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War</a>)</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Laws of War" redirects here. For the Arma 3 expansion, see <a href="/wiki/Arma_3#Laws_of_War" title="Arma 3">Arma 3 § Laws of War</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Jus in Bello" redirects here. For the Supernatural episode, see <a href="/wiki/Jus_in_Bello_(Supernatural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jus in Bello (Supernatural)">Jus in Bello (Supernatural)</a>.</div> The law of war is a component of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> that regulates the conditions for initiating <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jus_ad_bellum" title="Jus ad bellum">jus ad bellum</a>) and the conduct of hostilities (jus in bello). Laws of war define sovereignty and nationhood, states and territories, occupation, and other critical terms of law. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_Geneva_Conventions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Original_Geneva_Conventions.jpg/220px-Original_Geneva_Conventions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Original_Geneva_Conventions.jpg/330px-Original_Geneva_Conventions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Original_Geneva_Conventions.jpg/440px-Original_Geneva_Conventions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1882" data-file-height="1536"></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/First_Geneva_Convention" title="First Geneva Convention">First Geneva Convention</a> governing the sick and wounded members of armed forces was signed in 1864.</figcaption></figure> <style 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> Among other issues, modern laws of war address the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declarations of war</a>, acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrender (military)">surrender</a> and the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_necessity" title="Military necessity">military necessity</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Distinction_(law)" title="Distinction (law)">distinction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(law)" title="Proportionality (law)">proportionality</a>; and the prohibition of certain <a href="/wiki/Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons">weapons</a> that may cause unnecessary suffering.<a href="#cite_note-What_is_IHL?-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The law of war is considered distinct from other bodies of law—such as the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic law">domestic law</a> of a particular belligerent to a conflict—which may provide additional legal limits to the conduct or <a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">justification of war.</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_sources_and_history">1 Early sources and history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Modern_sources">2 Modern sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Purposes_of_the_laws">3 Purposes of the laws</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Principles_of_the_laws_of_war">4 Principles of the laws of war</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Example_substantive_laws_of_war">5 Example substantive laws of war</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Declaration_of_war">5.1 Declaration of war</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Lawful_conduct_of_belligerent_actors">5.2 Lawful conduct of belligerent actors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#People_parachuting_from_an_aircraft_in_distress">5.3 People parachuting from an aircraft in distress</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Red_Cross,_Red_Crescent,_Magen_David_Adom,_and_the_white_flag">5.4 Red Cross, Red Crescent, Magen David Adom, and the white flag</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Applicability_to_states_and_individuals">6 Applicability to states and individuals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Mercenaries">7 Mercenaries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Remedies_for_violations">8 Remedies for violations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#International_treaties_on_the_laws_of_war">9 International treaties on the laws of war</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Notes">11 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References">12 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Citations">12.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#General_sources">12.2 General sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Further_reading">13 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_sources_and_history">Early sources and history</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early sources and history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The first traces of a law of war come from the Babylonians. It is the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> king of Babylon, which in 1750 B.C., explains its laws imposing a code of conduct in the event of war: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I prescribe these laws so that the strong do not oppress the weak.</blockquote> In ancient India, the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and the texts of Manou's law urged mercy on unarmed or wounded enemies. The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> also contain rules of respect for the adversary. It is always a matter of establishing rules that protect civilians and the defeated. Attempts to define and regulate the conduct of individuals, nations, and other agents in war and to mitigate the worst effects of war have a long history. The earliest known instances are found in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>). In the Indian subcontinent, the Mahabharata describes a discussion between ruling brothers concerning what constitutes acceptable behavior on a battlefield, an early example of the rule of proportionality:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">One should not attack chariots with cavalry; chariot warriors should attack chariots. One should not assail someone in distress, neither to scare him nor to defeat him ... War should be waged for the sake of conquest; one should not be enraged toward an enemy who is not trying to kill him.</blockquote> An example from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a> 20:19–20 limits the amount of environmental damage, allowing only the cutting down of non-fruitful trees for use in the siege operation, while fruitful trees should be preserved for use as a food source.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Similarly, Deuteronomy 21:10–14 requires that female captives who were forced to marry the victors of a war, then not desired anymore, be let go wherever they want, and requires them not to be treated as slaves nor be sold for money.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the early 7th century, the first <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, whilst instructing his <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_army" title="Rashidun army">Muslim army</a>, laid down rules against the mutilation of corpses, killing children, females and the elderly. He also laid down rules against environmental harm to trees and slaying of the enemy's animals: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Stop, O people, that I may give you ten rules for your guidance in the battlefield. Do not commit treachery or deviate from the right path. You must not mutilate dead bodies. Neither kill a child, nor a woman, nor an aged man. Bring no harm to the trees, nor burn them with fire, especially those which are fruitful. Slay not any of the enemy's flock, save for your food. You are likely to pass by people who have devoted their lives to monastic services; leave them alone.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zuhur-5">[5]</a></blockquote> In the history of the early Christian church, many Christian writers considered that Christians could not be soldiers or fight wars. <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> contradicted this and wrote about '<a href="/wiki/Just_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Just war">just war</a>' doctrine, in which he explained the circumstances when war could or could not be morally <a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">justified.</a> In 697, <a href="/wiki/Adomnan_of_Iona" class="mw-redirect" title="Adomnan of Iona">Adomnan of Iona</a> gathered Kings and church leaders from around Ireland and Scotland to <a href="/wiki/Birr,_County_Offaly" title="Birr, County Offaly">Birr</a>, where he gave them the '<a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1in_Adomn%C3%A1in" title="Cáin Adomnáin">Law of the Innocents</a>', which banned killing women and children in war, and the destruction of churches.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Apart from <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> also began promulgating teachings on <a href="/wiki/Just_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Just war">just war</a>, reflected to some extent in movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Truce_of_God" title="Peace and Truce of God">Peace and Truce of God</a>. The impulse to restrict the extent of warfare, and especially protect the lives and property of <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> continued with <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> and his attempts to write laws of war. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Modern_sources">Modern sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_international_law" title="Sources of international law">Sources of international law</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signing_of_the_first_geneva_convention.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Signing_of_the_first_geneva_convention.jpg/220px-Signing_of_the_first_geneva_convention.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="576"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Signing_of_the_first_geneva_convention.jpg/220px-Signing_of_the_first_geneva_convention.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Signing_of_the_first_geneva_convention.jpg/330px-Signing_of_the_first_geneva_convention.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Signing_of_the_first_geneva_convention.jpg/440px-Signing_of_the_first_geneva_convention.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The signing of the <a href="/wiki/First_Geneva_Convention" title="First Geneva Convention">First Geneva Convention</a> by some of the major European powers in 1864.