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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Ancient Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ashanti_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashanti_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Ashanti Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashanti_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mesoamerica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesoamerica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Mesoamerica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesoamerica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Near_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Near_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Ancient Near East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Near_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Ancient India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>16th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.6</span> <span>18th and 19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_religious_ceremony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religious_ceremony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In religious ceremony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_religious_ceremony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oriental_Orthodox_Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Oriental Orthodox Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oriental_Orthodox_Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>In photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_weapon_of_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_weapon_of_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>As a weapon of attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_weapon_of_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_of_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Examples of incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_arts_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_arts_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>In arts and entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_arts_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Umbrella</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambreel" title="Sambreel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sambreel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%83%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%8B" title="ጃንጥላ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጃንጥላ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B8%D9%84%D8%A9" title="مظلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مظلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateauguas" title="Bateauguas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bateauguas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Հովանոց – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հովանոց" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ছাতি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছাতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C9%99tir" title="Çətir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çətir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajeng" title="Pajeng – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pajeng" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="ছাতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছাতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8D%CD%98-s%C3%B2a%E2%81%BF" title="Hō͘-sòaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hō͘-sòaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Парасон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парасон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Парасон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Парасон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payong" title="Payong – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Payong" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Чадър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чадър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B" title="ཉི་གདུགས་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཉི་གདུགས་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%A1obran" title="Kišobran – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kišobran" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disglavier" title="Disglavier – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Disglavier" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraigua" title="Paraigua – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paraigua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Сунчăк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сунчăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payong" title="Payong – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Payong" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C5%A1tn%C3%ADk" title="Deštník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Deštník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraply" title="Paraply – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paraply" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenschirm" title="Regenschirm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Regenschirm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihmavari" title="Vihmavari – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vihmavari" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Ομπρέλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ομπρέλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguas" title="Paraguas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paraguas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombrelo" title="Ombrelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ombrelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euritako" title="Euritako – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Euritako" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="چتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapluie" title="Parapluie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parapluie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraugas" title="Paraugas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paraugas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2-%C3%A9" title="Châ-é – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Châ-é" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%82%B0%EA%B3%BC_%EC%96%91%EC%82%B0" title="우산과 양산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우산과 양산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81_(%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1)" title="Հովանոց (պարագա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հովանոց (պարագա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="छाता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="छाता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%A1obran" title="Kišobran – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kišobran" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyungo" title="Toyungo – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Toyungo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payung" title="Payung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Payung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnhl%C3%ADf" title="Regnhlíf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Regnhlíf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombrello" title="Ombrello – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ombrello" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="מטרייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטרייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payung" title="Payung – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Payung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86" title="ಕೊಡೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೊಡೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%94%DA%BE%D8%AA%D9%95%D8%B1" title="چٔھتٕر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چٔھتٕر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Қолшатыр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қолшатыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwavuli" title="Mwavuli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwavuli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapli" title="Parapli – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Parapli" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEwan" title="Sîwan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sîwan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Кол чатыр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кол чатыр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbella" title="Umbella – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Umbella" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietussargs" title="Lietussargs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lietussargs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabbeli" title="Prabbeli – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Prabbeli" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C4%97tis" title="Skėtis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skėtis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erny%C5%91" title="Ernyő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ernyő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Чадор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чадор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F" title="കുട – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുട" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="छत्री – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="छत्री" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payung" title="Payung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Payung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%81ng" title="Sāng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sāng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iviu" title="Iviu – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Iviu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraplu" title="Paraplu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paraplu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parreplu" title="Parreplu – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Parreplu" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="छाता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="छाता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%98" title="傘 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="傘" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraply" title="Paraply – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paraply" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraply" title="Paraply – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paraply" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE" title="ଛତା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଛତା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linay" title="Linay – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Linay" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BE%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="چھتری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چھتری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapl%C3%BC" title="Paraplü – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Paraplü" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasol" title="Parasol – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Parasol" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarda-chuva" title="Guarda-chuva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guarda-chuva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrel%C4%83" title="Umbrelă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Umbrelă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Зонт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зонт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/cacebalen" title="cacebalen – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="cacebalen" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="छत्रम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="छत्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱪᱟᱛᱚᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱛᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberellae" title="Umberellae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Umberellae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombrella" title="Ombrella – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ombrella" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracqua" title="Paracqua – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Paracqua" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BA" title="කුඩය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කුඩය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella" title="Umbrella – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Umbrella" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1%C5%BEdnik" title="Dáždnik – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dáždnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C5%BEnik" title="Dežnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dežnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paryzol" title="Paryzol – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Paryzol" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="چەتر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چەتر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кишобран – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кишобран" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%A1obran" title="Kišobran – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kišobran" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payung" title="Payung – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Payung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sateenvarjo" title="Sateenvarjo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sateenvarjo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraply" title="Paraply – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paraply" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payong" title="Payong – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Payong" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="குடை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குடை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Кулчатыр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кулчатыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81" title="గొడుగు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గొడుగు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1" title="ร่ม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ร่ม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakamalu" title="Fakamalu – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Fakamalu" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hov%C3%A9o%27k%C3%B4heo%27" title="Hovéo'kôheo' – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hovéo'kôheo'" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86" title="ಕೊಡೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕೊಡೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eemsiye" title="Şemsiye – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şemsiye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парасолька – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парасолька" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BE%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C_(%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B8)" title="چھتری (آلہ تحفظ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چھتری (آلہ تحفظ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liengj" title="Liengj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Liengj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_(v%E1%BA%ADt_d%E1%BB%A5ng)" title="Ô (vật dụng) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ô (vật dụng)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraplu" title="Paraplu – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Paraplu" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B0%A6" title="簦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="簦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payong" title="Payong – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Payong" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%9E" title="伞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9D" title="שירעם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שירעם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%AE" title="遮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="遮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%98" title="傘 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="傘" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payung" title="Payung – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Payung" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canopy designed to protect against rain or sunlight</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Parasol" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Umbrella (disambiguation)">Umbrella (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasol_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Parasol (disambiguation)">Parasol (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M0354_000727-005_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/M0354_000727-005_1.jpg/220px-M0354_000727-005_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/M0354_000727-005_1.jpg/330px-M0354_000727-005_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/M0354_000727-005_1.jpg/440px-M0354_000727-005_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An umbrella</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zenkoji-Nagano.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Zenkoji-Nagano.JPG/220px-Zenkoji-Nagano.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Zenkoji-Nagano.JPG/330px-Zenkoji-Nagano.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Zenkoji-Nagano.JPG/440px-Zenkoji-Nagano.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>Woman holding an umbrella at <a href="/wiki/Zenk%C5%8D-ji" title="Zenkō-ji">Zenkō-ji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagano_(city)" title="Nagano (city)">Nagano</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure><p>An <b>umbrella</b> or <b>parasol</b> is a folding <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy (building)">canopy</a> supported by wooden or metal ribs that is mounted on a wooden, metal, or plastic pole. It is usually designed to protect a person against <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>. The term <i>umbrella</i> is traditionally used when protecting oneself from rain, while <i>parasol</i> is used when protecting oneself from sunlight, though the terms continue to be used interchangeably. Often the difference is the material used for the canopy; some parasols are not <a href="/wiki/Waterproof" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterproof">waterproof</a>, and some umbrellas are <a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">transparent</a>. Umbrella canopies may be made of fabric or flexible plastic. There are also combinations of parasol and umbrella that are called <i><b>en-tout-cas</b></i> (French for "in any case").<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally speaking, parasols and umbrellas are small, handheld, personal use items. Golf umbrellas are the biggest hand-portable umbrellas available. There are two types of umbrellas: completely collapsible umbrellas, which can be folded up into a small enough bag because of the supporting metal pole's ability to retract, and non-collapsible umbrellas, which only have the canopy that can be folded up. Manually operated umbrellas and spring-loaded automatic umbrellas, which open with a button press, can also be distinguished from one another. </p><p>Hand-held umbrellas have a type of handle which can be made from wood, a plastic cylinder or a bent "crook" handle (like the handle of a cane). Umbrellas are available in a range of price and quality points, ranging from inexpensive, modest quality models sold at <a href="/wiki/Discount_store" title="Discount store">discount stores</a> to expensive, finely made, <a href="/wiki/Designer_label" title="Designer label">designer-labeled</a> models. Larger parasols capable of blocking the sun for several people are often used as fixed or semi-fixed devices, used with <a href="/wiki/Patio_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Patio table">patio tables</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Garden_furniture" title="Garden furniture">outdoor furniture</a>, or as points of shade on a sunny beach. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parts_of_an_Umbrella.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Parts_of_an_Umbrella.svg/220px-Parts_of_an_Umbrella.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Parts_of_an_Umbrella.svg/330px-Parts_of_an_Umbrella.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Parts_of_an_Umbrella.svg/440px-Parts_of_an_Umbrella.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Parts of an umbrella<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parasol" class="extiw" title="wikt:parasol">parasol</a></i> (originally from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>) is a combination of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">para</i></span>, meaning 'to shield from' derived from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">parare</i></span>, and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">sol</i></span>, meaning 'sun'.