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<span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authorship_according_to_Theravadins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship_according_to_Theravadins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Authorship according to Theravadins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship_according_to_Theravadins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorship_according_to_academic_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship_according_to_academic_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Authorship according to academic scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship_according_to_academic_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Views_concerning_authorship_of_the_Buddha_himself" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_concerning_authorship_of_the_Buddha_himself"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.1</span> <span>Views concerning authorship of the Buddha himself</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_concerning_authorship_of_the_Buddha_himself-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_concerning_authorship_in_the_period_of_pre-sectarian_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_concerning_authorship_in_the_period_of_pre-sectarian_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.2</span> <span>Views concerning authorship in the period of pre-sectarian Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_concerning_authorship_in_the_period_of_pre-sectarian_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_concerning_agnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_concerning_agnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.3</span> <span>Views concerning agnosticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_concerning_agnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorship_of_the_Abhidhamma_Pitaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship_of_the_Abhidhamma_Pitaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Authorship of the Abhidhamma Pitaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship_of_the_Abhidhamma_Pitaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_earliest_books_of_the_Pali_Canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_earliest_books_of_the_Pali_Canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The earliest books of the Pali Canon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_earliest_books_of_the_Pali_Canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Texts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Texts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printed_editions_and_digitized_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_editions_and_digitized_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Printed editions and digitized editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed_editions_and_digitized_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents_of_the_Canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents_of_the_Canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contents of the Canon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contents_of_the_Canon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contents of the Canon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contents_of_the_Canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vinaya_Pitaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vinaya_Pitaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vinaya Pitaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vinaya_Pitaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sutta_Pitaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sutta_Pitaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sutta Pitaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sutta_Pitaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abhidhamma_Pitaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abhidhamma_Pitaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Abhidhamma Pitaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abhidhamma_Pitaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_Brahmanical_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_Brahmanical_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Use of Brahmanical language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_Brahmanical_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_Buddhist_canons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_Buddhist_canons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Comparison with other Buddhist canons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_Buddhist_canons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pali_Canon_online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pali_Canon_online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Pali Canon online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pali_Canon_online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pali_dictionary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pali_dictionary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Pali dictionary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pali_dictionary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pali Canon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali-kanon" title="Pali-kanon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pali-kanon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="شريعة بالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شريعة بالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="পালি ধৰ্মশাস্ত্ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পালি ধৰ্মশাস্ত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Pali" title="Canon Pali – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Canon Pali" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95" title="পালি ত্রিপিটক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পালি ত্রিপিটক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95" title="तिपिटक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तिपिटक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Палийски канон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Палийски канон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0non_Pali" title="Cànon Pali – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cànon Pali" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1lijsk%C3%BD_k%C3%A1non" title="Pálijský kánon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pálijský kánon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Pali" title="Canon Pali – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Canon Pali" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali-Kanon" title="Pali-Kanon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pali-Kanon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tipiṭaka – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tipiṭaka" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_pali" title="Canon pali – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canon pali" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" title="Pāli Canon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pāli Canon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="متون دینی پالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متون دینی پالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_pali" title="Canon pali – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canon pali" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Pali" title="Canon Pali – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Canon Pali" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4_%EB%8C%80%EC%9E%A5%EA%B2%BD" title="팔리어 대장경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팔리어 대장경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95" title="पाली त्रिपिटक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाली त्रिपिटक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka_Pali" title="Tripitaka Pali – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tripitaka Pali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canone_p%C4%81li" title="Canone pāli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canone pāli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99" title="הקאנון הפאלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקאנון הפאלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%81" title="ພຣະໄຕຣປິດົກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພຣະໄຕຣປິດົກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_kanonas" title="Pali kanonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pali kanonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipitaka" title="Tipitaka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tipitaka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%8B%E1%80%80%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_(%E1%81%83)" title="ပိဋကတ် (၃) – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ပိဋကတ် (၃)" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipitaka" title="Tipitaka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tipitaka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%8B%E1%80%80%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6" title="ပိဋကတ် သုံးပုံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပိဋကတ် သုံးပုံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali-canon" title="Pali-canon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pali-canon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पालि ग्रन्थ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पालि ग्रन्थ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E4%BB%8F%E5%85%B8" title="パーリ仏典 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パーリ仏典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palikanonen" title="Palikanonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Palikanonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%80" title="ព្រះត្រៃបិដក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះត្រៃបិដក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2none_P%C4%81li" title="Cânone Pāli – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cânone Pāli" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Палийский канон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Палийский канон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA" title="ත්‍රිපිටකය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ත්‍රිපිටකය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pali Canon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1lijsk%C3%BD_k%C3%A1non" title="Pálijský kánon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pálijský kánon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_kanon" title="Pali kanon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pali kanon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пали канон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пали канон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_kanon" title="Pali kanon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pali kanon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paali-kaanon" title="Paali-kaanon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paali-kaanon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palikanonen" title="Palikanonen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Palikanonen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%81%B5" title="တိပိတၵ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="တိပိတၵ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="พระไตรปิฎกภาษาบาลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระไตรปิฎกภาษาบาลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_Derlemesi" title="Pali Derlemesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pali Derlemesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тапітака – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тапітака" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_%C4%91i%E1%BB%83n_Pali" title="Kinh điển Pali – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kinh điển Pali" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C4%81li_Canon&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Buddhist scriptures of the Theravada tradition</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pali_Canon_Structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pali_Canon_Structure.png/330px-Pali_Canon_Structure.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pali_Canon_Structure.png/495px-Pali_Canon_Structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pali_Canon_Structure.png/660px-Pali_Canon_Structure.png 2x" data-file-width="5502" data-file-height="5202" /></a><figcaption>The structure of the books considered canonical within the Pali Tripitaka. The <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a> school generally only recognizes the Pali Tripitaka and rejects the authenticity of other <a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripitaka</a> versions.</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipitaka1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tipitaka1.jpg/220px-Tipitaka1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tipitaka1.jpg/330px-Tipitaka1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tipitaka1.jpg/440px-Tipitaka1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1733" /></a><figcaption>Standard edition of the Thai Pali Canon</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="text-align: centre;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding: 0.3em;background:#f6d971;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pāli Canon</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustrated_Sinhalese_covers_(inside)_showing_the_events_Wellcome_L0031774.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Illustrated_Sinhalese_covers_%28inside%29_showing_the_events_Wellcome_L0031774.jpg/150px-Illustrated_Sinhalese_covers_%28inside%29_showing_the_events_Wellcome_L0031774.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Illustrated_Sinhalese_covers_%28inside%29_showing_the_events_Wellcome_L0031774.jpg/225px-Illustrated_Sinhalese_covers_%28inside%29_showing_the_events_Wellcome_L0031774.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Illustrated_Sinhalese_covers_%28inside%29_showing_the_events_Wellcome_L0031774.jpg/300px-Illustrated_Sinhalese_covers_%28inside%29_showing_the_events_Wellcome_L0031774.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4254" data-file-height="2652" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:left;padding:0.3em 0.6em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vinaya_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Vinaya Piṭaka">1. Vinaya Piṭaka</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #f6d971; padding:0.3em;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suttavibha%E1%B9%85ga" title="Suttavibhaṅga">1. Suttavibhaṅga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandhaka" title="Khandhaka">2. Khandhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pariv%C4%81ra" title="Parivāra">3. Parivāra</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:left;padding:0.3em 0.6em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Sutta Piṭaka">2. Sutta Piṭaka</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #f6d971; padding:0.3em;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABgha_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Dīgha Nikāya">1. Dīgha Nikāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Majjhima Nikāya">2. Majjhima Nikāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83yutta_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Saṃyutta Nikāya">3. Saṃyutta Nikāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85guttara_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Aṅguttara Nikāya">4. Aṅguttara Nikāya</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:#fbe8a2;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Khuddaka_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Khuddaka Nikāya">5. Khuddaka Nikāya</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center; padding: 0.3em; border: 1px solid #fbe8a2;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Khuddakap%C4%81%E1%B9%ADha" title="Khuddakapāṭha">Khuddakapāṭha</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ud%C4%81na" title="Udāna">Udāna</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Itivuttaka" title="Itivuttaka">Itivuttaka</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sutta_Nipata" title="Sutta Nipata">Suttanipāta</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Vim%C4%81navatthu" title="Vimānavatthu">Vimānavatthu</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Petavatthu" title="Petavatthu">Petavatthu</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Theragatha" title="Theragatha">Theragāthā</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ther%C4%ABg%C4%81th%C4%81" title="Therīgāthā">Therīgāthā</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Apad%C4%81na" title="Apadāna">Apadāna</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Buddhava%E1%B9%83sa" title="Buddhavaṃsa">Buddhavaṃsa</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cariy%C4%81pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Cariyāpiṭaka">Cariyāpiṭaka</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81taka_(Pali_Canon)" title="Jātaka (Pali Canon)">Jātaka</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Niddesa" title="Niddesa">Niddesa</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B9%ADisambhid%C4%81magga" title="Paṭisambhidāmagga">Paṭisambhidāmagga</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nettipakara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nettipakaraṇa">Nettipakaraṇa</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pe%E1%B9%ADakopadesa" title="Peṭakopadesa">Peṭakopadesa</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milindapañha</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:left;padding:0.3em 0.6em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Abhidhamma Piṭaka">3. 