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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Народный комиссариат внутренних дел, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Narodnyy komissariat vnutrennikh del, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[nɐˈrodnɨj kəmʲɪsərʲɪˈat ˈvnutrʲɪnʲɪɣ dʲel]</a>), abbreviated as NKVD (Russian: НКВД; <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ec\/Ru-NKVD.ogg\/Ru-NKVD.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-NKVD.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Ru-NKVD.ogg/Ru-NKVD.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-NKVD.ogg" title="File:Ru-NKVD.ogg">ⓘ</a>), was the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_home_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of home affairs">interior ministry</a> and secret police of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> from 1934 to 1946. The agency was formed to succeed the <a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">Joint State Political Directorate</a> (OGPU) <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> organization, and thus had a monopoly on <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Security_agency" title="Security agency">state security</a> functions.<a href="#cite_note-huskey-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The NKVD is known for carrying out <a href="/wiki/Soviet_political_repressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet political repressions">political repression</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counterintelligence</a> and other operations on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The head of the NKVD was <a href="/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda" title="Genrikh Yagoda">Genrikh Yagoda</a> from 1934 to 1936, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a> from 1936 to 1938, <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a> from 1938 to 1946, and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kruglov_(politician)" title="Sergei Kruglov (politician)">Sergei Kruglov</a> in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Народный комиссариат внутренних дел Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:NKVD_Emblem_(Solid_Colors).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/150px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/225px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/300px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="519"></a><div class="infobox-caption">NKVD emblem</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">10 July 1934; 90 years ago (10 July 1934)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">Joint State Political Directorate</a> (OGPU)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">15 March 1946; 78 years ago (15 March 1946)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Superseding agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security" title="People's Commissariat for State Security">People's Commissariat for State Security</a> (NKGB)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> (MVD)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">Secret police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">Intelligence agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">Border guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">Prison authority</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">11-13 ulitsa Bol. <a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Building" title="Lubyanka Building">Lubyanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">RSFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda" title="Genrikh Yagoda">Genrikh Yagoda</a> (1934–1936)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a> (1936–1938)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a> (1938–1946)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kruglov_(politician)" title="Sergei Kruglov (politician)">Sergei Kruglov</a> (1946)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Child agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_for_State_Security_(USSR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Directorate for State Security (USSR)">Main Directorate for State Security</a> (GUGB)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Main Directorate of Camps</a> (Gulag)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Main Directorate of Militsiya (GURKM)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Main Directorate of Border and Internal Security (GUPiVO).</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> First established in 1917 as the NKVD of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>,<a href="#cite_note-semukhina74-4">[4]</a> the ministry was tasked with regular police work and overseeing the country's prisons and labor camps. <a href="#cite_note-huskey-1">[1]</a> It was disbanded in 1930, and its functions dispersed among other agencies before being reinstated as a <a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ministries of the Soviet Union">commissariat of the Soviet Union</a> in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> During the Great Purge in 1936–1938, on Stalin's orders, the NKVD conducted mass arrests, imprisonment, torture, and executions of hundreds of thousands of Soviet citizens. The agency sent millions to the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a> camps and, during World War II, carried out the <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">mass deportations</a> of hundreds of thousands of Poles, Balts, and Romanians, and millions of ethnic minorities from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, to remote areas of the country, resulting in millions of deaths. Hundreds of thousands of NKVD personnel served in <a href="/wiki/Internal_troops" title="Internal troops">Internal Troops</a> divisions in defensive battles alongside the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, as well as in "<a href="/wiki/Barrier_troops" title="Barrier troops">blocking formations</a>," preventing retreat. The agency was responsible for foreign assassinations, including that of <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>. Within 1941 and from 1943 to 1946, secret police functions were split into the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security" title="People's Commissariat for State Security">People's Commissariat for State Security</a> (NKGB). In March 1946, the People's Commissariats were renamed to Ministries; the NKVD became the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> (MVD), and the NKGB became the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">Ministry of State Security</a> (MGB). <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History_and_structure">1 History and structure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Yezhov_era">1.1 Yezhov era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Main_Directorates_(Departments)">1.2 Main Directorates (Departments)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Ranking_system_(State_Security)">2 Ranking system (State Security)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#NKVD_activities">3 NKVD activities</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Domestic_repressions">3.1 Domestic repressions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#International_operations">3.2 International operations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Spanish_Civil_War">3.3 Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#World_War_II_operations">3.4 World War II operations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Postwar_operations">3.5 Postwar operations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Intelligence_activities">3.6 Intelligence activities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Soviet_economy">3.7 Soviet economy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#People's_Commissars">4 People's Commissars</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Officers">5 Officers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History_and_structure">History and structure</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and structure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1924_yagoda_menshinsky_dsershinsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/1924_yagoda_menshinsky_dsershinsky.jpg/220px-1924_yagoda_menshinsky_dsershinsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="273"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 99px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/1924_yagoda_menshinsky_dsershinsky.jpg/220px-1924_yagoda_menshinsky_dsershinsky.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="99" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/1924_yagoda_menshinsky_dsershinsky.jpg/330px-1924_yagoda_menshinsky_dsershinsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/1924_yagoda_menshinsky_dsershinsky.jpg/440px-1924_yagoda_menshinsky_dsershinsky.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Early NKVD leaders, <a href="/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda" title="Genrikh Yagoda">Genrikh Yagoda</a>, then (1924) 1st deputy head of SOU OGPU <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Menzhinsky" title="Vyacheslav Menzhinsky">Vyacheslav Menzhinsky</a> then head of SOU OGPU and deputy head OGPU, and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a> chief of OGPU, 1924</figcaption></figure> After the Russian <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a> dissolved the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsarist</a> police and set up the People's <a href="/wiki/Militias" class="mw-redirect" title="Militias">Militias</a>. The subsequent Russian <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917 saw a seizure of state power led by <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a>, who established a new <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> regime, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (RSFSR). The Provisional Government's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> (MVD), formerly under <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a> (from March 1917) and then under <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Avksentiev" title="Nikolai Avksentiev">Nikolai Avksentiev</a> (from 6 August [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 24 July] 1917) and Alexei Niketan (from 8 October [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 25 September] 1917), turned into NKVD (People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs) under a People's Commissar. However, the NKVD apparatus was overwhelmed by duties inherited from MVD, such as the supervision of the local governments and firefighting, and the Workers' and Peasants' Militias staffed by proletarians were largely inexperienced and unqualified. Realizing that it was left with no capable security force, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a> of the RSFSR established (20 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 7 December] 1917) a secret political police, the <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a>. It gained the right to undertake quick non-judicial trials and executions if that was deemed necessary in order to "protect the Russian socialist-<a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> revolution." The Cheka was reorganized in 1922, as the <a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">State Political Directorate</a>, or GPU, of the NKVD of the RSFSR.