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Parapluie</i></span> (French) similarly consists of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">para</i></span> combined with <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pluie</i></span>, which means 'rain' (which in turn derives from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pluvia</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for rain); the usage of this word was prevalent in the nineteenth century. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Paraneige</i></span> (French) consists of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">para</i></span> combined with <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">neige</i></span>, which means 'snow' (which in turn derives from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">nix</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for snow). Hence, a <b>parasol</b> shields from sunlight, a <b>parapluie</b> shields from rain, and a <b>paraneige</b> shields from snow. </p><p>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/umbrella" class="extiw" title="wikt:umbrella">umbrella</a></i> evolved from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">umbra</i></span>, meaning 'shaded' or 'shadow'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> records the first recorded usage in this sense in 1611.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_umbrella_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED_umbrella-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_umbra_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED_umbra-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Britain, umbrellas were sometimes referred to as "gamps" after the character Mrs. Gamp in the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chuzzlewit" title="Martin Chuzzlewit">Martin Chuzzlewit</a></i> as the character was well known for carrying an umbrella, although this usage is now dated or obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_umbrella_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED_umbrella-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Brolly</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> word for <i>umbrella</i>, used often in Australia, Ireland, Kenya, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. </p><p><i>Bumbershoot</i> is a rare and fanciful <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">Americanism</a> from the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A parasol may also be called a <b>sunshade</b>, <b>rainshade</b>, <b>snowshade</b>, or <b>beach umbrella</b> (<i>US English</i>). An umbrella may also be called a <b>brolly</b> (<i>UK slang</i>), <b>gamp</b> (<i>British, informal, dated</i>), or <b>bumbershoot</b> (<i>rare, facetious American slang</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatshepsut_temple4_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hatshepsut_temple4_b.jpg/220px-Hatshepsut_temple4_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hatshepsut_temple4_b.jpg/330px-Hatshepsut_temple4_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hatshepsut_temple4_b.jpg/440px-Hatshepsut_temple4_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">Relief</a> of an Egyptian parasol. These were used as sunshade and fan alike (<a href="/wiki/Flabellum" title="Flabellum">flabellum</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest known parasols in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian art">Ancient Egyptian art</a> date back to the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Dynasty">Fifth Dynasty</a>, around 2450 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-White_Muscarella_1999,_1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White_Muscarella_1999,_1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parasol is found in various shapes. Typically it is depicted as a <a href="/wiki/Flabellum" title="Flabellum">flabellum</a>, a fan of <a href="/wiki/Palm_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm tree">palm</a>-leaves or coloured feathers fixed on a long handle, resembling those now carried behind the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> in processions.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Wilkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardiner Wilkinson">Gardiner Wilkinson</a>, in his work on Egypt, has an engraving of an Ethiopian princess travelling through Upper Egypt in a chariot; a kind of umbrella fastened to a stout pole rises in the centre, bearing a close affinity to what are now termed chaise umbrellas.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Wilkinson's account, the umbrella was generally used throughout Egypt, partly as a mark of distinction, but more on account of its useful than its ornamental qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some paintings on a temple wall, a parasol is held over the figure of a god carried in procession.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ashanti_Empire">Ashanti Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ashanti Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact date when the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a> began using umbrellas is uncertain. However, in the 1800s, the Amanhene (senior chiefs) were using large multicolored umbrellas.<sup id="cite_ref-Obeng_1996_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obeng_1996-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Umbrellas were used during festivals as streets of Kumasi were paraded with them. Like the <a href="/wiki/Asantehene" class="mw-redirect" title="Asantehene">Asantehene</a>'s umbrella bearer, the others also spin their umbrellas in tune with the music produced by drummers while accompanying their "Ohene". Umbrellas were also used to provide coolness as well as highlight the importance of the various leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Obeng_1996_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obeng_1996-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mesoamerica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=At,_Tenochtitlan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="At, Tenochtitlan (page does not exist)">At</a> district of the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a> was reported to have used an umbrella made from feathers and gold as its <i>pantli</i>, an identifying marker that is the equivalent of a modern flag. The <i>pantli</i> was carried by the army general.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Beehler_Umbrella_Factory" title="Beehler Umbrella Factory">Beehler Umbrella Factory</a> est. 1828 was the first umbrella manufacturing company in the United States. Francis Beehler was a woodcarver in his home country of Germany. After he immigrated to <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>, he noticed a lack of umbrellas. Americans generally scorned the devices for their "ridiculous effeminacy". Nevertheless he used his talents in making wooden poles and whale bone ribbed umbrellas to create a new market (steel rib designs would not appear until after 1852). Beehler's success attracted competitors. Baltimore was long recognized as the umbrella capital of the country; at the industry's peak in 1920 there were seven umbrella companies in the city producing millions of umbrellas annually.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Near_East">Ancient Near East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ancient Near East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Xerxes_at_Doorway_of_his_Palace,_Persepolis,_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Relief_of_Xerxes_at_Doorway_of_his_Palace%2C_Persepolis%2C_Iran.jpg/170px-Relief_of_Xerxes_at_Doorway_of_his_Palace%2C_Persepolis%2C_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Relief_of_Xerxes_at_Doorway_of_his_Palace%2C_Persepolis%2C_Iran.jpg/255px-Relief_of_Xerxes_at_Doorway_of_his_Palace%2C_Persepolis%2C_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Relief_of_Xerxes_at_Doorway_of_his_Palace%2C_Persepolis%2C_Iran.jpg/340px-Relief_of_Xerxes_at_Doorway_of_his_Palace%2C_Persepolis%2C_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Bas-relief of the Persian king <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> (485–465 BC) at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest extant example of a parasols appears in the archaeological record around 2310 BC, in a victory stele of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-White_Muscarella_1999,_1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White_Muscarella_1999,_1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later sculptures at <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, the parasol appears frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Austen Henry Layard</a> gives a picture of a <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a> representing a king in his chariot, with an attendant holding a parasol over his head, dating from c. 710 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a curtain hanging down behind, but is otherwise exactly like those in use today.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is reserved exclusively for the monarch (who was bald), and is never carried over any other person.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persia</a>, the parasol is repeatedly found in the carved work of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, and Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Malcolm" title="John Malcolm">John Malcolm</a> has an article on the subject in his 1815 "History of Persia."<sup id="cite_ref-sangster_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some sculptures, the figure of a king appears attended by a servant, who carries over his head an umbrella, complete with stretchers and runner.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other sculptures on the rock at <a href="/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan" title="Taq-e Bostan">Taghe-Bostan</a>, supposed to be not less than twelve centuries old, a deer-hunt is represented, at which a king looks on, seated on a horse, and having an umbrella borne over his head by an attendant.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oil-paper_umbrella" title="Oil-paper umbrella">Oil-paper umbrella</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TERRACOTTA_ARMY_@_Gdynia_2006_-_01_ubt.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/TERRACOTTA_ARMY_%40_Gdynia_2006_-_01_ubt.jpeg/220px-TERRACOTTA_ARMY_%40_Gdynia_2006_-_01_ubt.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/TERRACOTTA_ARMY_%40_Gdynia_2006_-_01_ubt.jpeg/330px-TERRACOTTA_ARMY_%40_Gdynia_2006_-_01_ubt.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/TERRACOTTA_ARMY_%40_Gdynia_2006_-_01_ubt.jpeg/440px-TERRACOTTA_ARMY_%40_Gdynia_2006_-_01_ubt.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a> carriage with an umbrella securely fixed to the side, from <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shihuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Shihuang">Qin Shihuang</a>'s tomb, c. 210 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The creation of the umbrella is attributed to the wife of <a href="/wiki/Lu_Ban" title="Lu Ban">Lu Ban</a>, who invented it during the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring State Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 147">: 147 </span></sup> Some investigators have supposed that its invention was first created by tying large leaves to bough-like ribs (the branching out parts of an umbrella). Others assert that the idea was probably derived from the <a href="/wiki/Tent" title="Tent">tent</a>, which remains in an unaltered form to the present day. However, the tradition existing in China is that it originated in standards and banners waving in the air, hence the use of the umbrella was often linked to high-ranking (though not necessarily royalty) in China. The use of umbrella as a <a href="/wiki/Social_marker" title="Social marker">social marker</a> indicating and classifying the identities and social class of its users started by the post-<a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Wei</a> period and continued up to the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 148">: 148 </span></sup> On at least one occasion, twenty-four umbrellas were carried before the emperor when he went out hunting. The umbrella served in this case as a defence against rain rather than sun. The Chinese and Japanese traditional parasol, often used near temples, remains similar to the original ancient Chinese design. </p><p>The ancient book of Chinese ceremonies, called <i>Zhou Li</i> (<i>The <a href="/wiki/Rites_of_Zhou" title="Rites of Zhou">Rites of Zhou</a></i>), dating some 2,400 years ago, directs that a dais should be placed upon the imperial cars. The figure of this dais contained in <i>Zhou Li</i>, and the description of it given in the explanatory commentary of Lin-hi-ye, both identify it with an umbrella. The latter describes the dais to be composed of 28 arcs, which are equivalent to the ribs of the modern instrument, and the staff supporting the covering to consist of two parts, the upper being a rod 3/18 of a Chinese foot in circumference, and the lower a tube 6/10 in circumference, into which the upper half is capable of sliding and closing. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i> contains a reference to a collapsible umbrella, mentioning its usage in the year 21 AD when <a href="/wiki/Wang_Mang" title="Wang Mang">Wang Mang</a> (r. 9–23) had one designed for a ceremonial four-wheeled carriage.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_70_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_70-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2nd-century commentator <a href="/wiki/Fu_Qian" title="Fu Qian">Fu Qian</a> added that this collapsible umbrella of Wang Mang's carriage had bendable joints which enabled them to be extended or retracted.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_70_71_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_70_71-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1st century collapsible umbrella has since been recovered from the tomb of Wang Guang at <a href="/wiki/Lelang_Commandery" title="Lelang Commandery">Lelang Commandery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_71_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_71-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese collapsible umbrella may predate Wang's tomb, however. <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> bronze castings of complex bronze socketed hinges with locking slides and bolts—which could have been used for parasols and umbrellas—were found in an archeological site of <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, dated to the 6th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_71_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_71-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A late <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> Chinese divination book, <i>Book of Physiognomical, Astrological and Ornithomantic Divination according to the Three Schools</i> (<span lang="zh">演禽斗數三世相書</span>) by Yuan Tianwang (<span lang="zh">袁天網</span>), that was printed in about 1270 AD features a picture of a collapsible umbrella that is exactly like the modern umbrella of today's China.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_71_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_71-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Oil-paper_umbrella" title="Oil-paper umbrella">oil-paper umbrella</a> also originated in China and was spread among the common people after the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 148">: 148 </span></sup> It started to be introduced in other countries in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty"><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 148">: 148 </span></sup></a> and eventually spread across several East, South and Southeast Asian countries such as <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, where it has been further developed with different characteristics. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umbrella-C7068.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Umbrella-C7068.jpg/320px-Umbrella-C7068.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Umbrella-C7068.jpg/480px-Umbrella-C7068.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Umbrella-C7068.jpg/640px-Umbrella-C7068.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese oil-paper parasol for <a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Japanese tea ceremony</a> in Kyoto</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_India">Ancient India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ancient India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chatra_(umbrella)" title="Chatra (umbrella)">Chatra (umbrella)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ajanta_Paintings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ajanta_Paintings.jpg/170px-Ajanta_Paintings.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ajanta_Paintings.jpg/255px-Ajanta_Paintings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ajanta_Paintings.jpg/340px-Ajanta_Paintings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>Woman holding an umbrella <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> AD 320</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> epic <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> relates the following legend: <a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a> was a skilled bow shooter, and his devoted wife <a href="/wiki/Renuka" title="Renuka">Renuka</a> would always recover each of his arrows immediately. One time however, it took her a whole day to fetch the arrow, and she later blamed the heat of the sun for the delay. The angry Jamadagni shot an arrow at the sun. The sun begged for mercy and offered Renuka an umbrella.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Tavernier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Tavernier">Jean Baptiste Tavernier</a>, in his 17th century book "Voyage to the East", says that on each side of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mogul</a>'s throne were two umbrellas, and also describes the hall of the King of <a href="/wiki/Inwa" title="Inwa">Ava</a> was decorated with an umbrella. The chháta of the Indian and <a href="/wiki/Bamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamar">Burmese</a> princes is large and heavy, and requires a special attendant, who has a regular position in the royal household. In Ava it seems to have been part of the king's title, that he was "King of the white elephant, and Lord of the twenty-four umbrellas." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simon de la Loubère, who was Envoy Extraordinary from the French King to the King of <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a> in 1687 and 1688, wrote an account entitled a "New Historical Relation of the Kingdom of Siam", which was translated in 1693 into English. According to his account, the use of the umbrella was granted to only some of the subjects by the king. An umbrella with several circles, as if two or three umbrellas were fastened on the same stick, was permitted to the king alone; the nobles carried a single umbrella with painted cloths hanging from it. The Talapoins (who seem to have been a sort of Siamese monks) had umbrellas made of a palm-leaf cut and folded, so that the stem formed a handle. </p><p>In 1855 the <a href="/wiki/Mindon_Min" title="Mindon Min">King of Burma</a> directed a letter to the <a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Marquis of Dalhousie</a> in which he styles himself "His great, glorious, and most excellent Majesty, who reigns over the kingdoms of Thunaparanta, Tampadipa, and all the great umbrella-wearing chiefs of the Eastern countries". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Nine-Tiered_Umbrella" title="Royal Nine-Tiered Umbrella">Royal Nine-Tiered Umbrella</a> is one of the royal regalia of Thailand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Dupljaja" title="Dupljaja">Dupljaja chariot</a>, a ceramic sculpture found in Serbia dating from c. 1300 BC (attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Encrusted_Pottery_culture" title="Encrusted Pottery culture">Dubovac culture</a>), depicts a male figure, interpreted as a solar deity, standing in a three-wheeled chariot with an attached parasol held above him.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittore_di_penelope,_donna_in_processione,_440_ac_ca,_da_chiusi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pittore_di_penelope%2C_donna_in_processione%2C_440_ac_ca%2C_da_chiusi.JPG/220px-Pittore_di_penelope%2C_donna_in_processione%2C_440_ac_ca%2C_da_chiusi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pittore_di_penelope%2C_donna_in_processione%2C_440_ac_ca%2C_da_chiusi.JPG/330px-Pittore_di_penelope%2C_donna_in_processione%2C_440_ac_ca%2C_da_chiusi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pittore_di_penelope%2C_donna_in_processione%2C_440_ac_ca%2C_da_chiusi.JPG/440px-Pittore_di_penelope%2C_donna_in_processione%2C_440_ac_ca%2C_da_chiusi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2612" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Greek pottery from ca. 440 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Parasols are first attested on pottery shards from the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">late Mycenaean period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#LH_IIIB_(c._1320/1300_–_1190_BC" title="Mycenaean Greece">c. 1320–1190 BC</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient umbrellas could be opened and shut,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but rigid examples may have also existed. The earliest archaeological evidence for a collapsible umbrella was unearthed in <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a> in a context from about 700 BC and follows closely the shape of a slightly older <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygian</a> specimen <a href="/wiki/Gordion_Furniture_and_Wooden_Artifacts" title="Gordion Furniture and Wooden Artifacts">excavated at Gordion</a>. The sliding mechanism of the two pieces is remarkably similar to those in use today.