</a>. After some discussion, Marignac's name "ytterbium" was retained. A relatively pure sample of the metal was not obtained until 1953. At present, ytterbium is mainly used as a <a href="/wiki/Dopant" title="Dopant">dopant</a> of stainless steel or <a href="/wiki/Active_laser_medium" title="Active laser medium">active laser media</a>, and less often as a <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a> source. Natural ytterbium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes, which altogether are present at concentrations of 0.3 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a>. This element is mined in China, the United States, Brazil, and India in form of the minerals <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euxenite" title="Euxenite">euxenite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xenotime" title="Xenotime">xenotime</a>. The ytterbium concentration is low because it is found only among many other <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare-earth elements">rare-earth elements</a>; moreover, it is among the least abundant. Once extracted and prepared, ytterbium is somewhat hazardous as an eye and skin irritant. The metal is a fire and explosion hazard. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> Ytterbium is a soft, <a href="/wiki/Malleability" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleability">malleable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>. When freshly prepared, it is less golden than cesium, but, more golden in color than just a "yellow-cast" as in metals like iridium. It is a <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth element</a>, and it is readily dissolved by the strong <a href="/wiki/Mineral_acid" title="Mineral acid">mineral acids</a>. <a href="#cite_note-CRC-10">[10]</a> Ytterbium has three <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotropes</a> labeled by the Greek letters alpha, beta and gamma. Their transformation temperatures are −13 °<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">C</a> and 795 °C,<a href="#cite_note-CRC-10">[10]</a> although the exact transformation temperature depends on the <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">stress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alpha-Yb-11">[11]</a> The beta allotrope (6.966 g/cm3) exists at room temperature, and it has a <a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">face-centered cubic</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structure</a>. The high-temperature gamma allotrope (6.57 g/cm3) has a <a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">body-centered cubic</a> crystalline structure.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-10">[10]</a> The alpha allotrope (6.903 g/cm3) has a <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">hexagonal</a> crystalline structure and is stable at low temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-12">[12]</a> The beta allotrope has a metallic <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a> at normal atmospheric pressure, but it becomes a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> when exposed to a pressure of about 16,000 <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheres</a> (1.6 <a href="/wiki/Gigapascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigapascal">GPa</a>). Its electrical <a href="/wiki/Resistivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivity">resistivity</a> increases ten times upon compression to 39,000 atmospheres (3.9 GPa), but then drops to about 10% of its room-temperature resistivity at about 40,000 atm (4.0 GPa).<a href="#cite_note-CRC-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-history-13">[13]</a> In contrast to the other rare-earth metals, which usually have <a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiferromagnetic">antiferromagnetic</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferromagnetic">ferromagnetic</a> properties at low <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperatures</a>, ytterbium is <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a> at temperatures above 1.0 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> However, the alpha allotrope is <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alpha-Yb-11">[11]</a> With a <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of 824 °C and a <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> of 1196 °C, ytterbium has the smallest liquid range of all the metals.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-10">[10]</a> Contrary to most other lanthanides, which have a close-packed hexagonal lattice, ytterbium crystallizes in the face-centered cubic system. Ytterbium has a density of 6.973 g/cm3, which is significantly lower than those of the neighboring lanthanides, <a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">thulium</a> (9.32 g/cm3) and <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a> (9.841 g/cm3). Its melting and boiling points are also significantly lower than those of thulium and lutetium. This is due to the closed-shell electron configuration of ytterbium ([Xe] 4f14 6s2), which causes only the two 6s electrons to be available for <a href="/wiki/Metallic_bonding" title="Metallic bonding">metallic bonding</a> (in contrast to the other lanthanides where three electrons are available) and increases ytterbium's <a href="/wiki/Metallic_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallic radius">metallic radius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical properties">edit</a>]</div> Ytterbium metal tarnishes slowly in air, taking on a golden or brown hue. Finely dispersed ytterbium readily oxidizes in air and under oxygen. Mixtures of powdered ytterbium with <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">polytetrafluoroethylene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hexachloroethane" title="Hexachloroethane">hexachloroethane</a> burn with an emerald-green flame.