<a href="#cite_note-Malcher0-6">[6]</a> In 1922 the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> formed, with the RSFSR as its largest member. The GPU became the <a href="/wiki/OGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="OGPU">OGPU</a> (Joint State Political Directorate), under the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a> of the USSR. The NKVD of the RSFSR retained control of the militsiya and various other responsibilities. In 1934, the NKVD of the RSFSR was transformed into an all-union security force, the NKVD (which the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> leaders soon came to call "the leading detachment of our party"), and the OGPU was incorporated into the NKVD as the <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_for_State_Security_(USSR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Directorate for State Security (USSR)">Main Directorate for State Security</a> (GUGB); the separate NKVD of the RSFSR was not resurrected until 1946 (as the MVD of the RSFSR). As a result, the NKVD also took over control of all detention facilities (including the forced labor camps, known as the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulag</a>), as well as the regular police. At various times, the NKVD had the following Chief Directorates, abbreviated as ""ГУ"ГУ"—Главное управление, Glavnoye upravleniye. <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; float:right; u"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef" colspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Chronology of Soviet security agencies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom:2px solid gray;font-size:smaller"> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png/40px-GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="65" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="285"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 65px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png/40px-GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png" data-width="40" data-height="65" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png/60px-GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png/80px-GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/File:GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png/40px-GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="62" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="272"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 62px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png/40px-GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png" data-width="40" data-height="62" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png/60px-GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png/80px-GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/File:NKVD_Emblem_(Solid_Colors).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/40px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="63" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="519"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 63px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/40px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="63" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/60px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/80px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/File:Emblema_KGB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/35px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="67" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="291"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 67px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/35px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png" data-width="35" data-height="67" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/53px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/70px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef">1917–22 </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Sovnarkom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">RSFSR</a> (All-Russian Extraordinary Commission) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef">1922–23 </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">NKVD</a> of the RSFSR (State Political Directorate) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef">1923–34 </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">OGPU</a> of the Sovnarkom of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> (Joint State Political Directorate) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef">1934–41 1941–43 </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NKVD</a> of the USSR (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_State_Security" title="Main Directorate of State Security">GUGB</a> of the NKVD of the USSR (Main Directorate of State Security)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef">1941 1943–46 </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security" title="People's Commissariat for State Security">NKGB</a> of the USSR (People's Commissariat for State Security) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef">1946–53 </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a> of the USSR (Ministry of State Security) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef">1953–54 </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> of the USSR (Ministry of Internal Affairs) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef">1954–91 </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union">Council of Ministers of the USSR</a> (Committee for State Security) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Template:Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Template talk:Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd>ГУГБ – государственной безопасности, of State Security (<a href="/wiki/GUGB" class="mw-redirect" title="GUGB">GUGB</a>, Glavnoye upravleniye gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti)</dd> <dd>ГУРКМ – рабоче-крестьянской милиции, of Workers and Peasants <a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a> (GURKM, Glavnoye upravleniye raboče-krest'yanskoi militsyi)</dd> <dd>ГУПВО – пограничной и внутренней охраны, of Border and Internal Guards (GUPVO, GU pograničnoi i vnytrennei okhrany)</dd> <dd>ГУПО – пожарной охраны, of Firefighting Services (GUPO, GU požarnoi okhrany)</dd> <dd>ГУШосДор – шоссейных дорог, of Highways (GUŠD, GU šosseynykh dorog)</dd> <dd>ГУЖД – железных дорог, of Railways (GUŽD, GU železnykh dorog)</dd> <dd>ГУЛаг– Главное управление исправительно-трудовых лагерей и колоний, (<a href="/wiki/GULag" class="mw-redirect" title="GULag">GULag</a>, Glavnoye upravleniye <a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> lagerey i kolonii)</dd> <dd>ГЭУ – экономическое, of Economics (GEU, Glavnoye ekonomičeskoie upravleniye)</dd> <dd>ГТУ – транспортное, of Transport (GTU, Glavnoye transportnoie upravleniye)</dd> <dd>ГУВПИ – военнопленных и интернированных, of <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POWs</a> and interned persons (<a href="/wiki/GUVPI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUVPI">GUVPI</a>, Glavnoye upravleniye voyennoplennikh i internirovannikh)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yezhov_era">Yezhov era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Yezhov era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Until the reorganization begun by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a> with a purge of the regional political police in the autumn of 1936 and formalized by a May 1939 directive of the All-Union NKVD by which all appointments to the local political police were controlled from the center, there was frequent tension between centralized control of local units and the collusion of those units with local and regional party elements, frequently resulting in the thwarting of Moscow's plans.