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a>, the parasol (<i>skiadeion</i>, σκιάδειον),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an indispensable adjunct to a lady of fashion in the late 5th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> mentions it among the common articles of female use;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they could apparently open and close.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> describes a tomb near Triteia in <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaia</a> decorated with a 4th-century BC painting ascribed to Nikias; it depicted the figure of a woman, "and by her stood a female slave, bearing a parasol".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a man to carry one was considered a mark of effeminacy.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Aristophanes' <i>Birds</i>, <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> uses one as a comical disguise.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cultural changes among the <a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a> of Greece eventually led to a brief period – between 505 and 470BC – where men used parasols.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vase iconography bears witness to a transition from men carrying swords, then spears, then staffs, then parasols, to eventually nothing. The parasol, at that time of its fashion, displayed the luxury of the user's lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period of their usage, Greek style was inspired by the Persian and Lydian nobility's way of dressing: loose robes, long decorated hair, gold, jewellery, and perfume.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It also had religious significance. In the <a href="/wiki/Scirophoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Scirophoria">Scirophoria</a>, the feast of Athene Sciras, a white parasol was borne by the <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priestesses</a> of the goddess from the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a> to the Phalerus. In the feasts of <a href="/wiki/Dionysos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a>, the umbrella was used, and in an old bas-relief, the same god is represented as descending <i>ad inferos</i> with a small umbrella in his hand. In the Panathenæa, the daughters of the <a href="/wiki/Metics" class="mw-redirect" title="Metics">Metics</a>, or foreign residents, carried parasols over the heads of Athenian women as a mark of inferiority. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaea" title="Panathenaea">Panathenaea</a>, daughters of <a href="/wiki/Metics" class="mw-redirect" title="Metics">Metics</a> carried the parasols of the Athenian maidens and this service was called <i>sciadephoria</i> (σκιαδηφορία).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-0325_Etruskische_Trinkschale_aus_Chiusi_Altes_Museum_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/-0325_Etruskische_Trinkschale_aus_Chiusi_Altes_Museum_anagoria.JPG/220px--0325_Etruskische_Trinkschale_aus_Chiusi_Altes_Museum_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/-0325_Etruskische_Trinkschale_aus_Chiusi_Altes_Museum_anagoria.JPG/330px--0325_Etruskische_Trinkschale_aus_Chiusi_Altes_Museum_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/-0325_Etruskische_Trinkschale_aus_Chiusi_Altes_Museum_anagoria.JPG/440px--0325_Etruskische_Trinkschale_aus_Chiusi_Altes_Museum_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3485" /></a><figcaption>Etruscan drinking cup from <a href="/wiki/Chiusi" title="Chiusi">Chiusi</a>, Italy, 350–300 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>From Greece it is probable that the use of the parasol passed to Rome, where it seems to have been usually used by women, while it was the custom even for effeminate men to defend themselves from the heat by means of the <i>Umbraculum</i>, formed of skin or leather, and capable of being lowered at will. There are frequent references to the umbrella in the Roman Classics, and it appears that it was, not unlikely, a post of honour among maid-servants to bear it over their mistresses. Allusions to it are tolerably frequent in the poets. (<a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> Fast. lib. ii., 1. 31 I.; <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a>, lib. xi., Ch. 73.; lib. xiv, Ch. 28, 130; Ovid Ars. Am., ii., 209). From such mentions the umbrella seems to have been employed as a defense from sun, but references to its use as a protection against rain, while rare, also exist (<a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a>, ix., 50.). </p><p>According to Gorius, the umbrella came to Rome from the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a> who came to Rome for protection, and certainly it appears not infrequently on Etruscan vases and pottery, as also on later gems and rubies. One gem, figured by Pacudius, shows an umbrella with a bent handle, sloping backwards. <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> describes a sort of screen or umbrella worn by Spanish women, but this is not like a modern umbrella. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Roman Empire">fall of the Roman Empire</a>, in the 5th and 6th centuries, the umbrella and parasol were largely forgotten in Europe, for the next few centuries. Beginning in the 8th century, there are numerous contemporary depictions and descriptions of umbrellas and parasols during the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, predominantly used in the religious ceremonies of the church. By the 8th century, the umbrella and parasol was firmly established in the church, seen as honorific and symbolic. The earliest visual record is an "8th century image of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Pavia" title="John of Pavia">Bishop John of Pavia</a>, showing him followed by a servant carrying an umbrella." The earliest known written evidence of the parasol is also from the 8th century, when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Pope Paul I</a> (757-767) bestowed a jeweled parasol to <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> as part of a peace settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="16th_century">16th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girolamo_dai_Libri_-_Madonna_dell%27ombrello_(in_trono_con_Bambino_Ges%C3%B9_tra_san_Giuseppe_-_san_Raffaele_Arcangelo_e_Tobiolo-Tobia)_-_Verona_-_Museo_di_Castelvecchio_1530_-_1530_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_2006_-_MiBAC_disclaimer_warning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Girolamo_dai_Libri_-_Madonna_dell%27ombrello_%28in_trono_con_Bambino_Ges%C3%B9_tra_san_Giuseppe_-_san_Raffaele_Arcangelo_e_Tobiolo-Tobia%29_-_Verona_-_Museo_di_Castelvecchio_1530_-_1530_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_2006_-_MiBAC_disclaimer_warning.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Girolamo_dai_Libri_-_Madonna_dell%27ombrello_%28in_trono_con_Bambino_Ges%C3%B9_tra_san_Giuseppe_-_san_Raffaele_Arcangelo_e_Tobiolo-Tobia%29_-_Verona_-_Museo_di_Castelvecchio_1530_-_1530_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_2006_-_MiBAC_disclaimer_warning.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Girolamo_dai_Libri_-_Madonna_dell%27ombrello_%28in_trono_con_Bambino_Ges%C3%B9_tra_san_Giuseppe_-_san_Raffaele_Arcangelo_e_Tobiolo-Tobia%29_-_Verona_-_Museo_di_Castelvecchio_1530_-_1530_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_2006_-_MiBAC_disclaimer_warning.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Madonna dell'Ombrello, by <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_dai_Libri" title="Girolamo dai Libri">Girolamo dai Libri</a>, 1530</figcaption></figure> <p>A 1530 depiction is in <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_dai_Libri" title="Girolamo dai Libri">Girolamo dai Libri</a>'s painting <a href="/wiki/File:Girolamo_dai_Libri_-_Madonna_dell%27ombrello_(in_trono_con_Bambino_Ges%C3%B9_tra_san_Giuseppe_-_san_Raffaele_Arcangelo_e_Tobiolo-Tobia)_-_Verona_-_Museo_di_Castelvecchio_1530_-_1530_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_2006_-_MiBAC_disclaimer_warning.jpg" title="File:Girolamo dai Libri - Madonna dell'ombrello (in trono con Bambino Gesù tra san Giuseppe - san Raffaele Arcangelo e Tobiolo-Tobia) - Verona - Museo di Castelvecchio 1530 - 1530 - Photo Paolo Villa 2006 - MiBAC disclaimer warning.jpg"><i>Madonna dell Ombrello</i></a> ("Madonna of the Umbrella"), in which the Virgin Mary is sheltered by a cherub carrying a large, red umbrella (see image). Umbrellas were regarded as marks of distinction for the pope and clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Tikkanen_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikkanen-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="17th_century">17th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthonis_van_Dyck_016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Anthonis_van_Dyck_016.jpg/220px-Anthonis_van_Dyck_016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Anthonis_van_Dyck_016.jpg/330px-Anthonis_van_Dyck_016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Anthonis_van_Dyck_016.jpg/440px-Anthonis_van_Dyck_016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2225" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Marchesa Elena Grimaldi, by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a>, 1623</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wright_(antiquarian)" title="Thomas Wright (antiquarian)">Thomas Wright</a>, in his <i>Domestic Manners of the English</i>, gives a drawing from the Harleian MS., No. 604, which represents an Anglo-Saxon gentleman walking out attended by his servant, the servant carrying an umbrella with a handle that slopes backwards, so as to bring the umbrella over the head of the person in front.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It probably could not be closed, but otherwise it looks like an ordinary umbrella, and the ribs are represented distinctly.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the parasol and umbrella in France and England was adopted, probably from China, about the middle of the seventeenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster1_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that period, pictorial representations of it are frequently found, some of which exhibit the peculiar broad and deep canopy belonging to the large parasol of the Chinese Government officials, borne by native attendants.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster1_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn%27s_Diary" title="John Evelyn's Diary">Diary</a></i> for 22 June 1664, mentions a collection of rarities shown to him by "Thompson", a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>, sent by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a> of Japan and China to France.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster1_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the curiosities were "fans like those our ladies use, but much larger, and with long handles, strangely carved and filled with Chinese characters", which is evidently a description of the parasol.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster1_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coryat" title="Thomas Coryat">Thomas Coryat</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Coryat%27s_Crudities" title="Coryat's Crudities">Crudities</a></i>, published in 1611, about a century and a half prior to the general introduction of the umbrella into England,<sup id="cite_ref-sangster1_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a reference to a custom of riders in Italy using umbrellas: </p> <blockquote><p>And many of them doe carry other fine things of a far greater price, that will cost at the least a duckat, which they commonly call in the Italian tongue umbrellas, that is, things which minister shadowve to them for shelter against the scorching heate of the sunne. These are made of leather, something answerable to the forme of a little cannopy, & hooped in the inside with divers little wooden hoopes that extend the umbrella in a pretty large compasse. They are used especially by horsemen, who carry them in their hands when they ride, fastening the end of the handle upon one of their thighs, and they impart so large a shadow unto them, that it keepeth the heate of the sunne from the upper parts of their bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster1_37-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In <a href="/wiki/John_Florio" title="John Florio">John Florio</a>'s "A WORLD of Words" (1598), the Italian word Ombrella is translated </p> <blockquote><p>a fan, a canopie. also a testern or cloth of state for a prince. also a kind of round fan or shadowing that they vse to ride with in sommer in Italy, a little shade. Also a bonegrace for a woman. Also the husk or cod of any seede or corne. also a broad spreding bunch, as of fenell, nill, or elder bloomes.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster1_37-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Randle_Cotgrave" title="Randle Cotgrave">Randle Cotgrave</a>'s <i>Dictionary of the French and English Tongues</i> (1614), the French Ombrelle is translated </p> <blockquote><p>An umbrello; a (fashion of) round and broad fanne, wherewith the Indians (and from them our great ones) preserve themselves from the heat of a scorching sunne; and hence any little shadow, fanne, or thing, wherewith women hide their faces from the sunne.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster1_37-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Fynes_Moryson" title="Fynes Moryson">Fynes Moryson</a>'s <i>Itinerary</i> (1617) is a similar allusion to the habit of carrying umbrellas in hot countries "to auoide the beames of the Sunne". Their employment, says the author, is dangerous, "because they gather the heate into a pyramidall point, and thence cast it down perpendicularly upon the head, except they know how to carry them for auoyding that danger".<sup id="cite_ref-sangster1_37-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Streynsham_Master" title="Streynsham Master">Streynsham Master</a>'s 1676 visit to the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>'s factory in <a href="/wiki/Masulipatnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Masulipatnam">Masulipatnam</a> he noted that only the governor of the town and the next three officials in seniority were allowed to have "a roundell [i.e. umbrella] carried over them."<sup id="cite_ref-Bowrey_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowrey-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, the umbrella (<i>parapluie</i>) began to appear in the 1660s, when the fabric of parasols carried for protection against the sun was coated with wax. The inventory of the French royal court in 1763 mentioned "eleven parasols of taffeta in different colours" as well as "three parasols of waxed <i>toile</i>, decorated around the edges with lace of gold and silver". They were rare, and the word <i>parapluie</i> ("against the rain") did not enter the dictionary of the Académie française until 1718. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFierro19961047_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro19961047-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passer-payez-Boilly-ca1803.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Passer-payez-Boilly-ca1803.jpg/220px-Passer-payez-Boilly-ca1803.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Passer-payez-Boilly-ca1803.jpg/330px-Passer-payez-Boilly-ca1803.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Passer-payez-Boilly-ca1803.jpg/440px-Passer-payez-Boilly-ca1803.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1499" /></a><figcaption>Parisians in the rain with umbrellas, by <a href="/wiki/Louis-L%C3%A9opold_Boilly" title="Louis-Léopold Boilly">Louis-Léopold Boilly</a> (1803)</figcaption></figure> <p>Kersey's Dictionary (1708) describes an umbrella as a "screen commonly used by women to keep off rain". </p><p>The first lightweight folding umbrella in Europe was introduced in 1710 by a Paris merchant named Jean Marius, whose shop was located near the barrier of Saint-Honoré. It could be opened and closed in the same way as modern umbrellas and weighed less than one kilogram. Marius received from the King the exclusive right to produce folding umbrellas for five years. A model was purchased by the Princess Palatine in 1712, and she enthused about it to her aristocratic friends, making it an essential fashion item for Parisiennes. In 1759, a French scientist named Navarre presented a new design to the French Academy of Sciences for an umbrella combined with a cane. Pressing a small button on the side of the cane opened the umbrella.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Their use became widespread in Paris. In 1768, a Paris magazine reported: </p><blockquote><p>"The common usage for quite some time now is not to go out without an umbrella, and to have the inconvenience of carrying it under your arm for six months in order to use it perhaps six times. Those who do not want to be mistaken for vulgar people much prefer to take the risk of being soaked, rather than to be regarded as someone who goes on foot; an umbrella is a sure sign of someone who doesn't have his own carriage." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFierro19961047_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro19961047-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Caillebotte_-_Paris_Street;_Rainy_Day_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gustave_Caillebotte_-_Paris_Street%3B_Rainy_Day_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Gustave_Caillebotte_-_Paris_Street%3B_Rainy_Day_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gustave_Caillebotte_-_Paris_Street%3B_Rainy_Day_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Gustave_Caillebotte_-_Paris_Street%3B_Rainy_Day_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gustave_Caillebotte_-_Paris_Street%3B_Rainy_Day_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Gustave_Caillebotte_-_Paris_Street%3B_Rainy_Day_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5982" data-file-height="4531" /></a><figcaption><i>Paris Street; Rainy Day</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Caillebotte" title="Gustave Caillebotte">Gustave Caillebotte</a> (1877)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1769, the Maison Antoine, a store at the Magasin d'Italie on rue Saint-Denis, was the first to offer umbrellas for rent to those caught in downpours, and it became a common practice. The Lieutenant General of Police of Paris issued regulations for the rental umbrellas; they were made of oiled green silk, and carried a number so they could be found and reclaimed if someone walked off with one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFierro19961047_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro19961047-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1808 there were seven shops making and selling umbrellas in Paris; one shop, <a href="/wiki/Sagnier" title="Sagnier">Sagnier</a> on rue des Vielles-Haudriettes, received the first patent given for an invention in France for a new model of umbrella. By 1813 there were 42 shops; by 1848 there were three hundred seventy-seven small shops making umbrellas in Paris, employing 1400 workers. One of the well-known makers was <a href="/wiki/Boutique_B%C3%A9taille" title="Boutique Bétaille">Boutique Bétaille</a>, which was located at rue Royale 20 from 1880 to 1939. Another was <a href="/wiki/Revel_(brand)" title="Revel (brand)">Revel</a>, based in Lyon. By the end of the century, however, cheaper manufacturers in the <a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (region)">Auvergne</a> replaced Paris as the centre of umbrella manufacturing, and the town of <a href="/wiki/Aurillac" title="Aurillac">Aurillac</a> became the umbrella capital of France. The town still produces about half the umbrellas made in France; the umbrella factories there employ about one hundred workers. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFierro19961047_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro19961047-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Singer_Sargent_-_Morning_Walk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/John_Singer_Sargent_-_Morning_Walk.jpg/220px-John_Singer_Sargent_-_Morning_Walk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/John_Singer_Sargent_-_Morning_Walk.jpg/330px-John_Singer_Sargent_-_Morning_Walk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/John_Singer_Sargent_-_Morning_Walk.jpg/440px-John_Singer_Sargent_-_Morning_Walk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2682" /></a><figcaption>A parasol depicted in <i>Morning Walk</i>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent" title="John Singer Sargent">John Singer Sargent</a> (1888)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i>, Crusoe constructs his own umbrella in imitation of those that he had seen used in Brazil, covered with skins "so that it cast off the rains like a penthouse, and kept off the sun so effectually, that I could walk out in the hottest of the weather with greater advantage than I could before in the coolest".