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Ytterbium reacts with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> to form various <a href="/wiki/Non-stoichiometric_compound" title="Non-stoichiometric compound">non-stoichiometric</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydrides</a>. Ytterbium dissolves slowly in water, but quickly in acids, liberating hydrogen gas.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-12">[12]</a> Ytterbium is quite <a href="/wiki/Electropositive" class="mw-redirect" title="Electropositive">electropositive</a>, and it reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form ytterbium(III) hydroxide:<a href="#cite_note-webelements-16">[16]</a> <dl><dd>2 Yb (s) + 6 H2O (l) → 2 Yb(OH)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)</dd></dl> Ytterbium reacts with all the <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a>:<a href="#cite_note-webelements-16">[16]</a> <dl><dd>2 Yb (s) + 3 F2 (g) → 2 YbF3 (s) [white]</dd> <dd>2 Yb (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) → 2 YbCl3 (s) [white]</dd> <dd>2 Yb (s) + 3 Br2 (l) → 2 YbBr3 (s) [white]</dd> <dd>2 Yb (s) + 3 I2 (s) → 2 YbI3 (s) [white]</dd></dl> The ytterbium(III) ion absorbs light in the <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">near-infrared</a> range of wavelengths, but not in <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a>, so <a href="/wiki/Ytterbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbia">ytterbia</a>, Yb2O3, is white in color and the salts of ytterbium are also colorless. Ytterbium dissolves readily in dilute <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> to form solutions that contain the colorless Yb(III) ions, which exist as nonahydrate complexes:<a href="#cite_note-webelements-16">[16]</a> <dl><dd>2 Yb (s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq) + 18 H 2O (l) → 2 [Yb(H2O)9]3+ (aq) + 3 SO2− 4 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yb(II)_vs._Yb(III)">Yb(II) vs. Yb(III)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Yb(II) vs. Yb(III)">edit</a>]</div> Although usually trivalent, ytterbium readily forms divalent compounds. This behavior is unusual for <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a>, which almost exclusively form compounds with an oxidation state of +3. The +2 state has a valence <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a> of 4f14 because the fully filled f-shell gives more stability. The yellow-green ytterbium(II) ion is a very strong <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reducing agent</a> and decomposes water, releasing <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas, and thus only the colorless ytterbium(III) ion occurs in <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">thulium</a> also behave this way in the +2 state, but <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a>(II) is stable in aqueous solution. Ytterbium metal behaves similarly to europium metal and the alkaline earth metals, dissolving in ammonia to form blue <a href="/wiki/Electride" title="Electride">electride</a> salts.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ytterbium" title="Isotopes of ytterbium">Isotopes of ytterbium</a></div> Natural ytterbium is composed of seven stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>: 168Yb, 170Yb, 171Yb, 172Yb, 173Yb, 174Yb, and 176Yb, with 174Yb being the most common, at 31.8% of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">natural abundance</a>). Thirty-two <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> have been observed, with the most stable ones being 169Yb with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 32.0 days, 175Yb with a half-life of 4.18 days, and 166Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> isotopes have half-lives that are less than two hours, and most of these have half-lives under 20 minutes. Ytterbium also has 12 <a href="/wiki/Meta_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta state">meta states</a>, with the most stable being 169mYb (t1/2 46 seconds).<a href="#cite_note-nucleonica-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> The isotopes of ytterbium range from 149Yb to 187Yb.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-PRL132.7-18">[18]</a> The primary <a href="/wiki/Decay_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay mode">decay mode</a> of ytterbium isotopes lighter than the most abundant stable isotope, 174Yb, is <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a>, and the primary decay mode for those heavier than 174Yb is <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>. The primary <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">decay products</a> of ytterbium isotopes lighter than 174Yb are <a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">thulium</a> isotopes, and the primary decay products of ytterbium isotopes with heavier than 174Yb are <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a> isotopes.