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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-名称" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名称"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>名称</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名称-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>研究史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形成" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形成"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>形成</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形成-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-性質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#性質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>性質</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-性質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參數" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參數"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參數</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參數-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关參數子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-參數-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-樣本參數" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#樣本參數"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>樣本參數</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-樣本參數-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-能量孳生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#能量孳生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>能量孳生</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-能量孳生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>結構</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-光-色變化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#光-色變化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>光-色變化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-光-色變化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生命期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生命期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>生命期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生命期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-演化軌跡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#演化軌跡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>演化軌跡</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-演化軌跡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註解" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註解"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>註解</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註解-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">主序星</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。66种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoofreeks" title="Hoofreeks – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hoofreeks" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="النسق الأساسي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النسق الأساسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secuencia_principal" title="Secuencia principal – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Secuencia principal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Галоўная паслядоўнасць – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галоўная паслядоўнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Главна последователност – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Главна последователност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF)" title="প্রধান-ধারা (নক্ষত্রের শ্রেণি) – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রধান-ধারা (নক্ষত্রের শ্রেণি)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glavni_niz" title="Glavni niz – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Glavni niz" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seq%C3%BC%C3%A8ncia_principal" title="Seqüència principal – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Seqüència principal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlavn%C3%AD_posloupnost" title="Hlavní posloupnost – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hlavní posloupnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BF_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%83%D0%BD-%D1%85%D1%8B%C3%A7%D0%BB%C4%83%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Тĕп умлăн-хыçлăнлăх – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕп умлăн-хыçлăнлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prif_ddilyniant" title="Prif ddilyniant – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Prif ddilyniant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptreihe" title="Hauptreihe – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hauptreihe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κύρια ακολουθία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κύρια ακολουθία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Main sequence" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88efa_sekvenco" title="Ĉefa sekvenco – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉefa sekvenco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secuencia_principal" title="Secuencia principal – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Secuencia principal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peajada" title="Peajada – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peajada" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekuentzia_nagusia" title="Sekuentzia nagusia – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sekuentzia nagusia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C" title="رشته اصلی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رشته اصلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4%C3%A4sarja" title="Pääsarja – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pääsarja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9quence_principale" title="Séquence principale – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Séquence principale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADomhsheicheamh" title="Príomhsheicheamh – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Príomhsheicheamh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secuencia_principal" title="Secuencia principal – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Secuencia principal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הסדרה הראשית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסדרה הראשית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="मुख्य अनुक्रम – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुख्य अनुक्रम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glavni_niz" title="Glavni niz – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glavni niz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deret_utama" title="Deret utama – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Deret utama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usoro_isi" title="Usoro isi – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Usoro isi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequenza_principale" title="Sequenza principale – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sequenza principale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%98%9F" title="主系列星 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="主系列星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მთავარი მიმდევრობა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მთავარი მიმდევრობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkam_agejdan" title="Alkam agejdan – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Alkam agejdan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Негізгі тізбек жұлдыздары – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Негізгі тізбек жұлдыздары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EA%B3%84%EC%97%B4" title="주계열 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주계열" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_principalis" title="Series principalis – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Series principalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaptrei" title="Haaptrei – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Haaptrei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagrindin%C4%97_seka" title="Pagrindinė seka – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pagrindinė seka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galven%C4%81s_sec%C4%ABbas_zvaigzne" title="Galvenās secības zvaigzne – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Galvenās secības zvaigzne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Главна низа – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Главна низа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0_(%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="മുഖ്യധാര (ജ്യോതിശാസ്ത്രം) – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുഖ്യധാര (ജ്യോതിശാസ്ത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujukan_utama" title="Jujukan utama – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jujukan utama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ပင်မ အစီအစဉ် အတွင်းရှိကြယ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပင်မ အစီအစဉ် အတွင်းရှိကြယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B6ftreeg" title="Hööftreeg – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hööftreeg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="मुख्य अनुक्रम – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मुख्य अनुक्रम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoofdreeks" title="Hoofdreeks – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hoofdreeks" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovudserien" title="Hovudserien – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hovudserien" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovedserien_(astronomi)" title="Hovedserien (astronomi) – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hovedserien (astronomi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequ%C3%A9ncia_principala" title="Sequéncia principala – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sequéncia principala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C4%85g_g%C5%82%C3%B3wny" title="Ciąg główny – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ciąg główny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequ%C3%AAncia_principal" title="Sequência principal – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sequência principal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secven%C8%9Ba_principal%C4%83" title="Secvența principală – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secvența principală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Главная последовательность – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Главная последовательность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glavni_niz" title="Glavni niz – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Glavni niz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Main sequence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlavn%C3%A1_postupnos%C5%A5" title="Hlavná postupnosť – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hlavná postupnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glavni_niz" title="Glavni niz – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glavni niz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Главни низ – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Главни низ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huvudserien" title="Huvudserien – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Huvudserien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="మెయిన్ సీక్వెన్స్ నక్షత్రాలు – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మెయిన్ సీక్వెన్స్ నక్షత్రాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="แถบลำดับหลัก – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แถบลำดับหลัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anakol" title="Anakol – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anakol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Баш эзлеклелек – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Баш эзлеклелек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Головна послідовність – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Головна послідовність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A3y_ch%C3%ADnh" title="Dãy chính – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dãy chính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="主序星 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="主序星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="主序星 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="主序星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3450#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div 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id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Main-sequence_stars" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3450" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style 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.ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Rough_translation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-rough_translation" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="翻譯標記"><img alt="翻譯標記" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="Wikipedia:翻譯指引">翻譯</a>品質不佳。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2023年5月30日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>翻譯者可能不熟悉中文或原文語言，也可能使用了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="机器翻译">機器翻譯</a>。請<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&action=edit">協助翻譯</a>本條目或重新編寫，并注意避免<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TNESE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TNESE">翻译腔</a>的问题。<b>明顯拙劣</b>的翻譯請改掛<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:D" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:D">d</a>|<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CSD#G13" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CSD">G13</a>}}</code>提交刪除。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HRDiagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/HRDiagram.png/270px-HRDiagram.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/HRDiagram.png/405px-HRDiagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/HRDiagram.png/540px-HRDiagram.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>以實際亮度（或<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="絕對星等">絕對星等</a>）相對於<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="色指數">色指數</a>（表示為B-V）繪製的赫羅圖，可以看見主序帶是從左上到右下顯著的斜帶。這張圖示由<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E5%B7%B4%E8%B0%B7%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="依巴谷星表">依巴谷星表</a>的22,000顆<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星">恆星</a>加上1,000顆<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E6%BE%A4%E8%BF%91%E6%98%9F%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="格利澤近星星表">格利澤近星星表</a>中的低亮度恆星（紅色和白色的點）組成。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>主序星</b>在可顯示<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="恒星演化">恒星演化</a>過程的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%96" title="赫羅圖">赫羅圖</a>上，是分布在由左上角至右下角，被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E5%B8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="主序帶">主序帶</a>上的恆星。 </p><p><b>主序帶</b>是以<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="色指數">顏色</a>相對於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="絕對星等">光度</a>繪圖成線的一條連續和獨特的<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星">恆星</a>帶。這個色-光圖就是後來<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B8%8C%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E8%8C%A8%E6%99%AE%E9%BE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="埃希纳·赫茨普龙">埃希納·赫茨普龍</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="亨利·诺利斯·罗素">亨利·諾利斯·羅素</a>合作發展出來，著名的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%96" title="赫羅圖">赫羅圖</a>。在這條帶子上的恆星就是所謂的<b>主序星</b><sup id="cite_ref-smith91_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith91-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-powell06_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powell06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>恆星形成之後，它在高熱、高密度的核心進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98" title="核聚变">核聚变</a>反應，將<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a>原子轉變成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦</a>。在這個生命期階段的恆星，座落在在主序帶上的位置主要是依據它的質量，但化學成分和其它的因素也有一些關係。所有的主序星都處於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94%E9%9D%9C%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="流體靜力平衡">流體靜力平衡</a>狀態，它來自炙熱核心向外膨脹的熱壓力與來自外圍包層向內擠壓的重力壓維持著平衡。在核心溫度和壓力與能量孳生率有著強烈的相關性，並有助於維持平衡。在核心孳生的能量傳遞到表面經由<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%90%83" title="光球">光球</a>輻射出去。能量經由<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="輻射">輻射</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81" title="對流">對流</a>傳遞，而後著在其區域內會產生階梯狀的溫度梯度，更高的透明度，或兩者均有。 </p><p>基於恆星產生能量的主要過程，主序帶有時會被分成上段和下段。質量大約在1.5<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽質量">太陽質量</a>以內的恆星，將氫聚集融合成氦的一系列主要程序稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90-%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E9%8F%88%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="質子-質子鏈反應">質子-質子鏈反應</a>。超過這個質量在主序帶的上段，核融合主要是使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a>、和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>原子，經由<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%A7%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="碳氮氧循環">碳氮氧循環</a>的程序，將氫原子轉變成氦。質量超過太陽10倍的主序星在核心區域會產生對流，這樣的活動會激發新創建的氦外移，並維持發生核融合所需要的燃料比例。當核心的對流不再發生時，發展出的富氦核心的外圍會被氫包圍著。質量較低的恆星，核心的對流區會逐步的縮小，大約在2太陽質量附近，核心的對流區就會消失。在這個質量以下，恆星的核心只有輻射，但是在接近表面會有對流。隨著恆星質量的減少，對流的包層會增加，質量低於0.4太陽質量的主序星，全部的質量都在對流。 </p><p>通常，質量越大的恆星在主序帶上的生命期越短。當在核心的核燃料已被耗盡之後，恆星<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="恆星演化">的發展</a>會離開赫羅圖上的主序帶。