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this description the original heavy umbrella came to be called "Robinson" for many years in England.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>, in one of his voyages in the late 18th century, reported seeing some of the natives of the South Pacific Islands with umbrellas made of palm leaves. In the highlands of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the large fronds of <i><a href="/wiki/Dipteris_conjugata" title="Dipteris conjugata">Dipteris conjugata</a></i> are used as an umbrella.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the umbrella or parasol (though not unknown) was uncommon in England during the earlier half of the eighteenth century, as is evident from the comment made by General (then Lieut.-Colonel) <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe" title="James Wolfe">James Wolfe</a>, when writing from Paris in 1752; he speaks of the use of umbrellas for protection from the sun and rain and wonders why a similar practice did not occur in England. About the same time, umbrellas came into general use as people found their value and got over the shyness natural to its introduction. <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Hanway" title="Jonas Hanway">Jonas Hanway</a>, the founder of the Magdalen Hospital, has the credit of being the first man who ventured to dare public reproach and ridicule by carrying one habitually in London. As he died in 1786, and he is said to have carried an umbrella for thirty years, the date of its first use by him may be set down at about 1750. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Macdonald_(footman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Macdonald (footman) (page does not exist)">John Macdonald</a> relates that in 1770, he used to be addressed as, "Frenchman, Frenchman! why don't you call a coach?" whenever he went out with his umbrella.<sup id="cite_ref-sangster_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangster-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1788 however they seem to have been accepted: a London newspaper advertises the sale of "improved and pocket Umbrellas, on steel frames, with every other kind of common Umbrella."<sup id="cite_ref-Times1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then, the umbrella has come into general use, in consequence of numerous improvements. In China people learned how to waterproof their paper umbrellas with wax and lacquer. The transition to the present portable form is due, partly, to the substitution of silk and gingham for the heavy and troublesome oiled silk, which admitted of the ribs and frames being made much lighter, and also to many ingenious mechanical improvements in the framework. <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> umbrellas had frames of wood or baleen, but these devices were expensive and hard to fold when wet. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fox_(industrialist)" title="Samuel Fox (industrialist)">Samuel Fox</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>-ribbed umbrella in 1852; however, the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die_M%C3%A9thodique" title="Encyclopédie Méthodique">Encyclopédie Méthodique</a></i> mentions metal ribs at the end of the eighteenth century, and they were also on sale in London during the 1780s.<sup id="cite_ref-Times1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern designs usually employ a <a href="/wiki/Telescoping_(mechanics)" title="Telescoping (mechanics)">telescoping</a> steel trunk; new materials such as <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, plastic film and <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> often replace the original silk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raingo,_automatic_umbrella_rental_in_Taipei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Raingo%2C_automatic_umbrella_rental_in_Taipei.jpg/220px-Raingo%2C_automatic_umbrella_rental_in_Taipei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Raingo%2C_automatic_umbrella_rental_in_Taipei.jpg/330px-Raingo%2C_automatic_umbrella_rental_in_Taipei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Raingo%2C_automatic_umbrella_rental_in_Taipei.jpg/440px-Raingo%2C_automatic_umbrella_rental_in_Taipei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3468" /></a><figcaption>Umbrellas for rent in the Taipei subway system</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Imperialpalace-umbrellas-dec-2014.ogv/220px--Imperialpalace-umbrellas-dec-2014.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="25" data-mwtitle="Imperialpalace-umbrellas-dec-2014.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Imperialpalace-umbrellas-dec-2014.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Imperialpalace-umbrellas-dec-2014.ogv/Imperialpalace-umbrellas-dec-2014.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Imperialpalace-umbrellas-dec-2014.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Imperialpalace-umbrellas-dec-2014.ogv/Imperialpalace-umbrellas-dec-2014.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Imperialpalace-umbrellas-dec-2014.ogv/Imperialpalace-umbrellas-dec-2014.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Imperialpalace-umbrellas-dec-2014.ogv/Imperialpalace-umbrellas-dec-2014.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Imperialpalace-umbrellas-dec-2014.ogv/Imperialpalace-umbrellas-dec-2014.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A stream of people and umbrellas inside the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Tokyo Imperial Palace</a> on a rainy autumn day</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selce_(Croatia)_-_suncobrani_na_pla%C5%BEi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Selce_%28Croatia%29_-_suncobrani_na_pla%C5%BEi.jpg/220px-Selce_%28Croatia%29_-_suncobrani_na_pla%C5%BEi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Selce_%28Croatia%29_-_suncobrani_na_pla%C5%BEi.jpg/330px-Selce_%28Croatia%29_-_suncobrani_na_pla%C5%BEi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Selce_%28Croatia%29_-_suncobrani_na_pla%C5%BEi.jpg/440px-Selce_%28Croatia%29_-_suncobrani_na_pla%C5%BEi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Beach parasols in <a href="/wiki/Selce,_Croatia" title="Selce, Croatia">Selce, Croatia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>National Umbrella Day is held on 10 February each year around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pocket (foldable) umbrella was invented in Uraiújfalu (<a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>) by the Balogh brothers, whose patent request was admitted in 1923 by the Royal Notary Public of Szombathely. Later on their patent was also approved in Austria, Germany, Belgium, France, Poland, Great Britain and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928, Hans Haupt's pocket umbrellas appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-Knirps_History_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knirps_History-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Vienna in 1928, <a href="/wiki/Slawa_Duldig" title="Slawa Duldig">Slawa Horowitz</a>, a student studying sculpture at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Vienna" title="Academy of Fine Arts Vienna">Akademie der Bildenden Kunste Wien</a> (Academy of Fine Arts), developed a prototype for an improved compact foldable umbrella for which she received a patent on 19 September 1929. The umbrella was called "Flirt" and manufactured by the Austrian company "<a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BCder_W%C3%BCster" title="Brüder Wüster">Brüder Wüster</a>" and their German associates "<a href="/wiki/Kortenbach_%26_Rauh" title="Kortenbach & Rauh">Kortenbach & Rauh</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany, the small foldable umbrellas were produced by the company "Knirps", which became a synonym in the German language for small foldable umbrellas in general. In 1969, Bradford E Phillips, the owner of <a href="/wiki/Totes" class="mw-redirect" title="Totes">Totes Incorporated</a> of <a href="/wiki/Loveland,_Ohio" title="Loveland, Ohio">Loveland, Ohio</a>, obtained a patent for his "working folding umbrella".<sup id="cite_ref-totes-isotoner.com_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-totes-isotoner.com-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Umbrellas have also been fashioned into <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella Hat">hats</a> as early as 1880 and at least as recently as 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-patent_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Golf umbrellas, one of the largest sizes in common use, are typically around 62 inches (157 cm) across but can range anywhere from 60 to 70 inches (150 to 180 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-wg_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wg-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transparent umbrellas, often made with plastic or composite materials, were invented in 1958 by Mitsuo Sudou. The transparent umbrellas were popularized as fashion items during the <a href="/wiki/1964_Tokyo_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1964 Tokyo Olympics">1964 Tokyo Olympics</a>. The production had since been relocated to China and other Asian countries and has become ubiquitous on Japanese streets due to its affordability, aesthetics, and ease of access.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Umbrellas are now a consumer product with a large global market. As of 2008, most umbrellas worldwide are made in China, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> provinces. The city of <a href="/wiki/Shangyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangyu">Shangyu</a> alone had more than a thousand umbrella factories. In the US alone, about 33 million umbrellas, worth $348 million, are sold each year.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlean_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlean-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Umbrellas continue to be actively developed. In the US, so many umbrella-related patents are being filed that the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Patent_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Patent Office">U.S. Patent Office</a> employs four full-time examiners to assess them. As of 2008, the office registered 3000 active patents on umbrella-related inventions. Nonetheless, Totes, the largest American umbrella producer, has stopped accepting unsolicited proposals. Its director of umbrella development was reported as saying that while umbrellas are so ordinary that everyone thinks about them, "it's difficult to come up with an umbrella idea that hasn’t already been done."<sup id="cite_ref-Orlean_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlean-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SENZ_umbrella_testing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SENZ_umbrella_testing.jpg/220px-SENZ_umbrella_testing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SENZ_umbrella_testing.jpg/330px-SENZ_umbrella_testing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SENZ_umbrella_testing.jpg/440px-SENZ_umbrella_testing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3705" data-file-height="2470" /></a><figcaption>Testing a Senz storm umbrella in <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, using a high-powered fan</figcaption></figure> <p>While the predominant canopy shape of an umbrella is round, canopy shapes have been streamlined to improve aerodynamic response to wind. Examples include the stealth-shaped canopy of Rizotti<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1996), scoop-shaped canopy of Lisciandro<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2004), and teardrop-shaped canopies of Hollinger<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2004). </p><p>In 2005 Gerwin Hoogendoorn,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> industrial design student of the <a href="/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology" title="Delft University of Technology">Delft University of Technology</a><sup id="cite_ref-tudelft_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tudelft-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Netherlands, invented an aerodynamically streamlined storm umbrella (with a similar shape as a <a href="/wiki/Stealth_aircraft" title="Stealth aircraft">stealth plane</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-gmasenz_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gmasenz-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timessenz_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timessenz-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can withstand <a href="/wiki/Wind_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind force">wind force</a> 10 (winds of up to 100 km/h or 70 mp/h)<sup id="cite_ref-timessenz_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timessenz-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ng201111_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng201111-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and won't turn inside-out like a regular umbrella<sup id="cite_ref-tudelft_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tudelft-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as being equipped with so-called ‘eye savers’ which protect others from being accidentally wounded by the tips.<sup id="cite_ref-tudelft_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tudelft-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoogendoorn's storm umbrella was nominated for and won several design awards<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was featured on <a href="/wiki/Good_Morning_America" title="Good Morning America">Good Morning America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gmasenz_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gmasenz-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The umbrella is sold in Europe as the Senz umbrella and is sold under license by <a href="/wiki/Totes_Isotoner" title="Totes Isotoner">Totes</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alan Kaufman's "Nubrella" and Greg Brebner's "Blunt" are other contemporary designs.<sup id="cite_ref-ng201111_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng201111-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The umbrella is used in weather forecasting as an icon for rain. Two variations, a plain umbrella (☂, U+2602) and an umbrella with raindrops overhead (☔, U+2614), are encoded in the <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_Symbols" title="Miscellaneous Symbols">Miscellaneous Symbols</a> block of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_religious_ceremony">In religious ceremony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In religious ceremony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Procession_of_the_Doge_of_Venice.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Grand_Procession_of_the_Doge_of_Venice.png/170px-Grand_Procession_of_the_Doge_of_Venice.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Grand_Procession_of_the_Doge_of_Venice.png/255px-Grand_Procession_of_the_Doge_of_Venice.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Grand_Procession_of_the_Doge_of_Venice.png/340px-Grand_Procession_of_the_Doge_of_Venice.png 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption>Grand Procession of the <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">Doge of Venice</a> (16th century)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umbraculum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Umbraculum.jpg/220px-Umbraculum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Umbraculum.jpg/330px-Umbraculum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Umbraculum.jpg/440px-Umbraculum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2522" data-file-height="3718" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Umbraculum" title="Umbraculum">Umbraculum</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Stanislaus_Kostka" title="Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka">Basilica of Saint Stanislaus Kostka</a> in <a href="/wiki/Winona,_Minnesota" title="Winona, Minnesota">Winona, Minnesota</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As a canopy of state, umbrellas were generally used in southern and eastern Europe, and then passed from the imperial court into church ceremony. They are found in the ceremonies of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a>, were borne over the <a href="/wiki/Host_(Holy_Communion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Host (Holy Communion)">Host</a> in <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">procession</a>, and form part of the <a href="/wiki/Pontificalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontificalia">Pontifical</a> <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">regalia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An umbrella, the <i>ombrellino</i> (Italian) or <i><a href="/wiki/Umbraculum" title="Umbraculum">umbraculum</a></i> (Latin) is an historic piece of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_regalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal regalia">papal regalia</a>. Although the popes no longer use it personally, it is displayed on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of a <i><a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">sede vacante</a></i> (the papal arms used between the death of a pope and the election of his successor). This umbraculum is normally made of alternating red and gold fabric, and is usually displayed in a partially unfolded manner. The popes have traditionally bestowed the use of the umbraculum as a mark of honor upon specific persons and places. The use of an umbraculum is one of the honorary symbols of a <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> and may be used in the basilica's <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> and carried in processions by the basilica's <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canons</a>. </p><p>A large umbrella is displayed in each of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_basilicas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of basilicas">Basilicas of Rome</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal bishop</a> who receives his <a href="/wiki/Titulus_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titulus (Roman Catholic)">title</a> from one of those churches has the privilege of having an umbrella carried over his head in solemn <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">processions</a>. It is possible that the <a href="/wiki/Galero" title="Galero">galero</a> (wide-brimmed cardinal's hat) may derive from this umbrella.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Beatiano, an Italian <a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">herald</a>, says that "a vermilion umbrella in a field argent symbolizes dominion". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StMichaelEOTC03a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/StMichaelEOTC03a.jpg/220px-StMichaelEOTC03a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/StMichaelEOTC03a.jpg/330px-StMichaelEOTC03a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/StMichaelEOTC03a.jpg/440px-StMichaelEOTC03a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox">Ethiopian Orthodox</a> clergymen lead a procession in celebration of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Michael">Saint Michael</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> carry ornately covered <a href="/wiki/Tabot" title="Tabot">Tabota</a> around the church's exterior, assisted by <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a> holding liturgical umbrellas.</figcaption></figure> <p>Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> also uses an umbrella, known as the <i>umbraculum</i> or <i>ombrellino</i>. It is held over the <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments of the Roman Catholic Church">Holy Sacrament</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> and its carrier by a server in short processions taking place indoors, or until the priest is met at the sanctuary entrance by the bearers of the processional canopy or <i>baldacchino</i>. It is regularly white or golden (the colours reserved for the Holy Sacrament) and made of silk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oriental_Orthodox_Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Oriental Orthodox Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In several <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>, umbrellas are used liturgically to show honor to a person (such as a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>) or a holy object. In the ceremonies of <a href="/wiki/Timkat" title="Timkat">Timkat</a> (Epiphany), priests will carry a model of the <a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a>, called a <a href="/wiki/Tabot" title="Tabot">Tabot</a>, on their heads in procession to a body of water, which will then be blessed. Brightly colored embroidered and fringed liturgical parasols are carried above the Tabota during this procession. Such processions also take place on other major <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast days</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Buddhism">In Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A decorated parasol is ushered over relics and statues of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, scriptures of the Buddhist doctrine and <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhus">Bhikkhus</a>, as a sign of respect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_photography">In photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">Reflector (photography)</a></div> <p>Umbrellas with a reflective inside are used by photographers as a diffusion device when employing artificial lighting, and as a glare shield and shade, most often in portrait situations.