<a href="#cite_note-nucleonica-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euxenite_-_Vegusdal,_Norvegia_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Euxenite_-_Vegusdal%2C_Norvegia_01.jpg/220px-Euxenite_-_Vegusdal%2C_Norvegia_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Euxenite_-_Vegusdal%2C_Norvegia_01.jpg/330px-Euxenite_-_Vegusdal%2C_Norvegia_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Euxenite_-_Vegusdal%2C_Norvegia_01.jpg/440px-Euxenite_-_Vegusdal%2C_Norvegia_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Euxenite" title="Euxenite">Euxenite</a> </figcaption></figure> Ytterbium is found with other <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth elements</a> in several rare <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>. It is most often recovered commercially from <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a> sand (0.03% ytterbium). The element is also found in <a href="/wiki/Euxenite" title="Euxenite">euxenite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xenotime" title="Xenotime">xenotime</a>. The main mining areas are China, the United States, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, India, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and Australia. Reserves of ytterbium are estimated as one million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>. Ytterbium is normally difficult to separate from other rare earths, but <a href="/wiki/Ion-exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion-exchange">ion-exchange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solvent_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent extraction">solvent extraction</a> techniques developed in the mid- to late 20th century have simplified separation. <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Compounds</a> of ytterbium are rare and have not yet been well characterized. The abundance of ytterbium in the Earth's crust is about 3 mg/kg.<a href="#cite_note-history-13">[13]</a> As an even-numbered lanthanide, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Oddo%E2%80%93Harkins_rule" title="Oddo–Harkins rule">Oddo–Harkins rule</a>, ytterbium is significantly more abundant than its immediate neighbors, <a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">thulium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a>, which occur in the same concentrate at levels of about 0.5% each. The world production of ytterbium is only about 50 tonnes per year, reflecting that it has few commercial applications.<a href="#cite_note-history-13">[13]</a> Microscopic traces of ytterbium are used as a <a href="/wiki/Dopant" title="Dopant">dopant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Yttrium_aluminium_garnet" title="Yttrium aluminium garnet">Yb:YAG laser</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_laser" title="Solid-state laser">solid-state laser</a> in which ytterbium is the element that undergoes <a href="/wiki/Stimulated_emission" title="Stimulated emission">stimulated emission</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Ytterbium is often the most common substitute in <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a> minerals. In very few known cases/occurrences ytterbium prevails over yttrium, as, e.g., in <a href="/wiki/Xenotime" title="Xenotime">xenotime</a>-(Yb). A report of native ytterbium from the Moon's <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a> is known.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> It is relatively difficult to separate ytterbium from other lanthanides due to its similar properties. As a result, the process is somewhat long. First, minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Xenotime" title="Xenotime">xenotime</a> are dissolved into various acids, such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>. Ytterbium can then be separated from other lanthanides by <a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">ion exchange</a>, as can other lanthanides. The solution is then applied to a <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a>, to which different lanthanides bind with different affinities. This is then dissolved using <a href="/wiki/Complexing_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Complexing agent">complexing agents</a>, and due to the different types of bonding exhibited by the different lanthanides, it is possible to isolate the compounds.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Ytterbium is separated from other rare earths either by <a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">ion exchange</a> or by reduction with sodium amalgam. In the latter method, a buffered acidic solution of trivalent rare earths is treated with molten sodium-mercury alloy, which reduces and dissolves Yb3+. The alloy is treated with <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>. The metal is extracted from the solution as oxalate and converted to oxide by heating. The oxide is reduced to metal by heating with <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a> in high vacuum. The metal is purified by sublimation and collected over a condensed plate.<a href="#cite_note-patnaik-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ytterbium(III)_oxide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ytterbium%28III%29_oxide.jpg/220px-Ytterbium%28III%29_oxide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ytterbium%28III%29_oxide.jpg/330px-Ytterbium%28III%29_oxide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Ytterbium%28III%29_oxide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_oxide" title="Ytterbium(III) oxide">Ytterbium(III) oxide</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Ytterbium_compounds" title="Category:Ytterbium compounds">Category:Ytterbium compounds</a></div> The chemical behavior of ytterbium is similar to that of the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a>. Most ytterbium compounds are found in the +3 oxidation state, and its salts in this oxidation state are nearly colorless. Like <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">samarium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">thulium</a>, the trihalides of ytterbium can be reduced to the dihalides by <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> dust, or by the addition of metallic ytterbium.