</figcaption></figure> The modern law of war is made up from three principal sources:<a href="#cite_note-What_is_IHL?-1">[1]</a> <ul><li>Lawmaking <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> (or conventions)—see <a href="#International_treaties_on_the_laws_of_war">§ International treaties on the laws of war</a> below.</li> <li>Custom. Not all the law of war derives from or has been incorporated in such treaties, which can refer to the continuing importance of customary law as articulated by the <a href="/wiki/Martens_Clause" title="Martens Clause">Martens Clause</a>. Such <a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">customary international law</a> is established by the general practice of nations together with their <a href="/wiki/Opinio_juris_sive_necessitatis" title="Opinio juris sive necessitatis">acceptance that such practice is required by law</a>.</li> <li>General Principles. "Certain fundamental principles provide basic guidance. For instance, the principles of distinction, proportionality, and necessity, all of which are part of customary international law, always apply to the use of armed force."<a href="#cite_note-What_is_IHL?-1">[1]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Positive_law" title="Positive law">Positive</a> <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a> consists of <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> (international agreements) that directly affect the laws of war by binding consenting nations and achieving widespread consent. The opposite of positive laws of war is customary laws of war,<a href="#cite_note-What_is_IHL?-1">[1]</a> many of which were explored at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_War_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg War Trials">Nuremberg War Trials</a>. These laws define both the permissive rights of states as well as prohibitions on their conduct when dealing with <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregular forces</a> and non-signatories. The Treaty of Armistice and Regularization of War signed on November 25 and 26, 1820 between the president of the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Republic of Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> and the Chief of the Military Forces of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1810%E2%80%9373)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1810–73)">Spanish Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Morillo" title="Pablo Morillo">Pablo Morillo</a>, is the precursor of the International Humanitarian Law.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a>, signed and ratified by the United States and Mexico in 1848, articulates rules for any future wars, including protection of civilians and treatment of prisoners of war.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lieber_Code" title="Lieber Code">Lieber Code</a>, promulgated by the Union during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, was critical in the development of the laws of land warfare.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Historian Geoffrey Best called the period from 1856 to 1909 the law of war's "epoch of highest repute."<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The defining aspect of this period was the establishment, by states, of a positive legal or legislative foundation (i.e., written) superseding a regime based primarily on religion, chivalry, and customs.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> It is during this "modern" era that the international conference became the forum for debate and agreement between states and the "multilateral treaty" served as the positive mechanism for codification. The Nuremberg War Trial judgment on "The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity"<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> held, under the guidelines <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Principles">Nuremberg Principles</a>, that treaties like the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Convention_of_1907" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Convention of 1907">Hague Convention of 1907</a>, having been widely accepted by "all civilised nations" for about half a century, were by then part of the customary laws of war and binding on all parties whether the party was a signatory to the specific treaty or not. Interpretations of international humanitarian law change over time and this also affects the laws of war. For example, <a href="/wiki/Carla_Del_Ponte" title="Carla Del Ponte">Carla Del Ponte</a>, the chief prosecutor for the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> pointed out in 2001 that although there is no specific treaty ban on the use of <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">depleted uranium</a> projectiles, there is a developing scientific debate and concern expressed regarding the effect of the use of such projectiles and it is possible that, in future, there may be a consensus view in international legal circles that use of such projectiles violates general principles of the law applicable to use of weapons in armed conflict.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> This is because in the future it may be the consensus view that depleted uranium projectiles breach one or more of the following treaties: <a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="The Universal Declaration of Human Rights">The Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter of the United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide">Genocide Convention</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Torture" title="United Nations Convention Against Torture">United Nations Convention Against Torture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> including <a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" title="Protocol I">Protocol I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Conventional_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on Conventional Weapons">Convention on Conventional Weapons</a> of 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Physical_Protection_of_Nuclear_Material" title="Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material">Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Purposes_of_the_laws">Purposes of the laws</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Purposes of the laws" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> It has often been commented that creating laws for something as inherently lawless as war seems like a lesson in absurdity. But based on the adherence to what amounted to <a href="/wiki/Customary_international_humanitarian_law" title="Customary international humanitarian law">customary international humanitarian law</a> by warring parties through the ages, it was believed by many, especially after the eighteenth century, that codifying laws of war would be beneficial.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Some of the central principles underlying laws of war are:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>Wars should be limited to achieving the political goals that started the war (e.g., territorial control) and should not include unnecessary destruction.</li> <li>Wars should be brought to an end as quickly as possible.</li> <li>People and property that do not contribute to the war effort should be protected against unnecessary destruction and hardship.</li></ul> To this end, laws of war are intended to mitigate the hardships of war by: <ul><li>Protecting both <a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">combatants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protected_persons" title="Protected persons">protected</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> from unnecessary suffering.</li> <li>Safeguarding certain fundamental <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> of protected persons who fall into the hands of the enemy, particularly <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>, the wounded and sick, children, and protected <a href="/wiki/Civilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilians">civilians</a>.</li> <li>Facilitating the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a>.</li></ul> The idea that there is a right to war concerns, on the one hand, the jus ad bellum, the right to make war or to enter war, assuming a motive such as to defend oneself from a threat or danger, presupposes a declaration of war that warns the adversary: war is a loyal act, and on the other hand, jus in bello, the law of war, the way of making war, which involves behaving as soldiers invested with a mission for which all violence is not allowed. In any case, the very idea of a right to war is based on an idea of war that can be defined as an armed conflict, limited in space, limited in time, and by its objectives. War begins with a declaration (of war), ends with a treaty (of peace) or surrender agreement, an act of sharing, etc.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Principles_of_the_laws_of_war">Principles of the laws of war</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Principles of the laws of war" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_FEW_POINTS_OF_INTERNATIONAL_LAW_GOVERNING_MODERN_WARFARE_(1904).