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some umbrellas are shoot-through umbrellas, meaning the light goes through the umbrella and is diffused, rather than reflecting off the inside of the umbrella.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_weapon_of_attack">As a weapon of attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: As a weapon of attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1835, the Baron <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Random_de_Berenger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Random de Berenger (page does not exist)">Charles Random de Berenger</a> instructed readers of his book <i>How to Protect Life and Property</i> in several methods of using an umbrella as an improvised weapon against highwaymen.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1897, journalist J. F. Sullivan proposed the umbrella as a misunderstood weapon in a <a href="/wiki/Tongue-in-cheek" title="Tongue-in-cheek">tongue-in-cheek</a> article for the <i>Ludgate Monthly</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1899 and 1902, both umbrellas and <a href="/wiki/Walking_stick" title="Walking stick">walking sticks</a> as <a href="/wiki/Self_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Self defence">self defence</a> weapons were incorporated into the repertoire of <a href="/wiki/Bartitsu" title="Bartitsu">Bartitsu</a>. </p><p>In January 1902, an article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="The Daily Mirror">The Daily Mirror</a></i> instructed women on how they could defend themselves from ruffians with an umbrella or parasol.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a>, sometimes referred to as the "Umbrella Revolution", protesters used umbrellas as shields against the <a href="/wiki/Pepper_spray" title="Pepper spray">pepper spray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Riot_police" title="Riot police">riot police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples_of_incidents">Examples of incidents</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Examples of incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1978, Bulgarian dissident writer <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Markov" title="Georgi Markov">Georgi Markov</a> was killed in London by a dose of <a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">ricin</a> injected via a <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_umbrella" title="Bulgarian umbrella">modified umbrella</a>. The <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> is widely believed to have developed a modified umbrella that could deliver a deadly pellet.<sup id="cite_ref-Marsden,_Sam_(June_2008)_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsden,_Sam_(June_2008)-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2005, in a well-known case in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, Brian Hahn, associate professor of mathematics and applied mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a>, was beaten to death with an umbrella by ex-doctoral student Maleafisha Steve Tladi.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2007, a 23-year-old woman in Rome was killed by another woman in the subway by stabbing through the eye using an umbrella.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2019, a priest in Berlin was killed by having an umbrella rammed upward through his open mouth, piercing into his brain.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_arts_and_entertainment">In arts and entertainment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: In arts and entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Poppins_sculpture_(49690096878).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Mary_Poppins_sculpture_%2849690096878%29.jpg/170px-Mary_Poppins_sculpture_%2849690096878%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Mary_Poppins_sculpture_%2849690096878%29.jpg/255px-Mary_Poppins_sculpture_%2849690096878%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Mary_Poppins_sculpture_%2849690096878%29.jpg/340px-Mary_Poppins_sculpture_%2849690096878%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(character)" title="Mary Poppins (character)">Mary Poppins</a> statue in <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Square" title="Leicester Square">Leicester Square</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The magical nanny <a href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(character)" title="Mary Poppins (character)">Mary Poppins</a> leaves the Banks home in Cherry Tree Lane, London, with the wind carrying her, by blowing into her opened umbrella.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Steed" title="John Steed">John Steed</a>, in the 1960s television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Avengers_(TV_series)" title="The Avengers (TV series)">The Avengers</a></i>, used an umbrella which was also a <a href="/wiki/Swordstick" title="Swordstick">swordstick</a>.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Penguin_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin (comics)">Penguin</a>, an enemy of <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a>, sports umbrellas as weapons with <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocket_launcher" title="Rocket launcher">rocket launchers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flamethrowers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switchblade" title="Switchblade">switchblades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> guns, <a href="/wiki/Ray_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray guns">ray guns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> guns.</li> <li>A high-tech bullet-resistant umbrella is used extensively as a weapon in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Kingsman:_The_Secret_Service" title="Kingsman: The Secret Service">Kingsman: The Secret Service</a></i> (2015), by characters Harry Hart (<a href="/wiki/Colin_Firth" title="Colin Firth">Colin Firth</a>) and Eggsy Unwin (<a href="/wiki/Taron_Egerton" title="Taron Egerton">Taron Egerton</a>).</li> <li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Kirby_(series)" title="Kirby (series)">Kirby</a></i> video game series, one of Kirby's Copy Abilities, called <i>Parasol</i>, has Kirby using a parasol as a weapon. It is also used to slow Kirby's descent when in the air.</li> <li>Players use victory reward umbrellas to glide into the battle arena in the video game <a href="/wiki/Fortnite_Battle_Royale" title="Fortnite Battle Royale">Fortnite: Battle Royale</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_architecture">In architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: In architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1950s <a href="/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto">Frei Otto</a> transformed the universally used individual umbrella into an item of lightweight architecture. He developed a new umbrella form, based on the minimum surface principle. The tension loaded membrane of the funnel-shaped umbrella is now stretched under the compression-loaded bars. This construction type made it technically and structurally possible to build very large convertible umbrellas.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first umbrellas of this kind (Federal Garden Exhibition, Kassel, 1955) were fixed, Frei Otto constructed the first convertible large umbrellas for the Federal Garden Exhibition in Cologne 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Frei_Otto_Gesamtwerk_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frei_Otto_Gesamtwerk-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978 he built a group of ten convertible umbrellas for British rock group <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>'s American tour. The great beauty of these lightweight structures inspired many subsequent projects built all over the world. The largest convertible umbrellas built until now were designed by <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Bodo_Rasch" title="Mahmoud Bodo Rasch">Mahmoud Bodo Rasch</a> and his team at SL-Rasch<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to provide shelter from sun and rain for the great mosques in Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later works by the architect <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Centre_Le_Corbusier" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Le Corbusier">Centre Le Corbusier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Shodhan" title="Villa Shodhan">Villa Shodhan</a> involve a parasol, which served as a roof structure and provided cover from the sun and wind.<sup id="cite_ref-parasol_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parasol-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art">In art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Umbrellas and parasols in art</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 246.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 244.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Illustration_from_Chushingara_Series_-_Utagawa_Kunisada_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Utagawa Kunisada"><img alt="Utagawa Kunisada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Illustration_from_Chushingara_Series_-_Utagawa_Kunisada_I.jpg/367px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Illustration_from_Chushingara_Series_-_Utagawa_Kunisada_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Illustration_from_Chushingara_Series_-_Utagawa_Kunisada_I.jpg/550px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Illustration_from_Chushingara_Series_-_Utagawa_Kunisada_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Illustration_from_Chushingara_Series_-_Utagawa_Kunisada_I.jpg/733px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Illustration_from_Chushingara_Series_-_Utagawa_Kunisada_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1012" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Utagawa_Kunisada" class="mw-redirect" title="Utagawa Kunisada">Utagawa Kunisada</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Couple_under_umbrella_in_snow.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Couple under umbrella in snow, Suzuki Harunobu"><img alt="Couple under umbrella in snow, Suzuki Harunobu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Couple_under_umbrella_in_snow.tif/lossy-page1-168px-Couple_under_umbrella_in_snow.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Couple_under_umbrella_in_snow.tif/lossy-page1-253px-Couple_under_umbrella_in_snow.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Couple_under_umbrella_in_snow.tif/lossy-page1-337px-Couple_under_umbrella_in_snow.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="3534" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Couple under umbrella in snow, <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Harunobu" title="Suzuki Harunobu">Suzuki Harunobu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The parasol is one of the Eight Auspicious Symbols of Tibetan Buddhism."><img alt="The parasol is one of the Eight Auspicious Symbols of Tibetan Buddhism." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Parasol.svg/176px-Parasol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Parasol.svg/264px-Parasol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Parasol.svg/352px-Parasol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The parasol is one of the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Auspicious_Symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Auspicious Symbols">Eight Auspicious Symbols</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Le_Brun_-_Pierre_S%C3%A9guier,_chancelier_de_France_(1655-1661).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A painting of Chancellor Pierre Séguier with a parasol hoisted above his head, by Charles Le Brun, 1670"><img alt="A painting of Chancellor Pierre Séguier with a parasol hoisted above his head, by Charles Le Brun, 1670" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Charles_Le_Brun_-_Pierre_S%C3%A9guier%2C_chancelier_de_France_%281655-1661%29.JPG/307px-Charles_Le_Brun_-_Pierre_S%C3%A9guier%2C_chancelier_de_France_%281655-1661%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="205" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Charles_Le_Brun_-_Pierre_S%C3%A9guier%2C_chancelier_de_France_%281655-1661%29.JPG/460px-Charles_Le_Brun_-_Pierre_S%C3%A9guier%2C_chancelier_de_France_%281655-1661%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Charles_Le_Brun_-_Pierre_S%C3%A9guier%2C_chancelier_de_France_%281655-1661%29.JPG/613px-Charles_Le_Brun_-_Pierre_S%C3%A9guier%2C_chancelier_de_France_%281655-1661%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3563" data-file-height="2930" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> A painting of Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Pierre_S%C3%A9guier" title="Pierre Séguier">Pierre Séguier</a> with a parasol hoisted above his head, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>, 1670</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harunobu_M%C3%A4dchen_springt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese girl jumps from Kiyomizu-dera, Suzuki Harunobu, 1750"><img alt="Japanese girl jumps from Kiyomizu-dera, Suzuki Harunobu, 1750" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Harunobu_M%C3%A4dchen_springt.jpg/187px-Harunobu_M%C3%A4dchen_springt.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Harunobu_M%C3%A4dchen_springt.jpg/280px-Harunobu_M%C3%A4dchen_springt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Harunobu_M%C3%A4dchen_springt.jpg/374px-Harunobu_M%C3%A4dchen_springt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1497" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese girl jumps from <a href="/wiki/Kiyomizu-dera" title="Kiyomizu-dera">Kiyomizu-dera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Harunobu" title="Suzuki Harunobu">Suzuki Harunobu</a>, 1750</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 244.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 242.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Quitasol_(Goya).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Parasol, by Francisco Goya, 1777"><img alt="The Parasol, by Francisco Goya, 1777" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/El_Quitasol_%28Goya%29.jpg/364px-El_Quitasol_%28Goya%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="243" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/El_Quitasol_%28Goya%29.jpg/546px-El_Quitasol_%28Goya%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/El_Quitasol_%28Goya%29.jpg/728px-El_Quitasol_%28Goya%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="2114" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Parasol</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>, 1777</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasolki1883nationalgallerylo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Umbrellas, 1883"><img alt="Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Umbrellas, 1883" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Parasolki1883nationalgallerylo.jpg/157px-Parasolki1883nationalgallerylo.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Parasolki1883nationalgallerylo.jpg/235px-Parasolki1883nationalgallerylo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Parasolki1883nationalgallerylo.jpg/313px-Parasolki1883nationalgallerylo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a>, Umbrellas, 1883</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son, 1875"><img alt="Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son, 1875" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/203px-Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/304px-Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/406px-Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6001" data-file-height="7455" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son, 1875</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Jeanne_(Spring).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Woman with a parasol, by Édouard Manet, 1881"><img alt="Woman with a parasol, by Édouard Manet, 1881" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Jeanne_%28Spring%29.jpg/174px-%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Jeanne_%28Spring%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Jeanne_%28Spring%29.jpg/261px-%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Jeanne_%28Spring%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Jeanne_%28Spring%29.jpg/348px-%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Jeanne_%28Spring%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6398" data-file-height="9250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Woman with a parasol, by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a>, 1881</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colin_Campbell_Cooper,_Summer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colin Campbell Cooper, Summer, 1918"><img alt="Colin Campbell Cooper, Summer, 1918" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Colin_Campbell_Cooper%2C_Summer.jpg/301px-Colin_Campbell_Cooper%2C_Summer.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Colin_Campbell_Cooper%2C_Summer.jpg/452px-Colin_Campbell_Cooper%2C_Summer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Colin_Campbell_Cooper%2C_Summer.jpg/602px-Colin_Campbell_Cooper%2C_Summer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="764" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colin Campbell Cooper, Summer, 1918</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Gabriel_Gilbert_Liebevolle_Blumenpflege.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Victor Gabriel Gilbert, woman with Japanese parasol, 1933"><img alt="Victor Gabriel Gilbert, woman with Japanese parasol, 1933" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Victor_Gabriel_Gilbert_Liebevolle_Blumenpflege.jpg/194px-Victor_Gabriel_Gilbert_Liebevolle_Blumenpflege.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Victor_Gabriel_Gilbert_Liebevolle_Blumenpflege.jpg/292px-Victor_Gabriel_Gilbert_Liebevolle_Blumenpflege.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Victor_Gabriel_Gilbert_Liebevolle_Blumenpflege.jpg/389px-Victor_Gabriel_Gilbert_Liebevolle_Blumenpflege.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3605" data-file-height="4671" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Gabriel_Gilbert" title="Victor Gabriel Gilbert">Victor Gabriel Gilbert</a>, woman with Japanese parasol, 1933</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_George_Palmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of George Palmer by George Blackall Simmonds, 1891"><img alt="Statue of George Palmer by George Blackall Simmonds, 1891" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Statue_of_George_Palmer.jpg/189px-Statue_of_George_Palmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Statue_of_George_Palmer.jpg/283px-Statue_of_George_Palmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Statue_of_George_Palmer.jpg/378px-Statue_of_George_Palmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Palmer" title="Statue of George Palmer">Statue of George Palmer</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Blackall_Simmonds" class="mw-redirect" title="George Blackall Simmonds">George Blackall Simmonds</a>, 1891</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Est%C3%A1tua_da_Imperatriz_Tereza_Cristina,_Teres%C3%B3polis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Empress Teresa Cristina of Brazil. It was dedicated in 2005."><img alt="Statue of Empress Teresa Cristina of Brazil. It was dedicated in 2005." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Est%C3%A1tua_da_Imperatriz_Tereza_Cristina%2C_Teres%C3%B3polis.jpg/378px-Est%C3%A1tua_da_Imperatriz_Tereza_Cristina%2C_Teres%C3%B3polis.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Est%C3%A1tua_da_Imperatriz_Tereza_Cristina%2C_Teres%C3%B3polis.jpg/567px-Est%C3%A1tua_da_Imperatriz_Tereza_Cristina%2C_Teres%C3%B3polis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Est%C3%A1tua_da_Imperatriz_Tereza_Cristina%2C_Teres%C3%B3polis.jpg/756px-Est%C3%A1tua_da_Imperatriz_Tereza_Cristina%2C_Teres%C3%B3polis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Empress <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Cristina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies">Teresa Cristina of Brazil</a>. It was dedicated in 2005.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 268px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Umbrellas_at_Caudan_Waterfront_Mall.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Contemporary Street Art in Port Louis, Mauritius"><img alt="Contemporary Street Art in Port Louis, Mauritius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Umbrellas_at_Caudan_Waterfront_Mall.JPG/402px-Umbrellas_at_Caudan_Waterfront_Mall.JPG" decoding="async" width="268" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Umbrellas_at_Caudan_Waterfront_Mall.JPG/603px-Umbrellas_at_Caudan_Waterfront_Mall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Umbrellas_at_Caudan_Waterfront_Mall.JPG/804px-Umbrellas_at_Caudan_Waterfront_Mall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4798" data-file-height="3009" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Contemporary Street Art in <a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michal_Negrin_-_Cool_Budapest_(10).