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-12">[12]</a> The +2 oxidation state occurs only in solid compounds and reacts in some ways similarly to the <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth metal</a> compounds; for example, ytterbium(II) oxide (YbO) shows the same structure as <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">calcium oxide</a> (CaO).<a href="#cite_note-Holl-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halides">Halides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Halides">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristallstruktur_Lanthanoid-C-Typ.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kristallstruktur_Lanthanoid-C-Typ.png/220px-Kristallstruktur_Lanthanoid-C-Typ.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kristallstruktur_Lanthanoid-C-Typ.png/330px-Kristallstruktur_Lanthanoid-C-Typ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kristallstruktur_Lanthanoid-C-Typ.png/440px-Kristallstruktur_Lanthanoid-C-Typ.png 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Crystal structure of <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_oxide" title="Ytterbium(III) oxide">ytterbium(III) oxide</a></figcaption></figure> Ytterbium forms both dihalides and trihalides with the <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>. The dihalides are susceptible to oxidation to the trihalides at room temperature and disproportionate to the trihalides and metallic ytterbium at high temperature:<a href="#cite_note-Holl-12">[12]</a> <dl><dd>3 YbX2 → 2 YbX3 + Yb (X = <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a>)</dd></dl> Some ytterbium halides are used as <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagents</a> in <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_chloride" title="Ytterbium(III) chloride">ytterbium(III) chloride</a> (YbCl3) is a <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acid</a> and can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aldol_reaction" title="Aldol reaction">Aldol</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction" title="Diels–Alder reaction">Diels–Alder reactions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(II)_iodide" title="Ytterbium(II) iodide">Ytterbium(II) iodide</a> (YbI2) may be used, like <a href="/wiki/Samarium(II)_iodide" title="Samarium(II) iodide">samarium(II) iodide</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reducing agent</a> for <a href="/wiki/Coupling_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupling reactions">coupling reactions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_fluoride" title="Ytterbium(III) fluoride">Ytterbium(III) fluoride</a> (YbF3) is used as an inert and non-toxic <a href="/wiki/Tooth_filling" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth filling">tooth filling</a> as it continuously releases <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a> ions, which are good for dental health, and is also a good <a href="/wiki/X-ray_contrast_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray contrast agent">X-ray contrast agent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Enghag-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxides">Oxides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oxides">edit</a>]</div> Ytterbium reacts with oxygen to form <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_oxide" title="Ytterbium(III) oxide">ytterbium(III) oxide</a> (Yb2O3), which crystallizes in the "rare-earth C-type sesquioxide" structure which is related to the <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a> structure with one quarter of the anions removed, leading to ytterbium atoms in two different six coordinate (non-octahedral) environments.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Ytterbium(III) oxide can be reduced to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium(II)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ytterbium(II) oxide (page does not exist)">ytterbium(II) oxide</a> (YbO) with elemental ytterbium, which crystallizes in the same structure as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borides">Borides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Borides">edit</a>]</div> Ytterbium dodecaboride (YbB12) is a crystalline material that has been studied to understand various electronic and structural properties of many chemically related substances. It is a <a href="/wiki/Kondo_insulator" title="Kondo insulator">Kondo insulator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum material">quantum material</a>; under normal conditions, the interior of the bulk crystal is an <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">insulator</a> whereas the surface is highly <a href="/wiki/Conductive" class="mw-redirect" title="Conductive">conductive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare earth element">rare earth elements</a>, ytterbium is one of the few that can form a stable dodecaboride, a property attributed to its comparatively small atomic radius.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galissard_de_Marignac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Galissard_de_Marignac.jpg/220px-Galissard_de_Marignac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Galissard_de_Marignac.jpg/330px-Galissard_de_Marignac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Galissard_de_Marignac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_Galissard_de_Marignac" title="Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac">Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac</a></figcaption></figure> Ytterbium was <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">discovered</a> by the Swiss chemist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_Galissard_de_Marignac" title="Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac">Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac</a> in the year 1878. While examining samples of <a href="/wiki/Gadolinite" title="Gadolinite">gadolinite</a>, Marignac found a new component in the earth then known as <a href="/wiki/Erbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbia">erbia</a>, and he named it ytterbia, for <a href="/wiki/Ytterby" title="Ytterby">Ytterby</a>, the Swedish village near where he found the new component of erbium. Marignac suspected that ytterbia was a compound of a new element that he called "ytterbium".