這時恆星的發展取決於它的質量，質量低於0.23<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽質量">太陽質量</a>的恆星直接成為<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="白矮星">白矮星</a>，而質量未超過10<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽質量">太陽質量</a>的恆星將經歷<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="紅巨星">紅巨星</a>的階段<sup id="cite_ref-romp69_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romp69-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；質量更大的恆星可以爆炸成為<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="超新星">超新星</a><sup id="cite_ref-science304_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science304-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，或直接塌縮成為<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞">黑洞</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名称"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E7.A7.B0"></span>名称</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：名称"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由于“巨星”等词汇即可代表恒星演化分类又可代表光度分类，在光谱光度图中，主序星常被称作“矮星”，但大质量主序星常被按光度分类成为“巨星”，而“<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="白矮星">白矮星</a>”特指中低质量恒星的简并核心残骸，外行人士读到此类专业术语时应注意避免混淆。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究史"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E5.8F.B2"></span>研究史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：研究史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在20世紀的初期，有關恆星類型和距離的資料變得更容易獲得。恆星的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="光譜">光譜</a>被證明有特殊的功能，可以用來進行分類。<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="哈佛大學">哈佛大學</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%9D%8E%E5%86%9C" title="安妮·坎农">安妮·坎農</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97" title="爱德华·皮克林">愛德華·皮克林</a>發展出的分類法成為日後眾所周知的<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="恒星分类">哈佛分類系統</a>，發表在1901年的<i>哈佛年報（Harvard Annals）</i><sup id="cite_ref-longair06_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-longair06-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1906年在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%A8%E5%9D%A6" title="波茨坦">波茨坦</a>，丹麥的天文學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B8%8C%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E8%8C%A8%E6%99%AE%E9%BE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="埃希纳·赫茨普龙">埃希納·赫茨普龍</a>注意到最紅的那些恆星－在哈佛系統的分類是K和M－可以分為兩個不同的群體。這些恆星不是比太陽亮，就是比太陽暗淡許多。為了區分這兩個群，他分別稱它們是“巨星”和“矮星”。第二年他開始研究<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="星團">星團</a>；大量在大約相同距離的恆星都屬於同一個恆星集團。他發表了第一張這些恆星的顏色相對於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AE%E5%BA%A6" title="亮度">亮度</a>的圖，這張圖表顯示出突顯和連續的系列恆星，他稱之為主序帶<sup id="cite_ref-brown_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="普林斯頓大學">普林斯頓大學</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="亨利·诺利斯·罗素">亨利·諾利斯·羅素</a>也做了如下的類似研究。他研究恆星的光譜分類和它們修正過距離的真實亮度－它們的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="絕對星等">絕對星等</a>。為了這個目的，他使用一系列在哈佛分類系統中有確實<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E5%B7%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="視差">視差</a>的恆星。當它繪製這些恆星的光譜對應於絕對星等的圖時，他發現這些矮星遵循明確的關係，這使得他可以真正合理且準確的預測矮星的亮度<sup id="cite_ref-obs36_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obs36-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>赫茨普龍觀察的紅色恆星，矮星也遵循著羅素發現的光譜-光度關係。然而，巨星仍然比矮星亮了許多，並未遵循著相同的關係。羅素認為"巨星必須有低密度或是大表面的亮度，與矮星的事實恰好相反"。相同的曲線也顯示有極少數白色的暗星<sup id="cite_ref-obs36_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obs36-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在1933年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%BE%99%E6%A0%B9" title="本特·斯特龙根">本特·斯特龍根</a>介紹赫羅圖來顯示亮度-光譜分類的關係圖<sup id="cite_ref-zfa7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zfa7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。這個名稱反映出這種技術是赫茨普龍和羅素在20世紀早期平行發展出來的<sup id="cite_ref-brown_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>如同在20世紀30年代發展出的恆星演化模型，它顯示出恆星有著一致的化學成分，恆星的質量和半徑之間有著關聯性。也就是說，對於給定的恆星質量和成分，有一個唯一的恆星半徑和光度解。這被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0-%E6%B2%83%E5%85%8B%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="羅素-沃克定理">羅素-沃克定理</a>，是以亨利·諾利斯·羅素和海涅·沃克的名字命名的。經由這個定理，一旦知道一顆恆星的化學成分，和它在主序帶上的位置，則這顆恆星的質量和半徑已就確定了（不過，後來發現這個定理不適用於那些成分不一致的恆星）<sup id="cite_ref-schatzman33_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schatzman33-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>W. W.摩根和P. C.肯南在1943年發表了改進的<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="恒星分类">恆星分類</a><sup id="cite_ref-keenan_morgan43_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keenan_morgan43-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。摩根-肯南分類（MK系統）選定每顆恆星的光譜－以哈佛分類系統為基礎－和光度分類。哈佛分類系統是在知道光譜和溫度之間的關係之前，以每顆恆星光譜的氫線強度給與不同的字母標示。在依照溫度排序和篩除重複的分類之後，恆星的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="光谱类型">光譜類型</a>遵循溫度由高至低和溫度由藍至紅的順序排列，序列成為O、B、A、F、G、K、M、L和T（通俗的用來記憶這個恆星分類序列的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶術">記憶術</a>是"Oh Be A Fine Girl/Guy, Kiss Me Long Time"）。亮度分類是依據亮度的減弱從Ⅰ到Ⅴ，主序帶的恆星被歸類為Ⅴ<sup id="cite_ref-tnc_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="形成"><span id=".E5.BD.A2.E6.88.90"></span>形成</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：形成"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="恆星形成">恆星形成</a></div> <p>當一顆<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="原恆星">原恆星</a>從位於<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%9A%9B%E4%BB%8B%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="星際介質">星際介質</a>中的氣體和塵埃構成的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%B2" title="分子雲">巨分子雲</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="金斯不穩定性">坍縮</a>形成時，最初的成分是均勻的，質量包含大約70%的氫和28%的氦，還有其它含量可追蹤的元素<sup id="cite_ref-asr34_1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asr34_1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。恆星的初始質量取決於在分子雲中所在位置的條件（新形成恆星的質量分布是依據<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="初始质量函数">初始質量函數</a>的經驗來描述）<sup id="cite_ref-science295_5552_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science295_5552-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。當坍縮開始時，這顆<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="前主序星">前主序星</a>經由重力收縮產生能量。在達到合適的密度，能量開始由核心將氫轉變成氦的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%83%AD" class="mw-disambig" title="放热">放熱</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88" class="mw-redirect" title="核融合">核融合</a>程序來產生<sup id="cite_ref-tnc_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div role="img" class="floatright nounderlines noresize" style="width: 400px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: var(--background-color-base,#ffffff); color:inherit; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HR-diag-no-text-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HR-diag-no-text-2.svg/400px-HR-diag-no-text-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="457" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HR-diag-no-text-2.svg/600px-HR-diag-no-text-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HR-diag-no-text-2.svg/800px-HR-diag-no-text-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:74px; top:392px"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%96" title="赫羅圖"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 120%">赫羅圖</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:214px; top:432px"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1" title="恒星光谱"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 110%">光譜型態</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:346px; top:368px"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="棕矮星"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">棕矮星</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:166px; top:320px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="白矮星"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">白矮星</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:346px; top:312px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="紅矮星"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">紅矮星</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:214px; top:264px"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="次矮星"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">次矮星</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:114px; top:208px"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">主序星</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:262px; top:184px"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="次巨星"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">次巨星</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:164px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="巨星"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">巨星</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:194px; top:140px"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AE%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="亮巨星"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">亮巨星</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:108px"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="超巨星"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">超巨星</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:71.2px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="特超巨星"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">特超巨星</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:14px; top:212px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="絕對星等"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 110%">絕對</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:14px; top:232px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="絕對星等"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 110%">星等</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:14px; top:252px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="絕對星等"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 110%">(M<sub>V</sub>)</span></a></div> </div> <p>一旦氫的核融合成為能量產生過程中的主要來源，重力就沒有多餘的能量使恆星收縮<sup id="cite_ref-science293_5538_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science293_5538-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，這顆恆星將沿著一條<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="曲线">曲線</a>落在<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%96" title="赫羅圖">赫羅圖</a>上所稱的標準主序帶上，天文學家有時會參考這個階段稱為"零齡主序帶"，或ZAMS<sup id="cite_ref-zams_sao_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zams_sao-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。這條曲線是恆星開始進行核融合的點，可以依據恆星的特性使用電腦模型計算出ZAMS。從這個點，恆星的亮度和表面溫度會隨著年齡而增加<sup id="cite_ref-clayton83_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clayton83-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>直到核心中的氫被大量的消耗掉，恆星依然還在主序帶上初始的位置附近，然後就開始變成一顆更明亮的恆星（在赫羅圖上，恆星的演化是離開主序帶向上和向右移動）。因此主序帶是恆星生命中以氫燃燒為主的階段<sup id="cite_ref-tnc_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="性質"><span id=".E6.80.A7.E8.B3.AA"></span>性質</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：性質"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在赫羅圖上的恆星絕大多數都位於主序帶的曲線上。這條線是很明顯的，因為恆星的<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="恒星分类">光譜類型</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AE%E5%BA%A6" title="亮度">亮度</a>都僅與恆星的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="質量">質量</a>相關，至少是零階近似，只要它的核心是進行著氫融合－而且所有恆星的生命活躍期幾乎都耗費在這個階段<sup id="cite_ref-mss_atoe_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mss_atoe-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>主序星也稱為矮星，但是這個術語有著它的歷史，並且有些令人費解。溫度較低的恆星，像是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="紅矮星">紅矮星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%99%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="橙矮星">橙矮星</a>、和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="黃矮星">黃矮星</a>都是只比相同顏色的恆星更小和更暗淡的恆星。 </p><p>然而，對更熱的藍色和白色恆星，所謂的<i>矮星</i>其大小和亮度與和同樣也在主序帶上但被稱為<i>巨星</i>的恆星相比並不會顯得較小；而最熱的恆星並沒有被直接的觀測過。在這個術語中所說的<i>矮星</i>和<i>巨星</i>參考的是在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%9C%E7%B7%9A" title="譜線">譜線</a>上的差異，它顯示的是這顆恆星在主序帶上還是離開了主序帶。不過，非常熱的主序星，即使它們有著和<i>巨星</i>大約相當的大小和亮度，有時依然會被稱為矮星<sup id="cite_ref-moore06_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore06-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>共用著<i>矮星</i>這個術語，意味著主序星會造成其它方面的困惑，因為有些矮星不是主序帶上的恆星。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="白矮星">白矮星</a>就是一種不同種類的恆星，它們遠小於主序帶上的恆星－大約是和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>相似的尺度，是許多主序星演化的最後階段<sup id="cite_ref-wd_sao_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wd_sao-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一顆恆星的溫度是經由在它<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%90%83" title="光球">光球</a>內<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%BC%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="電漿">電漿</a>的物理性質，確認它的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="光谱类型">光譜類型</a>的結果。恆星能量輻射的波函數受到溫度和成分這兩個因素的影響，這種能量分佈的關鍵的指標是<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="色指數">色指數</a>，<i>B</i> − <i>V</i>，測量的方法是使用濾鏡量測藍色（<i>B</i>）和黃綠色（<i>V</i>）的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="視星等">星等</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，這種星等上的差異提供了恆星溫度的測量。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參數"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E6.95.B8"></span>參數</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：參數"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>將恆星當成一個理想的能量輻射體，也就是<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E4%BD%93_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="黑体 (物理学)">黑體</a>，則光度<i>L</i>和半徑<i>R</i>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="有效溫度">有效溫度</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\rm {eff}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\rm {eff}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/be1c312b105d6b48af58340253b30af99775be31" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.543ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\rm {eff}}}"></span>的關係可以用<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%87%A1-%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B2%E6%9B%BC%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="斯特凡-波茲曼定律">史蒂芬-波茲曼定律</a>來表示： </p> <dl><dd><i>L</i> = 4πσ<i>R</i><sup>2</sup><i>T<sub>eff</sub></i><sup>4</sup></dd></dl> <p>此處的<i>σ</i>是<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%87%A1-%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B2%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="斯特凡-波茲曼常數">史蒂芬-波茲曼常數</a>。如果恆星在赫羅圖上的位置顯示出他近似的亮度，這個關係可以用來估計他的半徑<sup id="cite_ref-ohrd_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohrd-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>恆星的質量、半徑、和亮度三者有緊密的關聯性，以及它們各自的值可以近似的估計三者的值。首先是<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%87%A1-%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B2%E6%9B%BC%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="斯特凡-波茲曼定律">史蒂芬-波茲曼定律</a>，他敘述了亮度<i>L</i>、半徑<i>R</i>和表面的有效溫度<i>T<sub>eff</sub></i>。其次是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%85%89%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="質光關係">質光關係</a>，他敘述了亮度<i>L</i>和質量<i>M</i>。最後，是質量<i>M</i>和半徑<i>R</i>之間接近線性的關係。<i>M</i>相對<i>R</i>增加的因素關係在2.5至3<i>M</i>之間。這種關係大約正比於恆星內部的溫度<i>T<sub>I</sub></i>，和它極其緩慢的增加反映出能量在核心產生的效率強烈的取決於與溫度，而這與質光關係吻合。因此，太高或太低的溫度都繪導致恆星不穩定的結果。 </p><p>一個較好的近似是<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon =L/M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon =L/M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/17c5d80928e796ce6e5b3e9cd7415f69fc3d8747" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.23ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon =L/M}"></span>，每單位質量的能量產生率，如果ε正比於<i>T<sub>I</sub></i><sup>15</sup>，此處的<i>T<sub>I</sub></i>是核心的溫度。這至少適用於像太陽這樣的恆星，顯示出<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%A7%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="碳氮氧循環">碳氮氧循環</a>的恆星，較適合使用<i>R</i> ∝ <i>M</i><sup>0.78</sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="樣本參數"><span id=".E6.A8.A3.E6.9C.AC.E5.8F.83.E6.95.B8"></span>樣本參數</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：樣本參數"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>下表是主序帶上恆星的典型數值：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6" title="光度">光度</a>（L），<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="半徑">半徑</a>（R），和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="質量">質量</a>（M）都是相對於以太陽—一顆光譜分類為G2V的矮星－的比較值，正確的數值可以有20-30%的變化量<sup id="cite_ref-siess00_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siess00-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星光譜分類">恆星分類</a>欄位的顏色只是近似攝影所得到的顏色。 </p><p>（注意：以下的數據與外部連結的並不會完全一致，同時單位面積的亮度也沒有遵循溫度（T<sup>4</sup>）的比率） </p> <dl><dd><table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <caption>主序星參數表<sup id="cite_ref-zombeck_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zombeck-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星光譜分類">恆星<br />分類</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="半徑">半徑</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="質量">質量</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AE%E5%BA%A6" title="亮度">亮度</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫度</a> </th> <th>举例<sup id="cite_ref-simbad_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simbad-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFEE"> <td align="center">R/R<sub>☉</sub> </td> <td align="center">M/M<sub>☉</sub> </td> <td align="center">L/L<sub>☉</sub> </td> <td align="center">K </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#3d0bff">O0 </td> <td align="center">20 </td> <td align="center">200 </td> <td align="center">10,000,000 </td> <td align="center">60,000 </td> <td align="center"><b>尚未確定</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#3d4bff">O2Ⅲ </td> <td align="center">20 </td> <td align="center">130 </td> <td align="center">2,200,000 </td> <td align="center">52,500 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/HD_269810" title="HD 269810">HD 269810</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#3d6bff">O2.7Ia </td> <td align="center">18.5 </td> <td align="center">127 </td> <td align="center">2,500,000 </td> <td align="center">52,000 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/HD_93129A" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 93129A">HD 93129A</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#3e7cff">O5Ia </td> <td align="center">19 </td> <td align="center">54 </td> <td align="center">790,000 </td> <td align="center">42,000 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A7%E7%9F%A2%E5%A2%9E%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C" title="弧矢增二十二">弧矢增二十二</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#4479ff">B0 </td> <td align="center">7.4 </td> <td align="center">18 </td> <td align="center">20,000 </td> <td align="center">30,000 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E5%AE%BF%E5%A2%9E%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80" title="参宿增十一">參宿增十一</a>（獵戶座φ） </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#5980ff">B5 </td> <td align="center">3.8 </td> <td align="center">6.5 </td> <td align="center">800 </td> <td align="center">15,200 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%8E%E5%AE%BF%E5%85%AD" title="奎宿六">奎宿六</a>（仙女座π） </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#7ca0ff">A0 </td> <td align="center">2.5 </td> <td align="center">3.2 </td> <td align="center">80 </td> <td align="center">9,600 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%86%95%E5%BA%A7%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="北冕座α">北冕座α</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#9cbdff">A5 </td> <td align="center">1.7 </td> <td align="center">2.1 </td> <td align="center">20 </td> <td align="center">8,600 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%AA%E6%9E%B6%E5%BA%A7%CE%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="繪架座β">绘架座β</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#b6ccff">F0 </td> <td align="center">1.4 </td> <td align="center">1.7 </td> <td align="center">6.0 </td> <td align="center">7,200 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%B8%8A%E7%9B%B8" title="東上相">東上相</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#d7e9ff">F5 </td> <td align="center">1.2 </td> <td align="center">1.29 </td> <td align="center">2.5 </td> <td align="center">6,540 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%84%E5%AE%BF%E5%A2%9E%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C" title="娄宿增十二">婁宿增十二</a>（白羊座η） </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#edf6ff">G0 </td> <td align="center">1.05 </td> <td align="center">1.10 </td> <td align="center">1.26 </td> <td align="center">6,000 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E9%BC%8E%E4%B8%80" title="周鼎一">后发座β</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#fdfeff">G2 </td> <td align="center">1.0 </td> <td align="center">1.0 </td> <td align="center">1.0 </td> <td align="center">5,700 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3" title="太阳">太阳</a><sup id="cite_ref-bydef_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bydef-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#fff7e9">G5 </td> <td align="center">0.93 </td> <td align="center">0.93 </td> <td align="center">0.79 </td> <td align="center">5,600 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%A1%88%E5%BA%A7%CE%B1" title="山案座α">山案座α</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#ffe9cb">K0 </td> <td align="center">0.85 </td> <td align="center">0.78 </td> <td align="center">0.40 </td> <td align="center">5,150 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%9B" title="宗人四">宗人四</a>（蛇夫座70） </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#ffcb99">K5 </td> <td align="center">0.74 </td> <td align="center">0.69 </td> <td align="center">0.16 </td> <td align="center">4,450 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%A2%9E%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天津增二十九（页面不存在）">天津增二十九</a>（天鹅座61）<sup id="cite_ref-apj129_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj129-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#ffae78">M0 </td> <td align="center">0.63 </td> <td align="center">0.47 </td> <td align="center">0.063 </td> <td align="center">3,850 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E6%BE%A4185" title="格利澤185">格利澤185</a><sup id="cite_ref-simbad_ltt2151_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simbad_ltt2151-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#ff8a99">M5 </td> <td align="center">0.32 </td> <td align="center">0.21 </td> <td align="center">0.0079 </td> <td align="center">3,200 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B6%E7%93%B6%E5%BA%A7EZ" class="mw-redirect" title="寶瓶座EZ">寶瓶座EZ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#f00009">M8 </td> <td align="center">0.13 </td> <td align="center">0.10 </td> <td align="center">0.0008 </td> <td align="center">2,500 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/VB_10" title="VB 10">VB 10</a><sup id="cite_ref-recons_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recons-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#d00899">M9.5 </td> <td align="center">0.10 </td> <td align="center">0.08 </td> <td align="center">0.0001 </td> <td align="center">1,900 </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>把O0型恆星的估算数据与HD 269810的数据重新列入，只是为了完善资料，HD 269810的质量如此巨大，但光度却只有220万倍，也讓人很不解，可能是观测资料尚不完善的缘故。其他還有L型和T型亚恆星（即棕矮星）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="能量孳生"><span id=".E8.83.BD.E9.87.8F.E5.AD.B3.E7.94.9F"></span>能量孳生</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：能量孳生"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="恆星核合成">恆星核合成</a></div> <p>所有的主序星都有進行核融合孳生能量的核心區域。核心的溫度和密度都必須要能維持個極能量的生產和支撐這顆恆星的其餘部分。產生的能量減少將導致覆蓋在外的質量壓縮核心，結果會因為更高的溫度和壓力導致核融合的速率增加。同樣的，增加能量的生產將導致恆星的膨脹，降低核心的壓力。因此，恆星形成自律的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94%E9%9D%9C%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="流體靜力平衡">流體靜力平衡</a>系統，使其在主序帶的生命期間過程是穩定的<sup id="cite_ref-brainerd_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brainerd-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuclear_energy_generation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nuclear_energy_generation.svg/langzh-280px-Nuclear_energy_generation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nuclear_energy_generation.svg/langzh-420px-Nuclear_energy_generation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nuclear_energy_generation.svg/langzh-560px-Nuclear_energy_generation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>這張圖以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="對數">對數</a>顯示出在不同溫度下的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90-%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E9%8F%88%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="質子-質子鏈反應">質子-質子</a>（PP）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%A7%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="碳氮氧循環">CNO</a>、和<a href="/wiki/3%E6%B0%A6%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="3氦過程">3氦過程</a>的核融合過程，相對的能量輸出。虛線顯示在一顆恆星內由PP和CNO過程共同產生能量。在太陽的核心溫度，PP過程是比較有效的。</figcaption></figure> <p>主序星采取兩種類型的氫融合過程，並且每個類型產生能量的速率取決於核心區域的溫度。天文學家將主序帶分成上下兩個部分，就是依據兩種類型是以何者做為核融合的主導過程。在主序帶的下部，能量主要是經由<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90-%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E9%8F%88%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="質子-質子鏈反應">質子-質子鏈反應</a>孳生，經由一系列的步驟直接將氫融合成氦<sup id="cite_ref-hannu_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hannu-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在主序帶上部的恆星，有足夠高的核心溫度，可以有效的使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%A7%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="碳氮氧循環">碳氮氧循環</a>（參見圖）。這個過程使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a>、和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>原子做為觸媒，在過程中將氫融合成氦。 </p><p>當溫度在1,800萬<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E6%BA%AB%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學溫標">K</a>時，PP過程和CNO循環同樣有效，並且各自產生恆星一半的淨光度。核心在這種溫度的恆星質量大約是1.5<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽質量">太陽質量</a>，主序帶上部恆星的值量都超過這個值。因此，粗略的說，光譜類型為F或溫度更低的恆星在主序帶的下部，A型恆星或更熱的恆星在主序帶的上部<sup id="cite_ref-clayton83_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clayton83-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。從主要的能量產生類型從一種過度到另一種的質量範圍不到一個太陽質量。在我們的太陽，1太陽質量的恆星，只有1.5%的能量是以CNO循環產生的<sup id="cite_ref-apj555_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj555-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。與此相反的，1.8太陽質量或更高質量的恆星，幾乎所有的能量都是完全經由CNO循環輸出<sup id="cite_ref-maurizio05_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maurizio05-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>觀測到的主序星上部恆星質量的上限在120至200太陽質量<sup id="cite_ref-apj620_1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj620_1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。這種限制在理論上的解釋是超過这一質量上限的恆星不能快速輻射出能量以維持穩定，所以任何額外的質量將在一系列的脹縮中被拋射出去，直到這顆恆星达到穩定狀態以符合限制<sup id="cite_ref-apj162_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj162-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。能持續進行質子-質子鏈反應的質量下限大約是0.08太陽質量<sup id="cite_ref-hannu_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hannu-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，低於這個門檻的次恆星天體不能維持氫融合，像是所知的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="棕矮星">棕矮星</a><sup id="cite_ref-apj406_1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj406_1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="結構"><span id=".E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B"></span>結構</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：結構"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="恆星結構">恆星結構</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_internal_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Solar_internal_structure.svg/280px-Solar_internal_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Solar_internal_structure.svg/420px-Solar_internal_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Solar_internal_structure.svg/560px-Solar_internal_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>這張圖顯示一顆與太陽相似恆星的剖面，呈現其內部的結構。</figcaption></figure> <p>因為核心的溫度和表面，或是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%90%83" title="光球">光球</a>，不同，能量因此向外輸送。能量的輸送有<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="輻射">輻射</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81" title="對流">對流</a>兩種模式。<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E5%B1%A4" title="輻射層">輻射層</a>的能量靠輻射傳送，相對於對流是穩定並且很少會有電漿的混合。比較之下，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="對流層">對流層</a>能量由大量電漿的移動來傳送，熱的物質上升而冷的物質下沉。對流比輻射能更有效率的輸送能量，但是他要在創建出陡峭的溫度梯度下才會發生<sup id="cite_ref-brainerd_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brainerd-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aller91_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aller91-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在大質量的恆星（大約10太陽質量）<sup id="cite_ref-aaa102_1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaa102_1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>產生能量的CNO循環對溫度是相當敏感的，所以核融合高度集中在核心進行。因此，在核心區域有大的溫度梯度量傳輸效，這使得對流層有更高的能果<sup id="cite_ref-hannu_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hannu-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。圍繞著核心氫燃燒區域的物質混合將氦移除，讓更多的氫能在恆星的主序帶生命期間內被消耗。大質量恆星的外圍區域以輻射來輸沒有送能量，只有少許或完全對流<sup id="cite_ref-brainerd_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brainerd-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>中等質量的恆星，像是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%8B%BC%E6%98%9F" title="天狼星">天狼星</a>可能主要是由輻射來傳輸能量，在核心有少量的對流區<sup id="cite_ref-lockner06_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lockner06-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。中庸的大小，像太陽這種低質量的恆星，核心區域相對於對流是穩定的，而對流層是靠近表面，並與外層混合。這樣的結果會導致含有大量氫的外殼穩定的包圍著富含氦的核心。相比之下，低溫、非常低質量（低於0.4太陽質量）的恆星整個都是對流區<sup id="cite_ref-science295_5552_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science295_5552-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，因此，在核心產生的氦散布在整個恆星內，造成相對均勻的氣圈並且相對的在主序帶上有著較長的生命期<sup id="cite_ref-brainerd_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brainerd-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="光-色變化"><span id=".E5.85.89-.E8.89.B2.E8.AE.8A.E5.8C.96"></span>光-色變化</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：光-色變化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在主序星核心的氦不能做為核融合的燃料而推積在核心，會造成單位體積內的氫含量減少，會降低核心的氫豐度使核融合的規模降低。為了補償，核心的溫度和壓力會緩慢的增加，這會造成整體融合率增加的淨效應（支撐恆星內部更大的壓力），這使得恆星的亮度和半徑隨著時間的推移而穩定的增加<sup id="cite_ref-clayton83_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clayton83-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。因此，例如，太陽早期的光度只是目前值的70%左右<sup id="cite_ref-sp74_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sp74-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。隨著恆星年齡和亮度的增加，恆星在赫羅圖上的位置也會改變。這種效果產生主序帶的變寬，因為被觀測到的恆星在其生命期中應該是隨機的。也就是說，在赫羅圖上的主序帶是有寬度的，它不是纯的一條窄線<sup id="cite_ref-padmanabhan01_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padmanabhan01-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>還有其它因素也會使赫羅圖上的主序帶變寬，包括恆星距離上的不確定和目前未能解析出的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E6%98%9F" title="聯星">聯星</a>，這都可以改變觀測到的恆星參數。但是，即使是完美的觀測仍然會顯示模糊的主序帶，因為質量不是決定恆星的顏色和光度的唯一參數。除此之外還有<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E9%87%8F" title="金屬量">化學組成</a>的變化－初始豐度和和恆星的<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="恆星演化">演化狀態</a>兩者<sup id="cite_ref-apj128_3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj128_3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E6%98%9F" title="聯星">密近伴星</a>的交互作用<sup id="cite_ref-tayler94_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tayler94-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E8%87%AA%E8%BD%89" title="恆星自轉">快速自轉</a><sup id="cite_ref-mnras113_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnras113-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、或<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="恆星磁場">磁場</a>也都可以稍微改變主序星在赫羅圖中的位置，而這只是幾個因素的名稱。例如，有些恆星含有原子量比氦重的元素豐度非常低－稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E9%87%8F" title="金屬量">貧金屬星</a>－就在主序帶的下部，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="次矮星">次矮星</a>。這些恆星也在核心將氫融合，它們都在主序帶較低處的邊緣，因為化學成分而造成主序帶的模糊<sup id="cite_ref-cwcs13_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cwcs13-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在赫羅圖上接近垂直的區域，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%B8%B6" title="不穩定帶">不穩定帶</a>，存在著被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E7%88%B6%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="造父變星">造父變星</a>的脈動<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F" title="變星">變星</a>。這些恆星以固定的時間間隔改變他們的亮度，使它們的外觀產生脈動。這個區域位於主序帶的恆星類型為<i>A</i>和<i>F</i>的上方，它們的質量在1至2太陽質量之間。在不穩定帶這一部分與主序帶上方相交的脈動變星稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%BE%E7%89%8C%CE%B4%E5%9E%8B%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="盾牌δ型變星">盾牌δ型變星</a>。在這個區域的主序星，在經驗上只有小幅度的變化，所以很難察覺這種變化<sup id="cite_ref-green04_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green04-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。其它類型的不穩定主序星，像是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E7%8E%8B%CE%B2%E5%9E%8B%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="仙王β型變星">仙王β型變星</a>，與這個不穩定帶無關。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生命期"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.91.BD.E6.9C.9F"></span>生命期</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：生命期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isochrone_ZAMS_Z2pct.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Isochrone_ZAMS_Z2pct.png/360px-Isochrone_ZAMS_Z2pct.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Isochrone_ZAMS_Z2pct.png/540px-Isochrone_ZAMS_Z2pct.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Isochrone_ZAMS_Z2pct.png/720px-Isochrone_ZAMS_Z2pct.png 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>這個圖顯示零齡主序帶質光關係的例子。質量和光度是相對於目前的太陽。</figcaption></figure> <p>恆星可以經由氫核融合產生的總能量受到核心可以消耗的氫燃料數量的限制。在平衡狀態的一顆恆星，在核心生成的能量必須至少要等於從表面輻射出去的量。因為光度是每單位時間輻射的能量，整個生命期拋出的量就可以用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8E%E8%BF%91%E4%BC%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="階近似（页面不存在）">1階近似</a>估計，就如同將產生的總能量除以光度<sup id="cite_ref-rit_ms_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rit_ms-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>對至少是0.5太陽質量的一顆恆星，一旦核心供應的氫消耗殆盡，他將膨脹成為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="紅巨星">紅巨星</a>，它可以啟動<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦</a>融合形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>。氦融合輸出能量的過程，每單位質量只有氫融合過程輸出能量的十分之一，但是恆星的光度會增加<sup id="cite_ref-prialnik00_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prialnik00-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，這將導致這一階段的生命期比在主序帶短了許多（例如太陽被預測會耗費1億3000萬年燃燒氦，相較之下大約有120億年左右燃燒氫）<sup id="cite_ref-mnras386_1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnras386_1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，因此，觀測到在0.5亮以上的恆星有90%是位於主序帶上<sup id="cite_ref-arnett96_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnett96-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。平均而言，所知的主序星都遵循經驗的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%85%89%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="質光關係">質光關係</a><sup id="cite_ref-lecchini07_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lecchini07-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，恆星的光度（<i>L</i>）大約正比於總質量（<i>M</i>），如同下面的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AA%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="冪定律">冪定律</a>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}L\ \propto \ M^{3.5}\end{smallmatrix}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle scriptlevel="1"> <mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>L</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>∝</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3.5</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}L\ \propto \ M^{3.5}\end{smallmatrix}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a6dcb7f22e8e73974ad7101f34ba7a6c0cd98c31" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.349ex; margin-bottom: -0.322ex; width:7.948ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}L\ \propto \ M^{3.5}\end{smallmatrix}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>這個關係適用的範圍在0.1–50太陽質量的主序星<sup id="cite_ref-rolfs_rodney88_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rolfs_rodney88-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>可供核融合的燃料與恆星的質量成正比，因此，主序星的生命期可以使用太陽演化的模型來估計。