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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_and_early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_and_early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background and early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early political career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_in_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_in_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Prime Minister in exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_in_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Return to Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stanisław Mikołajczyk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Станіслаў Мікалайчык – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Станіслаў Мікалайчык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Станіслаў Мікалайчык – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Станіслаў Мікалайчык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%EC%99%80%ED%94%84_%EB%AF%B8%EC%BD%94%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%B9%98%ED%81%AC" title="스타니스와프 미코와이치크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스타니스와프 미코와이치크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Станислав Миколайчик – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Станислав Миколайчик" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83" title="ستانيسلاو ميكوواجيتشيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ستانيسلاو ميكوواجيتشيك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AF%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81%E3%82%AF" title="スタニスワフ・ミコワイチク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スタニスワフ・ミコワイチク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Миколайчик, Станислав – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миколайчик, Станислав" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Станіслав Миколайчик – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Станіслав Миколайчик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%A7%91%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%87%E5%85%8B" title="斯坦尼斯瓦夫·米科瓦伊奇克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯坦尼斯瓦夫·米科瓦伊奇克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Stanis%C5%82aw+Miko%C5%82ajczyk%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Stanisław Mikołajczyk</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikolajczyk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mikolajczyk.jpg/220px-Mikolajczyk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mikolajczyk.jpg/330px-Mikolajczyk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Mikolajczyk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="570" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Mikołajczyk in 1946</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile#Prime_ministers" title="Polish government-in-exile">Prime Minister of Poland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">In exile</a></b></span><br />14 July 1943 – 24 November 1944</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Raczkiewicz" title="Władysław Raczkiewicz">Władysław Raczkiewicz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kwapi%C5%84ski" title="Jan Kwapiński">Jan Kwapiński</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jan_Stanis%C5%82aw_Jankowski" title="Jan Stanisław Jankowski">Jan Stanisław Jankowski</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Arciszewski" title="Tomasz Arciszewski">Tomasz Arciszewski</a><br /><small>(Polish government-in-exile)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_Os%C3%B3bka-Morawski" title="Edward Osóbka-Morawski">Edward Osóbka-Morawski</a><br /><small>(in country)</small></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Poland">Deputy Prime Minister of Poland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 June 1945 – 6 February 1947</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Edward Osóbka-Morawski</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanisław Janusz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Antoni Korzycki<br /><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Zawadzki" title="Aleksander Zawadzki">Aleksander Zawadzki</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Minc" title="Hilary Minc">Hilary Minc</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Che%C5%82chowski" title="Hilary Chełchowski">Hilary Chełchowski</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stefan_J%C4%99drychowski" title="Stefan Jędrychowski">Stefan Jędrychowski</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Gede" title="Tadeusz Gede">Tadeusz Gede</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Poland)">Minister of Agriculture and Agricultural Reforms</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 June 1945 – 6 February 1947</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Bolesław Bierut</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Edward Osóbka-Morawski</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Edward Bertold</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Jan Dąb-Kocioł</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_(1945%E2%80%931949)" title="Polish People's Party (1945–1949)">Polish People's Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />31 October 1945 – 27 October 1947</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Witos" title="Wincenty Witos">Wincenty Witos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Nie%C4%87ko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Józef Niećko (page does not exist)">Józef Niećko</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">18 July 1901<br /><a href="/wiki/Dorsten" title="Dorsten">Dorsten</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 December 1966 (aged 65)<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="People's Party (Poland)">People's Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_(1945%E2%80%931949)" title="Polish People's Party (1945–1949)">Polish People's Party</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Agrarian_parties_in_Poland" title="Category:Agrarian parties in Poland">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#A4B945; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism#Poland" title="Agrarianism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Agrarianism in Poland</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms-poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms-poland.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms-poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms-poland.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms-poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms-poland.