<a href="#cite_note-history-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enghag-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weeks-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-XVI-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-RSYtterbium-34">[34]</a> In 1907, the French chemist <a href="/wiki/Georges_Urbain" title="Georges Urbain">Georges Urbain</a> separated Marignac's ytterbia into two components: neoytterbia and lutecia. Neoytterbia later became known as the element ytterbium, and lutecia became known as the element <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a>. The Austrian chemist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach" title="Carl Auer von Welsbach">Carl Auer von Welsbach</a> independently isolated these elements from ytterbia at about the same time, but he called them aldebaranium (Ad; after <a href="/wiki/Aldebaran" title="Aldebaran">Aldebaran</a>) and cassiopeium;<a href="#cite_note-history-13">[13]</a> the American chemist <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_(chemist)" title="Charles James (chemist)">Charles James</a> also independently isolated these elements at about the same time.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Urbain and Welsbach accused each other of publishing results based on the other party.<a href="#cite_note-1st-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fra-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deu-38">[38]</a> The Commission on Atomic Mass, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wigglesworth_Clarke" title="Frank Wigglesworth Clarke">Frank Wigglesworth Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a>, and Georges Urbain, which was then responsible for the attribution of new element names, settled the dispute in 1909 by granting priority to Urbain and adopting his names as official ones, based on the fact that the separation of lutetium from Marignac's ytterbium was first described by Urbain.<a href="#cite_note-1st-36">[36]</a> After Urbain's names were recognized, neoytterbium was reverted to ytterbium. The chemical and physical properties of ytterbium could not be determined with any precision until 1953, when the first nearly pure ytterbium metal was produced by using <a href="/wiki/Ion-exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion-exchange">ion-exchange</a> processes.<a href="#cite_note-history-13">[13]</a> The price of ytterbium was relatively stable between 1953 and 1998 at about US$1,000/kg.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Source_of_gamma_rays">Source of gamma rays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Source of gamma rays">edit</a>]</div> The 169Yb <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> (with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 32 days), which is created along with the short-lived 175Yb isotope (half-life 4.2 days) by <a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">neutron activation</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Irradiation" title="Irradiation">irradiation</a> of ytterbium in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>, has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> source in portable <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> machines. Like X-rays, the <a href="/wiki/Gamma_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma rays">gamma rays</a> emitted by the source pass through soft tissues of the body, but are blocked by bones and other dense materials. Thus, small 169Yb samples (which emit gamma rays) act like tiny X-ray machines useful for <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a> of small objects. Experiments show that radiographs taken with a 169Yb source are roughly equivalent to those taken with X-rays having energies between 250 and 350 keV. 169Yb is also used in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">nuclear medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-stability_atomic_clocks">High-stability atomic clocks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: High-stability atomic clocks">edit</a>]</div> In 2013, ytterbium clocks held the record for stability with ticks stable to within less than two parts in 1 quintillion (2×10−18).<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> These clocks developed at the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</a> rely on about 10,000 ytterbium atoms <a href="/wiki/Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">laser-cooled</a> to 10 microkelvin (10 millionths of a degree above <a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a>) and trapped in an <a href="/wiki/Optical_lattice" title="Optical lattice">optical lattice</a>—a series of pancake-shaped wells made of laser light. Another laser that "ticks" 518 trillion times per second (518 THz) provokes a transition between two energy levels in the atoms. The large number of atoms is key to the clocks' high stability. Visible light waves oscillate faster than microwaves, hence optical clocks can be more precise than <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic clocks">atomic clocks</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Bundesanstalt" title="Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt">Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt</a> is working on several such optical clocks. The model with one single ytterbium ion caught in an <a href="/wiki/Ion_trap" title="Ion trap">ion trap</a> is highly accurate. The optical clock based on it is exact to 17 digits after the decimal point.