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽">太陽</a>已經在主序帶上存在了大約45億年，在65億年後它將成為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="紅巨星">紅巨星</a><sup id="cite_ref-apj418_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj418-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，在主序帶上的總生存期大約是100億年，所以<sup id="cite_ref-hansen_kawaler94_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansen_kawaler94-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}\tau _{\rm {MS}}\ \approx \ 10^{10}{\text{years}}\cdot \left[{\frac {M}{M_{\bigodot }}}\right]\cdot \left[{\frac {L_{\bigodot }}{L}}\right]\ =\ 10^{10}{\text{years}}\cdot \left[{\frac {M}{M_{\bigodot }}}\right]^{-2.5}\end{smallmatrix}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle scriptlevel="1"> <mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false"> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>τ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>≈</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>years</mtext> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>M</mi> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⨀</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⨀</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mi>L</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>=</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>years</mtext> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>M</mi> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⨀</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.5</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}\tau _{\rm {MS}}\ \approx \ 10^{10}{\text{years}}\cdot \left[{\frac {M}{M_{\bigodot }}}\right]\cdot \left[{\frac {L_{\bigodot }}{L}}\right]\ =\ 10^{10}{\text{years}}\cdot \left[{\frac {M}{M_{\bigodot }}}\right]^{-2.5}\end{smallmatrix}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0b0007c6ab12d6b467c13d76803d518ff2cfc7f2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:43.071ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}\tau _{\rm {MS}}\ \approx \ 10^{10}{\text{years}}\cdot \left[{\frac {M}{M_{\bigodot }}}\right]\cdot \left[{\frac {L_{\bigodot }}{L}}\right]\ =\ 10^{10}{\text{years}}\cdot \left[{\frac {M}{M_{\bigodot }}}\right]^{-2.5}\end{smallmatrix}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>此處的<i>M</i>和<i>L</i>是恆星的質量和光度，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}M_{\bigodot }\end{smallmatrix}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle scriptlevel="1"> <mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false"> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⨀</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}M_{\bigodot }\end{smallmatrix}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a680bca35d07bbd5199729a99eb4a7f56b595c6a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.992ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}M_{\bigodot }\end{smallmatrix}}}"></span>太陽質量，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}L_{\bigodot }\end{smallmatrix}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle scriptlevel="1"> <mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false"> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⨀</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}L_{\bigodot }\end{smallmatrix}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/058d0166af17c1f48fe6b4ec3fdefb9b90dd3879" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.517ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}L_{\bigodot }\end{smallmatrix}}}"></span>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6" title="太陽光度">太陽光度</a>，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau _{\rm {MS}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>τ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau _{\rm {MS}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3f191b3d9b9fd41e51cf06fba4770038e12b41a2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.669ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau _{\rm {MS}}}"></span>是估計的恆星主序帶生命期。 </p><p>雖然質量越大的恆星有越多的燃料可以消耗，並且可能會持續更長的時間，但是它們也隨著質量的增加成比例的輻射出更多的能量。因此，質量最大的恆星停留在主序帶的生命期只有數百萬年，只有十分之一太陽質量的恆星可能會超過數兆年<sup id="cite_ref-apj482_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj482-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>精確的質光關係取決於如何有效的將能量從核心傳送到表面。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%8F%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不透光度（页面不存在）">不透光度</a>越高的恆星已保留越多的能量在核心，所以不需要產生太多的能量來維持<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94%E9%9D%9C%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="流體靜力平衡">流體靜力平衡</a>。相較之下，不透明度較低的恆星意味著需要更迅速的燃燒更多的燃料，以保持平衡<sup id="cite_ref-imamura07_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imamura07-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但是請注意，過高的不透明度會導致能量改以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81" title="對流">對流</a>來傳送，這會改變為持平衡所需要的條件<sup id="cite_ref-clayton83_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clayton83-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在高質量的主序星，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電子散射（页面不存在）">電子散射</a>主導著不透明度，溫度的增加幾乎是不變的，因此光度只會以恆星質量的立方增加<sup id="cite_ref-prialnik00_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prialnik00-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在10太陽質量以下的主序星，不透明度越來越依靠著溫度，導致恆星的光度大約是隨著質量的四次方而變化<sup id="cite_ref-rolfs_rodney88_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rolfs_rodney88-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。對質量非常低的恆星，大氣層中的分子也有助於不透明度。在0.5太陽質量以下的恆星，光度隨著質量的2.3次方而變，在質量相對於光度的圖上產生的斜率是平坦的。然而，即使做了這些改進，仍然只是近似的質光關係，因為質光關係還與恆星的組成有關<sup id="cite_ref-science295_5552_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science295_5552-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="演化軌跡"><span id=".E6.BC.94.E5.8C.96.E8.BB.8C.E8.B7.A1"></span>演化軌跡</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：演化軌跡"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="恆星演化">恆星演化</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_cluster_HR_diagram_ages.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Open_cluster_HR_diagram_ages.gif/250px-Open_cluster_HR_diagram_ages.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Open_cluster_HR_diagram_ages.gif/375px-Open_cluster_HR_diagram_ages.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Open_cluster_HR_diagram_ages.gif/500px-Open_cluster_HR_diagram_ages.gif 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>此處顯示的是兩個疏散星團的赫羅圖。<a href="/wiki/NGC_188" title="NGC 188">NGC 188</a>（藍色）較老，所以在主序帶上的轉折點位置比較年輕的<a href="/wiki/M67" class="mw-redirect" title="M67">M67</a>（黃色）為低。</figcaption></figure> <p>主序星一旦消耗掉在它核心的氫，產生的能量損失將導致重力坍縮。對質量低於0.23太陽質量的恆星<sup id="cite_ref-romp69_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romp69-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，一旦核心的氫停止孳生能量，預測它們將直接成為<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="白矮星">白矮星</a>。超過此一臨界值到10太陽質量的恆星，環繞在氦核心周圍的氫達到足夠的溫度和壓力，就會開始核融合，成為氫燃燒殼層。除造成這種變化外，恆星外面的包層也將擴張並造成溫度的下降，將轉變成為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="紅巨星">紅巨星</a>。此時，恆星終止在主序帶上的演化，並且進入巨星分支。恆星演化的路徑在赫羅圖上橫越，往主序帶的右上角移動，被稱為演化的軌跡。 </p><p>紅巨星的氦核繼續坍縮直到它完全受到<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E7%B0%A1%E4%BD%B5%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" title="電子簡併壓力">電子簡併壓力</a>－一種<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>的效應，限制物質可以被壓縮的緊密程度－的支撐。對超過0.5太陽質量的恆星<sup id="cite_ref-nature433_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature433-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，核心可以達到夠高的溫度，經由<a href="/wiki/3%E6%B0%A6%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="3氦過程">3氦過程</a>將氦燃燒成<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a><sup id="cite_ref-sitko00_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sitko00-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmss_atoe_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmss_atoe-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。質量在5至7.5太陽質量的恆星可已經由核融合產生原子量更高的元素<sup id="cite_ref-aaas141_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaas141-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apj675_1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj675_1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。10太陽質量或更重的恆星，這個過程會使核心越來越緊密，最後導致核心的坍縮，拋出覆蓋在恆星外面的氣殼發生<a href="/wiki/II%E5%9E%8B%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="II型超新星">II型超新星</a><sup id="cite_ref-science304_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science304-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/Ib%E5%92%8CIc%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="Ib和Ic超新星">Ib型超新星</a>、或<a href="/wiki/Ib%E5%92%8CIc%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="Ib和Ic超新星">Ic型超新星</a>的爆炸。 </p><p>當一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="星團">星團</a>的恆星幾乎都是同一時間形成時，這些恆星的壽命將取決於個別的質量。質量最大的恆星會最先離開主序帶，然後質量較低的也會依序穩定的離開。因此，恆星的演化將依照它們在主序帶上的位置，從質量最大的開始離開，轉到赫羅圖的右側。在這個星團中的恆星當前離開主序帶的位置，就是所謂的轉折點，可以用來估計星團的年齡<sup id="cite_ref-science299_5603_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science299_5603-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/24px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/36px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/49px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="Portal:恒星">恒星主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%96" title="赫羅圖">赫羅圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E7%87%83%E7%87%92" title="氫燃燒">氫燃燒</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註解"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E8.A7.A3"></span>註解</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：註解"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">經由比較這些值之間的差異，這消除了需要校正距離的星等。請參見<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%85%89" title="消光">消光</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bydef-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bydef_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">太陽的光譜類型是G2V</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><small>Massey, Philip and Michael R. Meyer. "Stellar Masses." <i>The Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics.</i> Ed. Paul Murdin. London: Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd and Nature Publishing Group, 2001. 3103-09. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781561592685" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-56159-268-5</a></small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-smith91-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smith91_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Harding E. Smith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cass.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/HR.html">The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram</a>. Gene Smith's Astronomy Tutorial. Center for Astrophysics & Space Sciences, University of California, San Diego. 1999-04-21 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-10-29</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617015733/http://cass.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/HR.html">存档</a>于2010-06-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=The+Hertzsprung-Russell+Diagram&rft.au=Harding+E.+Smith&rft.date=1999-04-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gene+Smith%27s+Astronomy+Tutorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcass.ucsd.edu%2Fpublic%2Ftutorial%2FHR.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-powell06-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-powell06_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Richard Powell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/hr.html">The Hertzsprung Russell Diagram</a>. An Atlas of the Universe. 2006 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-10-29</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231190739/http://atlasoftheuniverse.com/hr.html">存档</a>于2010-12-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=The+Hertzsprung+Russell+Diagram&rft.au=Richard+Powell&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+Atlas+of+the+Universe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasoftheuniverse.com%2Fhr.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-romp69-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-romp69_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romp69_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Adams, Fred C.; Laughlin, Gregory. A Dying Universe: The Long Term Fate and Evolution of Astrophysical Objects. Reviews of Modern Physics. April 1997, <b>69</b> (2): 337–372. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997RvMP...69..337A"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..337A</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.69.337"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=A+Dying+Universe%3A+The+Long+Term+Fate+and+Evolution+of+Astrophysical+Objects&rft.au=Adams%2C+Fred+C.%3B+Laughlin%2C+Gregory&rft.date=1997-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.pages=337-372&rft.volume=69&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997RvMP...69..337A&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.69.337&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-science304-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-science304_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-science304_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gilmore, Gerry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;304/5679/1915">The Short Spectacular Life of a Superstar</a>. Science. 2004, <b>304</b> (5697): 1915–1916 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-05-01</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218132"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 15218132</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1100370"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1126/science.1100370</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201145923/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;304/5679/1915">存档</a>于2009-02-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=The+Short+Spectacular+Life+of+a+Superstar&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft.aulast=Gilmore&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5697&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1915-1916&rft.volume=304&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2Fsci%3B304%2F5679%2F1915&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1100370&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15218132&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-longair06-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-longair06_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Longair, Malcolm S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cosmiccenturyhis0000long">The Cosmic Century: A History of Astrophysics and Cosmology</a>. Cambridge University Press. 2006: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cosmiccenturyhis0000long/page/25">25</a>–26. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-47436-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-47436-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-47436-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+S.&rft.aulast=Longair&rft.btitle=The+Cosmic+Century%3A+A+History+of+Astrophysics+and+Cosmology&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-47436-1&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcosmiccenturyhis0000long&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown_6-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_6-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brown, Laurie M.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Pais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Pais（页面不存在）">Pais, Abraham</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._B._Pippard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. B. Pippard（页面不存在）">Pippard, A. B.</a> (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury0002unse">Twentieth Century Physics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bristol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>; New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Physics（页面不存在）">Institute of Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="American Institute of Physics">American Institute of Physics</a>. 1995: 1696. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7503-0310-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-7503-0310-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-7503-0310-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/33102501"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 33102501</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.au=Pais%2C+Abraham&rft.au=Pippard%2C+A.+B.&rft.aufirst=Laurie+M.&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.btitle=Twentieth+Century+Physics&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7503-0310-7&rft.pages=1696&rft.place=Bristol%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Institute+of+Physics%2C+American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwentiethcentury0002unse&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33102501&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obs36-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obs36_7-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obs36_7-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Russell, H. N. <span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Giant" and "dwarf" stars. The Observatory. 