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/A_FEW_POINTS_OF_INTERNATIONAL_LAW_GOVERNING_MODERN_WARFARE_%281904%29.jpg/220px-A_FEW_POINTS_OF_INTERNATIONAL_LAW_GOVERNING_MODERN_WARFARE_%281904%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="2076"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 323px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/A_FEW_POINTS_OF_INTERNATIONAL_LAW_GOVERNING_MODERN_WARFARE_%281904%29.jpg/220px-A_FEW_POINTS_OF_INTERNATIONAL_LAW_GOVERNING_MODERN_WARFARE_%281904%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="323" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/A_FEW_POINTS_OF_INTERNATIONAL_LAW_GOVERNING_MODERN_WARFARE_%281904%29.jpg/330px-A_FEW_POINTS_OF_INTERNATIONAL_LAW_GOVERNING_MODERN_WARFARE_%281904%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/A_FEW_POINTS_OF_INTERNATIONAL_LAW_GOVERNING_MODERN_WARFARE_%281904%29.jpg/440px-A_FEW_POINTS_OF_INTERNATIONAL_LAW_GOVERNING_MODERN_WARFARE_%281904%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 1904 article outlining the basic principles of the law of war, as published in <a href="/wiki/The_Tacoma_Times" title="The Tacoma Times">the Tacoma Times</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Military_necessity" title="Military necessity">Military necessity</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Distinction_(law)" title="Distinction (law)">distinction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(international_humanitarian_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proportionality (international humanitarian law)">proportionality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">humanity</a> (sometimes called unnecessary suffering), and <a href="/wiki/Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor">honor</a> (sometimes called chivalry) are the five most commonly cited principles of <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a> governing the legal <a href="/wiki/Use_of_force_in_international_law" title="Use of force in international law">use of force</a> in an armed conflict. Military necessity is governed by several constraints: an attack or action must be intended to help in the defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a <a href="/wiki/Legitimate_military_target" title="Legitimate military target">legitimate military objective</a>,<a href="#cite_note-military_objective-17">[17]</a> and the harm caused to protected civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno-Ocampo2006See_section_%22Allegations_concerning_War_Crimes%22_Pages_4,5-18">[18]</a> Distinction is a principle under international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict, whereby <a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">belligerents</a> must distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">combatants</a> and protected <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2011''Illegal_Targeting_of_Civilians''-20">[19]</a> Proportionality is a principle under international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict, whereby belligerents must make sure that the harm caused to protected civilians or civilian property is not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage expected by an attack on a legitimate military objective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno-Ocampo2006See_section_%22Allegations_concerning_War_Crimes%22_Pages_4,5-18">[18]</a> However, as Robbie Sabel, Professor of international law at the Hebrew University, who has written on this topic, notes: “Anyone with experience in armed conflict knows that you want to hit the enemy’s forces harder than they hit you… if you are attacked with a rifle, there is no rule that stipulates that you can only shoot back with a rifle, but using a machine gun would not be fair, or that if you are attacked with only one tank you cannot shoot back with two.”<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Humanity is a principle based on the 1907 Hague Convention IV - The Laws and Customs of War on Land restrictions against using arms, projectiles, or materials calculated to cause suffering or injury manifestly disproportionate to the military advantage realized by the use of the weapon for legitimate military purposes. In some countries, weapons are reviewed prior to their use in combat to determine if they comply with the law of war and are not designed to cause unnecessary suffering when used in their intended manner. This principle also prohibits using an otherwise lawful weapon in a manner that causes unnecessary suffering.<a href="#cite_note-USAF-22">[21]</a> Honour is a principle that demands a certain amount of fairness and mutual respect between adversaries. Parties to a conflict must accept that their right to adopt means of injuring each other is not unlimited, they must refrain from taking advantage of the adversary's adherence to the law by falsely claiming the law's protections, and they must recognize that they are members of a common profession that fights not out of personal hostility but on behalf of their respective States.<a href="#cite_note-USAF-22">[21]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Example_substantive_laws_of_war">Example substantive laws of war</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Example substantive laws of war" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> To fulfill the purposes noted above, the laws of war place substantive limits on the lawful exercise of a belligerent's power. Generally speaking, the laws require that belligerents refrain from employing <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a> that is not reasonably necessary for military purposes and that belligerents conduct hostilities with regard for the principles of <a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">humanity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a>. However, because the laws of war are based on consensus (as the nature of international law often relies on self-policing by individual states), the content and interpretation of such laws are extensive, contested, and ever-changing.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The following are particular examples of some of the substance of the laws of war, as those laws are interpreted today. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_war">Declaration of war</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Declaration of war" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">Declaration of war</a></div> Section III of the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Convention_of_1907" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Convention of 1907">Hague Convention of 1907</a> required hostilities to be preceded by a reasoned <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a> or by an ultimatum with a conditional declaration of war. Some treaties, notably the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a> (1945) Article 2,<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> and other articles in the Charter, seek to curtail the right of member states to declare war; as does the older <a href="/wiki/Kellogg%E2%80%93Briand_Pact" title="Kellogg–Briand Pact">Kellogg–Briand Pact</a> of 1928 for those nations who ratified it.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> These have led to fewer modern armed conflicts being preceded by formal declarations of war, undermining the objectives of the Hague Convention. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawful_conduct_of_belligerent_actors">Lawful conduct of belligerent actors</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lawful conduct of belligerent actors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Modern laws of war regarding conduct during war (jus in bello), such as the <a href="/wiki/1949_Geneva_Conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="1949 Geneva Conventions">1949 Geneva Conventions</a>, provide that it is unlawful for belligerents to engage in combat without meeting certain requirements. Article 4(a)(2) of the Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War recognizes Lawful Combatants by the following characteristics: <ul><li>(a) That of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates;</li> <li>(b) That of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance;</li> <li>(c) That of carrying arms openly; and</li> <li>(d) That of conducting their operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></li></ul> Impersonating enemy combatants by wearing the enemy's uniform is possibly allowed, however the issue is unsettled. Fighting in that uniform is unlawful <a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">perfidy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> as is the taking of <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostages</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Combatants also must be commanded by a responsible officer. That is, a commander can be held liable in a court of law for the improper actions of their subordinates. There is an exception to this if the war came on so suddenly that there was no time to organize a resistance, e.g. as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign occupation">foreign occupation</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People_parachuting_from_an_aircraft_in_distress">People parachuting from an aircraft in distress</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: People parachuting from an aircraft in distress" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_parachutists" title="Attacks on parachutists">Attacks on parachutists</a></div> Modern laws of war, specifically within <a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" title="Protocol I">Protocol I</a> additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, prohibits attacking people parachuting from an aircraft in distress regardless of what territory they are over. Once they land in territory controlled by the enemy, they must be given an opportunity to surrender before being attacked unless it is apparent that they are engaging in a hostile act or attempting to escape. This prohibition does not apply to the dropping of <a href="/wiki/Airborne_troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne troops">airborne troops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commandos" class="mw-redirect" title="Commandos">commandos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">spies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saboteurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Saboteurs">saboteurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaison_officer" title="Liaison officer">liaison officers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agents</a>. Thus, such personnel descending by parachutes are legitimate targets and, therefore, may be attacked, even if their aircraft is in distress. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_Cross,_Red_Crescent,_Magen_David_Adom,_and_the_white_flag">Red Cross, Red Crescent, Magen David Adom, and the white flag</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Red Cross, Red Crescent, Magen David Adom, and the white flag" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_ICRC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Emblem_of_the_ICRC.svg/220px-Emblem_of_the_ICRC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 258px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Emblem_of_the_ICRC.svg/220px-Emblem_of_the_ICRC.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="258" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Emblem_of_the_ICRC.svg/330px-Emblem_of_the_ICRC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Emblem_of_the_ICRC.svg/440px-Emblem_of_the_ICRC.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The emblem of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> (French: Comité international de la croix-rouge).