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shop decoration in Budapest, 2016"><img alt="Shop decoration in Budapest, 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Michal_Negrin_-_Cool_Budapest_%2810%29.JPG/336px-Michal_Negrin_-_Cool_Budapest_%2810%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="224" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Michal_Negrin_-_Cool_Budapest_%2810%29.JPG/504px-Michal_Negrin_-_Cool_Budapest_%2810%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Michal_Negrin_-_Cool_Budapest_%2810%29.JPG/672px-Michal_Negrin_-_Cool_Budapest_%2810%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shop decoration in Budapest, 2016</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Umbrella_Project1991_10_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Umbrellas (Christo and Jeanne-Claude), Japan and California, 1991. Two people were killed in separate incidents involving the work."><img alt="The Umbrellas (Christo and Jeanne-Claude), Japan and California, 1991. Two people were killed in separate incidents involving the work." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Umbrella_Project1991_10_27.jpg/336px-Umbrella_Project1991_10_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Umbrella_Project1991_10_27.jpg/504px-Umbrella_Project1991_10_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Umbrella_Project1991_10_27.jpg/672px-Umbrella_Project1991_10_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Umbrellas_(Christo_and_Jeanne-Claude)" title="The Umbrellas (Christo and Jeanne-Claude)">The Umbrellas (Christo and Jeanne-Claude)</a>, Japan and California, 1991. Two people were killed in separate incidents involving the work.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Umbrellas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Umbrellas">Umbrellas</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Umbrellas" class="extiw" title="q:Umbrellas">Umbrellas</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brumbrella" title="Brumbrella">Brumbrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_umbrella" title="Cocktail umbrella">Cocktail umbrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_%26_Sons" title="James Smith & Sons">James Smith & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil-paper_umbrella" title="Oil-paper umbrella">Oil-paper umbrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Nine-Tiered_Umbrella" title="Royal Nine-Tiered Umbrella">Royal Nine-Tiered Umbrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Umbrella_Man_(song)" title="The Umbrella Man (song)">The Umbrella Man (song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbraculum" title="Umbraculum">Umbraculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella Hat">Umbrella Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_marketing" title="Umbrella marketing">Umbrella marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_stand" title="Umbrella stand">Umbrella stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_(song)" title="Umbrella (song)">Umbrella (song)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/en-tout-cas">"En-tout-cas"</a>. <i>Merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923064735/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/en-tout-cas/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=En-tout-cas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fen-tout-cas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umbrellaman.co.uk/page/parts-umbrella.htm">"Parts of an Umbrella"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070503083452/http://www.umbrellaman.co.uk/page/parts-umbrella.htm">Archived</a> 3 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Carver Umbrellas, 28 February 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/parasol">"History and Etymology for <i>parasol</i>"</a>, <i>Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210827120656/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/parasol">archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=History+and+Etymology+for+parasol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fparasol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/where-does-umbrella-come-from-history">"Umbrella: A History"</a>, <i>merriam-webster.com</i>, 9 April 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828122132/https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/where-does-umbrella-come-from-history">archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Umbrella%3A+A+History&rft.date=2020-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fwords-at-play%2Fwhere-does-umbrella-come-from-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED_umbrella-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_umbrella_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_umbrella_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-umbrella,_n." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=umbrella%2C+n.">"umbrella, n."</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=umbrella%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dumbrella%252C%2Bn.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED_umbra-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_umbra_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-umbra,_n.1" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=umbra%2C+n.1">"umbra, n.1"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=umbra%2C+n.1&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dumbra%252C%2Bn.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120909124742/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/gamp?view=uk">"oxforddictionaries.com"</a>. oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/gamp?view=uk">the original</a> on 9 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=oxforddictionaries.com&rft.pub=oxforddictionaries.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fgamp%3Fview%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-bum2.htm">"<i>WorldWideWords</i> – Origin of the word "Bumbershoot"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Worldwidewords.org. 13 October 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180416174802/http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-bum2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WorldWideWords+%E2%80%93+Origin+of+the+word+%22Bumbershoot%22&rft.pub=Worldwidewords.org&rft.date=2002-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwidewords.org%2Fqa%2Fqa-bum2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White_Muscarella_1999,_1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White_Muscarella_1999,_1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_Muscarella_1999,_1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_White_Muscarella" title="Oscar White Muscarella">White Muscarella, Oscar</a> (1999): "Parasols in the Ancient Near East", "Source: Notes in the History of Art", Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 1–7 (1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sangster-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sangster_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sangster_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sangster_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sangster_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sangster_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sangster_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sangster_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sangster_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sangster_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sangster_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sangster_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sangster_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sangster, William, 1808–1888. <i>Umbrellas and Their History</i>. London: Cassell, Petter, and Galpin [1871]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6674">Available online as Gutenberg etext 6674, retrieved March 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923064749/https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6674/">Archived</a> 23 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obeng_1996-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obeng_1996_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obeng_1996_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObeng1996" class="citation book cs1">Obeng, J.Pashington (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zh9jIVu2CyEC&pg=PA23"><i>Asante Catholicism; Religious and Cultural Reproduction among the Akan of Ghana</i></a>. Vol. 1. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10631-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10631-4"><bdi>978-90-04-10631-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asante+Catholicism%3B+Religious+and+Cultural+Reproduction+among+the+Akan+of+Ghana&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10631-4&rft.aulast=Obeng&rft.aufirst=J.Pashington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZh9jIVu2CyEC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/mx_pre-h.html">"Mexico - Pre-Hispanic Flags"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113231308/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/mx_pre-h.html">Archived</a> 13 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Mexico — Pre-Hispanic Flags</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernstein-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1997" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Amy L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/baltimore17971990000bern/page/120/mode/2up?q=%22Francis+Beehler%22">"The First American Made Umbrellas"</a>. <i>Baltimore, 1797-1997: Bringing Our Heritage into the 21st Century</i>. Encino, CA: Cherbo Pub. Group. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+American+Made+Umbrellas&rft.btitle=Baltimore%2C+1797-1997%3A+Bringing+Our+Heritage+into+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Encino%2C+CA&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Cherbo+Pub.+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Amy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbaltimore17971990000bern%2Fpage%2F120%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D%2522Francis%2BBeehler%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, Elizabeth (2014): "A Parasol from Tumulus P at Gordion", in: Engin, Atilla; Helwing, Barbara; Uysal, Bora (eds.): "Armizzi. Engin Özgen'e Armağan / Studies in Honor of Engin Özgen", Ankara, pp. 237–246 (239), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-5487-59-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-5487-59-1">978-605-5487-59-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaohan_ZhouXiaoping_Hu2020" class="citation conference cs1">Xiaohan Zhou; Xiaoping Hu (2020). "Human Factors Engineering Research on Folding Umbrellas Design". In Francisco Rebelo; Marcelo Marcio Soares (eds.). <i>Advances in Ergonomics in Design</i>. AHFE 2019 International Conference on Ergonomics in Design, July 24–28, 2019, Washington D.C., USA. Cham: Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-20227-9_14">10.1007/978-3-030-20227-9_14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-20227-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-20227-9"><bdi>978-3-030-20227-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104083491">1104083491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Human+Factors+Engineering+Research+on+Folding+Umbrellas+Design&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Ergonomics+in+Design&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1104083491&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-20227-9_14&rft.isbn=978-3-030-20227-9&rft.au=Xiaohan+Zhou&rft.au=Xiaoping+Hu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_70-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_70_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Page 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_70_71-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_70_71_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Page 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_71-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_71_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_71_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_71_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Page 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattanaik2003" class="citation book cs1">Pattanaik, Devdutt (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zdkswFlJtjQC&q=Yellamma+Renuka&pg=PA1"><i>Indian Mythology</i></a>. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89281-870-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89281-870-0"><bdi>0-89281-870-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Mythology&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+%2F+Bear+%26+Co&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-89281-870-0&rft.aulast=Pattanaik&rft.aufirst=Devdutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzdkswFlJtjQC%26q%3DYellamma%2BRenuka%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPare1995" class="citation journal cs1">Pare, Christopher (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1337535">"From Dupljaja to Delphi: the ceremonial use of the wagon in later prehistory"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>63</b>: 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=From+Dupljaja+to+Delphi%3A+the+ceremonial+use+of+the+wagon+in+later+prehistory&rft.volume=63&rft.pages=86&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Pare&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1337535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joost Crouwel: A Note on Two Mycenaean Parasol Kraters, The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 71 (1976), pp. 55–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Smith: <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities" title="A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities">A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</a></i>, John Murray, London, 1875: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Umbraculum.html">Umbraculum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Victor_Daremberg" title="Charles Victor Daremberg">Charles Victor Daremberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Saglio" title="Edmond Saglio">Edmond Saglio</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_Grecques_et_Romaines" title="Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines">Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/consulter/3018/UDO/page_592">Umbella</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112183324/http://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/consulter/3018/UDO/page_592">Archived</a> 12 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, Elizabeth (2014): "A Parasol from Tumulus P at Gordion", in: Engin, Atilla; Helwing, Barbara; Uysal, Bora (eds.): "Armizzi. Engin Özgen'e Armağan / Studies in Honor of Engin Özgen", Ankara, pp. 237–246 (240), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-5487-59-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-5487-59-1">978-605-5487-59-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=skia/deion"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σκιάδειον</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. C. Miller, "The Parasol: An Oriental Status-Symbol in Late Archaic and Classical Athens", <i>JHS</i> 112 (1992), p. 91 [91–105].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristophanes, <i><a href="/wiki/Thesmophoriazusae" title="Thesmophoriazusae">Thesmophoriazusae</a></i> 823.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristophanes, <i>Knights</i>, 1347–1348 and scholia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias, 7.22.6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pherecrates fr.70 PCG apud <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a>, 13.612a and 15.687a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristophanes, <i>Birds</i>, 1549–1551.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon Ploug Jørgensen, <i>The taming of the aristoi – an ancient Greek civilizing process?</i> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Human_Sciences" title="History of the Human Sciences">History of the Human Sciences</a>: July 2014 vol. 27 no. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Wees1998" class="citation book cs1">van Wees, H. (1998). "Greeks Bearing Arms: The State, the Leisure Class and the Display of Weapons in Archaic Greece". In Fisher, N.; van Wees, H. (eds.). <i>Archaic Greece: New Approaches and New Evidence</i>. London: Classical Press of Wales. pp. 361–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greeks+Bearing+Arms%3A+The+State%2C+the+Leisure+Class+and+the+Display+of+Weapons+in+Archaic+Greece&rft.btitle=Archaic+Greece%3A+New+Approaches+and+New+Evidence&rft.place=London&rft.pages=361-62&rft.pub=Classical+Press+of+Wales&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=van+Wees&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurke, 1992: 96; cf. Neer, 2002: 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=sciadephoria-harpers">"Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Sciadephoria"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221009185355/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=sciadephoria-harpers">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harry+Thurston+Peck%2C+Harpers+Dictionary+of+Classical+Antiquities+%281898%29%2C+Sciadephoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aid%3Dsciadephoria-harpers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoe" class="citation web cs1">Roe, Margaret. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://margaretroedesigns.com/wp-content/uploads/ParasolHist.pdf">"A European History of the Parasol through the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Margaret Roe Designs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Martin, Alex (6 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2019/10/06/lifestyle/white-rose-blossoms-rain/">"The white rose that blossoms in the rain"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=The+white+rose+that+blossoms+in+the+rain&rft.date=2019-10-06&rft.aulast=K.T.+Martin&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Flife%2F2019%2F10%2F06%2Flifestyle%2Fwhite-rose-blossoms-rain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurihara2011" class="citation web cs1">Kurihara, Juju (17 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iromegane.com/post/history-of-plastic-umbrella-in-japan">"History of Plastic Umbrella in Japan"</a>. <i>Iromegane</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iromegane&rft.atitle=History+of+Plastic+Umbrella+in+Japan&rft.date=2011-10-17&rft.aulast=Kurihara&rft.aufirst=Juju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iromegane.com%2Fpost%2Fhistory-of-plastic-umbrella-in-japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orlean-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orlean_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlean_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlean2008" class="citation news cs1">Orlean, Susan (11 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/02/11/080211fa_fact_orlean?printable=true">"Thinking in the Rain: An artist takes on the umbrella"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100429015301/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/02/11/080211fa_fact_orlean?printable=true">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Thinking+in+the+Rain%3A+An+artist+takes+on+the+umbrella&rft.date=2008-02-11&rft.aulast=Orlean&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Freporting%2F2008%2F02%2F11%2F080211fa_fact_orlean%3Fprintable%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=5&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=5642747&OS=5642747&RS=5642747">"United States Patent: 5642747 - Hand-held aerodynamic umbrella"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170430130721/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=5&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=5642747&OS=5642747&RS=5642747">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Patent%3A+5642747+-+Hand-held+aerodynamic+umbrella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO2%26Sect2%3DHITOFF%26p%3D1%26u%3D%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html%26r%3D5%26f%3DG%26l%3D50%26co1%3DAND%26d%3DPTXT%26s1%3D5642747%26OS%3D5642747%26RS%3D5642747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=worldwide.espacenet.com&II=0&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20080710&CC=US&NR=2008163911A1&KC=A1">"Espacenet – Bibliographic data"</a>. <i>worldwide.espacenet.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110144514/http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=worldwide.espacenet.com&II=0&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20080710&CC=US&NR=2008163911A1&KC=A1">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldwide.espacenet.com&rft.atitle=Espacenet+%E2%80%93+Bibliographic+data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldwide.espacenet.com%2FpublicationDetails%2Fbiblio%3FDB%3Dworldwide.espacenet.com%26II%3D0%26ND%3D3%26adjacent%3Dtrue%26locale%3Den_EP%26FT%3DD%26date%3D20080710%26CC%3DUS%26NR%3D2008163911A1%26KC%3DA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=worldwide.espacenet.com&II=0&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20060720&CC=WO&NR=2006076270A2&KC=A2">"Espacenet – Bibliographic data"</a>. <i>worldwide.espacenet.