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p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#f6d971;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Theravada" title="Category:Theravada">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#f6d971;"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#cc5500">Theravāda Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhism_dham_jak.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dharmachakra"><img alt="Dharmachakra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Buddhism_dham_jak.svg/100px-Buddhism_dham_jak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Buddhism_dham_jak.svg/150px-Buddhism_dham_jak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Buddhism_dham_jak.svg/200px-Buddhism_dham_jak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Therav%C4%81da_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Theravāda Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthaviravada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthaviravada">Sthaviras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhajyav%C4%81da" title="Vibhajyavāda">Vibhajjavāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Maha_Viharaya" title="Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya">Mahāvihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamrashatiya" title="Tamrashatiya">Tambapaṇṇiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABpava%E1%B9%83sa" title="Dīpavaṃsa">Dīpavaṃsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">Pali Text Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81%E1%B9%87aka" title="Bhāṇaka">Bhāṇaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moggaliputta-Tissa" title="Moggaliputta-Tissa">Moggaliputta-Tissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(buddhist_monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahinda (buddhist monk)">Mahinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta">Sanghamitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanampiya_Tissa" title="Devanampiya Tissa">Tissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhagho%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhaghoṣa">Buddhaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhadatta" title="Buddhadatta">Buddhadatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammap%C4%81la" title="Dhammapāla">Dhammapāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_I" title="Parakramabahu I">Parakramabahu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81kassapa_(12th_century)" title="Mahākassapa (12th century)">Mahākassapa (12th century)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81riputta_(12th_century)" title="Sāriputta (12th century)">Sāriputta (12th century)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Arahan" title="Shin Arahan">Shin Arahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anawrahta" title="Anawrahta">Anawrahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikkaduwe_Sri_Sumangala_Thera" title="Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera">Sumangala Thera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajirananavarorasa" title="Vajirananavarorasa">Vajirananavarorasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledi_Sayadaw" title="Ledi Sayadaw">Ledi Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Nu" title="U Nu">U Nu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_N%C4%81rada" title="U Nārada">U Nārada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaddanta_%C4%80ci%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a" title="Bhaddanta Āciṇṇa">Bhaddanta Āciṇṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasi_Sayadaw" title="Mahasi Sayadaw">Mahasi Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Ba_Khin" class="mw-redirect" title="U Ba Khin">U Ba Khin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._Goenka" title="S. N. Goenka">S. N. Goenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_Bhuridatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mun Bhuridatta">Mun Bhuridatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Ghosananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Ghosananda">Maha Ghosananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kripasaran" title="Kripasaran">Kripasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauddha_Rishi_Mahapragya" title="Bauddha Rishi Mahapragya">Mahapragya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyananda_Mahasthavir" title="Pragyananda Mahasthavir">Pragyananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Sri_Dhammananda" title="K. Sri Dhammananda">K. Sri Dhammananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada_Mahathera" class="mw-redirect" title="Narada Mahathera">Narada Mahathera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoka_Weeraratna" title="Asoka Weeraratna">Asoka Weeraratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpola_Rahula_Thero" title="Walpola Rahula Thero">Walpola Rahula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Jayatilleke" title="K. N. Jayatilleke">Jayatilleke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">Kalupahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Dhammaloka" title="U Dhammaloka">U Dhammaloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanatiloka" title="Nyanatiloka">Nyanatiloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanamoli_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanamoli Bhikkhu">Nanamoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanaponika_Thera" title="Nyanaponika Thera">Nyanaponika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Sumedho" title="Ajahn Sumedho">Ajahn Sumedho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Brahm" title="Ajahn Brahm">Ajahn Brahm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhante_Sujato" title="Bhante Sujato">Bhikkhu Sujato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Analayo">Analayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanggana_Vanavichayen" title="Varanggana Vanavichayen">Varanggana Vanavichayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammananda_Bhikkhuni" title="Dhammananda Bhikkhuni">Dhammananda Bhikkhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Tathaaloka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayya Tathaaloka">Ayya Tathaaloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Khema" title="Ayya Khema">Ayya Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kee_Nanayon" title="Kee Nanayon">Kee Nanayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipa_Ma" title="Dipa Ma">Dipa Ma</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">Literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pāli Tipiṭaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracanonical_texts_(Therav%C4%81da)" title="Paracanonical texts (Theravāda)">Paracanonical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">Commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-commentaries_(Therav%C4%81da)" title="Sub-commentaries (Theravāda)">Sub-commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhammattha-sangaha" title="Abhidhammattha-sangaha">Abhidhammattha-saṅgaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimuttimagga" title="Vimuttimagga">Vimuttimagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhamm%C4%81vat%C4%81ra" title="Abhidhammāvatāra">Abhidhammāvatāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yog%C4%81vacara%27s_manual" title="Yogāvacara's manual">Yogāvacara's manual</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nik%C4%81ya" title="Nikāya">Orders</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Nikāya)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 2px 6px;background-color:#fbe8a2;"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;padding:2px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Nikaya" title="Maha Nikaya">Mahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammayuttika_Nikaya" title="Dhammayuttika Nikaya">Dhammayuttika</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 2px 6px;background-color:#fbe8a2;"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;padding:2px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thudhamma_Nikaya" title="Thudhamma Nikaya">Thudhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwegyin_Nikaya" title="Shwegyin Nikaya">Shwegyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81dv%C4%81ra_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Mahādvāra Nikāya">Mahādvāra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C5%ABladv%C4%81ra_Nik%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mūladvāra Nikāya (page does not exist)">Mūladvāra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ve%E1%B8%B7uvana_Nik%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veḷuvana Nikāya (page does not exist)">Veḷuvana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaukchaung-dv%C4%81ra_Nik%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaukchaung-dvāra Nikāya (page does not exist)">Anaukchaung-dvāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hngettwin_Nikaya" title="Hngettwin Nikaya">Hngettwin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ga%E1%B9%87avimutti_Nik%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaṇavimutti Nikāya (page does not exist)">Gaṇavimutti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammayuttika_Nikaya" title="Dhammayuttika Nikaya">Dhammayuttika</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 2px 6px;background-color:#fbe8a2;"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;padding:2px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarapura%E2%80%93R%C4%81ma%C3%B1%C3%B1a_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Amarapura–Rāmañña Nikāya">Amarapura–Rāmañña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Nikaya" title="Siam Nikaya">Siam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 2px 6px;background-color:#fbe8a2;"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;padding:2px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangharaj_Nikaya" title="Sangharaj Nikaya">Saṅgharāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthabir_Nikaya" title="Mahasthabir Nikaya">Mahāsthabir</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pariyatti,_pa%E1%B9%ADipatti,_pa%E1%B9%ADivedha" title="Pariyatti, paṭipatti, paṭivedha">Pariyatti, paṭipatti, paṭivedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thus_have_I_heard" title="Thus have I heard">Evaṃ me sutaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Abhidhamma" title="Theravada Abhidhamma">Abhidhamma method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pav%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Pavāraṇā">Pavāraṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Tradition_of_Ajahn_Chah" title="Forest Tradition of Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah Forest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa-Auk_Forest_Monastery" title="Pa-Auk Forest Monastery">Pa-Auk Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Forest_Tradition" title="Sri Lankan Forest Tradition">Sri Lankan Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Southern Esoteric Buddhism">Esoteric Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammakaya_tradition" title="Dhammakaya tradition">Dhammakaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Festivals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesākha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Āsāḷha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%ADhina" title="Kaṭhina">Kaṭhina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Day" title="Abhidhamma Day">Abhidhamma Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Higher education</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahamakut_Buddhist_University" title="Mahamakut Buddhist University">MBU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya_University" title="Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University">MCRU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Buddhist_College" title="International Buddhist College">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Therav%C4%81da_Buddhist_Missionary_University" title="International Theravāda Buddhist Missionary University">ITBMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Pariyatti_Sasana_University,_Mandalay" title="State Pariyatti Sasana University, Mandalay">SPSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_and_Pali_University_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka">BPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Sihanouk_Raja_Buddhist_University" title="Preah Sihanouk Raja Buddhist University">Sihanouk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preah_Sihamoni_Raja_Buddhist_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preah Sihamoni Raja Buddhist University (page does not exist)">Sihamoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champasak_Sangha_College" title="Champasak Sangha College">CSC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangha_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangha College (page does not exist)">Sangha College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kertarajasa_Buddhist_College" title="Kertarajasa Buddhist College">Kertarajasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syailendra_Buddhist_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syailendra Buddhist College (page does not exist)">Syailendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalanda_Institute" title="Nalanda Institute">Nalanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_Dipa_International_Buddhist_University" title="Dhamma Dipa International Buddhist University">DDIBU</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theravada_Buddhism" title="Template:Theravada Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theravada_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Theravada Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theravada_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theravada Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Pāḷi Canon</b> is the standard collection of <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">scriptures</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> tradition, as preserved in the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pāli</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich20063_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich20063-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the most complete extant <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">early Buddhist</a> canon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19903_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19903-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaguire200169_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaguire200169-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It derives mainly from the <a href="/wiki/Tamrashatiya" title="Tamrashatiya">Tamrashatiya</a> school.