CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hornbeam - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e0d44c96-81ad-44f2-8470-48118f9211e0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hornbeam","wgTitle":"Hornbeam","wgCurRevisionId":1253333707,"wgRevisionId":1253333707,"wgArticleId":171830,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2024","Articles with 'species' microformats","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs","Carpinus","Taxa described in 1753","Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hornbeam","wgRelevantArticleId":171830,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q158513","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Carpinus_foliage.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1626"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Carpinus_foliage.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1084"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Carpinus_foliage.jpg/640px-Carpinus_foliage.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="867"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hornbeam - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbeam"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbeam"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hornbeam rootpage-Hornbeam skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hornbeam" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hornbeam" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hornbeam" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hornbeam" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Common_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Common names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hornbeam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="شرد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شرد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinus" title="Carpinus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carpinus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinus" title="Carpinus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carpinus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C9%99l%C9%99s" title="Vələs – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vələs" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3" title="ولس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ولس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Граб – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Граб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Граб – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Граб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Габър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Габър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinus" title="Carpinus – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Carpinus" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp%C3%AD_(g%C3%A8nere)" title="Carpí (gènere) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carpí (gènere)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinus" title="Carpinus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Carpinus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr" title="Habr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Habr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avnb%C3%B8g_(sl%C3%A6gt)" title="Avnbøg (slægt) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Avnbøg (slægt)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainbuchen" title="Hainbuchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hainbuchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgep%C3%B6%C3%B6k" title="Valgepöök – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valgepöök" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinus" title="Carpinus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carpinus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpeno" title="Karpeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karpeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarma_(zuhaitza)" title="Xarma (zuhaitza) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xarma (zuhaitza)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2_(%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="ممرز (سرده) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ممرز (سرده)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charme" title="Charme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crann_sleamhain" title="Crann sleamhain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Crann sleamhain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinus" title="Carpinus – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carpinus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%96%B4%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4%EC%86%8D" title="서어나무속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서어나무속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%AB" title="Բոխի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոխի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrab" title="Hrab – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hrab" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grab" title="Grab – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grab" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpino" title="Karpino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karpino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpinus" title="Karpinus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karpinus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%B4" title="Фатхъæд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фатхъæд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnbeykis%C3%A6ttkv%C3%ADsl" title="Agnbeykisættkvísl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Agnbeykisættkvísl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinus" title="Carpinus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carpinus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="რცხილა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რცხილა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B4bk" title="Grôbk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Grôbk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinus" title="Carpinus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carpinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C4%81bar%C5%BEi" title="Skābarži – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skābarži" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skroblas" title="Skroblas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skroblas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyerty%C3%A1n" title="Gyertyán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyertyán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Габер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Габер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ცხიმური – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცხიმური" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="شرد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شرد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="ممرز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ممرز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinus" title="Carpinus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carpinus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%87" title="シデ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シデ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witjb%C3%B6%C3%B6kin" title="Witjböökin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Witjböökin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnb%C3%B8kslekten" title="Agnbøkslekten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Agnbøkslekten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpre" title="Calpre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Calpre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carme" title="Carme – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Carme" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grab" title="Grab – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grab" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinus" title="Carpinus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carpinus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Граб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Граб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinus" title="Carpinus – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Carpinus" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hornbeam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrab" title="Hrab – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hrab" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grab" title="Grab – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Grab" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grab" title="Grab – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grab" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkopy%C3%B6kit" title="Valkopyökit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valkopyökit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenbokar" title="Avenbokar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Avenbokar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrgen" title="Gürgen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gürgen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4)" title="Граб (рід) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Граб (рід)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grab" title="Grab – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Grab" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%A5rnale" title="Tchårnale – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchårnale" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinus" title="Carpinus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Carpinus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%85%E8%80%B3%E6%9E%A5%E5%B1%9E" title="鹅耳枥属 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鹅耳枥属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B5%9D%E8%80%B3%E6%AB%AA%E5%B1%AC" title="鵝耳櫪屬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鵝耳櫪屬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%85%E8%80%B3%E6%9E%A5%E5%B1%9E" title="鹅耳枥属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鹅耳枥属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q158513#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hornbeam" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hornbeam" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hornbeam" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&oldid=1253333707" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hornbeam&id=1253333707&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHornbeam"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHornbeam"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hornbeam&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carpinus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Carpinus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q158513" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of flowering plants</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Hornbeam<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">49.42–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:203.27323076923px; width:16.726769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:203.27323076923px; width:16.726769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:204.27323076923px; width:14.726769230769px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> <a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Ypresian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Recent" class="mw-redirect" title="Recent">Recent</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpinus_foliage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Carpinus_foliage.jpg/220px-Carpinus_foliage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Carpinus_foliage.jpg/330px-Carpinus_foliage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Carpinus_foliage.jpg/440px-Carpinus_foliage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="989" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">European hornbeam foliage </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Carpinus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">Betulaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coryloideae" title="Coryloideae">Coryloideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Carpinus</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a> (1753)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-KewChecklist_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KewChecklist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Distegocarpus</i> <small>Siebold & Zucc. (1846)</small> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Hornbeams</b> are <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> trees in the plant <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><b>Carpinus</b></i> in the family <a href="/wiki/Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">Betulaceae</a>. Its species occur across much of the <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperate</a> regions of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_names">Common names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Common names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common English name <i>hornbeam</i> derives from the hardness of the woods (likened to <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horn</a>) and the Old English <i>beam</i>, "tree" (cognate with Dutch <i>Boom</i> and German <i>Baum</i>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_hornbeam" class="mw-redirect" title="American hornbeam">American hornbeam</a> is