</figcaption></figure> Modern laws of war, such as the 1949 Geneva Conventions, also include prohibitions on attacking <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">doctors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">ambulances</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">hospital ships</a> displaying a <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_(emblem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross (emblem)">Red Cross</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Red_Crescent_(emblem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Crescent (emblem)">Red Crescent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magen_David_Adom" title="Magen David Adom">Magen David Adom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement#Red_Crystal" title="Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Crystal</a>, or other emblem related to the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</a>. It is also prohibited to fire at a person or vehicle bearing a <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">white flag</a>, since that indicates an intent to surrender or a desire to communicate.<a href="#cite_note-auto-28">[27]</a> In either case, people protected by the Red Cross/Crescent/Star or white flag are expected to maintain neutrality, and may not engage in warlike acts. In fact, engaging in war activities under a protected symbol is itself a violation of the laws of war known as <a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">perfidy</a>. Failure to follow these requirements can result in the loss of protected status and make the individual violating the requirements a lawful target.<a href="#cite_note-auto-28">[27]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Applicability_to_states_and_individuals">Applicability to states and individuals</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Applicability to states and individuals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The law of war is binding not only upon states as such but also upon individuals and, in particular, the members of their <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">armed forces</a>. Parties are bound by the laws of war to the extent that such compliance does not interfere with achieving legitimate military goals. For example, they are obliged to make every effort to avoid damaging people and property not involved in <a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">combat</a> or the <a href="/wiki/War_effort" title="War effort">war effort</a>, but they are not guilty of a war crime if a bomb mistakenly or incidentally hits a residential area.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By the same token, combatants that intentionally use protected people or property as <a href="/wiki/Human_shields" class="mw-redirect" title="Human shields">human shields</a> or <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> are guilty of violations of the laws of war and are responsible for damage to those that should be protected.<a href="#cite_note-auto-28">[27]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Mercenaries">Mercenaries</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mercenaries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> The use of <a href="/wiki/Private_military_contractors" class="mw-redirect" title="Private military contractors">contracted combatants</a> in warfare has been an especially tricky situation for the laws of war. Some scholars claim that private security contractors appear so similar to state forces that it is unclear if acts of war are taking place by private or public agents.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a> has yet to come to a consensus on this issue. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on Mercenaries">Convention on Mercenaries</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Remedies_for_violations">Remedies for violations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Remedies for violations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> During conflict, <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a> for violating the laws of war may consist of a specific, deliberate and limited violation of the laws of war in <a href="/wiki/Reprisal" title="Reprisal">reprisal</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After a conflict ends, any persons who have committed or ordered any breach of the laws of war, especially atrocities, may be held individually accountable for <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>. Also, nations that signed the Geneva Conventions are required to search for, try and punish, anyone who had committed or ordered certain "grave breaches" of the laws of war. (<a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Third Geneva Convention</a>, Article 129 and Article 130.) Combatants who break specific provisions of the laws of war are termed <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatants" class="mw-redirect" title="Unlawful combatants">unlawful combatants</a>. Unlawful combatants who have been captured may lose the status and protections that would otherwise be afforded to them as <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>, but only after a "<a href="/wiki/Competent_tribunal" title="Competent tribunal">competent tribunal</a>" has determined that they are not eligible for POW status (e.g., Third Geneva Convention, Article 5.) At that point, an unlawful combatant may be interrogated, tried, imprisoned, and even executed for their violation of the laws of war pursuant to the domestic law of their captor, but they are still entitled to certain additional protections, including that they be "treated with humanity and, in case of trial, shall not be deprived of the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">rights of fair and regular trial</a>." (<a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth Geneva Convention</a> Article 5.) </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="International_treaties_on_the_laws_of_war">International treaties on the laws of war</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: International treaties on the laws of war" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_declarations" title="List of international declarations">List of international declarations</a></div> List of declarations, conventions, treaties, and judgments on the laws of war:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertsGuelff2000-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <ul><li>1856 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law" title="Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law">Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law</a> abolished <a href="/wiki/Privateering" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateering">privateering</a>.</li> <li>1863 <a href="/wiki/United_States_military" class="mw-redirect" title="United States military">United States military</a> adopts the <a href="/wiki/Lieber_Code" title="Lieber Code">Lieber Code</a>, a compilation of extant international norms on the treatment of civilians assembled by German scholar <a href="/wiki/Franz_Lieber" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Lieber">Franz Lieber</a>.</li> <li>1864 <a href="/wiki/First_Geneva_Convention" title="First Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a> for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></li> <li>1868 <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Declaration_(1868)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Declaration (1868)">St. Petersburg Declaration</a>, officially the Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight, renounced the usage of explosive projectiles with a mass of less than 400 grams.</li> <li>1874 Project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_Declaration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brussels Declaration (page does not exist)">Brussels Declaration</a>).<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Signed in Brussels 27 August. This agreement never entered into force, but formed part of the basis for the codification of the laws of war at the 1899 <a href="/wiki/Hague_Peace_Conference_(1899)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Peace Conference (1899)">Hague Peace Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICRC-1874-36">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_War_on_Land_(Oxford_1880)" title="Laws of War on Land (Oxford 1880)">1880 Manual of the Laws and Customs of War</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>. At its session in Geneva in 1874 the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_International_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of International Law">Institute of International Law</a> appointed a committee to study the Brussels Declaration of the same year and to submit to the Institute its opinion and supplementary proposals on the subject. The work of the Institute led to the adoption of the Manual in 1880 and it went on to form part of the basis for the codification of the laws of war at the 1899 Hague Peace Conference.<a href="#cite_note-ICRC-1874-36">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_(1899)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Conventions (1899)">1899 Hague Conventions</a> consisted of three main sections and three additional declarations: <ul><li>I – Pacific Settlement of International Disputes</li> <li>II – Laws and Customs of War on Land</li> <li>III – Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of Principles of Geneva Convention of 1864</li> <li>Declaration I – On the Launching of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons</li> <li>Declaration II – On the Use of Projectiles the Object of Which is the Diffusion of Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases</li> <li>Declaration III – On the Use of Bullets Which Expand or Flatten Easily in the Human Body</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_(1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Conventions (1907)">1907 Hague Conventions</a> had thirteen sections, of which twelve were ratified and entered into force, and two declarations: <ul><li>I – The Pacific Settlement of International Disputes</li> <li>II – The Limitation of Employment of Force for Recovery of Contract Debts</li> <li>III – The Opening of Hostilities</li> <li>IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land</li> <li>V – The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land</li> <li>VI – The Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Outbreak of Hostilities</li> <li>VII – The Conversion of Merchant Ships into War-ships</li> <li>VIII – The Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines</li> <li>IX – Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War</li> <li>X – Adaptation to Maritime War of the Principles of the Geneva Convention</li> <li>XI – Certain Restrictions with Regard to the Exercise of the Right of Capture in Naval War</li> <li>XII – The Creation of an International Prize Court [Not Ratified]*</li> <li>XIII – The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War</li> <li>Declaration I – extending Declaration II from the 1899 Conference to other types of aircraft</li> <li>Declaration II – on the obligatory arbitration</li></ul></li> <li>1909 <a href="/wiki/London_Declaration_concerning_the_Laws_of_Naval_War" title="London Declaration concerning the Laws of Naval War">London Declaration concerning the Laws of Naval War</a> largely reiterated existing law, although it showed greater regard to the rights of neutral entities. Never went into effect.