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms-poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal economics">Liberal economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentarism">Parliamentarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Anti-<a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a></li> <li>Anti-<a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_policy" title="Agricultural policy">Agricultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%82opomania" title="Chłopomania">Chłopomania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famines_in_Austrian_Galicia" title="Famines in Austrian Galicia">Galician famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_slaughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician slaughter">Galician slaughter</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasa_Stefczyka" class="extiw" title="pl:Kasa Stefczyka">Kasy Stefczyka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rac%C5%82awice" title="Battle of Racławice">Battle of Racławice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythemen" title="Scythemen">Scythemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanckorona_Pact" title="Lanckorona Pact">Lanckorona Pact</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformy_rolne_w_Polsce" class="extiw" title="pl:Reformy rolne w Polsce">Land reform in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_work" title="Organic work">Organic work</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruch_ludowy" class="extiw" title="pl:Ruch ludowy">Peasants' movement in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Ch%C5%82opski_(1842)" class="extiw" title="pl:Związek Chłopski (1842)">Peasants' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement in World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_Battalions" title="Peasant Battalions">Peasant Battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Republic of Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sielanka" class="extiw" title="pl:Sielanka">Sielanka</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Asnyk" title="Adam Asnyk">Asnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kot" title="Stanisław Kot">Kot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Limanowski" title="Bolesław Limanowski">Limanowski</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Nocznicki" class="extiw" title="pl:Tomasz Nocznicki">Nocznicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maciej_Rataj" title="Maciej Rataj">Rataj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont" title="Władysław Reymont">Reymont</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Stapi%C5%84ski" class="extiw" title="pl:Jan Stapiński">Stapiński</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Stefczyk" class="extiw" title="pl:Franciszek Stefczyk">Stefczyk</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Stoja%C5%82owski" class="extiw" title="pl:Stanisław Stojałowski">Stojałowski</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_%C5%9Aciegienny" class="extiw" title="pl:Piotr Ściegienny">Ściegienny</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_Bojko" class="extiw" title="pl:Jakub Bojko">Bojko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_D%C4%85bski" title="Jan Dąbski">Dąbski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jarubas" title="Adam Jarubas">Jarubas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kalinowski" title="Jarosław Kalinowski">Kalinowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Kami%C5%84ski" title="Franciszek Kamiński">Kamiński</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Kiernik" class="extiw" title="pl:Władysław Kiernik">Kiernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Kosiniak-Kamysz" title="Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz">Kosiniak-Kamysz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko">Kościuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Lepper" title="Andrzej Lepper">Lepper</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksymilian_Malinowski" class="extiw" title="pl:Maksymilian Malinowski">Malinowski (Maksymilian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Malinowski" title="Roman Malinowski">Malinowski (Roman)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mikołajczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Narutowicz" title="Gabriel Narutowicz">Narutowicz</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Nocznicki" class="extiw" title="pl:Tomasz Nocznicki">Nocznicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Pawlak" title="Waldemar Pawlak">Pawlak</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliusz_Poniatowski" class="extiw" title="pl:Juliusz Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Potoczek" class="extiw" title="pl:Jan Potoczek">Potoczek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maciej_Rataj" title="Maciej Rataj">Rataj</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Stapi%C5%84ski" class="extiw" title="pl:Jan Stapiński">Stapiński</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Stefczyk" class="extiw" title="pl:Franciszek Stefczyk">Stefczyk</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_%C5%9Aciegienny" class="extiw" title="pl:Piotr Ściegienny">Ściegienny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Thugutt" title="Stanisław Thugutt">Thugutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Witos" title="Wincenty Witos">Witos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wojciechowski" title="Stanisław Wojciechowski">Wojciechowski</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGROunia" title="AGROunia">AGROunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland">Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Union_(Poland)" title="Agrarian Union (Poland)">Agrarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian-Peasant_Party" title="Christian-Peasant Party">Christian-Peasant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="Conservative People's Party (Poland)">Conservative People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_Party_(Poland)" title="Peasant Party (Poland)">Peasant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="People's Party (Poland)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piast_Faction" title="Piast Faction">Piast Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish-Catholic_People%27s_Party" title="Polish-Catholic People's Party">Polish-Catholic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_(1945-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish People's Party (1945-1949)">Polish People's Party (1945-1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%22Left%22" title="Polish People's Party "Left"">Polish People's Party "Left"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%22Piast%22_(1913-1931)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish People's Party "Piast" (1913-1931)">Polish People's Party "Piast"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%22Wyzwolenie%22" title="Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"">Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Union" title="Polish People's Union">Polish People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Peasant_Party" title="Radical Peasant Party">Radical