also occasionally known as blue-beech, ironwood, or musclewood, the first from the resemblance of the bark to that of the <a href="/wiki/American_beech" class="mw-redirect" title="American beech">American beech</a> <i>Fagus grandifolia</i>, the other two from the hardness of the wood and the muscled appearance of the trunk and limbs. </p><p>The botanical name for the genus, <i>Carpinus</i>, is the original Latin name for the European species, although some <a href="/wiki/Etymologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymologists">etymologists</a> derive it from the Celtic for a <a href="/wiki/Yoke" title="Yoke">yoke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpinus_betulus_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Carpinus_betulus_001.JPG/220px-Carpinus_betulus_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Carpinus_betulus_001.JPG/330px-Carpinus_betulus_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Carpinus_betulus_001.JPG/440px-Carpinus_betulus_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1621" data-file-height="2161" /></a><figcaption>European hornbeam in Germany, during May</figcaption></figure> <p>Hornbeams are small, slow-growing, <a href="/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understory</a> trees with a natural, rounded form growing 4.5–9 metres (15–30 feet) tall and wide; the exemplar species—the <a href="/wiki/Carpinus_betulus" title="Carpinus betulus">European hornbeam</a>—reaches a maximum height of 32 m (105 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Stace-2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stace-2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 296">: 296 </span></sup> </p><p>Leaves are <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a>, dark-green, alternate and simple with a coarsely-serrated margin, varying from 3 to 10 centimetres (1 to 4 inches) in length. In autumn, leaves turn various shades of yellow, orange and red. Hornbeam saplings, stressed trees, and the lower branches of mature trees may exhibit <a href="/wiki/Marcescence" title="Marcescence">marcescence</a>—where leaves wither with autumn but <a href="/wiki/Abscission" title="Abscission">abscission</a> (leafdrop) is delayed until spring.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The smooth, gray trunk and larger branches of a mature tree exhibit a distinctive muscle-like fluting.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with other members of the <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> family, hornbeam flowers are wind-pollinated pendulous <a href="/wiki/Catkin" title="Catkin">catkins</a>, produced in spring. Male and female flowers are on separate catkins, but on the same tree (<a href="/wiki/Plant_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant sexuality">monoecious</a>). Female flowers give way to distinctive clusters of winged seeds that somewhat resemble the hops-like seeds of ironwood.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fruit is a small <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nut</a> about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3–6 millimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) long, held in a leafy <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bract</a>; the bract may be either trilobed or simple oval, and is slightly asymmetrical. The asymmetry of the seedwing makes it spin as it falls, improving <a href="/wiki/Wind_dispersal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind dispersal">wind dispersal</a>. The shape of the wing is important in the identification of different hornbeam species. Typically, 10–30 seeds are on each seed catkin.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formerly some taxonomists segregated them with the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Corylus" class="mw-redirect" title="Corylus">Corylus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">hazels</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ostrya" title="Ostrya">Ostrya</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hop-hornbeam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hop-hornbeam">hop-hornbeams</a>) in a <a href="/wiki/Segregate_(taxonomy)" title="Segregate (taxonomy)">separate</a> family, <b>Corylaceae</b>. Modern botanists place <i>Carpinus</i> in the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Coryloideae" title="Coryloideae">Coryloideae</a> of the family <a href="/wiki/Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">Betulaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pigg-2003_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pigg-2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forest-2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest-2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species of <i>Carpinus</i> are often grouped into two subgenera <i>Carpinus</i> subgenus <i>Carpinus</i> and <i>Carpinus</i> subgenus <i> Distegicarpus</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">Phylogentic analyses</a> have shown that <i><a href="/wiki/Ostrya" title="Ostrya">Ostrya</a></i> likely evolved from a <i>Carpinus</i> ancestor somewhere in <i>C.</i> subg. <i> Distegicarpus</i> making <i>Carpinus</i> <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>. The fossil record of the genus extends back to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Eocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Eocene">Early Eocene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Ypresian</a> of northwestern North America, with the species <i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_perryae" title="Carpinus perryae">Carpinus perryae</a></i> described from fossil fruits found in the <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Mountain_Formation" title="Klondike Mountain Formation">Klondike Mountain Formation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Republic,_Washington" title="Republic, Washington">Republic, Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pigg-2003_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pigg-2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species">Species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>43 species are currently accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-POWO_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POWO-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_betulus" title="Carpinus betulus">Carpinus betulus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span> – European hornbeam - Europe to Western Asia; naturalized in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS-2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS-2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_caroliniana" title="Carpinus caroliniana">Carpinus caroliniana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Walter</span> – American hornbeam - Eastern North America</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_chuniana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus chuniana (page does not exist)">Carpinus chuniana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Hu</span> – Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_cordata" title="Carpinus cordata">Carpinus cordata</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Blume</span> – Sawa hornbeam - Primorye, China, Korea, Japan</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_dayongiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus dayongiana (page does not exist)">Carpinus dayongiana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">K.W.Liu & Q.Z.Lin</span> – Hunan</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_faginea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus faginea (page does not exist)">Carpinus faginea</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Lindl.