</li> <li>1922 The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a>, also known as the Five-Power Treaty (6 February)</li> <li>1923 Hague Draft Rules of Aerial Warfare. Never adopted in a legally binding form.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></li> <li>1925 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva protocol</a> for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></li> <li>1927–1930 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-German_arbitration_tribunal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greco-German arbitration tribunal (page does not exist)">Greco-German arbitration tribunal</a></li> <li>1928 <a href="/wiki/Kellogg%E2%80%93Briand_Pact" title="Kellogg–Briand Pact">General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy</a> (also known as the Pact of Paris or Kellogg-Briand Pact)</li> <li>1929 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention,_Relative_to_the_treatment_of_prisoners_of_war_(1929)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention, Relative to the treatment of prisoners of war (1929)">Geneva Convention, Relative to the treatment of prisoners of war</a>.</li> <li>1929 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention_for_the_amelioration_of_the_condition_of_the_wounded_and_sick_in_armies_in_the_field_(1929)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded and sick in armies in the field (1929)">Geneva Convention on the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field</a>,</li> <li>1930 <a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament</a> (22 April)</li> <li>1935 <a href="/wiki/Roerich_Pact" title="Roerich Pact">Roerich Pact</a></li> <li>1936 <a href="/wiki/Second_London_Naval_Treaty" title="Second London Naval Treaty">Second London Naval Treaty</a> (25 March)</li> <li>1938 Amsterdam Draft Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New Engines of War. (Officially the Draft Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New Engines of War. Amsterdam, 1938). This convention was never ratified.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></li> <li>1938 <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> declaration for the "Protection of Civilian Populations Against Bombing From the Air in Case of War<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></li> <li>1945 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a> (entered into force on October 24, 1945)</li> <li>1946 Judgment of the International <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Tribunal">Military Tribunal at Nuremberg</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Principles">Nuremberg Principles</a> formulated under <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly_Resolution_177" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly Resolution 177">UN General Assembly Resolution 177</a>, 21 November 1947</li> <li>1948 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a></li> <li>1949 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Geneva_Convention" title="First Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention I for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Geneva_Convention" title="Second Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention II for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention III Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War</a></li></ul></li> <li>1954 <a href="/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict" title="Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict">Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict</a></li> <li>1971 Zagreb Resolution of the Institute of International Law on Conditions of Application of Humanitarian Rules of Armed Conflict to Hostilities in which the United Nations Forces May be Engaged</li> <li>1974 United Nations <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Protection_of_Women_and_Children_in_Emergency_and_Armed_Conflict" title="Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict">Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict</a></li> <li>1977 United Nations <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Prohibition_of_Military_or_Any_Other_Hostile_Use_of_Environmental_Modification_Techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques">Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques</a></li> <li>1977 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Protocol I">Geneva Protocol I</a> Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts</li> <li>1977 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Protocol II">Geneva Protocol II</a> Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts</li> <li>1978 Red Cross Fundamental Rules of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts</li> <li>1980 United Nations <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Certain_Conventional_Weapons" title="Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons">Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects</a> (CCW) <ul><li>1980 Protocol I on Non-Detectable Fragments</li> <li>1980 <a href="/wiki/Protocol_II_on_Prohibitions_or_Restrictions_on_the_Use_of_Mines,_Booby-Traps_and_Other_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices">Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices</a></li> <li>1980 <a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Incendiary_Weapons" title="Protocol on Incendiary Weapons">Protocol III on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons</a></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Blinding_Laser_Weapons" title="Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons">Protocol IV on Blinding Laser Weapons</a></li> <li>1996 <a href="/wiki/Amended_Protocol_II_on_Prohibitions_or_Restrictions_on_the_Use_of_Mines,_Booby-Traps_and_Other_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Amended Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices">Amended Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Explosive_Remnants_of_War" title="Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War">Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War</a> (Protocol V to the 1980 Convention), 28 November 2003 (entered into force 12 November 2006)<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></li></ul></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/San_Remo_Manual" title="San Remo Manual">San Remo Manual</a> on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></li> <li>1994 ICRC/UNGA Guidelines for Military Manuals and Instructions on the Protection of the Environment in Time of Armed Conflict<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a></li> <li>1994 UN <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Safety_of_United_Nations_and_Associated_Personnel" title="Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel">Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></li> <li>1996 The <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinion" title="Advisory opinion">advisory opinion</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_Threat_or_Use_of_Nuclear_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons">Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty" title="Ottawa Treaty">Ottawa Treaty - Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a> (entered into force 1 July 2002)</li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_on_the_Involvement_of_Children_in_Armed_Conflict" title="Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict">Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict</a> (entered into force 12 February 2002)</li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Protocol III">Geneva Protocol III</a> Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem</li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Cluster_Munitions" title="Convention on Cluster Munitions">Convention on Cluster Munitions</a> (entered into force 1 August 2010)</li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a> (entered into force 22 January 2021)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_post_bellum" title="Jus post bellum">Jus post bellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of occupation">Law of occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_pacificatoria" title="Lex pacificatoria">Lex pacificatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Articles_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Articles of War">List of Articles of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_mass_destruction_treaties" title="List of weapons of mass destruction treaties">List of weapons of mass destruction treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Law_in_Armed_Conflicts_Project_(RULAC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC)">Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-defence_in_international_law" title="Self-defence in international law">Self-defence in international law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_killing" title="Targeted killing">Targeted killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a>, an act that amounts to a violation of the law of war</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Protected civilian in this instance means civilians who are enemy nationals or <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral</a> citizens whose presence is outside the territory of a <a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">belligerent</a> nation. Article 51.3 of <a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" title="Protocol I">Protocol I</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> explains that "Civilians shall enjoy the protection afforded by this section, unless and for such time as they take a direct part in hostilities". </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-What_is_IHL?-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-What_is_IHL?_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_is_IHL?_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_is_IHL?