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> A pair of experimental atomic clocks based on ytterbium atoms at the National Institute of Standards and Technology has set a record for stability. NIST physicists reported in the August 22, 2013 issue of Science Express that the ytterbium clocks' ticks are stable to within less than two parts in 1 <a href="/wiki/Quintillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintillion">quintillion</a> (1 followed by 18 zeros), roughly 10 times better than the previous best published results for other atomic clocks. The clocks would be accurate within a second for a period comparable to the age of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doping_of_stainless_steel">Doping of stainless steel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Doping of stainless steel">edit</a>]</div> Ytterbium can also be used as a <a href="/wiki/Dopant" title="Dopant">dopant</a> to help improve the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanical properties of <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>. Some ytterbium <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> have rarely been used in <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-history-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ytterbium_as_dopant_of_active_media">Ytterbium as dopant of active media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ytterbium as dopant of active media">edit</a>]</div> The Yb3+ <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> is used as a <a href="/wiki/Doping_(semiconductors)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doping (semiconductors)">doping material</a> in <a href="/wiki/Active_laser_medium" title="Active laser medium">active laser media</a>, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Solid_state_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state laser">solid state lasers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Double_clad_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Double clad fiber">double clad fiber</a> lasers. Ytterbium lasers are highly efficient, have long lifetimes and can generate short pulses; ytterbium can also easily be incorporated into the material used to make the laser.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Ytterbium lasers commonly radiate in the 1.03–1.12 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">μm</a> band being <a href="/wiki/Optical_pumping" title="Optical pumping">optically pumped</a> at wavelength 900 nm–1 μm, dependently on the host and application. The small <a href="/wiki/Quantum_defect" title="Quantum defect">quantum defect</a> makes ytterbium a prospective dopant for efficient lasers and <a href="/wiki/Power_scaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Power scaling">power scaling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The kinetic of excitations in ytterbium-doped materials is simple and can be described within the concept of <a href="/wiki/McCumber_relation" title="McCumber relation">effective cross-sections</a>; for most ytterbium-doped laser materials (as for many other optically pumped gain media), the <a href="/wiki/McCumber_relation" title="McCumber relation">McCumber relation</a> holds,<a href="#cite_note-kouz05-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-mc-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-B-48">[48]</a> although the application to the ytterbium-doped <a href="/wiki/Composite_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite materials">composite materials</a> was under discussion.<a href="#cite_note-McCumberA-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCumberB-50">[50]</a> Usually, low concentrations of ytterbium are used. At high concentrations, the ytterbium-doped materials show <a href="/wiki/Photodarkening" title="Photodarkening">photodarkening</a><a href="#cite_note-photodarkening-51">[51]</a> (glass fibers) or even a switch to broadband emission<a href="#cite_note-avalanche-52">[52]</a> (crystals and ceramics) instead of efficient laser action. This effect may be related with not only overheating, but also with conditions of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charge_compensation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charge compensation (page does not exist)">charge compensation</a> at high concentrations of ytterbium ions.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Much progress has been made in the power scaling lasers and amplifiers produced with ytterbium (Yb) doped optical fibers. Power levels have increased from the 1 kW regimes due to the advancements in components as well as the Yb-doped fibers. Fabrication of Low NA, Large Mode Area fibers enable achievement of near perfect beam qualities (M2<1.1) at power levels of 1.5 kW to greater than 2 kW at ~1064 nm in a broadband configuration.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Ytterbium-doped LMA fibers also have the advantages of a larger mode field diameter, which negates the impacts of nonlinear effects such as stimulated <a href="/wiki/Brillouin_scattering" title="Brillouin scattering">Brillouin scattering</a> and stimulated <a href="/wiki/Raman_scattering" title="Raman scattering">Raman scattering</a>, which limit the achievement of higher power levels, and provide a distinct advantage over single mode ytterbium-doped fibers. To achieve even higher power levels in ytterbium-based fiber systems, all factors of the fiber must be considered. These can be achieved only through optimization of all ytterbium fiber parameters, ranging from the core background losses to the geometrical properties, to reduce the splice losses within the cavity. Power scaling also requires optimization of matching passive fibers within the optical cavity.