</span> – Nepal, Himalayas of northern India</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_fangiana" title="Carpinus fangiana">Carpinus fangiana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Hu</span><sup id="cite_ref-RogersTrees&Shrubs_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RogersTrees&Shrubs-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Sichuan, Guangxi</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_fargesiana" title="Carpinus fargesiana">Carpinus fargesiana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">H.J.P.Winkl.</span> – central and east-central China</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_firmifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus firmifolia (page does not exist)">Carpinus firmifolia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(H.J.P.Winkl.) Hu</span> – Guizhou: Guiyang Shi</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_gigabracteatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus gigabracteatus (page does not exist)">Carpinus gigabracteatus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Z.Qiang Lu</span> – Yunnan</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_hebestroma" title="Carpinus hebestroma">Carpinus hebestroma</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Yamam.</span> – Taiwan</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_henryana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus henryana (page does not exist)">Carpinus henryana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(H.J.P.Winkl.) H.J.P.Winkl.</span> – southern China</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_insularis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus insularis (page does not exist)">Carpinus insularis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">N.H.Xia, K.S.Pang & Y.H.Tong</span> – Hong Kong</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_japonica" title="Carpinus japonica">Carpinus japonica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Blume</span> – Japanese hornbeam - Japan</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_kawakamii" title="Carpinus kawakamii">Carpinus kawakamii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Hayata</span> – Taiwan, southeastern China</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_kweichowensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus kweichowensis (page does not exist)">Carpinus kweichowensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Hu</span> – Guizhou, Yunnan</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_langaoensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus langaoensis (page does not exist)">Carpinus langaoensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Z. Qiang Lu & J. Quan Liu</span> – Shaanxi, China</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_laxiflora" title="Carpinus laxiflora">Carpinus laxiflora</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Siebold & Zucc.) Blume</span> – Aka-shide hornbeam - Japan, Korea</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_lipoensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus lipoensis (page does not exist)">Carpinus lipoensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Y.K.Li</span> – Guizhou</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_londoniana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus londoniana (page does not exist)">Carpinus londoniana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">H.J.P.Winkl.</span> – southern China, northern Indochina</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_luochengensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus luochengensis (page does not exist)">Carpinus luochengensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">J.Y.Liang</span> – Guangxi</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_mengshanensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus mengshanensis (page does not exist)">Carpinus mengshanensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">S.B.Liang & F.Z.Zhao</span> – Shandong</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_microphylla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus microphylla (page does not exist)">Carpinus microphylla</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Z.C.Chen ex Y.S.Wang & J.P.Huang</span> – Guangxi</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_mollicoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus mollicoma (page does not exist)">Carpinus mollicoma</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Hu</span> – Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_monbeigiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus monbeigiana (page does not exist)">Carpinus monbeigiana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Hand.-Mazz.</span> – Tibet, Yunnan</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_omeiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus omeiensis (page does not exist)">Carpinus omeiensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Hu & W.P.Fang</span> – Sichuan, Guizhou</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_orientalis" title="Carpinus orientalis">Carpinus orientalis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Mill.</span> – Oriental hornbeam - Hungary, Balkans, Italy, Crimea, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_paohsingensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus paohsingensis (page does not exist)">Carpinus paohsingensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">W.Y.Hsia</span> – China</li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_perryae" title="Carpinus perryae">Carpinus perryae</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Pigg, Manchester, & <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Wehr" title="Wesley Wehr">Wehr</a>, 2003</span> - <a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Ypresian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Mountain_Formation" title="Klondike Mountain Formation">Klondike Mountain Formation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_polyneura" title="Carpinus polyneura">Carpinus polyneura</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Franch.