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<span>Technical working groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_working_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6%C3%B6r%C3%BChm" title="Töörühm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Töörühm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_de_trabajo" title="Grupo de trabajo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grupo de trabajo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laborgrupo" title="Laborgrupo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laborgrupo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantalde" title="Lantalde – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lantalde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="گروه کاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه کاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_de_travail" title="Groupe de travail – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groupe de travail" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EB%AC%B4%EB%8B%A8" title="실무단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="실무단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppo_di_lavoro" title="Gruppo di lavoro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gruppo di lavoro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="קבוצת עבודה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קבוצת עבודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werkgroep" title="Werkgroep – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Werkgroep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Трудовой коллектив – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трудовой коллектив" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbetsgrupp" title="Arbetsgrupp – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arbetsgrupp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of experts working together</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the kennel club designation of thoroughbred canines, see <a href="/wiki/Working_dog#Kennel_club_classification" title="Working dog">Working Group (dogs)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Working_group" title="Special:EditPage/Working group">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Working+group%22">"Working group"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Working+group%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Working+group%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Working+group%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Working+group%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Working+group%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Working_group&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Working_group&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freshman_Working_Group_on_Addiction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Freshman_Working_Group_on_Addiction.jpg/220px-Freshman_Working_Group_on_Addiction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Freshman_Working_Group_on_Addiction.jpg/330px-Freshman_Working_Group_on_Addiction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Freshman_Working_Group_on_Addiction.jpg/440px-Freshman_Working_Group_on_Addiction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> working group on <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addiction</a> (2019)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>working group</b> is a group of <a href="/wiki/Expert" title="Expert">experts</a> working together to achieve specified goals. Such groups are domain-specific and focus on discussion or activity around a specific subject area. The term can sometimes refer to an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> <a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaboration</a> of researchers, often from more than one <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</a>, working on new activities that would be difficult to sustain under traditional funding mechanisms (e.g., federal agencies). Working groups are variously also called <b>task groups</b>, <b>workgroups</b>, <b>technical advisory groups</b>, <b>working parties</b>, or <a href="/wiki/Task_force" title="Task force">task forces</a>. </p><p>The lifespan of a working group can last anywhere between a few months and several years. Such groups have the tendency to develop a <i>quasi-permanent existence</i> when the assigned task is accomplished;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="There might be research on this topic, which would not only provide the necessary reference, but might also serve as a helpful resource for visitors. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> hence the need to disband (or phase out) the working group when it has achieved its goal(s). </p><p>A working group's performance is made up of the individual results of all its individual members. A <a href="/wiki/Team" title="Team">team</a>'s performance is made up of both individual results and collective results. In large organisations, working groups are prevalent, and the focus is always on individual goals, performance and accountabilities. Working group members do not take responsibility for results other than their own. On the other hand, teams require both individual and mutual accountability. There is more information sharing, more group discussions and debates to arrive at a group decision.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of common goals for working groups include: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>creation of an informational document</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">creation of a standard</a></li> <li>resolution of problems related to a system or network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_improvement" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous improvement">continuous improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Working_group&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nature of the working group may depend on the group's <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/raison_d%27%C3%AAtre" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:raison d'être">raison d’être</a></i> – which may be technical, artistic (specifically musical), or administrative in nature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_working_groups">Administrative working groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Working_group&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Administrative working groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These working groups are established by decision makers at higher levels of the organization for the following purposes: </p> <ol><li>To elaborate, consolidate, and build on the consensus of the decision makers; and</li> <li>To ensure (and improve) coordination among the various segments of the organization. A shared commitment to agreed common aims develops among the parties as they work together to clarify issues, formulate strategies, and develop action plans.