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> During Yezhov's time in office, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> reached its height. In the years 1937 and 1938 alone, at least 1.3 million were arrested and 681,692 were executed for 'crimes against the state'. The Gulag population swelled by 685,201 under Yezhov, nearly tripling in size in just two years, with at least 140,000 of these prisoners (and likely many more) dying of malnutrition, exhaustion and the elements. <a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> On 3 February 1941, the 4th Department (Special Section, OO) of the GUGB NKVD security service responsible for the Soviet Armed Forces military counterintelligence,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> consisting of 12 sections and one investigation unit, was separated from the GUGB NKVD USSR. The official liquidation of OO GUGB within NKVD was announced on 12 February by joint order No. 00151/003 of NKVD and NKGB USSR. The rest of GUGB was abolished, and staff were moved to the newly created <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security" title="People's Commissariat for State Security">People's Commissariat for State Security</a> (NKGB). Departments of former GUGB were renamed directorates. For example, the foreign intelligence unit known as the Foreign Department (INO) became the Foreign Directorate (INU); the GUGB political police unit represented by the Secret Political Department (SPO) became the Secret Political Directorate (SPU), and so on. The former GUGB 4th Department (OO), was split into three sections. One section, which handled military counterintelligence in NKVD troops (former 11th Section of GUGB 4th Department OO) became the 3rd NKVD Department, or OKR (Otdel KontrRazvedki). The chief of OKR NKVD was Aleksander Belyanov. After the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German invasion of the Soviet Union</a> (June 1941), the NKGB USSR was abolished, and on July 20, 1941, the units that formed the NKGB became part of the NKVD. The military CI was also upgraded from a department to a directorate and put in the NKVD organization as the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Special_Departments_within_NKVD_USSR" title="Directorate of Special Departments within NKVD USSR">Directorate of Special Departments</a>, or UOO NKVD USSR. The NKVMF, however, did not return to the NKVD until January 11, 1942. It returned to NKVD control on January 11, 1942, as UOO 9th Department controlled by P. Gladkov. In April 1943, Directorate of Special Departments was transformed into <a href="/wiki/SMERSH" title="SMERSH">SMERSH</a> and transferred to the People's Defense and Commissariates. At the same time, the NKVD was reduced in size and duties again by converting the GUGB to an independent unit named the NKGB. In 1946, all Soviet commissariats were renamed "ministries." Accordingly, the Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) of the USSR became the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> (MVD), while the NKGB was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry for State Security (Soviet Union)">Ministry of State Security</a> (MGB). In 1953, after the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Lavrenty_Beria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavrenty Beria">Lavrenty Beria</a>, the MGB merged back into the MVD. The police and security services finally split in 1954 to become: <ul><li>The USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), responsible for the criminal militia and <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">correctional facilities</a>.</li> <li>The USSR Committee for State Security (<a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>), responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Political_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Political police">political police</a>, intelligence, counterintelligence, personal protection (of the leadership), and confidential communications.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_Directorates_(Departments)">Main Directorates (Departments)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Main Directorates (Departments)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_State_Security" title="Main Directorate of State Security">State Security</a></li> <li>Workers-Peasants Militsiya</li> <li>Border and Internal Security</li> <li>Firefighting security</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Correction and Labor camps</a></li> <li>Other smaller departments <ul><li>Department of Civil Registration</li> <li>Financial (FINO)</li> <li>Administration</li> <li>Human resources</li> <li>Secretariat</li> <li>Special assignment</li></ul></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Ranking_system_(State_Security)">Ranking system (State Security)</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ranking system (State Security)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> In 1935–1945, the <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_State_Security" title="Main Directorate of State Security">Main Directorate of State Security</a> of NKVD had its own ranking system before it was merged into the Soviet military standardized ranking system. <dl><dt>Top-level commanding staff</dt></dl> <ul><li>Commissioner General of State Security (later in 1935)</li> <li>Commissioner of State Security, 1st Class</li> <li>Commissioner of State Security, 2nd Class</li> <li>Commissioner of State Security, 3rd Class</li> <li>Commissioner of State Security (Senior Major of State Security, before 1943)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Senior commanding staff</dt></dl> <ul><li>Colonel of State Security (Major of State Security, before 1943)</li> <li>Lieutenant Colonel of State Security (Captain of State Security, before 1943)</li> <li>Major of State Security (Senior Lieutenant of State Security, before 1943)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Mid-level commanding staff</dt></dl> <ul><li>Captain of State Security (Lieutenant of State Security, before 1943)</li> <li>Senior Lieutenant of State Security (Junior Lieutenant of State Security, before 1943)</li> <li>Lieutenant of State Security (Sergeant of State Security, before 1942)</li> <li>Junior Lieutenant of State Security (Sergeant of State Security, before 1942)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Junior commanding staff</dt></dl> <ul><li>Master Sergeant of Special Service (from 1943)</li> <li>Senior Sergeant of Special Service (from 1943)</li> <li>Sergeant of Special Service (from 1943)</li> <li>Junior Sergeant of Special Service (from 1943)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="NKVD_activities">NKVD activities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: NKVD activities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The main function of the NKVD was to protect the <a href="/wiki/Security_agency" title="Security agency">state security</a> of the Soviet Union through massive <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a>, including authorized murders of many thousands of politicians and citizens, as well as kidnappings, assassinations, and mass deportations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_repressions">Domestic repressions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Domestic repressions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression in the Soviet Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yagoda_kanal_Moskva_Volga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Yagoda_kanal_Moskva_Volga.jpg/240px-Yagoda_kanal_Moskva_Volga.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="1048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 320px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Yagoda_kanal_Moskva_Volga.jpg/240px-Yagoda_kanal_Moskva_Volga.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="320" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Yagoda_kanal_Moskva_Volga.jpg/360px-Yagoda_kanal_Moskva_Volga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Yagoda_kanal_Moskva_Volga.jpg/480px-Yagoda_kanal_Moskva_Volga.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>NKVD chief <a href="/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda" title="Genrikh Yagoda">Genrikh Yagoda</a> (middle) inspecting construction of what was then called the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Canal" title="Moscow Canal">Moskva-Volga Canal</a>, 1935. Behind him is <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></figcaption></figure> In implemention of Soviet internal policy towards perceived enemies of the Soviet state ("<a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemies of the people">enemies of the people</a>"), untold multitudes of people were sent to GULAG camps, and hundreds of thousands were executed by the NKVD.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Formally, most of these people were convicted by <a href="/wiki/NKVD_troika" title="NKVD troika">NKVD troikas</a> ("triplets") – special <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">courts martial</a>. Evidence standards were very low: a tip-off by an anonymous informer was considered sufficient grounds for arrest. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Use of "physical means of persuasion" (torture) was sanctioned by a special decree of the state, which opened the door to numerous abuses, documented in recollections of victims and members of the NKVD themselves. Hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Mass_graves_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass graves in the Soviet Union">mass graves</a> resulting from such operations were later discovered throughout the country.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Evidence [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] exists that the NKVD committed mass extrajudicial executions, guided by secret "plans." Those plans established the number and proportion of victims (officially "public enemies") in a given region (e.g., the quotas for clergy, former <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobles</a>, etc., regardless of identity). The families of the repressed, including children, were also automatically repressed according to <a href="/wiki/Order_about_Family_Members_of_Traitors_of_the_Motherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Order about Family Members of Traitors of the Motherland">NKVD Order no. 00486</a>. The purges were organized in a number of waves according to decisions of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo of the Communist Party</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some examples are the campaigns among engineers (<a href="/wiki/Shakhty_Trial" title="Shakhty Trial">Shakhty Trial</a>), party and military elite plots (<a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> with <a href="/wiki/NKVD_Order_No._00447" title="NKVD Order No. 00447">Order 00447</a>), and medical staff ("<a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors' Plot">Doctors' Plot</a>"). <a href="/wiki/Soviet_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet gas van">Gas vans</a> were <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber#Soviet_Union" title="Gas chamber">used in the Soviet Union</a> during the Great Purge in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-colton-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Mass_operations_of_the_NKVD" title="Mass operations of the NKVD">mass operations of the NKVD</a> related to persecution of entire ethnic categories. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD_(1937%E2%80%9338)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD (1937–38)">Polish Operation</a> of the NKVD in 1937–1938 resulted in the execution of 111,091 Poles.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Whole populations of certain ethnicities <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">were forcibly resettled</a>. Foreigners living in the Soviet Union were given particular attention. When disillusioned <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">American citizens</a> in the Soviet Union thronged the gates of the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United States, Moscow">U.S. embassy in Moscow</a> to plead for new <a href="/wiki/United_States_passport" title="United States passport">U.S. passports</a> to leave the USSR (their original U.S. passports had been taken for 'registration' purposes years before), none were issued. Instead, the NKVD promptly arrested the Americans, who were all taken to <a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubyanka Prison">Lubyanka Prison</a> and later shot.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> American factory workers at the Soviet Ford <a href="/wiki/GAZ" title="GAZ">GAZ</a> plant, suspected by Stalin of being 'poisoned' by Western influences, were dragged off with the others to Lubyanka by the NKVD in the very same Ford <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_A_(1927-1931)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Model A (1927-1931)">Model A</a> cars they had helped build, where they were tortured; nearly all were executed or died in labor camps. Many of the slain Americans were dumped in the mass grave at <a href="/wiki/Yuzhnoye_Butovo_District" title="Yuzhnoye Butovo District">Yuzhnoye Butovo District</a>, near Moscow. <a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> However, the people of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Republics">Soviet Republics</a> were still the majority of NKVD victims. The NKVD also served as an arm of the Russian Soviet communist government for lethal mass persecution and destruction of ethnic minorities and religious beliefs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukrainian Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Greek Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, and other religious organizations, an operation headed by <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tuchkov" title="Yevgeny Tuchkov">Yevgeny Tuchkov</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_operations">International operations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International operations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg/220px-Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg/220px-Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg/330px-Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg/440px-Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a> with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (in background) and Stalin's daughter <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alliluyeva" title="Svetlana Alliluyeva">Svetlana</a></figcaption></figure> During the 1930s, the NKVD was responsible for political murders of those Stalin believed opposed him. Espionage networks headed by experienced multilingual NKVD officers such as <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Sudoplatov" title="Pavel Sudoplatov">Pavel Sudoplatov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iskhak_Akhmerov" title="Iskhak Akhmerov">Iskhak Akhmerov</a> were established in nearly every major Western country, including the United States. The NKVD recruited agents for its espionage efforts from all walks of life, from unemployed intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zborowski" title="Mark Zborowski">Mark Zborowski</a> to aristocrats such as <a href="/wiki/Martha_Dodd" title="Martha Dodd">Martha Dodd</a>. Besides the gathering of intelligence, these networks provided organizational assistance for so-called wet business, <a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> where enemies of the USSR either disappeared or were openly liquidated. <a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The NKVD's <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(information_gathering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence (information gathering)">intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">special operations</a> (Inostranny Otdel) unit organized overseas assassinations of political enemies of the USSR, such as leaders of nationalist movements, former Tsarist officials, and personal rivals of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. Among the officially confirmed victims of such plots were: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, a personal political enemy of Stalin and his most bitter international critic, killed in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> in 1940.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Konovalets" title="Yevhen Konovalets">Yevhen Konovalets</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian nationalist</a> leader attempting to create a separatist movement in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Ukraine</a>; assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Miller" title="Yevgeny Miller">Yevgeny Miller</a>, former General of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Tsarist (Imperial Russian) Army</a>; in the 1930s, he was responsible for funding anti-communist movements inside the USSR with the support of European governments. Kidnapped in Paris and brought to Moscow, where he was interrogated and executed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Ramishvili" title="Noe Ramishvili">Noe Ramishvili</a>, Prime Minister of independent <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, fled to France after the Bolshevik takeover; responsible for funding and coordinating <a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian nationalist</a> organizations and the <a href="/wiki/August_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="August uprising">August uprising</a>, he was assassinated in Paris.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Savinkov" title="Boris Savinkov">Boris Savinkov</a>, a Russian revolutionary and anti-Bolshevik terrorist lured back into Russia and allegedly killed in 1924 by the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Operation">Trust Operation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Reilly" title="Sidney Reilly">Sidney Reilly</a>, a British agent of <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a>, deliberately entered Russia in 1925, trying to expose the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Operation">Trust Operation</a> to avenge Savinkov's death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kutepov" title="Alexander Kutepov">Alexander Kutepov</a>, former General of the Tsarist (Imperial Russian) Army, was active in organizing anti-communist groups with the support of French and British governments.</li></ul> Prominent political dissidents were also found dead under highly suspicious circumstances, including <a href="/wiki/Walter_Krivitsky" title="Walter Krivitsky">Walter Krivitsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Sedov" title="Lev Sedov">Lev Sedov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignace_Reiss" title="Ignace Reiss">Ignace Reiss</a>, and former <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">German Communist Party (KPD)</a> member <a href="/wiki/Willi_M%C3%BCnzenberg" title="Willi Münzenberg">Willi Münzenberg</a>. <a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Pro-Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> received NKVD assistance to conduct a purge coinciding with Stalin's <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> in 1937. Sheng and the Soviets alleged a massive <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a> conspiracy and a "Fascist Trotskyite plot" to destroy the Soviet Union. Soviet Consul General <a href="/wiki/Garegin_Apresov" title="Garegin Apresov">Garegin Apresoff</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hushan" title="Ma Hushan">Ma Hushan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Shaowu" title="Ma Shaowu">Ma Shaowu</a>, Mahmud Sijan, the official leader of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> province, Huang Han-chang, and <a href="/wiki/Hoja-Niyaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoja-Niyaz">Hoja-Niyaz</a> were among the 435 alleged conspirators in the plot. Xinjiang came under Soviet influence. <a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Civil_War">Spanish Civil War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spanish Civil War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, the NKVD ran Section X, coordinating the Soviet intervention on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Spanish Republicans</a>. <a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> NKVD agents acting in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">Communist Party of Spain</a> exercised substantial control over the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican</a> government, using Soviet military aid to further Soviet influence. <a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The NKVD established numerous secret prisons around Madrid, used to detain, torture, and kill hundreds of the NKVD's enemies, first focusing on <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spanish Nationalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Spanish Catholics</a>, then after late 1938 increasingly anarchists and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotskyists</a> as objects of persecution.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Nin" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrés Nin">Andrés Nin</a>, the secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Marxist_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Party of Marxist Unification">Trotskyist POUM</a>, and his colleagues were tortured and killed in an NKVD prison in Alcalá de Henares.