</span> – southern China</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_pubescens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus pubescens (page does not exist)">Carpinus pubescens</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Burkill</span> – China, Vietnam</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_purpurinervis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus purpurinervis (page does not exist)">Carpinus purpurinervis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Hu</span> – Guizhou, Guangxi</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_putoensis" title="Carpinus putoensis">Carpinus putoensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">W.C.Cheng</span> – Putuo hornbeam - Zhejiang</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_rankanensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus rankanensis (page does not exist)">Carpinus rankanensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Hayata</span> – Taiwan</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_rupestris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus rupestris (page does not exist)">Carpinus rupestris</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">A.Camus</span> – Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_%C3%97_schuschaensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus × schuschaensis (page does not exist)">Carpinus × schuschaensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">H.J.P.Winkl.</span> (<i>C. betulus</i> × <i>C. orientalis</i>) – Caucasus and northern Iran</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_shensiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus shensiensis (page does not exist)">Carpinus shensiensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Hu</span> – Gansu, Shaanxi</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_shimenensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus shimenensis (page does not exist)">Carpinus shimenensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">C.J.Qi</span> – Hunan</li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_tengshongensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus tengshongensis (page does not exist)">Carpinus tengshongensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">W.C.Cheng</span><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_tibetana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus tibetana (page does not exist)">Carpinus tibetana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Z.Qiang Lu & J.Quan Liu</span> – Tibet</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_tientaiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus tientaiensis (page does not exist)">Carpinus tientaiensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">W.C.Cheng</span> – Zhejiang: Tianmu Shan</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_tropicalis" title="Carpinus tropicalis">Carpinus tropicalis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Donn.Sm.) Lundell</span> – Mexico, Central America</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_tsaiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus tsaiana (page does not exist)">Carpinus tsaiana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Hu</span> – Yunnan, Guizhou</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_tschonoskii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus tschonoskii (page does not exist)">Carpinus tschonoskii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Maxim.</span> – Asian Hornbeam, Chonosuki's Hornbeam - southern China, Korea, Japan</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_turczaninovii" title="Carpinus turczaninovii">Carpinus turczaninovii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Hance</span> – Korean hornbeam<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - China, Korea, Japan</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinus_viminea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinus viminea (page does not exist)">Carpinus viminea</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Lindl. ex Wall.</span> – China, Korea, Himalayas, northern Indochina</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 43 species occur across much of the <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperate</a> regions of the northern hemisphere, with the greatest number of species in east Asia, particularly China. Only two species occur in Europe, only one in eastern North America, and one in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KewChecklist_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KewChecklist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_betulus" title="Carpinus betulus">Carpinus betulus</a></i> can be found in Europe, Turkey and Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS-2003_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS-2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20140204Hainbuche_Neulussheim3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/20140204Hainbuche_Neulussheim3.jpg/170px-20140204Hainbuche_Neulussheim3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/20140204Hainbuche_Neulussheim3.jpg/255px-20140204Hainbuche_Neulussheim3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/20140204Hainbuche_Neulussheim3.jpg/340px-20140204Hainbuche_Neulussheim3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Hornbeam trunk</figcaption></figure><p>Hornbeams are used as food plants by the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of some <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> species, including <a href="/wiki/Autumnal_moth" title="Autumnal moth">autumnal moth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_emerald" title="Common emerald">common emerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feathered_thorn" title="Feathered thorn">feathered thorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walnut_sphinx" class="mw-redirect" title="Walnut sphinx">walnut sphinx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svensson%27s_copper_underwing" title="Svensson's copper underwing">Svensson's copper underwing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winter_moth" title="Winter moth">winter moth</a> (recorded on European hornbeam) as well as the <i><a href="/wiki/Coleophora" title="Coleophora">Coleophora</a></i> case-bearers <i>C. currucipennella</i> and <i>C. ostryae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA-1972_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-1972-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hornbeams yield a very hard timber, giving rise to the name "ironwood".