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110144427/http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=worldwide.espacenet.com&II=0&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20060720&CC=WO&NR=2006076270A2&KC=A2">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldwide.espacenet.com&rft.atitle=Espacenet+%E2%80%93+Bibliographic+data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldwide.espacenet.com%2FpublicationDetails%2Fbiblio%3FDB%3Dworldwide.espacenet.com%26II%3D0%26ND%3D3%26adjacent%3Dtrue%26locale%3Den_EP%26FT%3DD%26date%3D20060720%26CC%3DWO%26NR%3D2006076270A2%26KC%3DA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8EWhcKpcPY">Dutch Designs at 100% Tokyo Design Expo on YouTube</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151120011449/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8EWhcKpcPY">Archived</a> 20 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Asia Brief</i>, New Tang Dynasty Television, 5 November 2008 (featuring Gerwin Hoogendoorn)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tudelft-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tudelft_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tudelft_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tudelft_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tudelft.nl/en/current/dossiers/archive/senz-umbrella/">Dossier SENZ umbrella</a>, Delft University of Technology (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110626140442/http://tudelft.nl/en/current/dossiers/archive/senz-umbrella">WebCite mirror</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gmasenz-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gmasenz_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gmasenz_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=2930817">Senz umbrella tested by the hosts of Good Morning America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805044350/https://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=2930817">Archived</a> 5 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 7 March 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timessenz-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timessenz_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timessenz_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/weather/article1470696.ece">An umbrella to defeat the wind</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, 5 March 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ng201111-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ng201111_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ng201111_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729012739/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/11/visions-now-next#/next">"Contemporary parasol designs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/11/visions-now-next#/next">the original</a> on 29 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contemporary+parasol+designs&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2011%2F11%2Fvisions-now-next%23%2Fnext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vorige.nrc.nl/kunst/article1936400.ece/Opnieuw_designprijs_voor_Delftse_stormparaplu"><i>Opnieuw designprijs voor Delftse stormparaplu</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110626035009/http://vorige.nrc.nl/kunst/article1936400.ece/Opnieuw_designprijs_voor_Delftse_stormparaplu">Archived</a> 26 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/NRC_Handelsblad" class="mw-redirect" title="NRC Handelsblad">NRC Handelsblad</a>, 21 July 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tudelft.nl/en/current/dossiers/archive/senz-umbrella/senz-development/">Senz development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110626140545/http://tudelft.nl/en/current/dossiers/archive/senz-umbrella/senz-development">Archived</a> 26 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Delft University of Technology, spring 2008 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110703011037/http://www.nieuw.tudelft.nl/en/current/dossiers/archive/senz-umbrella/senz-development">WebCite mirror</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.graphic-design.com/photographic/studio/diffusion.html">"Diffusers & Reflectors - soft lighting usually the best lighting"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070527111339/http://www.graphic-design.com/photographic/studio/diffusion.html">Archived</a> 27 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> DT&G Photographic</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strobist.blogspot.com/2008/03/rethinking-umbrella.html">"Rethinking the Umbrella"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101019083048/http://strobist.blogspot.com/2008/03/rethinking-umbrella.html">Archived</a> 19 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Strobist examines the use of shoot-through umbrellas</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerenger_(baron.)1835" class="citation book cs1">Berenger (baron.), De (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jSiQEVNLMMoC&q=umbrella"><i>Helps and hints how to protect life and property. [Followed by] Particulars and recommendations of the Stadium, or British national arena for manly and defensive exercises</i></a>. p. 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helps+and+hints+how+to+protect+life+and+property.+%5BFollowed+by%5D+Particulars+and+recommendations+of+the+Stadium%2C+or+British+national+arena+for+manly+and+defensive+exercises&rft.pages=118&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Berenger+%28baron.%29&rft.aufirst=De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjSiQEVNLMMoC%26q%3Dumbrella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1897" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, J. F. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jMZAAAAYAAJ&q=sullivan">"A Misunderstood Weapon"</a>. <i>The Ludgate Monthly</i>. <b>4</b>: 167–172 – via Books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ludgate+Monthly&rft.atitle=A+Misunderstood+Weapon&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=167-172&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9jMZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dsullivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umbrellasdirect.com.au/blogs/news/history-of-the-umbrella">"HISTORY OF THE UMBRELLA"</a>. <i>UMBRELLAS DIRECT AUSTRALIA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423075334/https://www.umbrellasdirect.com.au/blogs/news/history-of-the-umbrella">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UMBRELLAS+DIRECT+AUSTRALIA&rft.atitle=HISTORY+OF+THE+UMBRELLA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umbrellasdirect.com.au%2Fblogs%2Fnews%2Fhistory-of-the-umbrella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bartitsuclubofchicago.com/self-defence-with-an-umbrella-daily-mirror-jan-9-1902/">"Self-Defence With An Umbrella (Daily Mirror, Jan. 9 1902)"</a>. <i>bartitsuclubofchicago.com/</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417022720/http://bartitsuclubofchicago.com/self-defence-with-an-umbrella-daily-mirror-jan-9-1902/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bartitsuclubofchicago.com%2F&rft.atitle=Self-Defence+With+An+Umbrella+%28Daily+Mirror%2C+Jan.+9+1902%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbartitsuclubofchicago.com%2Fself-defence-with-an-umbrella-daily-mirror-jan-9-1902%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/09/29/images-of-hong-kongs-umbrella-revolution-tell-a-story/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0">"Images of Hong Kong's 'Umbrella Revolution' Tell a Story"</a>. <i>sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com</i>. 29 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321151521/https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/09/29/images-of-hong-kongs-umbrella-revolution-tell-a-story/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com&rft.atitle=Images+of+Hong+Kong%27s+%27Umbrella+Revolution%27+Tell+a+Story&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F09%2F29%2Fimages-of-hong-kongs-umbrella-revolution-tell-a-story%2F%3F_php%3Dtrue%26_type%3Dblogs%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsden,_Sam_(June_2008)-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marsden,_Sam_(June_2008)_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden2008" class="citation news cs1">Marsden, Sam (21 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Detectives+on+the+trail+of+defector%27s+poison+umbrella+assassin%3B...-a0180386592">"Detectives on the trail of defector's poison umbrella assassin"</a>. <i>Birmingham Post</i>. No. International. Birmingham (UK). p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181128120605/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Detectives+on+the+trail+of+defector%27s+poison+umbrella+assassin%3B...-a0180386592">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birmingham+Post&rft.atitle=Detectives+on+the+trail+of+defector%27s+poison+umbrella+assassin&rft.issue=International&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2008-06-21&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FDetectives%2Bon%2Bthe%2Btrail%2Bof%2Bdefector%2527s%2Bpoison%2Bumbrella%2Bassassin%253B...-a0180386592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/UCT-prof-dies-of-injuries-20050205">"UCT prof dies of injuries"</a>. <i>News24</i>. 5 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002131107/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/UCT-prof-dies-of-injuries-20050205">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=UCT+prof+dies+of+injuries&rft.date=2005-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FSouthAfrica%2FNews%2FUCT-prof-dies-of-injuries-20050205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/17_gennaio_28/omicidio-metro-roma-matei-ottiene-affidamento-servizi-sociali-0a23e6c0-e585-11e6-8145-16d12ee41d19.shtml">"Omicidio in metro a Roma: Matei ottiene affidamento a servizi sociali"</a>. 28 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208092638/https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/17_gennaio_28/omicidio-metro-roma-matei-ottiene-affidamento-servizi-sociali-0a23e6c0-e585-11e6-8145-16d12ee41d19.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Omicidio+in+metro+a+Roma%3A+Matei+ottiene+affidamento+a+servizi+sociali&rft.date=2017-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froma.corriere.it%2Fnotizie%2Fcronaca%2F17_gennaio_28%2Fomicidio-metro-roma-matei-ottiene-affidamento-servizi-sociali-0a23e6c0-e585-11e6-8145-16d12ee41d19.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/killer-rammed-umbrella-priests-mouth-14295813">"Killer rammed umbrella into priest's mouth piercing brain in horrific attack"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></i>. 12 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506004544/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/killer-rammed-umbrella-priests-mouth-14295813">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mirror&rft.atitle=Killer+rammed+umbrella+into+priest%27s+mouth+piercing+brain+in+horrific+attack&rft.date=2019-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fkiller-rammed-umbrella-priests-mouth-14295813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archplus.net/download/artikel/3176/"><i>Schirmkonstruktionen von Frei Otto - Arch+</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031840/http://www.archplus.net/download/artikel/3176/">Archived</a> 3 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frei_Otto_Gesamtwerk-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frei_Otto_Gesamtwerk_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nerdinger, Winfried: <i>Frei Otto. Das Gesamtwerk: Leicht Bauen Natürlich Gestalten</i>, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7643-7233-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-7643-7233-8">3-7643-7233-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sl-rasch.de/">"SL-RASCH – Special and Lightweight Structures"</a>. Institute for Scientific Architecture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190914132012/http://www.sl-rasch.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SL-RASCH+%E2%80%93+Special+and+Lightweight+Structures&rft.pub=Institute+for+Scientific+Architecture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sl-rasch.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleid=598"><i>The Stuttgart School of Building Design</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327234241/http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleid=598">Archived</a> 27 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parasol-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parasol_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolloy2013" class="citation web cs1">Molloy, Jonathan (24 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archdaily.com/322782/ad-classics-centre-le-corbusier-heidi-weber-museum-le-corbusier">"AD Classics: Centre Le Corbusier (Heidi Weber Museum) / Le Corbusier"</a>. archdaily.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151225095546/http://www.archdaily.com/322782/ad-classics-centre-le-corbusier-heidi-weber-museum-le-corbusier">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AD+Classics%3A+Centre+Le+Corbusier+%28Heidi+Weber+Museum%29+%2F+Le+Corbusier&rft.pub=archdaily.com&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft.aulast=Molloy&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archdaily.com%2F322782%2Fad-classics-centre-le-corbusier-heidi-weber-museum-le-corbusier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbrella&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFierro1996" class="citation book cs1">Fierro, Alfred (1996). <i>Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris</i>. Robert Laffont. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-221--07862-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-221--07862-4"><bdi>2-221--07862-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+et+dictionnaire+de+Paris&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=2-221--07862-4&rft.aulast=Fierro&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbrella" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4224719-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2003012083">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Parapluies"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11994860r">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Parapluies"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11994860r">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565083">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="deštníky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph990787&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007537415605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028031210">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Clothing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing" title="Template:Clothing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clothing" title="Template talk:Clothing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Clothing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">Clothing</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_industry" title="Clothing industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_technology" title="Clothing technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_terminology" title="Clothing terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Headgear" title="Headgear">Headwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beret" title="Beret">Beret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap" title="Cap">Cap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_cap" title="Baseball cap">baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_cap" title="Flat cap">flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knit_cap" title="Knit cap">knit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat" title="Hat">Hat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boater" title="Boater">boater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowler_hat" title="Bowler hat">bowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">fedora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homburg_hat" title="Homburg hat">homburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_hat" title="Top hat">top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet" title="Helmet">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(headgear)" title="Hood (headgear)">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerchief" title="Kerchief">Kerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mask" title="Mask">Mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">Veil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neckwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Neckwear">Neckwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)" title="Bands (neckwear)">Bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker" title="Choker">Choker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_(clothing)" title="Collar (clothing)">Collar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_collar" title="Clerical collar">Clerical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pussy_bow" title="Pussy bow">Lavallière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neckerchief" title="Neckerchief">Neckerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_gaiter" title="Neck gaiter">Neck gaiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necktie" title="Necktie">Necktie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascot_tie" title="Ascot tie">ascot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">bolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_tie" title="Bow tie">bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper_tie" title="Kipper tie">kipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_tie" title="School tie">school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_tie" title="Stock tie">stock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf" title="Scarf">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippet" title="Tippet">Tippet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Top_(clothing)" title="Top (clothing)">Tops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blouse" title="Blouse">Blouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur" title="Cache-cœur">cache-cœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_top" title="Crop top">crop top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halterneck" title="Halterneck">halterneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_top" title="Tube top">tube top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_jersey" title="Cycling jersey">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">Kurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)" title="Mantle (clothing)">Mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirt" title="Shirt">Shirt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dress_shirt" title="Dress shirt">dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henley_shirt" title="Henley shirt">Henley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo_shirt" title="Polo shirt">polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt" title="Sleeveless shirt">sleeveless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-shirt" title="T-shirt">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_neck" title="Crew neck">crew neck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweater" title="Sweater">Sweater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)" title="Cardigan (sweater)">cardigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)" title="Guernsey (clothing)">guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodie" title="Hoodie">hoodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey (clothing)">jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo_neck" title="Polo neck">polo neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)" title="Shrug (clothing)">shrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweater_vest" title="Sweater vest">sweater vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twinset" title="Twinset">twinset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waistcoat" title="Waistcoat">Waistcoat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bottoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">Trousers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell-bottoms" title="Bell-bottoms">Bell-bottoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondage_pants" title="Bondage pants">Bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capri_pants" title="Capri pants">Capri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_pants" title="Cargo pants">Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaps" title="Chaps">Chaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_trousers" title="Formal trousers">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants" title="Go-to-hell pants">Go-to-hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)" title="High-rise (fashion)">High water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)" title="Low-rise (fashion)">Lowrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeans" title="Jeans">Jeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpurs" title="Jodhpurs">Jodhpurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overalls" title="Overalls">Overalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_pants" title="Palazzo pants">Palazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachute_pants" title="Parachute pants">Parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_pushers" title="Pedal pushers">Pedal pushers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phat_pants" title="Phat pants">Phat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorts" title="Shorts">Shorts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_shorts" title="Bermuda shorts">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_shorts" title="Cycling