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_operations">World War II operations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War II operations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gestapo%E2%80%93NKVD_conferences" title="Gestapo–NKVD conferences">Gestapo–NKVD conferences</a></div> Before the German invasion, to accomplish its own goals, the NKVD was prepared to cooperate even with such organizations as the German <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>. In March 1940, representatives of the NKVD and the Gestapo met for a week in <a href="/wiki/Zakopane" title="Zakopane">Zakopane</a> to coordinate the pacification of Poland. The Soviet Union allegedly deported hundreds of German and Austrian Communists to Nazi territories as unwanted foreigners. According to the work of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Mensing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Mensing (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Mensing</a>, no evidence that which suggests that the Soviets specifically targeted German and Austrian Communists or others who perceived themselves as "anti-fascists" for deportations to Nazi Germany. <a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Furthermore, many NKVD units later fought the Wehrmacht, for example the <a href="/wiki/10th_NKVD_Rifle_Division" title="10th NKVD Rifle Division">10th NKVD Rifle Division</a>, which fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>. After the German invasion, the NKVD <a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacres" title="NKVD prisoner massacres">evacuated and killed prisoners</a>. During World War II, NKVD <a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Troops">Internal Troops</a> were used for rear area security, including preventing the retreat of Soviet army divisions. Though mainly intended for internal security, NKVD divisions were sometimes used at the front, for example during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_offensive" title="Crimean offensive">Crimean offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zaloga-31">[31]</a> to stem <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">desertions</a> under Stalin's <a href="/wiki/Order_No._270" title="Order No. 270">Order No. 270</a> and <a href="/wiki/Order_No._227" title="Order No. 227">Order No. 227</a> decrees of 1941 and 1942, which aimed to raise troop morale through brutality and coercion. At the beginning of the war, the NKVD formed 15 rifle divisions, which grew by 1945 to 53 divisions and 28 brigades.<a href="#cite_note-zaloga-31">[31]</a> Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>, the NKVD did not field any armored or mechanized units. <a href="#cite_note-zaloga-31">[31]</a> In enemy-held territories, the NKVD carried out numerous missions of sabotage. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">fall of Kiev</a>, NKVD agents set fire to the Nazi headquarters and various other targets, eventually burning down much of the city center. <a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Similar actions took place across the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">occupied Byelorussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. The NKVD (later the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>) carried out mass arrests, deportations, and executions. The targets included both <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborators with Germany</a> and members of non-communist <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movements</a> such as the Polish <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a>, which were trying to separate from the Soviet Union, among others. The NKVD also executed tens of thousands of Polish political prisoners in 1940–1941, including at the <a href="/wiki/Katy%C5%84_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyń massacre">Katyń massacre</a>. <a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> On November 26, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> issued a declaration acknowledging Stalin's responsibility for the Katyn massacre and the execution of intellectual leaders and 22,000 <a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish POWs</a> by Stalin's NKVD. The declaration stated that archival material "not only unveils the scale of his horrific tragedy but also provides evidence that the Katyn crime was committed on direct orders from Stalin and other Soviet leaders."<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> NKVD units were also used to repress the prolonged partisan war in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukraine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Forest_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Brothers">Baltics</a>, which lasted until the early 1950s. NKVD also faced strong opposition in Poland from the Polish resistance movement known as the <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_operations">Postwar operations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Postwar operations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/NKVD" title="Special:EditPage/NKVD">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (July 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> After the death of Stalin in 1953, the new Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> halted NKVD purges. From the 1950s to the 1980s, thousands of victims were legally "rehabilitated," i.e., acquitted with their rights restored. Many of the victims and their relatives refused to apply for rehabilitation, either out of fear or a lack of documents. The rehabilitation was not complete; in most cases, the formulation was "due to lack of evidence of the case of crime." Only a limited number of persons were rehabilitated with the formulation "cleared of all charges.". Very few NKVD agents were ever officially convicted of a particular violation of anyone's rights. Legally, those agents executed in the 1930s were also "purged" without legitimate a criminal investigation or court decision. In the 1990s and 2000s, a small number of ex-NKVD agents in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> were convicted of crimes against the local population. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence_activities">Intelligence activities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Intelligence activities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> These included: <ul><li>Establishment of a widespread spy network through the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>.</li> <li>Operations of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sorge" title="Richard Sorge">Richard Sorge</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Red_Orchestra_(spy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Orchestra (spy)">Red Orchestra</a>," <a href="/wiki/Willi_Lehmann" title="Willi Lehmann">Willi Lehmann</a>, and other agents who provided valuable intelligence during World War II.</li> <li>Recruitment of important UK officials as agents in the 1940s.</li> <li>Penetration of British intelligence (<a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a>) and counterintelligence (<a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a>) services.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_spies" title="Atomic spies">Collection of detailed nuclear weapons design information</a> from the U.S. and Britain during the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>.</li> <li>Disruption of several confirmed plots to assassinate Stalin.</li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a> and earlier its communist party along with training activists during World War II. The first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President of Poland</a> after the war was <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a>, an NKVD agent.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_economy">Soviet economy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Soviet economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The extensive system of labor exploitation in the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> made a notable contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Soviet economy</a> and the development of remote areas. Colonization of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Far East</a> were among the explicitly stated goals in the first laws concerning Soviet <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a>. Mining, construction works (roads, railways, canals, dams, and factories), logging, and other functions of the labor camps were part of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a>, and the NKVD had its own production plans. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The most unusual part of the NKVD's achievements was its role in <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Soviet science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">arms development</a>. Many scientists and engineers arrested for political crimes were placed in special prisons, much more comfortable than the gulag, colloquially known as <a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">sharashkas</a>. These prisoners continued their work in these prisons and were later released. Some of them became world leaders in science and technology. Among the sharashka were <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Korolev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Korolev">Sergey Korolev</a>, head designer of the Soviet rocket program and first human space flight mission in 1961, and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tupolev" title="Andrei Tupolev">Andrei Tupolev</a>, the famous airplane designer. <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> was also imprisoned in a sharashka and based his novel <a href="/wiki/The_First_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="The First Circle">The First Circle</a> on his experiences there. After World War II, the NKVD coordinated work on Soviet nuclear weaponry under the direction of General <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Sudoplatov" title="Pavel Sudoplatov">Pavel Sudoplatov</a>. The scientists were not prisoners, but the project was supervised by the NKVD because of its great importance and the corresponding requirement for absolute security and secrecy. The project also used information obtained by the NKVD from the United States. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="People's_Commissars">People's Commissars</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: People's Commissars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> The agency was headed by a people's commissar (minister). His first deputy was the director of State Security Service (GUGB). <ul><li>1934–1936 <a href="/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda" title="Genrikh Yagoda">Genrikh Yagoda</a>, both people's commissar of Interior and director of State Security</li> <li>1936–1938 <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a>, people's commissar of Interior <ul><li>1936–1937 <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Agranov" title="Yakov Agranov">Yakov Agranov</a>, director of State Security (as the first deputy)</li> <li>1937–1938 <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frinovsky" title="Mikhail Frinovsky">Mikhail Frinovsky</a>, director of State Security (as the first deputy)</li> <li>1938 <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a>, director of State Security (as the first deputy)</li></ul></li> <li>1938–1945 <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a>, people's commissar of Interior <ul><li>1938–1941 <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Merkulov" title="Vsevolod Merkulov">Vsevolod Merkulov</a>, director of State Security (as the first deputy)</li> <li>1941–1943 <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Merkulov" title="Vsevolod Merkulov">Vsevolod Merkulov</a>, director of State Security (as the first deputy)</li></ul></li> <li>1945–1946 <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kruglov_(politician)" title="Sergei Kruglov (politician)">Sergei Kruglov</a>, people's commissar of Interior</li></ul> Note: In the first half of 1941 Vsevolod Merkulov transformed his agency into separate commissariat (ministry), but it was merged back to the people's commissariat of Interior soon after the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union</a>. In 1943 Merkulov once again split his <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">agency</a> this time for good. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Officers">Officers</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Officers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Andrei Zhukov singlehandedly identified every single NKVD officer involved in 1930s arrests and killings by researching a Moscow archive. There are just over 40,000 names on the list.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union#Terror,_famine_and_the_Gulag" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Terror, famine and the Gulag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poison_laboratory_of_the_Soviet_secret_services" title="Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services">Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_NKVD_Rifle_Division" title="10th NKVD Rifle Division">10th NKVD Rifle Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth_conspiracy" title="Hitler Youth conspiracy">Hitler Youth conspiracy</a>, an NKVD case pursued in 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_filtration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="NKVD filtration camp">NKVD filtration camp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_special_camps_in_Germany_1945%E2%80%9349" class="mw-redirect" title="NKVD special camps in Germany 1945–49">NKVD special camps in Germany 1945–49</a>, internment camps set up at the end of World War II in eastern Germany (often in former Nazi POW or concentration camps) and other areas under Soviet domination, to imprison those suspected of collaboration with the Nazis, or others deemed to be troublesome to Soviet ambitions.</li></ul></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-huskey-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huskey_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-huskey_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHuskey2014" class="citation book cs1">Huskey, Eugene (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7n_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230">Russian Lawyers and the Soviet State: The Origins and Development of the Soviet Bar, 1917–1939</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5451-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5451-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-5451-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Lawyers+and+the+Soviet+State%3A+The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+Soviet+Bar%2C+1917%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5451-6&rft.aulast=Huskey&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB7n_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhlevniuk2015" class="citation book cs1">Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dy7CCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125">Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator</a>. Yale University Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16694-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16694-1"><bdi>978-0-300-16694-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+New+Biography+of+a+Dictator&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16694-1&rft.aulast=Khlevniuk&rft.aufirst=Oleg+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDy7CCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Yevgenia Albats, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Bg5zAEACAAJ">KGB: The State Within a State</a>. 1995, page 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-semukhina74-4"><a href="#cite_ref-semukhina74_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemukhinaReynolds2013" class="citation book cs1">Semukhina, Olga B.; Reynolds, Kenneth Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idInAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT74">Understanding the Modern Russian Police</a>. CRC Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-1887-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-1887-9"><bdi>978-1-4822-1887-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Modern+Russian+Police&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4822-1887-9&rft.aulast=Semukhina&rft.aufirst=Olga+B.&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Kenneth+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DidInAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemukhinaReynolds2013" class="citation book cs1">Semukhina, Olga B.; Reynolds, Kenneth Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jAnMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">Understanding the Modern Russian Police</a>. CRC Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-0349-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-0349-3"><bdi>978-1-4398-0349-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Modern+Russian+Police&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-0349-3&rft.aulast=Semukhina&rft.aufirst=Olga+B.&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Kenneth+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjAnMBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcher0-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Malcher0_6-0">^</a> Blank Pages by G.C.Malcher <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897984-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897984-00-0">978-1-897984-00-0</a>, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> ispravitelno-trudovykh </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> James Harris, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=CMR_422_0423">Dual subordination ? The political police and the party in the Urals region, 1918–1953</a>", Cahiers du monde russe 22 (2001):423–446. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Figes, Orlando (2007) The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7461-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7461-1">978-0-8050-7461-1</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentstalk.com/wp/gugb">GUGB NKVD.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008005026/http://www.documentstalk.com/wp/gugb">Archived</a> 2020-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> DocumentsTalk.com, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2010/08/02/2213-chelovek-v-kozhanom-fartuke"><bdi lang="ru">Человек в кожаном фартуке</bdi></a>. Новая газета – Novayagazeta.ru (in Russian). 2010-08-02. Retrieved 2019-01-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%E2%80%93+Novayagazeta.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA+%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.date=2010-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novayagazeta.ru%2Farticles%2F2010%2F08%2F02%2F2213-chelovek-v-kozhanom-fartuke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-colton-12"><a href="#cite_ref-colton_12-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_J._Colton" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy J. Colton">Timothy J. Colton</a>. Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press#Related_publishers,_imprints,_and_series" title="Harvard University Press">Belknap Press</a>, 1998. Ù<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-58749-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-58749-6">978-0-674-58749-6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXM2H6tWHskC&pg=PA286">p. 286</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.kr-eho.info/index.php?name=News&op=article&sid=8849">Газовые душегубки: сделано в СССР (Gas vans: made in the USSR)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803031853/http://old.kr-eho.info/index.php?name=News">Archived</a> August 3, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Dmitry Sokolov, Echo of Crimea, 09.10.2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Григоренко П.Г. В подполье можно встретить только крыс… (<a href="/wiki/Petro_Grigorenko" title="Petro Grigorenko">Petro Grigorenko</a>, "In the underground one can meet only rats") – Нью-Йорк, Издательство «Детинец», 1981, p. 403, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=page&num=9485">Full text of the book (Russian)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Goldman, Wendy Z. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D0_HYK8R-8IC&pg=PA217">Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia.</a> New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19196-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19196-8">978-0-521-19196-8</a>. p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Tzouliadis, Tim, The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin's Russia Penguin Press (2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-168-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-168-4">978-1-59420-168-4</a>: Many of the Americans asking to return home were communists who had voluntarily moved to the Soviet Union, while others moved to Soviet Union as skilled auto workers at the recently constructed GAZ automobile factory built by the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>. All were U.S. citizens. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Tzouliadis, Tim, The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin's Russia Penguin Press (2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-168-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-168-4">978-1-59420-168-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Barmine, Alexander, One Who Survived, New York: G.P. Putnam (1945), p. 18: NKVD expression for a political murder </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Barmine, Alexander, One Who Survived, New York: G.P. Putnam (1945), pp. 232–233 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Orlov, Alexander, The March of Time, St. Ermin's Press (2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903608-05-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903608-05-0">978-1-903608-05-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Andrew, Christopher and Mitrokhin, Vasili, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB, Basic Books (2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00312-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00312-9">978-0-465-00312-9</a>, p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Barmine, Alexander, One Who Survived, New York: G. P. Putnam (1945), pp. 17, 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Sean McMeekin, The Red Millionaire: A Political Biography of Willi Münzenberg, Moscow's Secret Propaganda Tsar in the West, 1917–1940, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press (2004), pp. 304–305 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D._W._Forbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ">Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949</a>. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1"><bdi>978-0-521-25514-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2010-12-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%3A+a+political+history+of+Republican+Sinkiang+1911%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25514-1&rft.au=Andrew+D.+W.+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAs9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780691184241-005/html">"4. The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)"</a>, Secret Wars, Princeton University Press, p. 115, 2018-12-31, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780691184241-005">10.1515/9780691184241-005</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18424-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18424-1"><bdi>978-0-691-18424-1</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227568935">227568935</a>, retrieved 2022-02-07</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Secret+Wars&rft.atitle=4.+The+Spanish+Civil+War+%281936%E2%80%931939%29&rft.pages=115&rft.date=2018-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A227568935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780691184241-005&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18424-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9780691184241-005%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_W._Pringle2015" class="citation book cs1">Robert W. Pringle (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J9RQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA288">Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Intelligence</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 288–289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5318-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5318-6"><bdi>978-1-4422-5318-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Russian+and+Soviet+Intelligence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E288-%3C%2Fspan%3E289&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5318-6&rft.au=Robert+W.+Pringle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ9RQCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Andrew2000" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Andrew (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TWUAQ7Xof8C&pg=PA73">The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB</a>. Basic Books. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00312-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00312-9"><bdi>978-0-465-00312-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sword+and+the+Shield%3A+The+Mitrokhin+Archive+and+the+Secret+History+of+the+KGB&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00312-9&rft.au=Christopher+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9TWUAQ7Xof8C%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Clay_Large1991" class="citation book cs1">David Clay Large (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_t-7jUEjQi8C&pg=PA308">Between Two Fires: Europe's Path in the 1930s</a>. W. W. Norton. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30757-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30757-3"><bdi>978-0-393-30757-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Two+Fires%3A+Europe%27s+Path+in+the+1930s&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30757-3&rft.au=David+Clay+Large&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_t-7jUEjQi8C%26pg%3DPA308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMensing2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mensing, Wilhelm (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeitschrift-fsed.fu-berlin.de/index.php/zfsed/article/view/236">"Eine "Morgengabe" Stalins an den Paktfreund Hitler? Die Auslieferung deutscher Emigranten an das NS-Regime nach Abschluß des Hitler-Stalin-Pakts – eine zwischen den Diktatoren arrangierte Preisgabe von "Antifaschisten"?"</a>. Zeitschrift des Forschungsverbundes SED-Staat (in German). 20 (20). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0948-9878">0948-9878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+des+Forschungsverbundes+SED-Staat&rft.atitle=Eine+%22Morgengabe%22+Stalins+an+den+Paktfreund+Hitler%3F+Die+Auslieferung+deutscher+Emigranten+an+das+NS-Regime+nach+Abschlu%C3%9F+des+Hitler-Stalin-Pakts+%E2%80%93+eine+zwischen+den+Diktatoren+arrangierte+Preisgabe+von+%22Antifaschisten%22%3F&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=20&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0948-9878&rft.aulast=Mensing&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzeitschrift-fsed.fu-berlin.de%2Findex.php%2Fzfsed%2Farticle%2Fview%2F236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zaloga-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zaloga_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zaloga_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zaloga_31-2">c</a> Zaloga, Steven J. The Red Army of the Great Patriotic War, 1941–45, Osprey Publishing, (1989), pp. 21–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirstein2013" class="citation book cs1">Birstein, Vadim (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kg2uAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT589">Smersh: Stalin's Secret Weapon</a>. Biteback Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84954-689-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84954-689-8"><bdi>978-1-84954-689-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smersh%3A+Stalin%27s+Secret+Weapon&rft.pub=Biteback+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84954-689-8&rft.aulast=Birstein&rft.aufirst=Vadim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkg2uAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanford2007" class="citation book cs1">Sanford, George (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tV2AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT16">Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-30299-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-30299-4"><bdi>978-1-134-30299-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Katyn+and+the+Soviet+Massacre+of+1940%3A+Truth%2C+Justice+and+Memory&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-30299-4&rft.aulast=Sanford&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtV2AAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115065512/http://www.cdvr.org.ua/content/lviv-museum-recounts-soviet-massacres">"Lviv museum recounts Soviet massacres | Центр досліджень визвольного руху"</a>. 