_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_is_IHL?_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.nd.edu/~cpence/eewt/IHLRI2009.pdf">"What is IHL?"</a> (PDF). 2013-12-30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234056/http://www3.nd.edu/~cpence/eewt/IHLRI2009.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2013-12-30. Retrieved 2019-11-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+IHL%3F&rft.date=2013-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nd.edu%2F~cpence%2Feewt%2FIHLRI2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_StatesDepartment_of_DefenseOffice_of_General_Counsel2016" class="citation book cs1">United States; Department of Defense; Office of General Counsel (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo106402">Department of Defense law of war manual</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1045636386">1045636386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Department+of+Defense+law+of+war+manual&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1045636386&rft.au=United+States&rft.au=Department+of+Defense&rft.au=Office+of+General+Counsel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpurl.fdlp.gov%2FGPO%2Fgpo106402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060309074300/http://cref.u-bordeaux4.fr/Cahiers/1999-01.htm">"1999-01"</a>. cref.u-bordeaux4.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cref.u-bordeaux4.fr/Cahiers/1999-01.htm">the original</a> on 2006-03-09. Retrieved 2023-10-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cref.u-bordeaux4.fr&rft.atitle=1999-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcref.u-bordeaux4.fr%2FCahiers%2F1999-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik" title="Muwatta Imam Malik">Al-Muwatta</a>; Book 21, Number 21.3.10. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zuhur-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Zuhur_5-0">^</a> Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf and Zuhur, Sherifa, Islamic Rulings on Warfare, p. 22, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Diane Publishing Co., Darby PA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4289-1039-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4289-1039-5">1-4289-1039-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Adomnan of Iona. Life of St. Columba, Penguin Books, 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/pprevistas/025f896b-fb63-65ab-9bdd-ff0000451707/index.html#/112/">"Publicaciones Defensa"</a>. Publicaciones Defensa. Retrieved 2019-03-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publicaciones+Defensa&rft.pub=Publicaciones+Defensa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicaciones.defensa.gob.es%2Fpprevistas%2F025f896b-fb63-65ab-9bdd-ff0000451707%2Findex.html%23%2F112%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/guadhida.asp">"Avalon Project - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; February 2, 1848"</a>. Avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 2019-03-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avalon+Project+-+Treaty+of+Guadalupe+Hidalgo%3B+February+2%2C+1848&rft.pub=Avalon.law.yale.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F19th_century%2Fguadhida.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> See, e.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoty1998" class="citation journal cs1">Doty, Grant R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060718133040/http://www.jagcnet.army.mil/JAGCNETINTERNET/HOMEPAGES/AC/MILITARYLAWREVIEW.NSF/20a66345129fe3d885256e5b00571830/6d99151e5dc7d05085256e5b00577b0d/%24FILE/ATTR2A48/Volume156Doty.pdf">"THE UNITED STATES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAWS OF LAND WARFARE"</a> (PDF). Military Law Review. 156: 224. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jagcnet.army.mil/JAGCNETINTERNET/HOMEPAGES/AC/MILITARYLAWREVIEW.NSF/20a66345129fe3d885256e5b00571830/6d99151e5dc7d05085256e5b00577b0d/%24FILE/ATTR2A48/Volume156Doty.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 18, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Law+Review&rft.atitle=THE+UNITED+STATES+AND+THE+DEVELOPMENT+OF+THE+LAWS+OF+LAND+WARFARE&rft.volume=156&rft.pages=224&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Doty&rft.aufirst=Grant+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagcnet.army.mil%2FJAGCNETINTERNET%2FHOMEPAGES%2FAC%2FMILITARYLAWREVIEW.NSF%2F20a66345129fe3d885256e5b00571830%2F6d99151e5dc7d05085256e5b00577b0d%2F%24FILE%2FATTR2A48%2FVolume156Doty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> GEOFFREY BEST, HUMANITY IN WARFARE 129 (1980). </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> 2 L. OPPENHEIM, INTERNATIONAL LAW §§ 67–69 (H. Lauterpacht ed., 7th ed. 1952). </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/judlawre.htm">Judgement : The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160908231902/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/judlawre.htm">Archived</a> 2016-09-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> contained in the <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Project" title="Avalon Project">Avalon Project</a> archive at <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20000816033518/http://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/nato061300.htm#IVA2">"The Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Use of Depleted Uranium Projectiles"</a>. Un.org. 2007-03-05. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/nato061300.htm#IVA2">the original</a> on August 16, 2000. Retrieved 2013-07-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Final+Report+to+the+Prosecutor+by+the+Committee+Established+to+Review+the+NATO+Bombing+Campaign+Against+the+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia%3A+Use+of+Depleted+Uranium+Projectiles&rft.pub=Un.org&rft.date=2007-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Ficty%2Fpressreal%2Fnato061300.htm%23IVA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/E.CN.4.Sub.2.2002.38.En?Opendocument">E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/38 Human rights and weapons of mass destruction, or with indiscriminate effect, or of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/AllSymbols/22481F4157DE6274C1256C00004C29BB/%24File/G0214167.pdf?OpenElement">backup</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunantDunantDunant1986" class="citation book cs1">Dunant, Henry; Dunant, Henry; Dunant, Henry (1986). A Memory of Solferino (Repr ed.). Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88145-006-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88145-006-8"><bdi>978-2-88145-006-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Memory+of+Solferino&rft.place=Geneva&rft.edition=Repr&rft.pub=International+Committee+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-2-88145-006-8&rft.aulast=Dunant&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Dunant%2C+Henry&rft.au=Dunant%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahn2006" class="citation journal cs1">Stahn, C. (2006-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ejil/chl037">"'Jus ad bellum', 'jus in bello' . . . 'jus post bellum'? -Rethinking the Conception of the Law of Armed Force"</a>. European Journal of International Law. 17 (5): 921–943. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchl037">10.1093/ejil/chl037</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0938-5428">0938-5428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=%27Jus+ad+bellum%27%2C+%27jus+in+bello%27+.+.+.+%27jus+post+bellum%27%3F+-Rethinking+the+Conception+of+the+Law+of+Armed+Force&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=921-943&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchl037&rft.issn=0938-5428&rft.aulast=Stahn&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fejil%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchl037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-military_objective-17"><a href="#cite_ref-military_objective_17-0">^</a> Article 52 of Additional <a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" title="Protocol I">Protocol I</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> provides a widely accepted definition of military objective: "In so far as objects are concerned, military objectives are limited to those objects which by their nature, location, purpose or use make an effective contribution to military action and whose total or partial destruction, capture or neutralization, in the circumstances ruling at the time, offers a definite military advantage." (Source: <a href="#CITEREFMoreno-Ocampo2006">Moreno-Ocampo 2006</a>, page 5, footnote 11). </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno-Ocampo2006See_section_"Allegations_concerning_War_Crimes"_Pages_4,5-18'>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreno-Ocampo2006See_section_%22Allegations_concerning_War_Crimes%22_Pages_4,5_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreno-Ocampo2006See_section_%22Allegations_concerning_War_Crimes%22_Pages_4,5_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoreno-Ocampo2006">Moreno-Ocampo 2006</a>, See section "Allegations concerning War Crimes" Pages 4,5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2011''Illegal_Targeting_of_Civilians''-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2011''Illegal_Targeting_of_Civilians''_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2011">Greenberg 2011</a>, Illegal Targeting of Civilians. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabel2023" class="citation journal cs1">Sabel, Robbie (December 18, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23739770.2023.2289272?src=exp-la">"International Law and the Conflict in Gaza"</a>. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 17 (3): 260–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23739770.2023.2289272">10.1080/23739770.2023.2289272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Journal+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=International+Law+and+the+Conflict+in+Gaza&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=260-264&rft.date=2023-12-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23739770.2023.2289272&rft.aulast=Sabel&rft.aufirst=Robbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F23739770.2023.2289272%3Fsrc%3Dexp-la&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USAF-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USAF_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAF_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doctrine.af.mil/Portals/61/documents/Annex_3-60/3-60-D33-Target-LOAC.pdf">"Basic Principles of the Law Of War and Their Targeting Implications"</a> (PDF). Curtis E. LeMay Center. US Air Force.