shorts">cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_shorts" title="Dolphin shorts">dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gym_shorts" title="Gym shorts">gym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotpants" title="Hotpants">hotpants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_shorts" title="Running shorts">running</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slim-fit_pants" title="Slim-fit pants">Slim-fit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatpants" title="Sweatpants">Sweatpants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windpants" class="mw-redirect" title="Windpants">Windpants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_pants" title="Yoga pants">Yoga pants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skirt" title="Skirt">Skirts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-line_(clothing)" title="A-line (clothing)">A-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballerina_skirt" title="Ballerina skirt">Ballerina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denim_skirt" title="Denim skirt">Denim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_skirts" title="Men's skirts">Men's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniskirt" title="Miniskirt">Miniskirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencil_skirt" title="Pencil skirt">Pencil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_skirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairie skirt">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt" title="Rah-rah skirt">Rah-rah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">Sarong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skort" title="Skort">Skort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)" title="Tutu (clothing)">Tutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)" title="Wrap (clothing)">Wrap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suit" title="Suit">Suits</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_dress" title="Ceremonial dress">Ceremonial dress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress" title="Academic dress">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_dress" title="Court dress">court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform" title="Diplomatic uniform">diplomatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpuri" title="Jodhpuri">Jodhpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumpsuit" title="Jumpsuit">Jumpsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_dress_uniform" title="Full dress uniform">full</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform" title="Mess dress uniform">mess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_dress_uniform" title="Service dress uniform">service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_suit" title="Sailor suit">sailor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_uniform" title="Combat uniform">combat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantsuit" title="Pantsuit">Pantsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_uniform" title="Political uniform">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_clothing" title="Religious clothing">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_clothing" title="Clerical clothing">clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_uniform" title="School uniform">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_uniform" title="Prison uniform">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workwear" title="Workwear">Workwear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boilersuit" title="Boilersuit">boilersuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanroom_suit" title="Cleanroom suit">cleanroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">hazmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)" title="Scrubs (clothing)">scrubs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">Dresses</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Gown" title="Gown">gowns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formal, semi-<br />formal, informal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backless_dress" title="Backless dress">Backless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouffant_gown" title="Bouffant gown">Bouffant gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatdress" title="Coatdress">Coatdress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_dress" title="Cocktail dress">Cocktail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_black_dress" title="Little black dress">little black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_gown" title="Evening gown">Evening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_gown" title="Ball gown">ball gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debutante_dress" title="Debutante dress">debutante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_dress" title="Prairie dress">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_line" title="Princess line">Princess line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strapless_dress" title="Strapless dress">Strapless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress" title="Wedding dress">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrap_dress" title="Wrap dress">Wrap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Casual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_dress" title="House dress">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumper_(dress)" title="Jumper (dress)">Jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romper_suit" title="Romper suit">Romper suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheath_dress" title="Sheath dress">Sheath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirtdress" title="Shirtdress">Shirtdress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_dress" title="Slip dress">Slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundress" title="Sundress">Sundress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coat" title="Coat">Coats</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_outerwear" title="List of outerwear">outerwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Overcoats" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overcoat" title="Overcoat">Overcoats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_coat" title="Car coat">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield_coat" title="Chesterfield coat">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_coat" title="Covert coat">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffel_coat" title="Duffel coat">Duffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duster_(clothing)" title="Duster (clothing)">Duster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatcoat" title="Greatcoat">Greatcoat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Warm" title="British Warm">British Warm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guards_Coat" title="Guards Coat">Guards Coat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greca_(clothing)" title="Greca (clothing)">Greca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-frock_coat" title="Over-frock coat">Over-frock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_coat" title="Riding coat">Riding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadbelly" title="Shadbelly">shadbelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_coat" title="Trench coat">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_coat" title="Ulster coat">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak" title="Cloak">Cloak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opera_cloak" title="Opera cloak">opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paletot" title="Paletot">Paletot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea_coat" title="Pea coat">Pea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo_coat" title="Polo coat">Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raincoat" title="Raincoat">Raincoat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackintosh" title="Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suit coats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frock_coat" title="Frock coat">Frock coat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bekishe" title="Bekishe">bekishe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekel" title="Rekel">rekel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess_jacket" title="Mess jacket">Mess jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suit_jacket" title="Suit jacket">Suit jacket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blazer" title="Blazer">Blazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_jacket" title="Smoking jacket">smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_coat" title="Sport coat">sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teba_jacket" title="Teba jacket">Teba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailcoat" title="Tailcoat">Tailcoat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat" title="White tie">dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat" title="Morning dress">morning</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apron" title="Apron">Apron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinafore" title="Pinafore">pinafore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blouson" title="Blouson">Blouson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagoule" title="Cagoule">Cagoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape" title="Cape">Cape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferraiolo" title="Ferraiolo">ferraiolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness_cape" title="Inverness cape">Inverness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)" title="Mantle (clothing)">Mantle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)" title="Mantle (monastic vesture)">monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)" title="Mantle (royal garment)">royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozzetta" title="Mozzetta">mozzetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellegrina" title="Pellegrina">pellegrina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatee" title="Coatee">Coatee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-off" title="Cut-off">Cut-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilet" title="Gilet">Gilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacket" title="Jacket">Jacket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Down_jacket" title="Down jacket">down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_jacket" title="Flight jacket">flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goggle_jacket" title="Goggle jacket">goggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrington_jacket" title="Harrington jacket">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_jacket" title="Leather jacket">leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket" title="Mackinaw jacket">mackinaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_jacket" title="Norfolk jacket">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_jacket" title="Safari jacket">safari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerkin (garment)">Jerkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_coat" title="White coat">Lab coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parka" title="Parka">Parka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poncho" title="Poncho">Poncho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe" title="Robe">Robe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathrobe" title="Bathrobe">bathrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressing_gown" title="Dressing gown">dressing gown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">Shawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_suit" title="Ski suit">Ski suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeved_blanket" title="Sleeved blanket">Sleeved blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windbreaker" title="Windbreaker">Windbreaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwear" title="Underwear">Underwear</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Lingerie" title="Lingerie">lingerie</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bra" title="Bra">Bra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camisole" title="Camisole">Camisole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undershirt" title="Undershirt">Undershirt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bottom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">Diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_pants" title="Training pants">Training pants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leggings" title="Leggings">Leggings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panties" title="Panties">Panties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pants" title="Plastic pants">Plastic pants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_(clothing)" title="Slip (clothing)">Slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thong" title="Thong">Thong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underpants" title="Underpants">Underpants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_briefs" title="Boxer briefs">boxer briefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_shorts" title="Boxer shorts">boxer shorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briefs" title="Briefs">briefs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodysuit" title="Bodysuit">Bodysuit, adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_bodysuit" title="Infant bodysuit">Bodysuit, infant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_underwear" title="Long underwear">Long underwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/See-through_clothing" title="See-through clothing">See-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_(garment)" title="Teddy (garment)">Teddy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nightwear" title="Nightwear">Nightwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babydoll" title="Babydoll">Babydoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babygrow" title="Babygrow">Babygrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_sleeper" title="Blanket sleeper">Blanket sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligee" title="Negligee">Negligee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightgown" title="Nightgown">Nightgown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightshirt" title="Nightshirt">Nightshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajamas" title="Pajamas">Pajamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swimsuit" title="Swimsuit">Swimwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikini" title="Bikini">Bikini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkini" title="Burkini">Burkini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boardshorts" title="Boardshorts">Boardshorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">Dry suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monokini" title="Monokini">Monokini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit" title="One-piece swimsuit">One-piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_guard" title="Rash guard">Rash guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_swimsuit" title="Sling swimsuit">Sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_leg_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Square leg suit">Square leg suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_briefs" title="Swim briefs">Swim briefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_diaper" title="Swim diaper">Swim diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunks (clothing)">Trunks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hosiery" title="Hosiery">Legwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sock" title="Sock">Sock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hold-ups" title="Hold-ups">Hold-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garter" title="Garter">Garter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantyhose" title="Pantyhose">Pantyhose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stocking" title="Stocking">Stocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tights" title="Tights">Tights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">Footwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boot" title="Boot">Boot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dress_boot" title="Dress boot">Dress boot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-flops" title="Flip-flops">Flip-flops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandal" title="Sandal">Sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe" title="Shoe">Shoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dress_shoe" title="Dress shoe">Dress shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_shoe" title="Court shoe">Court shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneaker">Sneaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipper" title="Slipper">Slipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fashion_accessory" title="Fashion accessory">Accessories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adornments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armband" title="Armband">Armband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_(clothing)" title="Belt (clothing)">Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re" title="Boutonnière">Boutonnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_purse" title="Coin purse">Coin purse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cummerbund" title="Cummerbund">Cummerbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaiters" title="Gaiters">Gaiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasses" title="Glasses">Glasses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunglasses" title="Sunglasses">Sunglasses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove" title="Glove">Gloves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headband" title="Headband">Headband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbag" title="Handbag">Handbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inro" title="Inro">Inro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">Livery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)" title="Muff (handwarmer)">Muff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_protector" title="Pocket protector">Pocket protector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">Pocket watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sash" title="Sash">Sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spats_(footwear)" title="Spats (footwear)">Spats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspenders" title="Suspenders">Suspenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallet" title="Wallet">Wallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-worn items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hand_fan" title="Hand fan">Hand fan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Umbrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_stick" title="Walking stick">Walking stick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Western" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morning_dress" title="Morning dress">morning dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_tie" title="White tie">white tie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-formal_wear" title="Semi-formal wear">Semi-formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_lounge_suit" title="Black lounge suit">black lounge suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_tie" title="Black tie">black tie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_wear" title="Informal wear">Informal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_casual" title="Business casual">Business casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_casual" title="Smart casual">Smart casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_wear" title="Casual wear">Casual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_fetish" title="Clothing fetish">Clothing fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_swap" title="Clothing swap">Clothing swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">Costume</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creature_suit" title="Creature suit">creature suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween_costume" title="Halloween costume">Halloween costume</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">haute couture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Made-to-measure" title="Made-to-measure">made-to-measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ready-to-wear" title="Ready-to-wear">ready-to-wear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">Fur clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur" title="List of types of fur">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fursuit" title="Fursuit">Fursuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing" title="Global trade of secondhand clothing">Global trade of secondhand clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country" title="Clothing laws by country">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses" title="List of individual dresses">List of individual dresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing" title="Reconstructed clothing">Reconstructed clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Right to clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_clothing" title="Vintage clothing">Vintage clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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