<sup id="cite_ref-Eichhorn-2011_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eichhorn-2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dried <a href="/wiki/Heartwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartwood">heartwood</a> billets are nearly white and are suitable for decorative use. For general carpentry, hornbeam is rarely used, partly due to the difficulty of working it. </p><p>The wood is used to construct carving boards, tool handles, handplane soles, coach wheels, piano actions, shoe lasts, and other products where a very tough, hard wood is required. </p><p>The wood can also be used as gear pegs in simple machines, including traditional <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eichhorn-2011_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eichhorn-2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is sometimes <a href="/wiki/Coppice" class="mw-redirect" title="Coppice">coppiced</a> to provide hardwood poles. It is also used in parquet flooring and for making chess pieces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KewChecklist-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KewChecklist_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KewChecklist_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=34286">"<i>Carpinus</i> L., Sp. Pl.: 998 (1753)"</a>. <i>World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families&rft.atitle=Carpinus+L.%2C+Sp.+Pl.%3A+998+%281753%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.kew.org%2Fwcsp%2Fnamedetail.do%3Fname_id%3D34286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gledhill D. 1985. <i>The Names of Plants</i>. Cambridge University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521366755" title="Special:BookSources/0521366755">0521366755</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stace-2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stace-2010_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStace2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stace,_C._A." class="mw-redirect" title="Stace, C. A.">Stace, C. A.</a> (2010). <i>New Flora of the British Isles</i> (Third ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521707725" title="Special:BookSources/9780521707725"><bdi>9780521707725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Flora+of+the+British+Isles&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780521707725&rft.aulast=Stace&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler2020" class="citation book cs1">Cutler, Tony (2020). <i>The world encyclopedia of trees: a reference and identification guide to 1300 of the world's most significant trees</i>. London?: Lorenz Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754834755" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754834755"><bdi>978-0754834755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+encyclopedia+of+trees%3A+a+reference+and+identification+guide+to+1300+of+the+world%27s+most+significant+trees&rft.place=London%3F&rft.pub=Lorenz+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0754834755&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=h540">"Carpinus caroliniana - Plant Finder"</a>. <i>www.missouribotanicalgarden.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org&rft.atitle=Carpinus+caroliniana+-+Plant+Finder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.missouribotanicalgarden.org%2FPlantFinder%2FPlantFinderDetails.aspx%3Fkempercode%3Dh540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurlow1990" class="citation journal cs1">Furlow, John J. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.part.24925">"The Genera of Betulaceae in the Southeastern United States"</a>. <i>Journal of the Arnold Arboretum</i>. <b>71</b> (1): 1–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.part.24925">10.5962/bhl.part.24925</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43782230">43782230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Arnold+Arboretum&rft.atitle=The+Genera+of+Betulaceae+in+the+Southeastern+United+States&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-67&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.part.24925&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43782230%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Furlow&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5962%252Fbhl.part.24925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nfs.unl.edu/woody-plants/musclewood-hornbeam#:~:text=Tree%20Characteristics&text=The%20smooth%2C%20gray%20trunk%20and,member%20of%20the%20birch%20family.">"Hornbeam, American (Musclewood) | Nebraska Forest Service"</a>. <i>nfs.unl.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nfs.unl.edu&rft.atitle=Hornbeam%2C+American+%28Musclewood%29+%7C+Nebraska+Forest+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnfs.unl.edu%2Fwoody-plants%2Fmusclewood-hornbeam%23%3A~%3Atext%3DTree%2520Characteristics%26text%3DThe%2520smooth%252C%2520gray%2520trunk%2520and%2Cmember%2520of%2520the%2520birch%2520family.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The complete encyclopedia of trees of the world : the ultimate reference and identification guide to more than 1300 of the most spectacular, best-loved and unusual trees around the globe, with 3000 specially commissioned illustrations, maps and photographs</i>. Creative Media Partners, LLC. 10 September 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1015282605" title="Special:BookSources/978-1015282605"><bdi>978-1015282605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+encyclopedia+of+trees+of+the+world+%3A+the+ultimate+reference+and+identification+guide+to+more+than+1300+of+the+most+spectacular%2C+best-loved+and+unusual+trees+around+the+globe%2C+with+3000+specially+commissioned+illustrations%2C+maps+and+photographs&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=2021-09-10&rft.isbn=978-1015282605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pigg-2003-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pigg-2003_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pigg-2003_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiggManchesterWehr2003" class="citation journal cs1">Pigg, K.B.; Manchester, S.R.; Wehr, W.C. (2003). "<i>Corylus</i>, <i>Carpinus</i>, and <i>Palaeocarpinus</i> (Betulaceae) from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain and Allenby Formations of Northwestern North America". <i>International Journal of Plant Sciences</i>. <b>164</b> (5): 807–822. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F376816">10.1086/376816</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19802370">19802370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Plant+Sciences&rft.atitle=Corylus%2C+Carpinus%2C+and+Palaeocarpinus+%28Betulaceae%29+from+the+Middle+Eocene+Klondike+Mountain+and+Allenby+Formations+of+Northwestern+North+America&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=807-822&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F376816&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19802370%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pigg&rft.aufirst=K.B.&rft.au=Manchester%2C+S.R.