2019-01-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdvr.org.ua/content/lviv-museum-recounts-soviet-massacres">the original</a> on January 15, 2019. Retrieved 2020-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lviv+museum+recounts+Soviet+massacres+%7C+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D1%83&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdvr.org.ua%2Fcontent%2Flviv-museum-recounts-soviet-massacres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2010" class="citation news cs1">Barry, Ellen (26 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/27/world/europe/27briefs-katyn.html">"Russia: Stalin Called Responsible for Katyn Killings"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 17 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Russia%3A+Stalin+Called+Responsible+for+Katyn+Killings&rft.date=2010-11-26&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F11%2F27%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F27briefs-katyn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2017" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Shaun (6 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/06/stalin-secret-police-killings-crimes-russia-terror-nkvd">"Stalin's secret police finally named but killings still not seen as crimes"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Stalin%27s+secret+police+finally+named+but+killings+still+not+seen+as+crimes&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Ffeb%2F06%2Fstalin-secret-police-killings-crimes-russia-terror-nkvd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union#Violence_and_terror" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Violence and terror</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union#Terror,_famine_and_the_Gulag" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Terror, famine and the Gulag</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2015" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Max (2015). The Secret War: Spies, Codes and Guerrillas 1939–1945 (paperback). London: William Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-750374-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-750374-2"><bdi>978-0-00-750374-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+War%3A+Spies%2C+Codes+and+Guerrillas+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Collins&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-00-750374-2&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NKVD" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NKVD">NKVD</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li>For evidence on Soviet espionage in the United States during the Cold War, see the full text of Alexander Vassiliev's Notebooks <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/alexander-vassilievs-notebooks-and-the-documentation-soviet-intelligence-operations-the-unit-0">from the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119113104/http://nkvd.org/">NKVD.org: information site about the NKVD</a></li> <li>(in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050219180348/http://mvdinform.ru/index.php?docid=361">MVD: 200-year history of the Ministry</a></li> <li>(in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memo.ru/history/nkvdfram.htm">Memorial: history of the OGPU/NKVD/MGB/KGB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161210120338/http://www.memo.ru/history/nkvdfram.htm">Archived</a> 2016-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=NKVD&params=55.7606_N_37.6281_E_source:wikidata">55°45′38″N 37°37′41″E / 55.7606°N 37.6281°E / 55.7606; 37.6281</a>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NKVD&oldid=1267433866">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NKVD&oldid=1267433866</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 5 January 2025, at 02:36 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المفوضية الشعبية للشؤون الداخلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المفوضية الشعبية للشؤون الداخلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSR%C4%B0_Xalq_Daxili_%C4%B0%C5%9Fl%C9%99r_Komissarl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="SSRİ Xalq Daxili İşlər Komissarlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="SSRİ Xalq Daxili İşlər Komissarlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_(%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8.%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87.%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF.%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF)" title="নারোদনি কমিসারিয়াত ভ্নুতরেন্নিখ দিয়াল (এন.কে.ভি.ডি) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নারোদনি কমিসারিয়াত ভ্নুতরেন্নিখ দিয়াল (এন.কে.ভি.ডি)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D1%88%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="СССР Эске эштәр халыҡ комиссариаты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="СССР Эске эштәр халыҡ комиссариаты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Народны камісарыят унутраных спраў СССР – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Народны камісарыят унутраных спраў СССР" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Народны камісарыят унутраных справаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Народны камісарыят унутраных справаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Народен комисариат на вътрешните работи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Народен комисариат на вътрешните работи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innenministerium_der_UdSSR" title="Innenministerium der UdSSR – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Innenministerium der UdSSR" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%95%CF%83%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Λαϊκό Επιτροπείο Εσωτερικών Υποθέσεων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαϊκό Επιτροπείο Εσωτερικών Υποθέσεων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کمیساریای خلق در امور داخلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمیساریای خلق در امور داخلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%B4%EB%AC%B4%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EC%9C%84%EC%9B%90%EB%B6%80" title="내무인민위원부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="내무인민위원부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%8D%D5%80%D5%84_%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="ԽՍՀՄ Ներքին գործերի ժողովրդական կոմիսարիատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԽՍՀՄ Ներքին գործերի ժողովրդական կոմիսարիատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komisariat_Rakyat_untuk_Urusan_Dalam_Negeri" title="Komisariat Rakyat untuk Urusan Dalam Negeri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komisariat Rakyat untuk Urusan Dalam Negeri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissariato_del_popolo_per_gli_affari_interni" title="Commissariato del popolo per gli affari interni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Commissariato del popolo per gli affari interni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0.%D7%A7.%D7%95.%D7%93." title="נ.ק.ו.ד. – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נ.ק.ו.ד." data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="შინაგან საქმეთა სახალხო კომისარიატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შინაგან საქმეთა სახალხო კომისარიატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%9E_%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="КСРО ішкі істер халық комиссариаты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="КСРО ішкі істер халық комиссариаты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSRS_Iek%C5%A1lietu_Tautas_komisari%C4%81ts" title="PSRS Iekšlietu Tautas komisariāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="PSRS Iekšlietu Tautas komisariāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB.%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86.%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF" title="എൻ.കെ.വി.ഡി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എൻ.കെ.വി.ഡി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%92%D0%94" title="НКВД – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="НКВД" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E9%83%A8" title="内務人民委員部 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="内務人民委員部" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSR_Ichki_ishlar_xalq_komissarligi" title="SSSR Ichki ishlar xalq komissarligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="SSSR Ichki ishlar xalq komissarligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="داخلہ امور دی عوامی کمیساریت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="داخلہ امور دی عوامی کمیساریت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKWD" title="NKWD – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="NKWD" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%92%D0%94" title="НКВД – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="НКВД" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Народный комиссариат внутренних дел СССР – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Народный комиссариат внутренних дел СССР" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%92%D0%94" title="НКВД – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="НКВД" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodnyj_komissariat_vnutrennich_del" title="Narodnyj komissariat vnutrennich del – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Narodnyj komissariat vnutrennich del" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%88%D8%AE%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%84" title="دەسەڵاتدارێتیی کاروباری نێوخۆیی گەل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەسەڵاتدارێتیی کاروباری نێوخۆیی گەل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%92%D0%94" title="НКВД – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="НКВД" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%91_%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D1%88%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="ССРБ эчке эшләр халык комиссарлыгы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="ССРБ эчке эшләр халык комиссарлыгы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99" title="กรมการราษฎรฝ่ายกิจการภายใน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรมการราษฎรฝ่ายกิจการภายใน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Народний комісаріат внутрішніх справ СРСР – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Народний комісаріат внутрішніх справ СРСР" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="داخلہ امور کی عوامی کمیساریت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="داخلہ امور کی عوامی کمیساریت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_D%C3%A2n_%E1%BB%A7y_N%E1%BB%99i_v%E1%BB%A5_Li%C3%AAn_X%C3%B4" title="Bộ Dân ủy Nội vụ Liên Xô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Dân ủy Nội vụ Liên Xô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%8A%A1%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E9%83%A8" title="内务人民委员部 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="内务人民委员部" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%90_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%93%D7%A2" title="ען קא ווע דע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ען קא ווע דע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%8B%99%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E9%83%A8" title="內務人民委員部 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="內務人民委員部" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%8B%99%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E9%83%A8" title="內務人民委員部 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="內務人民委員部" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 January 2025, at 02:36 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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