</li></ol> <p>For example, the <a href="/wiki/Interagency_Working_Group_on_Youth_Programs" title="Interagency Working Group on Youth Programs">Interagency Working Group on Youth Programs</a> is a group of twelve federal agencies within the executive branch of the U.S. government, and is responsible for promoting achievement of positive results for at-risk youth. This working group was formally established by Executive Order 13459, <i>Improving the Coordination and Effectiveness of Youth Programs</i>, on 7 February 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Quality_circles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quality circles">Quality circles</a> are an alternative to the dehumanizing concept of the division of labor, where workers or individuals are treated like robots. Quality circles can help enrich the lives of workers or students and aid in creating harmony and high performance. Typical topics are improving occupational safety and health, improving product design, and improvement in the workplace and manufacturing processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_working_groups">Musical working groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Working_group&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Musical working groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although any <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisan</a> or artist can benefit from being part of a working group, it is especially of great import for <a href="/wiki/Session_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Session player">session players</a>. Musicians face a variety of challenges that can impede the formation of musical working groups, such as touring and studio recording sessions. Such activities make it that much more difficult to concentrate on the developing the cohesiveness that is required to maintain a working group. </p><p>However, working groups have been shown to be rewarding to the <a href="/wiki/Project_stakeholder" title="Project stakeholder">stakeholders</a>, as it fosters innovation. By working with the same people frequently, members become familiar with the répertoire of other members, which develops trust and encourages spontaneity. </p><p>Some of the more notable musical working groups include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_Ibrahim_Trio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdullah Ibrahim Trio (page does not exist)">Abdullah Ibrahim Trio</a>;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alex_von_Schlippenbach_Trio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alex von Schlippenbach Trio (page does not exist)">Alex von Schlippenbach Trio</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Holland_(bassist)" title="Dave Holland (bassist)">Dave Holland</a> <i>(Trio, Quartet, or Quintet)</i>;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Like_A_Dog_Quartet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Like A Dog Quartet (page does not exist)">Die Like A Dog Quartet</a>;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Bartz_Quartet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gary Bartz Quartet (page does not exist)">Gary Bartz Quartet</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandermark_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandermark 5">Vandermark 5</a>; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parker_Quartet" class="mw-redirect" title="William Parker Quartet">William Parker Quartet</a> <i>(Trio/Quartet).</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_working_groups">Technical working groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Working_group&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Technical working groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many technical organizations, for example <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">Standards organizations</a>, the groups that meet and make decisions are called "working groups". Examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> working groups</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> working groups (which are subordinate to Areas) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP_WG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HTTP WG (page does not exist)">HTTP WG</a>, original led by <a href="/wiki/Dave_Raggett" title="Dave Raggett">Dave Raggett</a><sup id="cite_ref-raggettprofile_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raggettprofile-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE-SA</a> working groups <ul><li>IEEE WG<a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">802.3</a>, Ethernet Working Group</li> <li>IEEE WG<a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11</a>, Wireless LAN Working Group</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> working groups (which are subordinate to an SC (subcommittee), subordinate to a TC (technical committee))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Harmonisation_of_Technical_Requirements_for_Registration_of_Pharmaceuticals_for_Human_Use" class="mw-redirect" title="International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use">International Conference on Harmonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> working groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Device_Description_Working_Group" title="W3C Device Description Working Group">Device Description Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG_Working_Group" title="SVG Working Group">SVG Working Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioethics Council">Bioethics Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems</a> (CCSDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">European Cooperation for Space Standardization</a> (ECSS)</li> <li>US <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice" title="National Institute of Justice">National Institute of Justice</a> (NIJ)</li></ul> <p>In some cases, like the <a href="/wiki/Printer_Working_Group" title="Printer Working Group">Printer Working Group</a>, an entire consortium uses the term "working group" for itself. </p><p>The rules for who can be a part of the working groups, and how a working group makes decisions, varies considerably between organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Working_group&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is imperative for the participants to appreciate and understand that the working group is intended to be a forum for cooperation and participation. Participants represent the interests and views of stakeholders from disparate sectors of the community which happen to have a vested interest in the results of the WG. Therefore, maintaining and strengthening communication lines with all parties involved is essential (this responsibility cuts both ways – <a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">stakeholders</a> are expected to share what information, knowledge and expertise they have on the issue). </p><p>Programmes developed should be evaluated by encouraging community input and support; this will ensure that such programmes meet the community's vision for its future. The WG should also regularly seek community feedback on their projects. Apropos questions to be asked during such meetings include: </p> <ul><li>What were the objectives of the program?