&rft.au=Wehr%2C+W.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forest-2005-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forest-2005_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForestSavolainenChaseLupia2005" class="citation journal cs1">Forest, F.; Savolainen, V.; Chase, M. W.; Lupia, R.; Bruneau, A.; Crane, P. R. (2005). "Teasing apart molecular- versus fossil-based error estimates when dating phylogenetic trees: a case study in the birch family (Betulaceae)". <i>Systematic Botany</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 118–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1600%2F0363644053661850">10.1600/0363644053661850</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86080433">86080433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Botany&rft.atitle=Teasing+apart+molecular-+versus+fossil-based+error+estimates+when+dating+phylogenetic+trees%3A+a+case+study+in+the+birch+family+%28Betulaceae%29&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=118-133&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1600%2F0363644053661850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86080433%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Forest&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Savolainen%2C+V.&rft.au=Chase%2C+M.+W.&rft.au=Lupia%2C+R.&rft.au=Bruneau%2C+A.&rft.au=Crane%2C+P.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-POWO-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-POWO_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:13480-1">"<i>Carpinus</i> L."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Carpinus+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A13480-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RHS-2003-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RHS-2003_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RHS-2003_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Carpinus betulus</i>. 2.nd Ed., The Royal Horticultural Society, Dorling Kindersley Ltd, London, pp. 234, 235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carpinus+betulus&rft.pub=2.nd+Ed.%2C+The+Royal+Horticultural+Society%2C+Dorling+Kindersley+Ltd%2C+London%2C+pp.+234%2C+235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RogersTrees&Shrubs-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RogersTrees&Shrubs_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715200333/http://www.rogerstreesandshrubs.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~11156~source~gallerychooserresult.asp">"<i>Carpinus fangiana</i>"</a>. Rogers Trees and Shrubs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerstreesandshrubs.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~11156~source~gallerychooserresult.asp">the original</a> on 15 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carpinus+fangiana&rft.pub=Rogers+Trees+and+Shrubs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerstreesandshrubs.com%2Fgallery%2FDisplayBlock~bid~11156~source~gallerychooserresult.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaiSunXieLin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dai, J.; Sun, B.; Xie, S.; Lin, Z.g; Wu, J.; Dao, K. (2013). "A new species of <i>Carpinus</i> (Betulaceae) from the Pliocene of Yunnan Province, China". <i>Plant Systematics and Evolution</i>. <b>299</b> (3): 643–658. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PSyEv.299..643D">2013PSyEv.299..643D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00606-012-0750-1">10.1007/s00606-012-0750-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16941126">16941126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=A+new+species+of+Carpinus+%28Betulaceae%29+from+the+Pliocene+of+Yunnan+Province%2C+China&rft.volume=299&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=643-658&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16941126%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00606-012-0750-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PSyEv.299..643D&rft.aulast=Dai&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Sun%2C+B.&rft.au=Xie%2C+S.&rft.au=Lin%2C+Z.g&rft.au=Wu%2C+J.&rft.au=Dao%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf"><i>English Names for Korean Native Plants</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pocheon: <a href="/wiki/Korea_National_Arboretum" title="Korea National Arboretum">Korea National Arboretum</a>. 2015. p. 400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-97450-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-97450-98-5"><bdi>978-89-97450-98-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Korea_Forest_Service" title="Korea Forest Service">Korea Forest Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Names+for+Korean+Native+Plants&rft.place=Pocheon&rft.pages=400&rft.pub=Korea+National+Arboretum&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-89-97450-98-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forest.go.kr%2Fkna%2Fspecial%2Fdownload%2FEnglish_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=105705">Flora of China, Vol. 4 Page 289, <big>鹅耳枥属</big> e er li shu, <i>Carpinus</i> Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 998. 1753. </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=105705">Flora of North America, Vol. 3, Hornbeam, <i>Carpinus</i> Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 998. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 432, 1754. </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index2.php?scientific-name=carpinus+betulus">"<i>Carpinus betulus</i> L."</a> <i>Altervista Flora Italiana</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Altervista+Flora+Italiana&rft.atitle=Carpinus+betulus+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fluirig.altervista.org%2Fflora%2Ftaxa%2Findex2.php%3Fscientific-name%3Dcarpinus%2Bbetulus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bonap.net/NAPA/TaxonMaps/Genus/County/Carpinus">"2013 BONAP North American Plant Atlas. TaxonMaps"</a>. Biota of North America Program.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2013+BONAP+North+American+Plant+Atlas.+TaxonMaps&rft.pub=Biota+of+North+America+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbonap.net%2FNAPA%2FTaxonMaps%2FGenus%2FCounty%2FCarpinus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDA-1972-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USDA-1972_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qckjAQAAMAAJ&q=Hornbeam+larvae&pg=PA297"><i>Miscellaneous Publication</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>. 