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Buddhist Council">First Buddhist Council</a>, three months after the <a href="/wiki/Parinibbana" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinibbana">parinibbana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">Rajgir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananda">Ananda</a> recited the <a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Sutta Piṭaka">Sutta Pitaka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upali" class="mw-redirect" title="Upali">Upali</a> recited the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Vinaya Piṭaka">Vinaya Pitaka</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhats</a> present accepted the recitations, and henceforth, the teachings were preserved orally by the <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tipitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipitaka">Tipitaka</a> that was transmitted to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Asoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Asoka">Asoka</a> was initially preserved orally and later written down on palm leaves during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Buddhist Council">Fourth Buddhist Council</a> in 29 BC, approximately 454 years after the death of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fnt1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fnt1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drewes_2015,_page_25_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drewes_2015,_page_25-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The claim that the texts were "spoken by the Buddha" is meant in this non-literal sense.<sup id="cite_ref-Sujato_Brahmali_2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sujato_Brahmali_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The existence of the <a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81%E1%B9%87aka" title="Bhāṇaka">Bhāṇaka</a> tradition existing until later periods, along with other sources, shows that oral tradition continued to exist side by side with written scriptures for many centuries to come. Thus, the so-called writing down of the scriptures<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was only the beginning of a new form of tradition, and the innovation was likely opposed by the more conservative monks. As with many other innovations, it was only after some time that it was generally accepted. Therefore, it was much later that the records of this event were transformed into an account of a "council" (sangayana or <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">sangiti</a>) which was held under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Valagamba_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Valagamba of Anuradhapura">King Vattagamani</a>. </p><p>Textual fragments of similar teachings have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Agama_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama (Buddhism)">agama</a> of other major Buddhist schools in India. They were, however, written down in various <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrits</a> other than <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. Some of those were later translated into Chinese (earliest dating to the late 4th century AD). The surviving Sri Lankan version is the most complete,<sup id="cite_ref-BuswellLopez2013p924_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BuswellLopez2013p924-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was extensively redacted about 1,000 years after Buddha's death, in the 5th or 6th-century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Fogelin2006p13_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fogelin2006p13-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest textual fragments of canonical Pali were found in the <a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu city-states</a> in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a> dating only to the mid-5th to mid-6th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Stargardt_2000,_page_25_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stargardt_2000,_page_25-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pāli Canon falls into three general categories, called <i><a href="/wiki/Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitaka">pitaka</a></i> (from Pali <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">piṭaka</i></span></i>, meaning "basket", referring to the receptacles in which the <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">palm-leaf manuscripts</a> were kept).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich20064_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich20064-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the canon is traditionally known as the <i><b><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripitaka">Tipiṭaka</a></b></i> ("three baskets"). The three pitakas are as follows: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Vinaya Piṭaka">Vinaya Piṭaka</a> ("Discipline Basket"), dealing with rules or discipline of the <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">sangha</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich20064_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich20064-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BuswellLopez2013p924_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BuswellLopez2013p924-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Sutta Piṭaka">Sutta Piṭaka</a> (Sutra/Sayings Basket), discourses and sermons of Buddha, some religious poetry; the largest basket<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich20064_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich20064-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Abhidhamma Piṭaka">Abhidhamma Piṭaka</a>, treatises that elaborate Buddhist doctrines, particularly about mind; also called the "systematic philosophy" basket</li></ol> <p>The Vinaya Pitaka and the Sutta Pitaka are remarkably similar to the works of the early Buddhist schools, often termed <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Buddhist Texts</a>. The Abhidhamma Pitaka, however, is a strictly Theravada collection and has little in common with the Abhidhamma works recognized by other Buddhist schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Canon_in_the_tradition">The Canon in the tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Canon in the tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipitaka_scripture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tipitaka_scripture.jpg/220px-Tipitaka_scripture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tipitaka_scripture.jpg/330px-Tipitaka_scripture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tipitaka_scripture.jpg/440px-Tipitaka_scripture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption>In pre-modern times the Pali Canon was not published in book form, but written on thin slices of wood (called a <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">palm-leaf manuscript</a>) or bamboo. The leaves are kept together by thin sticks, and the scripture is covered in cloth and kept in a box.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Canon is traditionally described by the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> as the Word of the Buddha (<i><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">buddhavacana</a></i>), though this is not intended in a literal sense, since it includes teachings by disciples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich200620_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200620-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional Theravādin (<a href="/wiki/Mahavihara" title="Mahavihara">Mahavihārin</a>) interpretation of the Pali Canon is given in a series of <a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">commentaries</a> covering nearly the whole Canon, compiled by <a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 4th–5th century AD) and later monks, mainly on the basis of earlier materials now lost. <a href="/wiki/Subcommentaries,_Theravada" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcommentaries, Theravada">Subcommentaries</a> were written afterward, commenting further on the Canon and its commentaries. The traditional Theravādin interpretation is summarized in Buddhaghosa's <a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich2006153-4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2006153-4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A spokesman for the Buddha Sasana Council of <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> states<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan195671_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan195671-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the Canon contains everything needed to show the path to <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">nirvāna</a>; the commentaries and subcommentaries sometimes include much speculative matter, but are faithful to its teachings and often give very illuminating illustrations. In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, "official" Buddhism has in large part adopted the interpretations of Western scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2005302_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2005302-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Canon has existed in written form for two millennia, its earlier oral nature has not been forgotten in Buddhist practice: memorization and recitation remain common. Among frequently recited texts are the <a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a>. Even lay people usually know at least a few short texts by heart and recite them regularly; this is considered a form of meditation, at least if one understands the meaning. Monks are of course expected to know quite a bit more (see <a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a> below for an example). A Burmese monk named <a href="/wiki/Mingun_Sayadaw" title="Mingun Sayadaw">Vicittasara</a> even learned the entire Canon by heart for the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Buddhist_council" title="Sixth Buddhist council">Sixth Council</a> (again according to the usual Theravada numbering).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendelson1975266_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendelson1975266-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relation of the scriptures to Buddhism as it actually exists among ordinary monks and lay people is, as with other major religious traditions, problematic: the evidence suggests that only parts of the Canon ever enjoyed wide currency, and that non-canonical works were sometimes much more widely used; the details varied from place to place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManné1990103f_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManné1990103f-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gethin" title="Rupert Gethin">Rupert Gethin</a> suggests that the whole of Buddhist history may be regarded as a working out of the implications of the early scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin199843_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199843-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a late part of the Pali Canon, the Buddha taught the three pitakas.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is traditionally believed by Theravadins that most of the Pali Canon originated from the Buddha and his immediate disciples. According to the scriptures, a <a href="/wiki/First_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Buddhist Council">council</a> was held shortly after <a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">the Buddha's passing</a> to collect and preserve his teachings. The Theravada tradition states that the Canon was recited orally from the 5th century to the first century BC, when it was written down.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200575–76_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200575–76-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memorization was reinforced by regular communal recitations. The tradition holds that only a few later additions were made. The Theravādin pitakas were first written down in Sri Lanka in the <a href="/wiki/Alu_Viharaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Alu Viharaya">Alu Viharaya</a> Temple no earlier than 29–17 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-bones_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bones-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The geographic setting of identifiable texts within the Canon generally corresponds to locations in the Ganges region of northeastern India, including the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Kashi">Kasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">Vajji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weitzel_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weitzel-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Theravada tradition has generally regarded Pali as being synonymous with the language of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Magadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadhi">Magadhi</a> as spoken by the Buddha, linguists have identified Pali as being more closely related to other <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">prakrit</a> languages of western India, and found substantial incompatibilities with the few preserved examples of Magadhi and other north-eastern prakrit languages.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguistic research suggests that the teachings of the Buddha may have been recorded in an eastern Indian language originally, and transposed into the west Indian precursor of Pali sometime before the Asokan era.<sup id="cite_ref-weitzel_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weitzel-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically Theravādin, but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Harvey_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Harvey (Buddhism)">Peter Harvey</a>, the Canon contains material which is at odds with later Theravādin orthodoxy. He states that "the Theravādins, then, may have <i>added</i> texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19959_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19959-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of factors suggest that the early Sri Lankan Buddhists regarded canonical literature as such and transmitted it conservatively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne20074_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne20074-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theravada tradition generally treats the Canon as a whole as originating with the Buddha and his immediate disciples (with the exception of certain, generally Abhidhamma texts, that explicitly refer to events long after his death). Scholars differ in their views regarding the origin of the Pali Canon, but generally believe that the Canon includes several strata of relatively early and late texts, but with little consensus regarding the relative dating of different sections of the Canon or which texts belong to which era.<sup id="cite_ref-weitzel_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weitzel-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorship">Authorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Authorship_according_to_Theravadins">Authorship according to Theravadins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Authorship according to Theravadins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Prayudh_Payutto" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayudh Payutto">Prayudh Payutto</a> argues that the Pali Canon represents the teachings of the Buddha essentially unchanged apart from minor modifications. He argues that it also incorporates teachings that precede the Buddha, and that the later teachings were memorized by the Buddha's followers while he was still alive. His thesis is based on study of the processes of the first great council, and the methods for memorization used by the monks, which started during the Buddha's lifetime. It's also based on the capability of a few monks, to this day, to memorize the entire canon.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Sujato" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhu Sujato">Bhikkhu Sujato</a> and Bhikkhu Brahmali argue that it is likely that much of the Pali Canon dates back to the time period of the Buddha. They base this on many lines of evidence including the technology described in the canon (apart from the obviously later texts), which matches the technology of his day which was in rapid development; that it doesn't include back written prophecies of the great Buddhist ruler King Ashoka (which Mahayana texts often do) suggesting that it predates his time; that in its descriptions of the political geography it presents India at the time of Buddha, which changed soon after his death; that it has no mention of places in South India, which would have been well known to Indians not long after Buddha's death; and various other lines of evidence dating the material back to his time.