1913, <b>36</b>: 324–329. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1913Obs....36..324R"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1913Obs....36..324R</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=%22Giant%22+and+%22dwarf%22+stars&rft.aufirst=H.+N.&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.date=1913&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observatory&rft.pages=324-329&rft.volume=36&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1913Obs....36..324R&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zfa7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zfa7_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Strömgren, Bengt. On the Interpretation of the Hertzsprung-Russell-Diagram. Zeitschrift für Astrophysik. 1933, <b>7</b>: 222–248. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933ZA......7..222S"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1933ZA......7..222S</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=On+the+Interpretation+of+the+Hertzsprung-Russell-Diagram&rft.aufirst=Bengt&rft.aulast=Str%C3%B6mgren&rft.date=1933&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Astrophysik&rft.pages=222-248&rft.volume=7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1933ZA......7..222S&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schatzman33-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schatzman33_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schatzman, Evry L.; Praderie, Francoise. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stars0000scha">The Stars</a>. Springer. 1993: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stars0000scha/page/96">96</a>–97. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-540-54196-9" title="Special:网络书源/3-540-54196-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-540-54196-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Evry+L.&rft.aulast=Schatzman&rft.btitle=The+Stars&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-540-54196-9&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstars0000scha&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keenan_morgan43-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-keenan_morgan43_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Morgan, W. W.; Keenan, P. C.; Kellman, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/ASS_Atlas/MK_contents.html">An atlas of stellar spectra, with an outline of spectral classification</a>. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago press. 1943 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-08-12</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514120500/http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/ASS_Atlas/MK_contents.html">存档</a>于2011-05-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=W.+W.&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.btitle=An+atlas+of+stellar+spectra%2C+with+an+outline+of+spectral+classification&rft.date=1943&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnedwww.ipac.caltech.edu%2Flevel5%2FASS_Atlas%2FMK_contents.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tnc-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tnc_11-0"><sup><b>11.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tnc_11-1"><sup><b>11.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tnc_11-2"><sup><b>11.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Unsöld, Albrecht. The New Cosmos. Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 1969: 268. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-387-90886-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-387-90886-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-387-90886-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rft.aulast=Uns%C3%B6ld&rft.btitle=The+New+Cosmos&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-387-90886-2&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+New+York+Inc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asr34_1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asr34_1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gloeckler, George; Geiss, Johannes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_advances-in-space-research_2004-07_34_1/page/53">Composition of the local interstellar medium as diagnosed with pickup ions</a>. Advances in Space Research. 2004, <b>34</b> (1): 53–60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AdSpR..34...53G"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2004AdSpR..34...53G</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asr.2003.02.054"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/j.asr.2003.02.054</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=Composition+of+the+local+interstellar+medium+as+diagnosed+with+pickup+ions&rft.aufirst=George&rft.aulast=Gloeckler&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Space+Research&rft.pages=53-60&rft.volume=34&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_advances-in-space-research_2004-07_34_1%2Fpage%2F53&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004AdSpR..34...53G&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.asr.2003.02.054&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-science295_5552-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-science295_5552_13-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-science295_5552_13-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-science295_5552_13-2"><sup><b>13.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kroupa, Pavel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/295/5552/82">The Initial Mass Function of Stars: Evidence for Uniformity in Variable Systems</a>. Science. 2002, <b>295</b> (5552): 82–91 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-12-03</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11778039"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 11778039</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1067524"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1126/science.1067524</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091125171328/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/295/5552/82">存档</a>于2009-11-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=The+Initial+Mass+Function+of+Stars%3A+Evidence+for+Uniformity+in+Variable+Systems&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft.aulast=Kroupa&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5552&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=82-91&rft.volume=295&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F295%2F5552%2F82&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1067524&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11778039&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-science293_5538-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-science293_5538_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schilling, Govert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5538/2188">New Model Shows Sun Was a Hot Young Star</a>. Science. 2001, <b>293</b> (5538): 2188–2189 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-02-04</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11567116"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 11567116</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.293.5538.2188"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1126/science.293.5538.2188</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090131183223/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5538/2188">存档</a>于2009-01-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=New+Model+Shows+Sun+Was+a+Hot+Young+Star&rft.aufirst=Govert&rft.aulast=Schilling&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5538&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=2188-2189&rft.volume=293&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F293%2F5538%2F2188&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.293.5538.2188&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11567116&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zams_sao-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zams_sao_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cms/astro/cosmos/Z/Zero+Age+Main+Sequence">Zero Age Main Sequence</a>. The SAO Encyclopedia of Astronomy. Swinburne University. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-12-09</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181019070924/http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cms/astro/cosmos/Z/Zero+Age+Main+Sequence">存档</a>于2018-10-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=Zero+Age+Main+Sequence&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+SAO+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastronomy.swin.edu.au%2Fcms%2Fastro%2Fcosmos%2FZ%2FZero%2BAge%2BMain%2BSequence&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clayton83-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clayton83_16-0"><sup><b>16.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clayton83_16-1"><sup><b>16.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clayton83_16-2"><sup><b>16.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clayton83_16-3"><sup><b>16.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Clayton, Donald D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofstel0000clay">Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis</a>. University of Chicago Press. 1983. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-226-10953-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-226-10953-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-226-10953-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Donald+D.&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Stellar+Evolution+and+Nucleosynthesis&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-226-10953-4&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofstel0000clay&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mss_atoe-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mss_atoe_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131229222452/http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_mainsequence.html">Main Sequence Stars</a>. Australia Telescope Outreach and Education. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-12-04</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_mainsequence.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-12-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.btitle=Main+Sequence+Stars&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Australia+Telescope+Outreach+and+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foutreach.atnf.csiro.au%2Feducation%2Fsenior%2Fastrophysics%2Fstellarevolution_mainsequence.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moore06-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moore06_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Moore">Moore, Patrick</a>. The Amateur Astronomer. Springer. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-85233-878-4" title="Special:网络书源/1-85233-878-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1-85233-878-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.btitle=The+Amateur+Astronomer&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-85233-878-4&rft.pub=Springer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wd_sao-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wd_sao_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/W/White+Dwarf">White Dwarf</a>. COSMOS—The SAO Encyclopedia of Astronomy. Swinburne University. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-12-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926184025/http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/W/White%20Dwarf">存档</a>于2017-09-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=White+Dwarf&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=COSMOS%E2%80%94The+SAO+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastronomy.swin.edu.au%2Fcosmos%2FW%2FWhite%2BDwarf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohrd-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ohrd_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astro.unl.edu/naap/hr/hr_background3.html">Origin of the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram</a>. University of Nebraska. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-12-06</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716170751/http://astro.unl.edu/naap/hr/hr_background3.html">存档</a>于2011-07-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.btitle=Origin+of+the+Hertzsprung-Russell+Diagram&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastro.unl.edu%2Fnaap%2Fhr%2Fhr_background3.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-star.st-and.ac.uk/~kw25/teaching/stars/STRUC4.pdf">A course on stars' physical properties, formation and evolution</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. University of St. Andrews. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-05-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202003201/http://www-star.st-and.ac.uk/~kw25/teaching/stars/STRUC4.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-12-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.btitle=A+course+on+stars%27+physical+properties%2C+formation+and+evolution&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+St.+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-star.st-and.ac.uk%2F~kw25%2Fteaching%2Fstars%2FSTRUC4.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siess00-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-siess00_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Siess, Lionel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-astro.ulb.ac.be/~siess/server/iso.html">Computation of Isochrones</a>. Institut d'Astronomie et d'Astrophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles. 2000 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-12-06</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft.aulast=Siess&rft.btitle=Computation+of+Isochrones&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Institut+d%27Astronomie+et+d%27Astrophysique%2C+Universit%C3%A9+libre+de+Bruxelles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-astro.ulb.ac.be%2F~siess%2Fserver%2Fiso.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年11月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup>—Compare, for example, the model isochrones generated for a ZAMS of 1.1 solar masses. This is listed in the table as 1.26 times the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_luminosity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar luminosity（页面不存在）">solar luminosity</a>. At metallicity Z=0.01 the luminosity is 1.34 times solar luminosity. At metallicity Z=0.04 the luminosity is 0.89 times the solar luminosity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zombeck-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zombeck_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zombeck, Martin V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ads.harvard.edu/books/hsaa/toc.html">Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics</a> 2nd. Cambridge University Press. 1990 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-12-06</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-34787-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-34787-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-34787-4</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229225253/http://ads.harvard.edu/books/hsaa/toc.html">存档</a>于2010-12-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Martin+V.&rft.aulast=Zombeck&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Space+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.date=1990&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-34787-4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fads.harvard.edu%2Fbooks%2Fhsaa%2Ftoc.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-simbad-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-simbad_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/">SIMBAD Astronomical Database</a>. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-11-21</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530023402/http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/">存档</a>于2019-05-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.btitle=SIMBAD+Astronomical+Database&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Centre+de+Donn%C3%A9es+astronomiques+de+Strasbourg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimbad.u-strasbg.fr%2Fsimbad%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apj129-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apj129_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Luck, R. Earle; Heiter, Ulrike. Stars within 15 Parsecs: Abundances for a Northern Sample. The Astronomical Journal. 2005, <b>129</b> (2): 1063–1083. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AJ....129.1063L"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2005AJ....129.1063L</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F427250"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/427250</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=Stars+within+15+Parsecs%3A+Abundances+for+a+Northern+Sample&rft.au=Luck%2C+R.+Earle%3B+Heiter%2C+Ulrike&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.pages=1063-1083&rft.volume=129&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005AJ....129.1063L&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F427250&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-simbad_ltt2151-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-simbad_ltt2151_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Gliese%20185">LTT 2151 -- High proper-motion Star</a>. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-08-12</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512032224/http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Gliese%20185">存档</a>于2019-05-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.btitle=LTT+2151+--+High+proper-motion+Star&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Centre+de+Donn%C3%A9es+astronomiques+de+Strasbourg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimbad.u-strasbg.fr%2Fsimbad%2Fsim-basic%3FIdent%3DGliese%2520185&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recons-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-recons_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513202710/http://www.chara.gsu.edu/RECONS/TOP100.posted.htm">List of the Nearest Hundred Nearest Star Systems</a>. Research Consortium on Nearby Stars. 2008-01-01 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-08-12</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chara.gsu.edu/RECONS/TOP100.posted.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2012-05-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.au=Staff&rft.btitle=List+of+the+Nearest+Hundred+Nearest+Star+Systems&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Research+Consortium+on+Nearby+Stars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chara.gsu.edu%2FRECONS%2FTOP100.posted.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brainerd-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brainerd_30-0"><sup><b>28.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brainerd_30-1"><sup><b>28.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brainerd_30-2"><sup><b>28.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brainerd_30-3"><sup><b>28.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Brainerd, Jerome James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/stars/MainSequence.html">Main-Sequence Stars</a>. The Astrophysics Spectator. 2005-02-16 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-12-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614003042/http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/stars/MainSequence.html">存档</a>于2016-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Jerome+James&rft.aulast=Brainerd&rft.btitle=Main-Sequence+Stars&rft.date=2005-02-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Astrophysics+Spectator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrophysicsspectator.com%2Ftopics%2Fstars%2FMainSequence.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hannu-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hannu_31-0"><sup><b>29.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hannu_31-1"><sup><b>29.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hannu_31-2"><sup><b>29.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Karttunen, Hannu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalastro0000unse_e1p9">Fundamental Astronomy</a>. Springer. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-540-00179-4" title="Special:网络书源/3-540-00179-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-540-00179-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Hannu&rft.aulast=Karttunen&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Astronomy&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-540-00179-4&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalastro0000unse_e1p9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apj555-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apj555_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bahcall, John N.; Pinsonneault, M. H.; Basu, Sarbani. Solar Models: Current Epoch and Time Dependences, Neutrinos, and Helioseismological Properties. The Astrophysical Journal. 2001-07-10, <b>555</b> (2): 990–1012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PhRvL..90m1301B"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2003PhRvL..90m1301B</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F321493"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/321493</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=Solar+Models%3A+Current+Epoch+and+Time+Dependences%2C+Neutrinos%2C+and+Helioseismological+Properties&rft.au=Bahcall%2C+John+N.%3B+Pinsonneault%2C+M.+H.%3B+Basu%2C+Sarbani&rft.date=2001-07-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.pages=990-1012&rft.volume=555&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PhRvL..90m1301B&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F321493&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maurizio05-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maurizio05_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Salaris, Maurizio; Cassisi, Santi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofstars0000sala">Evolution of Stars and Stellar Populations</a>. John Wiley and Sons. 2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofstars0000sala/page/128">128</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-470-09220-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-470-09220-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-470-09220-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rft.aulast=Salaris&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Stars+and+Stellar+Populations&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-470-09220-3&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionofstars0000sala&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apj620_1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apj620_1_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Oey, M. S.; Clarke, C. J. Statistical Confirmation of a Stellar Upper Mass Limit. The Astrophysical Journal. 2005, <b>620</b> (1): L43–L46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...620L..43O"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2005ApJ...620L..43O</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F428396"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/428396</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=Statistical+Confirmation+of+a+Stellar+Upper+Mass+Limit&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rft.aulast=Oey&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.pages=L43-L46&rft.volume=620&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005ApJ...620L..43O&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F428396&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apj162-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apj162_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ziebarth, Kenneth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1970-12_162_3/page/947">On the Upper Mass Limit for Main-Sequence Stars</a>. Astrophysical Journal. 1970, <b>162</b>: 947–962. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970ApJ...162..947Z"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1970ApJ...162..947Z</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F150726"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/150726</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=On+the+Upper+Mass+Limit+for+Main-Sequence+Stars&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.aulast=Ziebarth&rft.date=1970&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.pages=947-962&rft.volume=162&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_astrophysical-journal_1970-12_162_3%2Fpage%2F947&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970ApJ...162..947Z&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F150726&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apj406_1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apj406_1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Burrows, A.; Hubbard, W. 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March 1993, <b>406</b> (1): 158–171. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ApJ...406..158B"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1993ApJ...406..158B</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F172427"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/172427</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=An+expanded+set+of+brown+dwarf+and+very+low+mass+star+models&rft.au=Burrows%2C+A.%3B+Hubbard%2C+W.+B.%3B+Saumon%2C+D.%3B+Lunine%2C+J.+I.&rft.date=1993-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=158-171&rft.volume=406&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993ApJ...406..158B&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F172427&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aller91-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aller91_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Aller, Lawrence H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atomsstarsnebula0000alle_3rded">Atoms, Stars, and Nebulae</a>. Cambridge University Press. 1991. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-31040-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-31040-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-31040-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+H.&rft.aulast=Aller&rft.btitle=Atoms%2C+Stars%2C+and+Nebulae&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-31040-7&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatomsstarsnebula0000alle_3rded&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaa102_1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aaa102_1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bressan, A. G.; Chiosi, C.; Bertelli, G. Mass loss and overshooting in massive stars. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1981, <b>102</b> (1): 25–30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981A&A...102...25B"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1981A&A...102...25B</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=Mass+loss+and+overshooting+in+massive+stars&rft.au=Bressan%2C+A.+G.%3B+Chiosi%2C+C.%3B+Bertelli%2C+G.&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.pages=25-30&rft.volume=102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981A%26A...102...25B&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lockner06-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lockner06_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lochner, Jim; Gibb, Meredith; Newman, Phil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/stars.html">Stars</a>. NASA. 2006-09-06 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-12-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141119192647/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/stars.html">存档</a>于2014-11-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.aulast=Lochner&rft.btitle=Stars&rft.date=2006-09-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimagine.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2Fscience%2Fknow_l2%2Fstars.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sp74-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sp74_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gough, D. O. Solar interior structure and luminosity variations. Solar Physics. 1981, <b>74</b> (1): 21–34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981SoPh...74...21G"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1981SoPh...74...21G</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00151270"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/BF00151270</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=Solar+interior+structure+and+luminosity+variations&rft.aufirst=D.+O.&rft.aulast=Gough&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Solar+Physics&rft.pages=21-34&rft.volume=74&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981SoPh...74...21G&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00151270&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-padmanabhan01-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-padmanabhan01_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Padmanabhan, Thanu. Theoretical Astrophysics. Cambridge University Press. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-56241-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-56241-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-56241-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Thanu&rft.aulast=Padmanabhan&rft.btitle=Theoretical+Astrophysics&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-56241-4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apj128_3-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apj128_3_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wright, J. T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?arXiv:astro-ph/0406338">Do We Know of Any Maunder Minimum Stars?</a>. The Astronomical Journal. 2004, <b>128</b> (3): 1273–1278 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-12-06</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F423221"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/423221</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=Do+We+Know+of+Any+Maunder+Minimum+Stars%3F&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.pages=1273-1278&rft.volume=128&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbib_query%3FarXiv%3Aastro-ph%2F0406338&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F423221&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tayler94-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tayler94_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tayler, Roger John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/starstheirstruct0000tayl_q0z3">The Stars: Their Structure and Evolution</a>. Cambridge University Press. 1994. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-45885-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-45885-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-45885-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Roger+John&rft.aulast=Tayler&rft.btitle=The+Stars%3A+Their+Structure+and+Evolution&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-45885-4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstarstheirstruct0000tayl_q0z3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mnras113-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mnras113_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sweet, I. P. A.; Roy, A. E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_monthly-notices-of-the-royal-astronomical-society_1953_113_6/page/701">The structure of rotating stars</a>. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1953, <b>113</b>: 701–715. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113..701S"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1953MNRAS.113..701S</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+rotating+stars&rft.aufirst=I.+P.+A.&rft.aulast=Sweet&rft.date=1953&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.pages=701-715&rft.volume=113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_monthly-notices-of-the-royal-astronomical-society_1953_113_6%2Fpage%2F701&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953MNRAS.113..701S&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cwcs13-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cwcs13_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference">Burgasser, Adam J.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Lepine, Sebastien. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?arXiv:astro-ph/0409178">Spitzer Studies of Ultracool Subdwarfs: Metal-poor Late-type M, L and T Dwarfs</a>. Proceedings of the 13th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun. Hamburg, Germany: Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co: 237. July 5–9, 2004 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-12-06</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Adam+J.&rft.aulast=Burgasser&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+13th+Cambridge+Workshop+on+Cool+Stars%2C+Stellar+Systems+and+the+Sun&rft.date=2004-07-05%2F2004-07-09&rft.genre=conference&rft.pages=237&rft.place=Hamburg%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Dordrecht%2C+D.+Reidel+Publishing+Co&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbib_query%3FarXiv%3Aastro-ph%2F0409178&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-green04-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-green04_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Green, S. F.; Jones, Mark Henry; Burnell, S. Jocelyn. An Introduction to the Sun and Stars. Cambridge University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-54622-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-54622-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-54622-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=S.+F.&rft.aulast=Green&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Sun+and+Stars&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-54622-2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rit_ms-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rit_ms_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Richmond, Michael W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys230/lectures/star_age/star_age.html">Stellar evolution on the main sequence</a>. Rochester Institute of Technology. 2004-11-10 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-12-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200512184126/http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys230/lectures/star_age/star_age.html">存档</a>于2020-05-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.btitle=Stellar+evolution+on+the+main+sequence&rft.date=2004-11-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Rochester+Institute+of+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspiff.rit.edu%2Fclasses%2Fphys230%2Flectures%2Fstar_age%2Fstar_age.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prialnik00-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prialnik00_48-0"><sup><b>46.