</li> <li>What were the results of the project?</li> <li>What effect did the results have on the identified problem?</li> <li>What unexpected results — desirable or otherwise — were observed?</li> <li>How were the results achieved? (Was it by the methods and techniques originally intended, or did these evolve with implementation?)</li> <li>Was there an effective use of community resources?</li> <li>Should our objective or methods be changed?</li></ul> <p>Depending on the lifespan of the WG, involved parties (at the very least) convene annually. However, such meetings may happen as often as once every semester or trimester. </p><p>The managers are constantly called upon to make decisions in order to solve problems. Decision making and problem solving are ongoing processes of evaluating situations or problems, considering alternatives, making choices, and following them up with the necessary actions <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and now with this managed to reach a <a href="/wiki/Continuous_improvement" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous improvement">continuous improvement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Working_group&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">Leadership</a> – Quality of one individual or group influencing or guiding others based on authority</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_group_(sociology)" title="Action group (sociology)">Action group</a> – group of people with a political goal<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitation_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Facilitation (business)">Facilitation</a> – organisational method of working together in groups, supported by a moderator<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitator" title="Facilitator">Facilitator</a> – Person who helps a group understand common objectives & reach them</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrmann_Brain_Dominance_Instrument" title="Herrmann Brain Dominance Instrument">Herrmann Brain Dominance Instrument</a> – Type of cognitive style measurement and model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a> – Organization type characterized by minimal structure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a> – Combination of two or more academic disciplines into one activity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a> – Form of organizational management</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a> – Organization promoting a field or discipline</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional association</a> – Typically nonprofit organization seeking to further a particular profession</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">Scientific community</a> – Network of interacting scientists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> – Form of government</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">Public participation</a> – Inclusion of the people in the activities of any organization or project</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skills_management" title="Skills management">Skills management</a> – Developing the skills employees need</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a> – Social organisations of various types</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teamwork" title="Teamwork">Teamwork</a> – Collaborative effort of a team to achieve a common goal</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Working_group&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jointeambuilding.com/business-tools-for-success/how-to-tell-the-difference-between-groups-and-teams/">"How To Tell The Difference Between Groups And Teams – Real Teamwork"</a>. jointeambuilding.com. 1 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+To+Tell+The+Difference+Between+Groups+And+Teams+%E2%80%93+Real+Teamwork&rft.pub=jointeambuilding.com&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jointeambuilding.com%2Fbusiness-tools-for-success%2Fhow-to-tell-the-difference-between-groups-and-teams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorking+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/02/20080207-15.html">Executive Order 13459: <i>Improving the Coordination and Effectiveness of Youth Programs</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-raggettprofile-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-raggettprofile_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaggett" class="citation web cs1">Raggett, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/People/Raggett/profile.html">"Dave Raggett's Bio"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dave+Raggett%27s+Bio&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.aulast=Raggett&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FPeople%2FRaggett%2Fprofile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorking+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Decision‐Making Process by John Wiley & Sons.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/The-DecisionMaking-Process.topicArticleId-8944,articleId-8863.html">[1]</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Working_group&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfc-archive.org/getrfc.php?rfc=2418">IETF Working Group Guidelines and Procedures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=1122&alt=1">Tools To Support Participatory Urban Decision Making</a> a component of the United Nations' <b>Urban Governance Toolkit Series</b> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/236680034/Establishing-and-Supporting-a-Working-Group-Process#">Establishing and Supporting a Working Group Process</a> – a source book for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Cities_Programme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sustainable Cities Programme (page does not exist)">Sustainable Cities Programme</a> (PDF)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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