<sup id="cite_ref-Sujato_Brahmali_2015_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sujato_Brahmali_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Authorship_according_to_academic_scholars">Authorship according to academic scholars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Authorship according to academic scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The views of scholars concerning the authorship of the Pali Canon can be grouped into three categories:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ol><li>Attribution to the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> himself and his early followers</li> <li>Attribution to the period of <a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li>Agnosticism</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Views_concerning_authorship_of_the_Buddha_himself">Views concerning authorship of the Buddha himself</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Views concerning authorship of the Buddha himself"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several scholars of early Buddhism argue that the nucleus of the Buddhist teachings in the Pali Canon may derive from <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> himself, but that part of it also was developed after the Buddha by his early followers. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Richard Gombrich</a> says that the main preachings of the Buddha (as in the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinaya Pitaka">Vinaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutta Pitaka">Sutta Pitaka</a>) are coherent and cogent, and must be the work of a single person: the Buddha himself, not a committee of followers after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-fnt10_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fnt10-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich200620ff_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200620ff-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other scholars are more cautious, and attribute part of the Pali canon to the Buddha's early followers. Peter Harvey<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states that "much" of the Pali Canon must derive from the Buddha's teaching, but also that "parts of the Pali Canon clearly originated after the time of the Buddha."<sup id="cite_ref-fnt2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fnt2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/A.K._Warder" class="mw-redirect" title="A.K. Warder">A.K. Warder</a> stated that <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">there is no evidence</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="(April 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to suggest that the shared teaching of the early schools was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers.<sup id="cite_ref-fnt3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fnt3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J.W._de_Jong" class="mw-redirect" title="J.W. de Jong">J.W. de Jong</a> said it would be "hypocritical" to assert that we can say nothing about the teachings of earliest Buddhism, arguing that "the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him [the Buddha], transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in fixed formulas."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Jong199325_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Jong199325-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alex Wynne said that some texts in the Pali Canon may go back to the very beginning of Buddhism, which perhaps include the substance of the Buddha's teaching, and in some cases, maybe even his words.<sup id="cite_ref-fnt4_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fnt4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggests the canon was composed soon after Buddha's paranirvana, but after a period of free improvisation, and then the core teachings were preserved nearly verbatim by memory.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hajime_Nakamura" title="Hajime Nakamura">Hajime Nakamura</a> writes that while nothing can be definitively attributed to Gautama as a historical figure, some sayings or phrases must derive from him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura199957_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura199957-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Views_concerning_authorship_in_the_period_of_pre-sectarian_Buddhism">Views concerning authorship in the period of pre-sectarian Buddhism</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Views concerning authorship in the period of pre-sectarian Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most scholars agree there was a rough body of sacred literature that <a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">an early community</a> maintained and transmitted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2003147_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2003147-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fnt5_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fnt5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the Pali Canon is found also in the scriptures of other early schools of Buddhism, parts of whose versions are preserved, mainly in Chinese. Many scholars have argued that this shared material can be attributed to the period of <a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is the period before the <a href="/wiki/Early_buddhist_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Early buddhist schools">early schools</a> separated in about the fourth or third century BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Views_concerning_agnosticism">Views concerning agnosticism</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Views concerning agnosticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars see the Pali Canon as expanding and changing from an unknown nucleus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell200410_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell200410-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arguments given for an agnostic attitude include that the evidence for the Buddha's teachings dates from long after his death. </p><p>Some scholars of later Indian Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism say that little or nothing goes back to the Buddha. Ronald Davidson<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has little confidence that much, if any, of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historical Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2003147_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2003147-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geoffrey Samuel<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says the Pali Canon largely derives from the work of Buddhaghosa and his colleagues in the 5th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201248_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201248-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Schopen" title="Gregory Schopen">Gregory Schopen</a> argues<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchopen199724_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchopen199724-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that it is not until the 5th to 6th centuries AD that we have any definite evidence about the contents of the Canon. This position was criticized by A. Wynne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne2003_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not"><span title="The material preceding this tag may lack sufficient importance. (April 2023)">importance?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Authorship_of_the_Abhidhamma_Pitaka">Authorship of the Abhidhamma Pitaka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Authorship of the Abhidhamma Pitaka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Western scholarship suggests that the composition of the Abhidhamma Pitaka likely began around 300 BCE, but may have drawn on an earlier tradition of lists and rubrics known as "<a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">matrika</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich20064_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich20064-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keown2004p2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keown2004p2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional accounts include it among the texts recited at the <a href="/wiki/First_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Buddhist Council">First Buddhist Council</a> and attribute differences in form and style to its composition by <a href="/wiki/Sariputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sariputra">Sariputra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_earliest_books_of_the_Pali_Canon">The earliest books of the Pali Canon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The earliest books of the Pali Canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opinions differ on what the earliest books of the Canon are. The majority of Western scholars consider the earliest identifiable stratum to be mainly prose works,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder1963viii_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder1963viii-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Vinaya (excluding the Parivāra)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousins198456_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousins198456-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first four nikāyas of the Sutta Pitaka,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBechertGombrich198478_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBechertGombrich198478-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin199242ff_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199242ff-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and perhaps also some short verse works<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin1992_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1992-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Suttanipata" class="mw-redirect" title="Suttanipata">Suttanipata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousins198456_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousins198456-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some scholars, particularly in Japan, maintain that the Suttanipāta is the earliest of all Buddhist scriptures, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Itivuttaka" title="Itivuttaka">Itivuttaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ud%C4%81na" title="Udāna">Udāna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura199927_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura199927-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">However,</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag is a non sequitur, and needs to be integrated into the text in a way that is meaningful to the reader. (April 2023)"><i>non sequitur</i></span></a></i>]</sup> some of the developments in teachings may only reflect changes in teaching that the Buddha himself adopted, during the 45 years that the Buddha was teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-fnt6_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fnt6-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars generally agree that the early books include some later additions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoliWarder1982xxix_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoliWarder1982xxix-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aspects of these late additions are or may be from a much earlier<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag implies a comparison ("better", "advantages", "improvement") but does not specify what the comparison is with. (April 2023)">compared to?</span></a></i>]</sup> period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199083_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199083-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousins1982_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousins1982-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin199248_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199248-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aspects of the Pali Canon, such as what it says about society and South Asian history, are in doubt because the Pali Canon was extensively redacted in the 5th- or 6th-century AD, nearly a thousand years after the death of the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-Fogelin2006p13_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fogelin2006p13-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, this redacted Pali Canon of Sri Lanka itself mentions that it was previously redacted towards the end of 1st-century BC. According to Early Buddhism scholar Lars Fogelin, the Pali Canon of Sri Lanka is a modified Canon and "there is no good reason to assume that Sri Lankan Buddhism resembles Early Buddhism in the mainland, and there are numerous reasons to argue that it does not."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dr. Peter Masefield researched a form of Pali known as Indochinese Pali or "Kham Pali". It had been considered a degraded form of Pali, but Masefield states that further examination of texts will probably show it is an internally consistent Pali dialect. The reason for <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">the changes</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is that some combinations of characters are difficult to write in those<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> scripts. Masefield says records in Thailand state that upon the third re-introduction of Theravada Buddhism into Sri Lanka (The Siyamese Sect), large number of texts were also taken<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2023)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup>. When monastic ordination died out in Sri Lanka, many texts were lost also. <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Therefore</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag is a non sequitur, and needs to be integrated into the text in a way that is meaningful to the reader. (April 2023)"><i>non sequitur</i></span></a></i>]</sup> the Sri Lankan Pali Canon had been translated first into Indo-Chinese Pali, and then, at least in part, back again into Pali.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">edicts of Ashoka</a>, the "Calcutta-Bairat edict", lists several works from the canon which Ashoka considered advantageous. According to Alexander Wynne: </p> <blockquote><p>The general consensus seems to be that what Asoka calls Munigatha correspond to the Munisutta (Sn 207–221), Moneyasute is probably the second half of the Nalakasutta (Sn 699–723), and Upatisapasine may correspond to the Sariputtasutta (Sn 955–975). The identification of most of the other titles is less certain, but Schmithausen, following Oldenberg before him, identifies what Asoka calls the Laghulovada with part of a prose text in the <a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">Majjhima Nikaya</a>, the Ambalatthika-Rahulovada Sutta (M no. 61).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne2004_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne2004-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This seems to be evidence that some of these texts were already fixed by the time of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> (304–232 BC), which means that some of the texts carried by the Buddhist missionaries at this time might also have been fixed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne2004_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne2004-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Sri Lankan <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>, the Pali Canon was written down in the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Vattagamani_Abhaya_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vattagamani Abhaya of Sri Lanka">Vattagāmini</a> (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vaṭṭagāmiṇi</i></span>) (1st century BCE) in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Buddhist_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Buddhist council">Fourth Buddhist council</a>. Most scholars hold that little if anything was added to the Canon after this,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoliWarder1982xxxix_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoliWarder1982xxxix-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin19928_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin19928-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey3<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="Please_supply_a_full_or_month-and-year_&quot;&#124;date&#61;&quot;_of_publication,_or_use_&quot;&#124;year&#61;year_not_specified&quot;_for_intentional_omission.