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prialnik00_48-1"><sup><b>46.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Prialnik, Dina. An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution. Cambridge University Press. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-65937-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-65937-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-65937-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Dina&rft.aulast=Prialnik&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Theory+of+Stellar+Structure+and+Evolution&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-65937-X&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mnras386_1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mnras386_1_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schröder, K.-P.; Connon Smith, Robert. Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. May 2008, <b>386</b> (1): 155–163. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.386..155S"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2008MNRAS.386..155S</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13022.x"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=Distant+future+of+the+Sun+and+Earth+revisited&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6der%2C+K.-P.%3B+Connon+Smith%2C+Robert&rft.date=2008-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.pages=155-163&rft.volume=386&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008MNRAS.386..155S&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13022.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arnett96-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arnett96_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Arnett, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supernovaenucleo0000arne">Supernovae and Nucleosynthesis: An Investigation of the History of Matter, from the Big Bang to the Present</a>. Princeton University Press. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-691-01147-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-691-01147-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-691-01147-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Arnett&rft.btitle=Supernovae+and+Nucleosynthesis%3A+An+Investigation+of+the+History+of+Matter%2C+from+the+Big+Bang+to+the+Present&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-691-01147-8&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsupernovaenucleo0000arne&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>—Hydrogen fusion produces 8×10<sup>18</sup> <a href="/wiki/Erg" class="mw-redirect" title="Erg">erg</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B" title="克">g</a> while helium fusion produces 8×10<sup>17</sup> erg/g.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lecchini07-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lecchini07_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a detailed historical reconstruction of the theoretical derivation of this relationship by Eddington in 1924, see: <cite class="citation book">Lecchini, Stefano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.de/Dwarfs-Giants-Discovery-Mass-Luminosity-Relation/dp/3952288268">How Dwarfs Became Giants. The Discovery of the Mass-Luminosity Relation</a>. Bern Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science. 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-04-15</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-9522882-6-8" title="Special:网络书源/3-9522882-6-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-9522882-6-8</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221109092412/https://www.amazon.de/Dwarfs-Giants-Discovery-Mass-Luminosity-Relation/dp/3952288268">存档</a>于2022-11-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft.aulast=Lecchini&rft.btitle=How+Dwarfs+Became+Giants.+The+Discovery+of+the+Mass-Luminosity+Relation&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-9522882-6-8&rft.pub=Bern+Studies+in+the+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.de%2FDwarfs-Giants-Discovery-Mass-Luminosity-Relation%2Fdp%2F3952288268&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rolfs_rodney88-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rolfs_rodney88_52-0"><sup><b>50.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rolfs_rodney88_52-1"><sup><b>50.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rolfs, Claus E.; Rodney, William S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cauldronsincosmo0000rolf">Cauldrons in the Cosmos: Nuclear Astrophysics</a>. University of Chicago Press. 1988. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-226-72457-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-226-72457-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-226-72457-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Claus+E.&rft.aulast=Rolfs&rft.btitle=Cauldrons+in+the+Cosmos%3A+Nuclear+Astrophysics&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-226-72457-3&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcauldronsincosmo0000rolf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apj418-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apj418_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sackmann, I.-Juliana; Boothroyd, Arnold I.; Kraemer, Kathleen E. Our Sun. III. Present and Future. Astrophysical Journal. November 1993, <b>418</b>: 457–468. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ApJ...418..457S"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1993ApJ...418..457S</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F173407"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/173407</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=Our+Sun.+III.+Present+and+Future&rft.aufirst=I.-Juliana&rft.aulast=Sackmann&rft.date=1993-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.pages=457-468&rft.volume=418&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993ApJ...418..457S&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F173407&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hansen_kawaler94-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hansen_kawaler94_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hansen, Carl J.; Kawaler, Steven D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stellarinteriors00hans">Stellar Interiors: Physical Principles, Structure, and Evolution</a>. Birkhäuser. 1994: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stellarinteriors00hans/page/28">28</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-387-94138-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-387-94138-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-387-94138-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Carl+J.&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.btitle=Stellar+Interiors%3A+Physical+Principles%2C+Structure%2C+and+Evolution&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-387-94138-X&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstellarinteriors00hans&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apj482-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apj482_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Laughlin, Gregory; Bodenheimer, Peter; Adams, Fred C. The End of the Main Sequence. The Astrophysical Journal. 1997, <b>482</b> (1): 420–432. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...482..420L"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1997ApJ...482..420L</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F304125"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/304125</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=The+End+of+the+Main+Sequence&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.aulast=Laughlin&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.pages=420-432&rft.volume=482&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997ApJ...482..420L&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F304125&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imamura07-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imamura07_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Imamura, James N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061214065335/http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/208/feb6/mass.html">Mass-Luminosity Relationship</a>. University of Oregon. 1995-02-07 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-01-08</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/208/feb6/mass.html">原始内容</a>存档于2006-12-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rft.aulast=Imamura&rft.btitle=Mass-Luminosity+Relationship&rft.date=1995-02-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+Oregon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzebu.uoregon.edu%2F~imamura%2F208%2Ffeb6%2Fmass.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature433-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nature433_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fynbo, Hans O. U.; et al. Revised rates for the stellar triple-α process from measurement of 12C nuclear resonances. Nature. 2004, <b>433</b> (7022): 136–139. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15650733"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 15650733</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03219"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/nature03219</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=Revised+rates+for+the+stellar+triple-%CE%B1+process+from+measurement+of+12C+nuclear+resonances&rft.au=Fynbo%2C+Hans+O.+U.&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7022&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=136-139&rft.volume=433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03219&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15650733&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%98%BE%E5%BC%8F%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%AD%89%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE" title="Category:引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sitko00-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sitko00_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sitko, Michael L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823012626/http://www.physics.uc.edu/~sitko/Spring00/4-Starevol/starevol.html">Stellar Structure and Evolution</a>. University of Cincinnati. 2000-03-24 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-12-05</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.uc.edu/~sitko/Spring00/4-Starevol/starevol.html">原始内容</a>存档于2009-08-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft.aulast=Sitko&rft.btitle=Stellar+Structure+and+Evolution&rft.date=2000-03-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+Cincinnati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.uc.edu%2F~sitko%2FSpring00%2F4-Starevol%2Fstarevol.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmss_atoe-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmss_atoe_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120215215/http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_postmain.html">Post-Main Sequence Stars</a>. Australia Telescope Outreach and Education. 2006-10-12 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-01-08</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_postmain.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-01-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.au=Staff&rft.btitle=Post-Main+Sequence+Stars&rft.date=2006-10-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Australia+Telescope+Outreach+and+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foutreach.atnf.csiro.au%2Feducation%2Fsenior%2Fastrophysics%2Fstellarevolution_postmain.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaas141-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aaas141_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Girardi, L.; Bressan, A.; Bertelli, G.; Chiosi, C. 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Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 2000, <b>141</b> (3): 371–383. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Faas%3A2000126"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1051/aas:2000126</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+tracks+and+isochrones+for+low-+and+intermediate-mass+stars%3A+From+0.15+to+7+M%3Csub%3Esun%3C%2Fsub%3E%2C+and+from+Z%3D0.0004+to+0.03&rft.au=Girardi%2C+L.%3B+Bressan%2C+A.%3B+Bertelli%2C+G.%3B+Chiosi%2C+C.&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics+Supplement&rft.pages=371-383&rft.volume=141&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Faas%3A2000126&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apj675_1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apj675_1_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Poelarends, A. 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March 2008, <b>675</b> (1): 614–625. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F520872"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/520872</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=The+Supernova+Channel+of+Super-AGB+Stars&rft.au=Poelarends%2C+A.+J.+T.%3B+Herwig%2C+F.%3B+Langer%2C+N.%3B+Heger%2C+A.&rft.date=2008-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.pages=614-625&rft.volume=675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F520872&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-science299_5603-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-science299_5603_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Krauss, Lawrence M.; Chaboyer, Brian. Age Estimates of Globular Clusters in the Milky Way: Constraints on Cosmology. Science. 2003, <b>299</b> (5603): 65–69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12511641"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 12511641</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1075631"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1126/science.1075631</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=Age+Estimates+of+Globular+Clusters+in+the+Milky+Way%3A+Constraints+on+Cosmology&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+M.&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5603&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=65-69&rft.volume=299&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1075631&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12511641&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.io.com/~iareth/mainsequence.html">Table of Features of the "Life Zones" of Main Sequence Stars</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090804082059/http://www.io.com/~iareth/mainsequence.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro101/herter/java/evolve/evolve.htm">A java based applet for stellar evolution.</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110413015941/http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro101/herter/java/evolve/evolve.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><cite class="citation web">Charity, Mitchell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/starcolor/">What color are the stars?</a>. Vendian Systems. 2001-06-04 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-11-26</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706192139/http://www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/starcolor/">存档</a>于2017-07-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft.aulast=Charity&rft.btitle=What+color+are+the+stars%3F&rft.date=2001-06-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Vendian+Systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vendian.org%2Fmncharity%2Fdir3%2Fstarcolor%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="Template:恒星"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="Template talk:恒星"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:恒星"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="恒星" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="恒星">恒星</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="恆星演化">演化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="恆星形成">恆星形成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E5%89%8D%E6%98%9F" title="主序前星">主序前星</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">主序星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%B3%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="水平分支">水平分支</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%BE%A4%E8%81%9A" title="紅群聚">紅群聚</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="紅巨星分支">紅巨星分支</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%B8%E8%BF%91%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F%E6%94%AF" title="漸近巨星支">漸近巨星分支</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E8%BF%B4%E5%9C%88" title="藍迴圈">藍迴圈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%BF%BB" title="上翻">上翻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%B8%B6" title="不穩定帶">不穩定帶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PG_1159%E6%98%9F" title="PG 1159星">PG 