1972. p. 297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miscellaneous+Publication&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqckjAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DHornbeam%2Blarvae%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eichhorn-2011-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eichhorn-2011_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eichhorn-2011_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/E3H3ElNggeo">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224911/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3H3ElNggeo&list=PL3E28E3F38ACCE317">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichhornHaran2011" class="citation web cs1">Eichhorn, Markus; Haran, Brady (1 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3H3ElNggeo">"The Hornbeam's Heartbeat"</a>. <i>test-tube.org.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=test-tube.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Hornbeam%27s+Heartbeat&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft.aulast=Eichhorn&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft.au=Haran%2C+Brady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DE3H3ElNggeo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carpinus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carpinus">Carpinus</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hornbeam" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hornbeam">hornbeam</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hornbeam" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichhorn2011" class="citation web cs1">Eichhorn, Markus (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.test-tube.org.uk/trees/video_hornbeam.htm">"Hornbeam"</a>. <i>Test Tube</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a> for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Test+Tube&rft.atitle=Hornbeam&rft.date=2011-12&rft.aulast=Eichhorn&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.test-tube.org.uk%2Ftrees%2Fvideo_hornbeam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHornbeam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Carpinus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158513" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q158513">Q158513</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Carpinus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Carpinus">Carpinus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8VVZD">8VVZD</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/44522">44522</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1CIPG">1CIPG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=105705">105705</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=105705">105705</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2875770">2875770</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=2112">2112</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/54769">54769</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/13480-1">13480-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1321456">1321456</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=19503">19503</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000456938">NHMSYS0000456938</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=12989">12989</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/358214d0-c5a3-4161-a5dd-b3d4c4a1bee6">358214d0-c5a3-4161-a5dd-b3d4c4a1bee6</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=619397">619397</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=55066">55066</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/CARPI">CARPI</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EC30B96A-FF8F-FFC1-5605-8A47FC27FC87">EC30B96A-FF8F-FFC1-5605-8A47FC27FC87</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A13480-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:13480-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40001762">40001762</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/952">952</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000006782">wfo-4000006782</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158513#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158513#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158513#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4665979-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88001247">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122940687">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122940687">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="habr"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph578566&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000174850&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007532187505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10664161">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&oldid=1253333707">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&oldid=1253333707</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carpinus" title="Category:Carpinus">Carpinus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_described_in_1753" title="Category:Taxa described in 1753">Taxa described in 1753</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus">Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2024">Articles with dead external links from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2024">Use dmy dates from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_with_20%E2%80%9324_taxon_IDs" title="Category:Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs">Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 12:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hornbeam&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-qq447","wgBackendResponseTime":227,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.061","walltime":"1.365","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16299,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":111859,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":24717,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":87054,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":22,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1249.498 1 -total"," 30.76% 384.298 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 23.35% 291.776 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.05% 263.075 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 10.50% 131.147 9 Template:Cite_web"," 10.16% 126.925 1 Template:Fossilrange"," 9.53% 119.123 1 Template:Phanerozoic_220px"," 8.13% 101.562 11 Template:Fossil_range/bar"," 7.22% 90.260 34 Template:Period_start"," 6.43% 80.320 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.697","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11214100,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-r5q8s","timestamp":"20241124115342","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hornbeam","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hornbeam","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q158513","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q158513","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-20T19:23:04Z","dateModified":"2024-10-25T12:47:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/69\/Carpinus_foliage.jpg","headline":"genus of plants"}</script> </body> </html>