&#32;(February_2022)">date&nbsp;missing</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey3<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="Please_supply_a_full_or_month-and-year_&quot;&#124;date&#61;&quot;_of_publication,_or_use_&quot;&#124;year&#61;year_not_specified&quot;_for_intentional_omission.&#32;(February_2022)">date&nbsp;missing</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Schopen questions this.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burmese-Pali_Manuscript._Wellcome_L0026547.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Burmese-Pali_Manuscript._Wellcome_L0026547.jpg/220px-Burmese-Pali_Manuscript._Wellcome_L0026547.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Burmese-Pali_Manuscript._Wellcome_L0026547.jpg/330px-Burmese-Pali_Manuscript._Wellcome_L0026547.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Burmese-Pali_Manuscript._Wellcome_L0026547.jpg/440px-Burmese-Pali_Manuscript._Wellcome_L0026547.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1670" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption>Burmese-Pali manuscript copy of the Buddhist text <a href="/wiki/Niddesa" title="Niddesa">Mahaniddesa</a>, showing three different types of <a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese script</a>, (top) medium square, (centre) round and (bottom) outline round in red lacquer from the inside of one of the gilded covers</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> of Theravāda countries is not conducive to the survival of manuscripts. Apart from brief quotations in inscriptions and a two-page fragment from the eighth or ninth century found in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, the oldest manuscripts known are from late in the fifteenth century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hinüber20004–5_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hinüber20004–5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is not very much from before the eighteenth.<sup id="cite_ref-palitext1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palitext1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printed_editions_and_digitized_editions">Printed editions and digitized editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Printed editions and digitized editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first complete printed edition of the Canon was published in Burma in 1900, in 38 volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrönbold198412_(as_noted_there_and_elsewhere,_the_1893_Siamese_edition_was_incomplete)_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrönbold198412_(as_noted_there_and_elsewhere,_the_1893_Siamese_edition_was_incomplete)-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following editions of the Pali text of the Canon are readily available in the West: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">Pali Text Society</a> edition</b> (in <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Roman script</a>), published 1877–1927 (a few volumes subsequently replaced by new editions), in 57 volumes (including indexes).<sup id="cite_ref-palitext1_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palitext1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>The Pali scriptures and some Pali commentaries were digitized as an <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Extended_ASCII" title="Extended ASCII">extended ASCII</a> compatible database through cooperation between the <a href="/wiki/Dhammakaya_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammakaya Foundation">Dhammakaya Foundation</a> and the Pali Text Society in 1996 as <i>PALITEXT version 1.0: CD-ROM Database of the Entire Buddhist Pali Canon</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-8235-87-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-8235-87-5">978-974-8235-87-5</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllon1997109–29_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllon1997109–29-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Thai Tipitaka</b> in <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai script</a>, published during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Prajadhipok" title="Prajadhipok">Rama VII</a> (1925–35), 45 volumes, with fewer variant readings than PTS;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder1963382_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder1963382-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>BUDSIR on Internet<sup id="cite_ref-BUDSIR_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUDSIR-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> free with login; and electronic transcript by BUDSIR: Buddhist scriptures information retrieval,<sup id="cite_ref-BUDSIR_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUDSIR-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CD-ROM and online, both requiring payment.</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Councils">Sixth Council</a> Tipiṭaka</b>, Rangoon (1954–56), 40 volumes in <a href="/wiki/Burmese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese script">Burmese script</a>; with fewer variant readings than the Thai edition;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamm1973_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamm1973-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>electronic transcript by Vipāssana Research Institute available online<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in searchable database free of charge, or on CD-ROM (p&p only) from the institute.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Another transcript of this edition, produced under the patronage of the Supreme Patriarch of Thailand, World Tipitaka Edition, 2005, 40 volumes, published by the <a href="/wiki/Dhamma_Society_Fund" title="Dhamma Society Fund">Dhamma Society Fund</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claims to include the full extent of changes made at the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Councils">Sixth Council</a>, and therefore reflect the results of the council more accurately than some existing Sixth Council editions. Available for viewing online (registration required) at Tipiṭaka Quotation WebService.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Sinhalese (Buddha Jayanti) edition</b>, (1957–1993?), 58 volumes including parallel Sinhalese translations, searchable, free of charge (not yet fully proofread.) Available at Journal of Buddhist Ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only accurate version of the Sri Lankan text available, in individual page images. Cannot be searched though.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Transcript in BudhgayaNews Pali Canon.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this version it is easy to search for individual words across all 16,000+ pages at once and view the contexts in which they appear.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Cambodian Tipiṭaka</b> in <a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer script</a>. Edited and published by the <i>Institut Bouddhique</i> in <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> (1931–69).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Complete Collection of Chinese Pattra Scripture</b> as preserved by the <a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Pali Canon in English Translation</i>, 1895-, in progress, 43 volumes so far, Pali Text Society, Bristol; for details of these and other translations of individual books see the separate articles. In 1994, the then President of the Pali Text Society stated that most of these translations were unsatisfactory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman199680_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman199680-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another former President said in 2003 that most of the translations were done very badly.<sup id="cite_ref-Gombrich_(b)_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gombrich_(b)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style of many translations from the Canon has been criticized<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit#Parallels" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">"Buddhist Hybrid English"</a>, a term invented by <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Griffiths" title="Paul J. Griffiths">Paul Griffiths</a> for translations from Sanskrit. He describes it as "deplorable", "comprehensible only to the initiate, written by and for Buddhologists".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths198117–32_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths198117–32-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selections: see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pali_Canon_anthologies" title="List of Pali Canon anthologies">List of Pali Canon anthologies</a>. </p><p>A translation by <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Nanamoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhu Nanamoli">Bhikkhu Nanamoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">Majjhima Nikaya</a> was published by Wisdom Publications in 1995. </p><p>Translations by <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">Samyutta Nikaya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">Anguttara Nikaya</a> were published by Wisdom Publications in 2003 and 2012, respectively. </p><p>In 2018, new translations of the entirety of the five <a href="/wiki/Nik%C4%81ya" title="Nikāya">Nikayas</a> were made freely available on the website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suttacentral.net/">suttacentral</a> by the Australian <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Sujato" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhu Sujato">Bhikkhu Sujato</a>, the translations were also released into the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a>. </p><p>A Japanese translation of the Canon, edited by <a href="/wiki/Takakusu_Junjiro" title="Takakusu Junjiro">Takakusu Junjiro</a>, was published in 65 volumes from 1935 to 1941 as The Mahātripiṭaka of the Southern Tradition (南伝大蔵経 <i>Nanden daizōkyō</i>). </p><p>A Chinese translation of the above-mentioned Japanese translation was undertaken between 1990–1998 and thereafter printed under the patronage of Kaoshiung's Yuan Heng Temple.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents_of_the_Canon">Contents of the Canon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Contents of the Canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As noted above, the Canon consists of three pitakas. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinaya Pitaka">Vinaya Pitaka</a> (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vinayapiṭaka</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutta Pitaka">Sutta Pitaka</a> or Suttanta Pitaka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidhamma Pitaka">Abhidhamma Pitaka</a></li></ul> <p>Details are given below. For more complete information, see standard references on Pali literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1983_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1983-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hinüber200024–26_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hinüber200024–26-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vinaya_Pitaka">Vinaya Pitaka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vinaya Pitaka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first category, the <i><a href="/wiki/Vinaya_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinaya Pitaka">Vinaya Pitaka</a></i>, is mostly concerned with the rules of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">sangha</a></i>, both <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a>. The rules are preceded by stories telling how the Buddha came to lay them down, and followed by explanations and analysis. According to the stories, the rules were devised on an ad hoc basis as the Buddha encountered various behavioral problems or disputes among his followers. This pitaka can be divided into three parts: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suttavibhanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Suttavibhanga">Suttavibhanga</a> (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">-vibhaṅga</i></span>) Commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Patimokkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Patimokkha">Patimokkha</a>, a basic code of rules for monks and nuns that is not as such included in the Canon. The monks' rules are dealt with first, followed by those of the nuns' rules not already covered.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandhaka" title="Khandhaka">Khandhaka</a> Other rules grouped by topic in 22 chapters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parivara" class="mw-redirect" title="Parivara">Parivara</a> (parivāra) Analysis of the rules from various points of view.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sutta_Pitaka">Sutta Pitaka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sutta Pitaka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second category is the <i><a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutta Pitaka">Sutta Pitaka</a></i> (literally "basket of threads", or of "the well spoken"; Sanskrit: <i>Sutra Pitaka</i>, following the former meaning) which consists primarily of accounts of the Buddha's teachings. The Sutta Pitaka has five subdivisions, or <a href="/wiki/Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikaya">nikayas</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">Digha Nikaya</a> (dīghanikāya) 34 long discourses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1990appendix_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1990appendix-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joy Manné argues<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManné199029–88_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManné199029–88-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that this book was particularly intended to make converts, with its high proportion of debates and devotional material.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">Majjhima Nikaya</a> 152 medium-length discourses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1990appendix_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1990appendix-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manné argues<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManné199029–88_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManné199029–88-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that this book was particularly intended to give a solid grounding in the teaching to converts, with a high proportion of sermons and consultations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">Samyutta Nikaya</a> (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṃyutta-</i></span>) Thousands of short discourses in fifty-odd groups by subject, person etc. <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a>, in his translation, says this nikaya has the most detailed explanations of doctrine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">Anguttara Nikaya</a> (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">aṅguttara-</i></span>) Thousands of short discourses arranged numerically from ones to elevens. It contains more elementary teaching for ordinary people than the preceding three.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuddaka_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuddaka Nikaya">Khuddaka Nikaya</a> A miscellaneous collection of works in prose or verse.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abhidhamma_Pitaka">Abhidhamma Pitaka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Abhidhamma Pitaka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third category, the <i><a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidhamma Pitaka">Abhidhamma Pitaka</a></i> (literally "beyond the dhamma", "higher dhamma" or "special dhamma", Sanskrit: <i><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidharma Pitaka">Abhidharma Pitaka</a></i>), is a collection of texts which give a scholastic explanation of Buddhist doctrines particularly about mind, and sometimes referred to as the "systematic philosophy" basket.