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Curtis+E.+LeMay+Center&rft.atitle=Basic+Principles+of+the+Law+Of+War+and+Their+Targeting+Implications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doctrine.af.mil%2FPortals%2F61%2Fdocuments%2FAnnex_3-60%2F3-60-D33-Target-LOAC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> <noscript><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Jefferson D. Reynolds. "Collateral Damage on the 21st century battlefield: Enemy exploitation of the law of armed conflict, and the struggle for a moral high ground". <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Law Review">Air Force Law Review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps28111/Vol.%2056%20(2005)/Volume%2056%20Combined.pdf">Volume 56, 2005</a>(PDF) Page 57/58 "if international law is not enforced, persistent violations can conceivably be adopted as customary practice, permitting conduct that was once prohibited" </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/index.html">"Charter of the United Nations, Chapter 1"</a>. United Nations. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Charter+of+the+United+Nations%2C+Chapter+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fcharter-united-nations%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> See certified true copy of the text of the treaty in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/LON/Volume%2094/v94.pdf">League of Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 94</a>, p. 57 (No. 2137). </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/y3gctpw.htm">"Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 75 U.N.T.S. 135"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> Human Rights Library. United Nations. 1950-09-21. Retrieved 2021-09-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Minnesota+Human+Rights+Library&rft.atitle=Geneva+Convention+relative+to+the+Treatment+of+Prisoners+of+War%2C+75+U.N.T.S.+135&rft.date=1950-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrlibrary.umn.edu%2Finstree%2Fy3gctpw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule62">"Rule 62. Improper Use of the Flags or Military Emblems, Insignia or Uniforms of the Adversary"</a>. ihl-databases.icrc.org. Retrieved 2023-08-30. <q>However, their employment is forbidden during a combat, that is, the opening of fire whilst in the guise of the enemy. But there is no unanimity as to whether the uniform of the enemy may be worn and his flag displayed for the purpose of approach or withdrawal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ihl-databases.icrc.org&rft.atitle=Rule+62.+Improper+Use+of+the+Flags+or+Military+Emblems%2C+Insignia+or+Uniforms+of+the+Adversary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fihl-databases.icrc.org%2Fen%2Fcustomary-ihl%2Fv1%2Frule62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2019" class="citation cs2">Forsythe, David (2019-06-26), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199796953-0183">"International Committee of the Red Cross"</a>, International Law, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199796953-0183">10.1093/obo/9780199796953-0183</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979695-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979695-3"><bdi>978-0-19-979695-3</bdi></a>, retrieved 2023-06-09</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Law&rft.atitle=International+Committee+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.date=2019-06-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199796953-0183&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979695-3&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199796953-0183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelps2014" class="citation journal cs1">Phelps, Martha Lizabeth (December 2014). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/bibs/loac/loac.htm">the original</a> on July 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=au.af.mil&rft.atitle=List+of+documents+and+web+links+relating+to+the+law+of+armed+conflict+in+air+and+space+operations&rft.date=2006-05&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Joan+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.au.af.mil%2Fau%2Faul%2Fbibs%2Floac%2Floac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/120?OpenDocument">"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Geneva Convention, 1864"</a>. ihl-databases.icrc.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ihl-databases.icrc.org&rft.atitle=Treaties%2C+States+parties%2C+and+Commentaries+-+Geneva+Convention%2C+1864&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fihl-databases.icrc.org%2Fihl%2FINTRO%2F120%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/135?OpenDocument">"The project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War"</a>. Brussels. 27 August 1874 – via ICRC.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+project+of+an+International+Declaration+concerning+the+Laws+and+Customs+of+War&rft.place=Brussels&rft.date=1874-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Fihl.nsf%2FFULL%2F135%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711062427/http://www.sipri.org/contents/cbwarfare/cbw_research_doc/cbw_historical/cbw_historical/cbw-lawswar.html">"Brussels Conference of 1874 – International Declaration Concerning Laws and Customs of War"</a>. sipri.org. <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a> Project on Chemical and Biological Warfare. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sipri.org/contents/cbwarfare/cbw_research_doc/cbw_historical/cbw_historical/cbw-lawswar.html">the original</a> on 2007-07-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sipri.org&rft.atitle=Brussels+Conference+of+1874+%E2%80%93+International+Declaration+Concerning+Laws+and+Customs+of+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fcontents%2Fcbwarfare%2Fcbw_research_doc%2Fcbw_historical%2Fcbw_historical%2Fcbw-lawswar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICRC-1874-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICRC-1874_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICRC-1874_36-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/INTRO/135?OpenDocument">Brussels Conference of 1874</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">ICRC</a> cites D. Schindler and J. Toman, The Laws of Armed Conflicts, Martinus Nihjoff Publisher, 1988, pp. 22–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1918p/hagair.html">The Hague Rules of Air Warfare</a>, 1922–12 to 1923–02, this convention was never adopted (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120722135542/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/interwar/hagair.htm">backup site</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/280?OpenDocument">Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare</a>. Geneva, 17 June 1925. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/0/910f79361f226492c125641e004057ed?OpenDocument">"Draft Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New Engines of War"</a>. Amsterdam – via ICRC.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Draft+Convention+for+the+Protection+of+Civilian+Populations+Against+New+Engines+of+War&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Fihl.nsf%2F0%2F910f79361f226492c125641e004057ed%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> The meetings of forum were from 29.08.1938 until 02.09.1938 in Amsterdam. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dannen.com/decision/int-law.html#D">"Protection of Civilian Populations Against Bombing From the Air in Case of War"</a>. Unanimous resolution of the League of Nations Assembly. 30 September 1938.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protection+of+Civilian+Populations+Against+Bombing+From+the+Air+in+Case+of+War&rft.pub=Unanimous+resolution+of+the+League+of+Nations+Assembly&rft.date=1938-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dannen.com%2Fdecision%2Fint-law.html%23D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icrc.org/en">"International Committee of the Red Cross"</a>. ICRC.org. International Committee of the Red Cross. 3 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICRC.org&rft.atitle=International+Committee+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoswald-Beck1995" class="citation web cs1">Doswald-Beck, Louise (31 December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100604213837/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JMST">"San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflict at Sea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Review_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Review of the Red Cross">International Review of the Red Cross</a>. pp. 583–594. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JMST">the original</a> on 4 June 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2006 – via ICRC.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.atitle=San+Remo+Manual+on+International+Law+Applicable+to+Armed+Conflict+at+Sea&rft.pages=583-594&rft.date=1995-12-31&rft.aulast=Doswald-Beck&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Fweb%2Feng%2Fsiteeng0.nsf%2Fhtml%2F57JMST&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061116010304/http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JN38">"Guidelines for Military Manuals and Instructions on the Protection of the Environment in Times of Armed Conflict"</a>. International Review of the Red Cross. 30 April 1996. pp. 230–237. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JN38">the original</a> on 16 November 2006. Retrieved 12 November 2006 – via ICRC.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.atitle=Guidelines+for+Military+Manuals+and+Instructions+on+the+Protection+of+the+Environment+in+Times+of+Armed+Conflict&rft.pages=230-237&rft.date=1996-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2FWeb%2Feng%2Fsiteeng0.nsf%2Fhtml%2F57JN38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/law/cod/safety.htm">"Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel"</a>. UN.org. 1995-12-31. Retrieved 2013-07-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN.org&rft.atitle=Convention+on+the+Safety+of+United+Nations+and+Associated+Personnel&rft.date=1995-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Flaw%2Fcod%2Fsafety.