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The optimization of the ytterbium-doped glass itself through host glass modification of various dopants also plays a large part in reducing the background loss of the glass, improvements in slope efficiency of the fiber, and improved photodarkening performance, all of which contribute to increased power levels in 1 μm systems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ion_qubits_for_quantum_computing">Ion qubits for quantum computing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ion qubits for quantum computing">edit</a>]</div> The charged ion 171Yb+ is used by multiple academic groups and companies as the trapped-ion qubit for <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">quantum computing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Olms1-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">Entangling</a> <a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate" title="Quantum logic gate">gates</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8lmer%E2%80%93S%C3%B8rensen_gate" title="Mølmer–Sørensen gate">Mølmer–Sørensen gate</a>, have been achieved by addressing the ions with <a href="/wiki/Mode-locking" class="mw-redirect" title="Mode-locking">mode-locked</a> pulse lasers.<a href="#cite_note-hay1-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> Ytterbium metal increases its electrical resistivity when subjected to high stresses. This property is used in stress gauges to monitor ground deformations from earthquakes and explosions.<a href="#cite_note-appl-60">[60]</a> Currently, ytterbium is being investigated as a possible replacement for <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> in high density pyrotechnic payloads for kinematic <a href="/wiki/Flare_(countermeasure)" title="Flare (countermeasure)">infrared decoy flares</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_oxide" title="Ytterbium(III) oxide">ytterbium(III) oxide</a> has a significantly higher <a href="/wiki/Emissivity" title="Emissivity">emissivity</a> in the infrared range than <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">magnesium oxide</a>, a higher radiant intensity is obtained with ytterbium-based payloads in comparison to those commonly based on <a href="/wiki/Magnesium/Teflon/Viton" title="Magnesium/Teflon/Viton">magnesium/Teflon/Viton</a> (MTV).<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Precautions">edit</a>]</div> Although ytterbium is fairly stable chemically, it is stored in airtight containers and in an inert atmosphere such as a nitrogen-filled dry box to protect it from air and moisture.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> All compounds of ytterbium are treated as highly <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a>, although studies appear to indicate that the danger is minimal. However, ytterbium compounds cause irritation to human skin and eyes, and some might be <a href="/wiki/Teratogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogenic">teratogenic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Metallic ytterbium dust can spontaneously combust.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=112&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYtterbium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/ytterbium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Ytterbium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Ytterbium&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fytterbium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYtterbium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-3"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYtterbium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYtterbium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cloke1993-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_5-0">^</a> Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloke1993" class="citation journal cs1">Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FCS9932200017">10.1039/CS9932200017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Soc.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Zero+Oxidation+State+Compounds+of+Scandium%2C+Yttrium%2C+and+the+Lanthanides&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=17-24&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FCS9932200017&rft.aulast=Cloke&rft.aufirst=F.+Geoffrey+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYtterbium" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldPetrukhinaBochenkovShabatina2003" class="citation journal cs1">Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2003.08.028">10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Arene+complexation+of+Sm%2C+Eu%2C+Tm+and+Yb+atoms%3A+a+variable+temperature+spectroscopic+investigation&rft.volume=688&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=49-55&rft.date=2003-12-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2003.08.028&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Polly+L.&rft.au=Petrukhina%2C+Marina+A.&rft.au=Bochenkov%2C+Vladimir+E.&rft.au=Shabatina%2C+Tatyana+I.&rft.au=Zagorskii%2C+Vyacheslav+V.&rft.au=Cloke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYtterbium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LnI-6"><a href="#cite_ref-LnI_6-0">^</a> La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB8− clusters; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiChenChenLi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Wan-Lu; Chen, Teng-Teng; Chen, Wei-Jia; Li, Jun; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8578558">"Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes"</a>. Nature Communications. 