1159星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%AD%E8%97%81%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F" title="蒭藁變星">蒭藁變星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%8A%B6%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91" title="行星状星云">行星状星云</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="原行星雲">原行星雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AE%E7%B4%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="亮紅新星">亮紅新星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6%E8%97%8D%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F" title="高光度藍變星">高光度藍變星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%AB-%E6%8B%89%E8%91%89%E6%98%9F" title="沃爾夫-拉葉星">沃爾夫-拉葉星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="假超新星">假超新星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="超新星">超新星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="極超新星">極超新星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%96" title="赫羅圖">赫羅圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E8%89%B2%E5%9B%BE" title="双色图">双色图</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="原恆星">原恆星</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%B2" title="分子雲">分子雲</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%BA" title="电离氢区">电离氢区</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B2%E7%90%83" title="包克雲球">包克雲球</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E9%AB%94" title="初期恆星體">初期恆星體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%AF%94%E6%A0%BC-%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94" title="赫比格-哈羅天體">赫比格-哈羅天體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E8%BB%8C%E8%B7%A1" title="林軌跡">林忠四郎軌跡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%A5%B5%E9%99%90" title="林極限">林忠四郎極限</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%A1" title="亨耶跡">亨耶跡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E6%88%B6%E5%9E%8B%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F" title="獵戶型變星">獵戶型變星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%89%9BT%E6%98%9F" title="金牛T星">金牛T星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E6%88%B6FU%E5%9E%8B%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F" title="獵戶FU型變星">獵戶FU型變星</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%AF%94%E6%A0%BCAe/Be%E6%98%9F" title="赫比格Ae/Be星">赫比格Ae/Be星</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">光度分类</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="次矮星">次矮星</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">主序星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F_(%E7%B4%85%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5)" title="藍矮星 (紅矮星階段)">藍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="K型主序星">橙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="紅矮星">紅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="棕矮星">棕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="G型主序星">黃</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="次巨星">次巨星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="巨星">巨星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="紅巨星">紅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="藍巨星">蓝</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AE%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="亮巨星">亮巨星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="超巨星">超巨星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="藍超巨星">藍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="紅超巨星">紅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="黄超巨星">黃</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="特超巨星">特超巨星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E7%89%B9%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="黃特超巨星">黃</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E6%8E%89%E9%9A%8A%E6%98%9F" title="藍掉隊星">藍掉隊星</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1" title="恒星光谱">光谱分类</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="O型主序星">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="B型主序星">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="A型主序星">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="F型主序星">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="G型主序星">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="K型主序星">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="紅矮星">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%E6%98%9F" title="Be星">Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB%E6%98%9F" title="OB星">OB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E5%9E%8B%E6%AC%A1%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="B型次矮星">B型次矮星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E5%9E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="晚期型星">晚期型星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="特殊恆星">特殊恆星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E7%B7%9A%E6%98%9F" title="金屬線星">金屬線星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ap%E5%92%8CBp%E6%98%9F" title="Ap和Bp星">Ap和Bp星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E6%8C%AF%E7%9B%AAAp%E6%98%9F" title="快速振盪Ap星">快速振盪Ap星</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%87%E6%98%9F" title="鋇星">鋇星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%98%9F" title="碳星">碳星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN%E6%98%9F" title="CN星">CN星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH%E6%98%9F" title="CH星">CH星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E7%AB%AF%E6%B0%A6%E6%98%9F" title="極端氦星">極端氦星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E5%A4%AB%E5%BA%A7%CE%BB%E5%9E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="牧夫座λ型星">牧夫λ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B%E6%98%9F" title="鉛星">鉛星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E%E9%8C%B3%E6%98%9F" title="汞錳星">汞錳星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%E5%9E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="S型星">S型星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%BC%E5%B1%A4%E6%98%9F" title="殼層星">殼層星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%80%E6%98%9F" title="鍀星">鍀星</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">残骸</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="白矮星">白矮星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="氦行星">氦行星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="黑矮星">黑矮星</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%98%9F" title="中子星">中子星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%89%E5%86%B2%E6%98%9F" title="脉冲星">脉冲星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E8%84%89%E5%86%B2%E6%98%9F" title="X射线脉冲星">X射线</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%98%9F" title="磁星">磁星</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="恆星黑洞">恆星黑洞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E5%AF%86%E6%98%9F" title="致密星">致密星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E8%81%94%E6%98%9F" title="X射线联星">X射线联星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E7%88%86%E7%99%BC%E6%BA%90" title="X射線爆發源">X射線爆發源</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">纯理论恒星</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F_(%E7%B4%85%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5)" title="藍矮星 (紅矮星階段)">藍矮星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%89%B2%E6%98%9F" title="綠色星">綠色星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="黑矮星">黑矮星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%89%B9%E6%98%9F" title="奇特星">奇特星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%AD%90%E6%98%9F" title="先子星">先子星</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="普朗克恒星" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Planck star"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普朗克恒星（页面不存在）">普朗克恒星</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_star" class="extiw" title="en:Planck star"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Planck star</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%98%9F" title="夸克星">夸克星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E6%98%9F" class="mw-disambig" title="暗星">暗物质星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%E6%98%9F" title="Q星">Q星</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冰冻恒星" data-lang-code="fr" data-lang-name="法语" data-foreign-title="Étoile congelée"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0%E5%86%BB%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冰冻恒星（页面不存在）">冰冻恒星</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">法语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89toile_congel%C3%A9e" class="extiw" title="fr:Étoile congelée"><span lang="fr" dir="auto">Étoile congelée</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E6%98%9F" title="类星">类星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E6%81%A9-%E7%A5%96%E7%89%B9%E9%98%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93" title="索恩-祖特阔夫天体">索恩-祖特闊夫天體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E6%98%9F" title="鐵星">鐵星</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="恆星核合成">核合成</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6%E6%A0%B8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="氦核作用">氦核作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%E6%B0%A6%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="3氦過程">3氦過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E2%80%94%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E9%8F%88%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="質子—質子鏈反應">質子—質子鏈反應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6%E9%96%83" title="氦閃">氦閃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%A7%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="碳氮氧循環">碳氮氧循環</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B0%E7%87%83%E7%87%92" title="鋰燃燒">鋰燃燒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98" title="碳聚变">碳燃烧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="氖燃燒過程">氖燃烧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="氧燃燒過程">氧燃烧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="矽燃燒過程">硅燃烧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="S過程">s過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="R過程">r過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88%E9%AB%94" title="核融合體">核融合體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="新星">新星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F%E9%81%97%E8%BF%B9" title="新星遗迹">新星遗迹</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="恆星結構">结构</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83" title="太陽核心">核心</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%A4_(%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F)" title="對流層 (恆星)">对流层</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="微湍流" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microturbulence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E6%B9%8D%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微湍流（页面不存在）">微湍流</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microturbulence" class="extiw" title="en:Microturbulence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microturbulence</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" title="恆星大氣層">大气层</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E5%B1%A4" title="輻射層">輻射層</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%90%83" title="光球">光球层</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%90%83" title="色球">色球层</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E6%96%91" title="星斑">星斑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%86%95" title="星冕">冕</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%A3%8E" title="星风">星风</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%A2%A8%E6%B3%A1" title="星風泡">星風泡</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%9C%87%E5%AD%B8" title="星震學">星震學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E9%A1%BF%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6" title="爱丁顿光度">爱丁顿光度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%B5%AB%E6%AD%B7%E7%A8%8B" title="克赫歷程">开尔文-亥姆霍兹机制</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">特徵</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D" title="恆星命名">命名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="恆星動力學">动力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="有效溫度">有效溫度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%B8" title="恆星運動學">运动学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="恆星磁場">磁场</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="视星等">视星等</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="絕對星等">絕對星等</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="恆星質量">质量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E9%87%8F" title="金屬量">金屬量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E8%87%AA%E8%BD%89" title="恆星自轉">自转</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBV%E6%B5%8B%E5%85%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="UBV测光系统">UBV色</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F" title="變星">變星</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="恆星系統">恆星系統</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E6%98%9F" title="雙星">雙星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E6%8E%A5%E8%81%AF%E6%98%9F" title="密接聯星">密接聯星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%85%E5%B1%A4" title="共有包層">共有包層</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E6%98%9F" title="聚星">聚星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98" title="吸积盘">吸积盘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="行星系">行星系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="太阳系">太阳系</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">地球视角</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%9E%81%E6%98%9F" title="北极星">北极星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%B1%E6%A5%B5%E6%98%9F" title="拱極星">拱極星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="星等">星等</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%85%89" title="消光">消光</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E8%89%B2%E5%9B%BE" title="双色图">双色图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%91%E5%90%91%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="徑向速度">视向速度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%8C" title="自行">自行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E5%B7%AE" title="视差">视差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8B%E5%85%89%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%98%9F" title="测光标准星">测光标准星</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="恒星列表">恒星列表</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="普通星名表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of proper names of stars"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E6%98%9F%E5%90%8D%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普通星名表（页面不存在）">普通星名表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_stars" class="extiw" title="en:List of proper names of stars"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of proper names of stars</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿拉伯星名表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Arabic star names"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%98%9F%E5%90%8D%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿拉伯星名表（页面不存在）">阿拉伯星名表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names" class="extiw" title="en:List of Arabic star names"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Arabic star names</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%A5%BF%E6%98%9F%E5%90%8D%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E8%A1%A8" title="中西星名對照表">中西星名對照表</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%BA%A7%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="星座恒星列表">星座恒星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E5%A4%A7%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="巨大質量恆星列表">巨大质量恒星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="最小質量恆星列表">最小质量恒星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E5%A4%A7%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="巨大恆星列表">巨大恒星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="恆星光度列表">恒星光度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%AE%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="恆星亮度列表">恒星亮度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%B0%E8%BF%91%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="鄰近恆星列表">临近恒星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="棕矮星列表">棕矮星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%8A%B6%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="行星状星云列表">行星状星云</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="超新星列表">超新星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F%E5%80%99%E9%81%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="超新星候選列表">超新星候选</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="變星列表">变星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E7%9A%84%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="以人名命名的恆星">以人名命名的恆星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="恆星天文學年表">恆星天文學年表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关条目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="亚恒星">亚恒星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="棕矮星">棕矮星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%A3%95%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="次棕矮星">次棕矮星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="恆行星">恆行星</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%B8%E8%BF%91%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F%E6%94%AF%E6%98%9F" title="後漸近巨星支星">後漸近巨星支星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%A2" title="星团">星团</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E6%95%A3%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%A2" title="疏散星团">疏散星团</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%98" title="球狀星團">球狀星團</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="星系">星系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3%E5%B9%B4" title="銀河年">銀河年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E5%9C%98" title="超星系團">超星系團</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E9%9C%87%E5%AD%B8" title="日震學">日震學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E6%98%9F" title="客星">客星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%BA%A7" title="星座">星座</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%BE%A4" title="星群">星群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E9%9A%9B%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="星系際恆星">星系際恆星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%A4%96%E6%9A%97%E9%9B%B2" title="紅外暗雲">紅外暗雲</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="Category:恒星">恒星分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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