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich20064_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich20064-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keown2004p2_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keown2004p2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are seven books in the Abhidhamma Pitaka: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhammasangani" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammasangani">Dhammasangani</a> (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">-saṅgaṇi</i></span> or <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">-saṅgaṇī</i></span>) Enumeration, definition and classification of dhammas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibhanga">Vibhanga</a> (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vibhaṅga</i></span>) Analysis of 18 topics by various methods, including those of the Dhammasangani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatukatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhatukatha">Dhatukatha</a> (dhātukathā) Deals with interrelations between ideas from the previous two books</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puggalapannatti" class="mw-redirect" title="Puggalapannatti">Puggalapannatti</a> (-paññatti) Explanations of types of person, arranged numerically in lists from ones to tens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathavatthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathavatthu">Kathavatthu</a> (kathā-) Over 200 debates on points of doctrine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaka" title="Yamaka">Yamaka</a> Applies to 10 topics a procedure involving converse questions (e.g. Is X Y? Is Y X?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Patthana">Patthana</a> (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">paṭṭhāna</i></span>) Analysis of 24 types of condition<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199083_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199083-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The traditional position is that <i>abhidhamma</i> refers to the absolute teaching, while the suttas are adapted to the hearer. Most scholars describe the abhidhamma as an attempt to systematize the teachings of the suttas:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199083_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199083-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin199844_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199844-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cousins says that where the suttas think in terms of sequences or processes the abhidhamma thinks in terms of specific events or occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousins19827_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousins19827-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_Brahmanical_language">Use of Brahmanical language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Use of Brahmanical language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pali Canon uses many <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Brahmanical</a> terminology and concepts. For example, the <i>Sundarika Sutta</i> includes an analogy, quoted in several other places in the Canon, where the Buddha describes the <a href="/wiki/Agnihotra" title="Agnihotra">Agnihotra</a> as the foremost sacrifice and the Sāvitrī as the foremost meter: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>aggihuttamukhā yaññā sāvittī chandaso mukham.</i> </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sacrifices have the agnihotra as foremost; of meter the foremost is the Sāvitrī.<sup id="cite_ref-shults_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shults-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>These Brahmanical motives are sometimes introduced in order to "establish a link with the deeds and beliefs of Brahmins," referencing "shared ideas" that were part of the culture of ancient India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShults2014120_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShults2014120-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many other instances, they are introduced in order to establish unfavorable comparisons with Buddhist teachings or practices- after identifying the fire sacrifice as the foremost of the Brahminist sacrifices, the Buddha goes on to explain how it is surpassed by the kindling of "inner light" that he practices as an <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShults2014123_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShults2014123-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_Buddhist_canons">Comparison with other Buddhist canons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Comparison with other Buddhist canons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Buddhism)" title="Āgama (Buddhism)">Āgama (Buddhism)</a></div> <p>The other two main Buddhist canons in use in the present day are the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Buddhist Canon">Chinese Buddhist Canon</a> and the Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a>. </p><p>The standard modern edition of the Chinese Buddhist Canon is the <a href="/wiki/Taisho_Tripitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisho Tripitaka">Taishō Revised Tripiṭaka</a>, with a hundred major divisions, totaling over 80,000 pages. This includes Vinayas for the <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivāda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahisasaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahisasaka">Mahīśāsaka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahasamghika" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasamghika">Mahāsaṃghika</a> schools. It also includes the four major Āgamas, which are analogous to the Nikayas of the Pali Canon. Namely, they are the Saṃyukta Āgama, Madhyama Āgama, Dīrgha Āgama, and <a href="/wiki/Ekottara_%C4%80gama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekottara Āgama">Ekottara Āgama</a>. Also included are the <a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a>, the Udāna, the Itivuttaka, and Milindapanha. There are also additional texts, including early histories, that are preserved from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhist schools</a> but not found in Pali. The canon contains voluminous works of Abhidharma, especially from the Sarvāstivāda school. The Indian works preserved in the Chinese Canon were translated mostly from <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical Sanskrit</a>, or from regional <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrits</a>. The Chinese generally referred to these simply as "<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>" (Ch. 梵語, Fànyǔ). The first <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock printing</a> of the entire <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Buddhist Canon">Chinese Buddhist Canon</a> was done during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> by imperial order in China in AD 971; the earliest dated printed Buddhist sutra was the Diamond Sutra printed in AD 868 (printed by an <a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka" title="Upāsaka">upāsaka</a> for free distribution); although printing of individual Buddhist sutras and related materials may have started as early as the 7th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tibetan Kangyur comprises about a hundred volumes and includes versions of the Vinaya Pitaka, the Dhammapada (under the title <i>Udanavarga</i>) and parts of some other books. Due to the later compilation, it contains comparatively fewer early Buddhist texts than the Pali and Chinese canons. </p><p>The Chinese and Tibetan canons are not translations of the Pali and differ from it to varying extents, but contain some recognizably similar early works. However, the Abhidharma books are fundamentally different works from the Pali Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Chinese and Tibetan canons also consist of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahāyāna sūtras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vajray%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajrayāna">Vajrayāna</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantras</a>, which have few parallels in the Pali Canon.<sup id="cite_ref-fnt8_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fnt8-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Insight" title="Access to Insight">Access to Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">Atthakatha</a>, Pali commentaries on the Pali Canon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADhakavagga_and_P%C4%81r%C4%81yanavagga" title="Aṭṭhakavagga and Pārāyanavagga">Aṭṭhakavagga and Pārāyanavagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Analayo" title="Bhikkhu Analayo">Bhikkhu Analayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Sujato" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhu Sujato">Bhikkhu Sujato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society" title="Buddhist Publication Society">Buddhist Publication Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_Society_Fund" title="Dhamma Society Fund">Dhamma Society Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a>, one of the most widely read and best known Buddhist scriptures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammap%C4%81la" title="Dhammapāla">Dhammapāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Buddhist Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_trai" title="Ho trai">Ho trai</a>, library in Thai Temples</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Eugen_Neumann" title="Karl Eugen Neumann">Karl Eugen Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_S%C4%81sana_Azani_recipients" title="List of Sāsana Azani recipients">List of Sāsana Azani recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91%C4%81%E1%B9%87amoli_Bhikkhu" title="Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu">Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddesa" title="Niddesa">Niddesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nik%C4%81ya" title="Nikāya">Nikāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanaponika_Thera" title="Nyanaponika Thera">Nyanaponika Thera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanatiloka_Mahathera" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyanatiloka Mahathera">Nyanatiloka Mahathera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali Literature">Pali Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">Pali Text Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">Palm-leaf manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracanonical_texts_(Theravada_Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracanonical texts (Theravada Buddhism)">Paracanonical texts (Theravada Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pariyatti_(bookstore)" title="Pariyatti (bookstore)">Pariyatti (bookstore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitakataik" title="Pitakataik">Pitakataik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerukane_Chandawimala_Thero" title="Rerukane Chandawimala Thero">Rerukane Chandawimala Thero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacca-kiriya" title="Sacca-kiriya">Sacca-kiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanam_Luang_Dhamma_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanam Luang Dhamma Studies">Sanam Luang Dhamma Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%ACh%C4%81nissaro_Bhikkhu" title="Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu">Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Rhys_Davids" title="Thomas William Rhys Davids">Thomas William Rhys Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipitakadhara_Tipitakakovida_Selection_Examinations" title="Tipitakadhara Tipitakakovida Selection Examinations">Tipitakadhara Tipitakakovida Selection Examinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka_tablets_at_Kuthodaw_Pagoda" title="Tripiṭaka tablets at Kuthodaw Pagoda">Tripiṭaka tablets at Kuthodaw Pagoda</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fnt1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fnt1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If the language of the Pāli canon is north Indian in origin, and without substantial <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhalese</a> additions, it is likely that the canon was composed somewhere in north India before its introduction to Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fnt10-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fnt10_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"I am saying that there was a person called the Buddha, that the preachings probably go back to him individually ... that we can learn more about what he meant, and that he was saying some very precise things."<sup id="cite_ref-Gombrich_(b)_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gombrich_(b)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fnt2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fnt2_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"While parts of the Pali Canon clearly originated after the time of the Buddha, much must derive from his teaching."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19903_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19903-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fnt3-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fnt3_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder2000inside_flap_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder2000inside_flap-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fnt4-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fnt4_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"If some of the material is so old, it might be possible to establish what texts go back to the very beginning of Buddhism, texts which perhaps include the substance of the Buddha's teaching, and in some cases, maybe even his words".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fnt5-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fnt5_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Davidson states, "most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature (disputed) that a relatively early community (disputed) maintained and transmitted."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2003147_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2003147-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fnt6-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fnt6_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"as the Buddha taught for 45 years, some signs of development in teachings may only reflect changes during this period."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19903_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19903-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fnt8-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fnt8_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most notably, a version of the Atanatiya Sutta (from the Digha Nikaya) is included in the tantra (Mikkyo, rgyud) divisions of the Taisho and of the Cone, Derge, Lhasa, Lithang, Narthang and Peking (Qianlong) editions of the Kangyur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkilling199784n,_553ff,_617ff._98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkilling199784n,_553ff,_617ff.-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich20063-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich20063_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGombrich2006">Gombrich 2006</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19903-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19903_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19903_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19903_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1990">Harvey 1990</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaguire200169-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaguire200169_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaguire2001">Maguire 2001</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn2015" class="citation book cs1">Hahn, Thich Nhat (2015). <i>The Heart of Buddha's Teachings</i>. Harmony. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heart+of+Buddha%27s+Teachings&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Harmony&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Thich+Nhat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne2003_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne2003_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynne2003">Wynne 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drewes_2015,_page_25-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drewes_2015,_page_25_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrewes2015" class="citation journal cs1">Drewes, David (2015). "Oral Texts in Indian Mahayana". <i>Indo-Iranian Journal</i>. <b>58</b> (2): 131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15728536-05800051">10.1163/15728536-05800051</a>. <q>The idea that Buddhist texts were first written down in the first century bce has been widely current since the nineteenth century, but has never been much more than a guess. Its only basis is a short passage, two verses long, found in both the fourth or fifth-century Dīpavaṃsa and later Mahāvaṃsa, that states that the Tipiṭaka and commentaries were first written down at this time...however, it fairly clearly does not even intend to record the first time writing was ever used for Buddhist texts, but the first creation of a complete set of written scriptures in Sri Lanka.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=Oral+Texts+in+Indian+Mahayana&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15728536-05800051&rft.aulast=Drewes&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sujato_Brahmali_2015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sujato_Brahmali_2015_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sujato_Brahmali_2015_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSujatoBrahmali2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bhante_Sujato" title="Bhante Sujato">Sujato, Bhante</a>; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/authenticity.pdf"><i>The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Chroniker Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-312-91150-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-312-91150-5"><bdi>978-1-312-91150-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Authenticity+of+the+Early+Buddhist+Texts&rft.pub=Chroniker+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-312-91150-5&rft.aulast=Sujato&rft.aufirst=Bhante&rft.au=Brahmali%2C+Bhikkhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Focbs.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F09%2Fauthenticity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/33-ten-kings/">"THE MAHAVAMSA c.33: The Ten Kings"</a>. <i>mahavamsa.org</i>. 8 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mahavamsa.org&rft.atitle=THE+MAHAVAMSA+c.33%3A+The+Ten+Kings&rft.date=2011-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmahavamsa.org%2Fmahavamsa%2Foriginal-version%2F33-ten-kings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BuswellLopez2013p924-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BuswellLopez2013p924_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BuswellLopez2013p924_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Buswell_Jr.Donald_S._Lopez_Jr.2013" class="citation book cs1">Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ"><i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 924. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4805-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=924&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rft.au=Robert+E.+Buswell+Jr.&rft.au=Donald+S.+Lopez+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fogelin2006p13-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fogelin2006p13_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fogelin2006p13_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLars_Fogelin2006" class="citation book cs1">Lars Fogelin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj-sfAJNk24C"><i>Archaeology of Early Buddhism</i></a>. AltaMira. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0750-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0750-2"><bdi>978-0-7591-0750-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Early+Buddhism&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=AltaMira&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0750-2&rft.au=Lars+Fogelin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRj-sfAJNk24C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "As of the Pali Canon of Sri Lanka, it was extensively redacted in the fifth or sixth century A.D. (Bechert 1978; Collins 1990; Trainor 1997)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stargardt_2000,_page_25-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stargardt_2000,_page_25_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStargardt2000" class="citation book cs1">Stargardt, Janice (2000). <i>Tracing Thoughts Through Things: The Oldest Pali Texts and the Early Buddhist Archaeology of India and Burma</i>. Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+Thoughts+Through+Things%3A+The+Oldest+Pali+Texts+and+the+Early+Buddhist+Archaeology+of+India+and+Burma&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Stargardt&rft.aufirst=Janice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich20064-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich20064_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich20064_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich20064_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich20064_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich20064_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGombrich2006">Gombrich 2006</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2008-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2008_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2008">Encyclopædia Britannica 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200620-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich200620_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGombrich2006">Gombrich 2006</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2006153-4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich2006153-4_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGombrich2006">Gombrich 2006</a>, p. 153-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan195671-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan195671_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan1956">Morgan 1956</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2005302-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2005302_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDaniel2005">McDaniel 2005</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendelson1975266-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendelson1975266_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMendelson1975">Mendelson 1975</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandharipande2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pandharipande, R. V. (2006). "South Asia: Religions". In Brown, Keith (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Language_%26_Linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics">Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics</a></i> (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. <span class="nowrap">564–</span>579. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-044854-2%2F00767-7">10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00767-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044854-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044854-1"><bdi>978-0-08-044854-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Asia%3A+Religions&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+%26+Linguistics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E564-%3C%2Fspan%3E579&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-08-044854-2%2F00767-7&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044854-1&rft.aulast=Pandharipande&rft.aufirst=R.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManné1990103f-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManné1990103f_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManné1990">Manné 1990</a>, p. 103f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199843-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin199843_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin 1998</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Book of Discipline</i>. Vol. VI. Translated by Horner, Isaline B. (5th ed.). Oxford: The Pali Text Society. 2004. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86013-254-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86013-254-7"><bdi>978-0-86013-254-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Discipline&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=123&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=The+Pali+Text+Society&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-86013-254-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200575–76-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200575–76_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2005">Norman 2005</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bones-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bones_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenLopez1997" class="citation book cs1">Schopen, Gregory; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (1997). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bonesstonesbuddh00scho"><i>Bones, Stones, And Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, And Texts Of Monastic Buddhism in India</i></a></span>. University of Hawaii Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bonesstonesbuddh00scho/page/n56">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1748-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1748-6"><bdi>0-8248-1748-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bones%2C+Stones%2C+And+Buddhist+Monks%3A+Collected+Papers+on+the+Archaeology%2C+Epigraphy%2C+And+Texts+Of+Monastic+Buddhism+in+India&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8248-1748-6&rft.aulast=Schopen&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald+S.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbonesstonesbuddh00scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weitzel-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weitzel_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weitzel_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weitzel_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel2009" class="citation journal cs1">Witzel, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:8457940">"Moving Targets? Texts, Language, Archaeology and History in the Late Vedic and Early Buddhist Periods"</a>. <i>Indo-Iranian Journal</i>. <b>52</b> (2/3): <span class="nowrap">287–</span>310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F001972409X12562030836859">10.1163/001972409X12562030836859</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24664702">24664702</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154283219">154283219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=Moving+Targets%3F+Texts%2C+Language%2C+Archaeology+and+History+in+the+Late+Vedic+and+Early+Buddhist+Periods&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E310&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154283219%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24664702%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F001972409X12562030836859&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A8457940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Hinüber1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_von_Hin%C3%BCber" title="Oskar von Hinüber">Von Hinüber, Oskar</a> (1997). <i>A Handbook of Pali Literature</i> (1st Indian ed.). New Delhi: Munishiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. 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No. 1 2004)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Oral+Transmission+of+Early+Buddhist+Literature+%E2%80%93+Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Buddhist+Studies+%28Volume+27.+No.+1+2004%29&rft.aulast=Wynne&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocbs.org%2Flectures-a-articles-ocbsmain-121%2Falex-wynne-articles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura199957-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura199957_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakamura1999">Nakamura 1999</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2003147-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2003147_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2003147_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2003147_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2003">Davidson 2003</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell200410-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell200410_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuswell2004">Buswell 2004</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130719144843/http://www.fairfield.edu/academic/profile.html?id=50">"Dr. Ronald M. Davidson"</a>. Fairfield University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairfield.edu/academic/profile.html?id=50">the original</a> on 2013-07-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Ronald+M.+Davidson&rft.pub=Fairfield+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairfield.edu%2Facademic%2Fprofile.html%3Fid%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813013100/http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/share/contactsandpeople/academicstaff/P-T/samuel-geoffrey-dr-overview_new.html">"Prof Geoffrey Samuel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/share/contactsandpeople/academicstaff/P-T/samuel-geoffrey-dr-overview_new.html">the original</a> on 2014-08-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prof+Geoffrey+Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cardiff.ac.uk%2Fshare%2Fcontactsandpeople%2Facademicstaff%2FP-T%2Fsamuel-geoffrey-dr-overview_new.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201248-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201248_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2012">Samuel 2012</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchopen199724-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchopen199724_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchopen1997">Schopen 1997</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keown2004p2-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keown2004p2_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keown2004p2_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamien_Keown2004" class="citation book cs1">Damien Keown (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=985a1M7L1NcC"><i>A Dictionary of Buddhism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157917-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157917-2"><bdi>978-0-19-157917-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157917-2&rft.au=Damien+Keown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D985a1M7L1NcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dī.A. (sumaṅgala.1) Sumaṅgalavilāsinī dīghanikāyaṭṭhakathā <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.84000.org/tipitaka/pitaka_item/read_rm.php?B=4&A=365&w=abhidham">sīlakkhandhavaggavaṇṇanā nidānakathā</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saṅgaṇi.A. (aṭṭhasālinī) Dhammasaṅgiṇī <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.84000.org/tipitaka/pitaka_item/read_rm.php?B=53&A=423&h=s%C4%81riputta,nayad%C4%81na%E1%B9%83#hl">Abhidhamma-Atthakathā Nidānakathā</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder1963viii-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder1963viii_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarder1963">Warder 1963</a>, p. viii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECousins198456-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousins198456_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousins198456_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCousins1984">Cousins 1984</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBechertGombrich198478-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBechertGombrich198478_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBechertGombrich1984">Bechert & Gombrich 1984</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199242ff-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin199242ff_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGethin1992">Gethin 1992</a>, pp. 42ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1992-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin1992_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGethin1992">Gethin 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura199927-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura199927_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakamura1999">Nakamura 1999</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoliWarder1982xxix-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoliWarder1982xxix_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÑāṇamoliWarder1982">Ñāṇamoli & Warder 1982</a>, p. xxix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199083-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199083_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199083_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199083_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1990">Harvey 1990</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECousins1982-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousins1982_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCousins1982">Cousins 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199248-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin199248_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGethin1992">Gethin 1992</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLars_Fogelin2006" class="citation book cs1">Lars Fogelin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj-sfAJNk24C"><i>Archaeology of Early Buddhism</i></a>. AltaMira. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0750-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0750-2"><bdi>978-0-7591-0750-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Early+Buddhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=AltaMira&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0750-2&rft.au=Lars+Fogelin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRj-sfAJNk24C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasefield" class="citation web cs1">Masefield, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34836100">"Indo-Chinese Pali"</a>. <i>Academia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia&rft.atitle=Indo-Chinese+Pali&rft.aulast=Masefield&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34836100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne2004-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne2004_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne2004_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynne2004">Wynne 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoliWarder1982xxxix-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoliWarder1982xxxix_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÑāṇamoliWarder1982">Ñāṇamoli & Warder 1982</a>, p. xxxix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin19928-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin19928_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGethin1992">Gethin 1992</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey3<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="Please_supply_a_full_or_month-and-year_&quot;&#124;date&#61;&quot;_of_publication,_or_use_&quot;&#124;year&#61;year_not_specified&quot;_for_intentional_omission.&#32;(February_2022)">date&nbsp;missing</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey3<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="Please_supply_a_full_or_month-and-year_&quot;&#124;date&#61;&quot;_of_publication,_or_use_&quot;&#124;year&#61;year_not_specified&quot;_for_intentional_omission.&#32;(February_2022)">date&nbsp;missing</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey">Harvey</a>, p. 3, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply a full or month-and-year "|date=" of publication, or use "|year=year not specified" for intentional omission. (February 2022)">date missing</span></a></i>]</sup>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHarvey (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hinüber20004–5-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hinüber20004–5_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Hinüber2000">von Hinüber 2000</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palitext1-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palitext1_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palitext1_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palitext.com/">"Pali Text Society Home Page"</a>. 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(aka the Kaibao Canon)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spreading+Buddha%27s+Word+in+East+Asia+%E2%80%93+The+Formation+and+Transformation+of+The+Chinese+Buddhist+Canon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Wu&rft.au=Chia%2C+Lucille&rft.au=Chen%2C+Zhichao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkilling199784n,_553ff,_617ff.-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkilling199784n,_553ff,_617ff._98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkilling1997">Skilling 1997</a>, p. 84n, 553ff, 617ff..</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllon1997" class="citation cs2">Allon, Mark (1997), "An Assessment of the Dhammakaya CD-ROM: Palitext Version 1.0", <i>Buddhist Studies (Bukkyō Kenkyū)</i>, <b>26</b>: <span class="nowrap">109–</span>29</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buddhist+Studies+%28Bukky%C5%8D+Kenky%C5%AB%29&rft.atitle=An+Assessment+of+the+Dhammakaya+CD-ROM%3A+Palitext+Version+1.0&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Allon&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBechertGombrich1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Bechert" title="Heinz Bechert">Bechert, Heinz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Gombrich, Richard F.</a> (1984), <i>The world of buddhism: buddhist monks and nuns in society and culture</i>, London: Thames and Hudson</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+of+buddhism%3A+buddhist+monks+and+nuns+in+society+and+culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Bechert&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft.au=Gombrich%2C+Richard+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswell2004" class="citation cs2">Buswell, Robert E (2004), <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>, USA: Macmillan Reference</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCone2001" class="citation cs2">Cone, Margaret (2001), <i>Dictionary of Pali, vol. 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Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-016738-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-016738-7">3-11-016738-7</a>.</li> <li>B. C. Law, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpalilit035453mbp"><i>History of Pali Literature</i></a>, volume I, Trubner, London 1931</li> <li>Russell Webb (ed.), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh217-u.html">Analysis of the Pali Canon</a></i>, The Wheel Publication No 217, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society" title="Buddhist Publication Society">Buddhist Publication Society</a>, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 3rd ed. 2008.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKo_Lay2003" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-unfit">Ko Lay, U. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724041344/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/buddhism/tipintro.htm"><i>Guide to Tipiṭaka</i></a>, Selangor, Malaysia: Burma Piṭaka Association. Editorial Committee, archived from the original on 2008-07-24</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Tipi%E1%B9%ADaka&rft.place=Selangor%2C+Malaysia&rft.pub=Burma+Pi%E1%B9%ADaka+Association.+Editorial+Committee&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ko+Lay&rft.aufirst=U.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ukonline.co.uk%2Fbuddhism%2Ftipintro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APali+Canon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pali_Canon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131094918/http://www.aimwell.org/Books/Suttas/Paritta/BioMingun/biomingun.html">Sayadaw U Vicittasara Mingun Sayadaw: A Fabulous Memory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pathpress.wordpress.com/bodhesako/beginnings-the-pali-suttas/">Beginnings: The Pali Suttas</a> by <a href="/wiki/Samanera_Bodhesako" title="Samanera Bodhesako">Samanera Bodhesako</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Pali_Canon">Pali Canon</a> at Citizendium, mostly by Peter Jackson, has an extensive Bibliography and more detail about some things</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translations">English translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org">Access to Insight</a> has many suttas translated into English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nibbana.com/tipitaka/tipilist.htm">Tipitaka Online</a> of Nibbana.com. Burma (Myanmar)</li> <li>English translations by <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a> of selected suttas of the <a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">Majjhima Nikaya</a> are made available by the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Preservation_of_the_Mahayana_Tradition" title="Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition">Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisdompubs.org/book/middle-length-discourses-buddha/selections">Wisdom Publications</a></li> <li>English translations by <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a> of selected suttas from the <a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">Anguttara Nikaya</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020120/http://www.wisdompubs.org/book/numerical-discourses-buddha/selections">Wisdom Publications</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pali_Canon_online">Pali Canon online</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pali Canon online"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tipitaka.org/">Vipassana Research Institute</a> (Based on 6th Council – Burmese version) (this site also offers a downloadable program which installs the entire Pali Tipitaka on your desktop for offline viewing)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suttacentral.net/">Sutta Central</a> Early Buddhist texts, translations, and parallels (Multiple Languages)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.84000.org/">Thai Tripitaka</a> (Thai version)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aathaapi.org/Thripitaka.php">Sinhala Tipitaka</a> (Translated into Sinhala by a Government of Sri Lanka initiative)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tipitaka.sutta.org/">Tipitaka Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhamma.sutta.org/index2.htm">Theravada Buddhism Tipitaka Download</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pali_dictionary">Pali dictionary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_Canon&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Pali dictionary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/">Online Pali-English Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dict.sutta.org/">Pāli Dictionary Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.sutta.org/">Pāli Dictionary (Pāli to Chinese, Pāli to English, Pāli to Japanese, Pāli-Vietnamese, Pāli-Burmese)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a> (Egyptian religion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(Digambara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Digambara)">Agamas</a> (Jainism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> (Zoroastrian)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></i> (Taoism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a> (Buddhism)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pali Canon</a> (Theravada Buddhism) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracanonical_texts_(Therav%C4%81da)" title="Paracanonical texts 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190.926 69 Template:Sfn"," 12.14% 151.225 41 Template:Citation"," 10.29% 128.215 3 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.78% 96.851 1 Template:PaliCanon"," 7.49% 93.266 11 Template:IAST"," 7.32% 91.194 11 Template:Transliteration"," 7.23% 90.056 10 Template:Fix"," 7.18% 89.426 12 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.742","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27907942,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllon1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBechertGombrich1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuswell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCone2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCousins1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCousins1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDamien_Keown2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Jong1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrewes2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGethin1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGethin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGombrich\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGombrich2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrönbold1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHahn2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamm1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiangChiaChen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKo_Lay2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLars_Fogelin2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMaguire2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManné1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasefield\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDaniel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendelson1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakamura1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandharipande2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayutto\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_E._Buswell_Jr.Donald_S._Lopez_Jr.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchopen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchopenLopez1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShults2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkilling1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStargardt2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSujatoBrahmali2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_Hinüber1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarder1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarder2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitzel2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynne\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynne2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynne2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynne2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Hinüber2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÑāṇamoliWarder1982\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Buddhism\"] = 1,\n [\"Buddhism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 41,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 17,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Compared to?\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Pali Canon\"] = 1,\n [\"Date?\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 10,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Importance inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Non sequitur\"] = 2,\n [\"PaliCanon\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 8,\n [\"Religious books\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 69,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Theravada Buddhism\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Where\"] = 1,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\nno target: CITEREFHarvey\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-868759585b-5drhb","timestamp":"20250214040907","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pali Canon","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pali_Canon","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q215685","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q215685","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-04-04T05:53:11Z","dateModified":"2025-02-01T03:04:28Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8d\/Pali_Canon_Structure.png","headline":"Buddhist scriptures preserved in the P\u0101li language by the Theravada tradition"}</script> </body> </html>