12 (1): 6467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26785-9">10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8578558">8578558</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34753931">34753931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Monovalent+lanthanide%28I%29+in+borozene+complexes&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6467&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8578558%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34753931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26785-9&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Wan-Lu&rft.au=Chen%2C+Teng-Teng&rft.au=Chen%2C+Wei-Jia&rft.au=Li%2C+Jun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Lai-Sheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8578558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYtterbium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-7"><a href="#cite_ref-GE28_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYtterbium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4"><bdi>0-8493-0464-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYtterbium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYtterbium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_10-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond,_C._R.2000" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, C. 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class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Guide to the Elements – Revised Edition, Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508083-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-508083-1">0-19-508083-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="commons:Category:Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/ytterbium" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/ytterbium">ytterbium</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele070.html">It's Elemental – Ytterbium</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ytterbium">"Ytterbium" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ytterbium&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYtterbium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-39193-9_144-2">Encyclopedia of Geochemistry - Ytterbium</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ytterbium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ytterbium_compounds" title="Template:Ytterbium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ytterbium_compounds" title="Template talk:Ytterbium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ytterbium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ytterbium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ytterbium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium_compounds" title="Ytterbium compounds">Ytterbium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yb(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(II)_fluoride" title="Ytterbium(II) fluoride">YbF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(II)_chloride" title="Ytterbium(II) chloride">YbCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(II)_bromide" title="Ytterbium(II) bromide">YbBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(II)_iodide" title="Ytterbium(II) iodide">YbI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(II)_hydride" title="Ytterbium(II) hydride">YbH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(II)_sulfide" title="Ytterbium(II) sulfide">YbS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yb(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_ytterbium_oxide" title="Lanthanum ytterbium oxide">LaYbO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_acetylacetonate" title="Ytterbium(III) acetylacetonate">Yb(acac)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_acetate" title="Ytterbium(III) acetate">Yb(CH3COO)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_bromide" title="Ytterbium(III) bromide">YbBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_bromate" title="Ytterbium(III) bromate">Yb(BrO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_chloride" title="Ytterbium(III) chloride">YbCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_cyanide" title="Ytterbium(III) cyanide">Yb(CN)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_fluoride" title="Ytterbium(III) fluoride">YbF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_hydroxide" title="Ytterbium(III) hydroxide">Yb(OH)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_iodate" title="Ytterbium(III) iodate">Yb(IO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_iodide" title="Ytterbium(III) iodide">YbI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_nitrate" title="Ytterbium(III) nitrate">Yb(NO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_nitride" title="Ytterbium(III) nitride">YbN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_oxalate" title="Ytterbium(III) oxalate">Yb2(C2O4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_oxide" title="Ytterbium(III) oxide">Yb2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_phosphide" title="Ytterbium(III) phosphide">YbP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_sulfate" title="Ytterbium(III) sulfate">Yb2(SO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_sulfide" title="Ytterbium(III) sulfide">Yb 2S 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium_dirhodium_disilicide" title="Ytterbium dirhodium disilicide">YbRh2Si2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium-doped_lutetium_orthovanadate" title="Ytterbium-doped lutetium orthovanadate">Yb:LuVO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YbBiPt" title="YbBiPt">YbBiPt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YbGaGe" title="YbGaGe">YbGaGe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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