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: General sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2011" class="citation cs2">Greenberg, Joel (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130706212157/http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/civilians-illegal-targeting-of/">"Illegal Targeting of Civilians"</a>, www.crimesofwar.org, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/civilians-illegal-targeting-of/">the original</a> on 2013-07-06, retrieved 4 July 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.crimesofwar.org&rft.atitle=Illegal+Targeting+of+Civilians&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crimesofwar.org%2Fa-z-guide%2Fcivilians-illegal-targeting-of%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson198" class="citation cs2">Johnson, James Turner (198), Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+War+Tradition+and+the+Restraint+of+War%3A+A+Moral+and+Historical+Inquiry&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=198&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=James+Turner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb2013" class="citation cs2">Lamb, A. (2013), Ethics and the Laws of War: The moral justification of legal norms, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+and+the+Laws+of+War%3A+The+moral+justification+of+legal+norms&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno-Ocampo2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Moreno-Ocampo" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Moreno-Ocampo">Moreno-Ocampo, Luis</a> (9 February 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/F596D08D-D810-43A2-99BB-B899B9C5BCD2/277422/OTP_letter_to_senders_re_Iraq_9_February_2006.pdf">OTP letter to senders re Iraq</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OTP+letter+to+senders+re+Iraq&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Court&rft.date=2006-02-09&rft.aulast=Moreno-Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cpi.int%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2FF596D08D-D810-43A2-99BB-B899B9C5BCD2%2F277422%2FOTP_letter_to_senders_re_Iraq_9_February_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley2009" class="citation cs2">Moseley, Alex (2009), "Just War Theory", The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Just+War+Theory&rft.btitle=The+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsGuelff2000" class="citation cs2">Roberts, Adam; Guelff, Richard, eds. (2000), Documents on the Laws of War (Third ed.), Oxford University press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-876390-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-876390-1"><bdi>978-0-19-876390-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+on+the+Laws+of+War&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Oxford+University+press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-876390-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/CONVPRES?OpenView">Texts and commentaries of 1949 Geneva Conventions & Additional Protocols</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texts+and+commentaries+of+1949+Geneva+Conventions+%26+Additional+Protocols&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Fihl.nsf%2FCONVPRES%3FOpenView&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalzer1997" class="citation cs2">Walzer, Michael (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910065308/http://www.firstthings.com/article/2007/01/michael-walzerjust-and-unjust-wars-1977-2">Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations</a> (2nd ed.), New York: Basic Books, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstthings.com/article/2007/01/michael-walzerjust-and-unjust-wars-1977-2">the original</a> on 2011-09-10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+and+Unjust+Wars%3A+A+Moral+Argument+with+Historical+Illustrations&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Walzer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2007%2F01%2Fmichael-walzerjust-and-unjust-wars-1977-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+war" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li>Witt, John Fabian. Lincoln's Code: The Laws of War in American History (Free Press; 2012) 498 pages; on the evolution and legacy of a code commissioned by President Lincoln in the Civil War</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/eng/war-and-law/index.jsp">War & law index</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140815094117/http://www.icrc.org/eng/war-and-law/index.jsp">Archived</a> 2014-08-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—International Committee of the Red Cross website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawofwar.org">International Law of War Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130412144527/http://www.eiil.eu/">The European Institute for International Law and International Relations</a></li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090406030617/http://www.adh-geneva.ch/RULAC/">Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/DoD%20Law%20of%20War%20Manual%20-%20June%202015%20Updated%20Dec%202016.pdf?ver=2016-12-13-172036-190">Law of War Manual</a>, U.S. Department of Defense (2015, updated December 2016)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&oldid=1258147891#Lawful_conduct_of_belligerent_actors">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&oldid=1258147891#Lawful_conduct_of_belligerent_actors</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_war&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 18 November 2024, at 10:30 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsv%C3%B6lkerrecht" title="Kriegsvölkerrecht – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kriegsvölkerrecht" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="قانون الحرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون الحرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleis_de_la_guerra" title="Lleis de la guerra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lleis de la guerra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dret_de_guerra" title="Dret de guerra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dret de guerra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1le%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Válečné právo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Válečné právo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigens_regler" title="Krigens regler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krigens regler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsv%C3%B6lkerrecht" title="Kriegsvölkerrecht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kriegsvölkerrecht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Δίκαιο του πολέμου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δίκαιο του πολέμου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyes_de_la_guerra" title="Leyes de la guerra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leyes de la guerra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milita_juro" title="Milita juro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Milita juro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrako_lege" title="Gerrako lege – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gerrako lege" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="قانون جنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون جنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_de_la_guerre" title="Droit de la guerre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droit de la guerre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leis_da_guerra" title="Leis da guerra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leis da guerra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%8B%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EB%B2%95" title="전시국제법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전시국제법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_%D6%87_%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պատերազմի օրենքներ և սովորույթներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պատերազմի օրենքներ և սովորույթներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="युद्ध विधि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="युद्ध विधि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodno_ratno_pravo" title="Međunarodno ratno pravo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Međunarodno ratno pravo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_perang" title="Hukum perang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukum perang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritto_bellico" title="Diritto bellico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diritto bellico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94" title="הלכות מלחמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הלכות מלחמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ომის სამართალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ომის სამართალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadijog" title="Hadijog – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hadijog" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorlogsrecht" title="Oorlogsrecht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oorlogsrecht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E6%99%82%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E6%B3%95" title="戦時国際法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="戦時国際法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigens_regler" title="Krigens regler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krigens regler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8is_de_la_gu%C3%A8rra" title="Lèis de la guèrra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lèis de la guèrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direito_de_guerra" title="Direito de guerra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direito de guerra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Законы войны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Законы войны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligji_i_luft%C3%ABs" title="Ligji i luftës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ligji i luftës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_war" title="Laws of war – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Laws of war" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojnov%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Vojnové právo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vojnové právo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojno_pravo" title="Vojno pravo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vojno pravo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95" title="یاسای شەڕ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یاسای شەڕ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Међународно ратно право – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Међународно ратно право" data-language-autonym="Српски 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