Peasant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Solidarity" title="Rural Solidarity">Rural Solidarity</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(as a party)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="United People's Party (Poland)">United People's Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/16px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/24px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/32px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a 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7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agrarianism_in_Poland" title="Template:Agrarianism in Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agrarianism_in_Poland" title="Template talk:Agrarianism in Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agrarianism_in_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agrarianism in Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Stanisław Mikołajczyk</b> (18 July 1901 – 13 December 1966; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[staˈɲiswav<span class="wrap"> </span>mikɔˈwajt͡ʂɨk]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b6\/Pl-Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk.ogg\/Pl-Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-Stanis\u0142aw Miko\u0142ajczyk.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Pl-Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk.ogg/Pl-Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk.ogg" title="File:Pl-Stanisław Mikołajczyk.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Polish politician</a>. He was a <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile#Prime_ministers" title="Polish government-in-exile">prime minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Poland">Deputy Prime Minister</a> in post-war Poland until 1947. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_and_early_life">Background and early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mikołajczyk's family came from <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, which in the 19th century was part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and known as the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a>. He was born in <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a> in western Germany, where his parents had gone to look for work in the wealthy mining regions, as many Poles—known as <a href="/wiki/Ruhrpolen" title="Ruhrpolen">Ruhr Poles</a>—did in the 19th century. He returned to Poznań as a boy of ten. </p><p>As a teenager, he worked in a <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sugar_refinery" title="Sugar refinery">refinery</a> and was active in Polish patriotic organisations. He was 18 when Poland recovered its independence, and in 1920 he joined the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army">Polish Army</a> and took part in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a>. He was discharged after being wounded near <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and returned to inherit his father's farm near <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1920s Mikołajczyk became active in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%22Piast%22_(1913%E2%80%9331)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish People's Party "Piast" (1913–31)">Polish People's Party "Piast"</a> (PSL), and after holding a number of offices in the government of Poznań province, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> (the Polish Parliament) in 1929. In 1935 he became Vice-Chairman of the executive committee of the PSL, and in 1937 he became party President. He was an active opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian regime</a> established in Poland after the death of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> in 1935. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invaded Poland in September</a> of 1939, Mikołajczyk was a <a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">private</a> in the Polish army,<sup id="cite_ref-Mikolajczyk5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikolajczyk5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and served in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Warsaw (1939)">defence of Warsaw</a>. After the fall of Warsaw he escaped to <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, where he was interned.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikolajczyk6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikolajczyk6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He soon escaped and made his way to Paris via <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikolajczyk6_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikolajczyk6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of November, Mikołajczyk had reached <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> where he was immediately asked to join the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish government in exile">Polish government in exile</a> as deputy Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_National_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish National Council">Polish National Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikolajczyk7_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikolajczyk7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941 he was appointed Minister of the Interior and became Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a>'s Deputy Prime Minister. In April 1943 the Germans had announced that they had discovered the graves of almost 22,000 Polish officers who had been murdered by the Soviets at <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyń Wood</a>. The Soviet government said that the Germans had fabricated the discovery. The Allied governments, for diplomatic reasons, formally accepted this, but Mikołajczyk's government refused to do so, and <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> then severed relations with the government in exile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prime_Minister_in_exile">Prime Minister in exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prime Minister in exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Sikorski was killed in a plane crash in July 1943, Mikołajczyk was appointed as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-Stachura0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stachura0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "We do not wish to see only a formal democracy in Poland," he said in his broadcast to Poland on taking office, "but a social democracy which will put into practice not only political, religious and personal freedom but also social and <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a> of which <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a> spoke so finely. In any case, there is and will be no place in Poland for any kind of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> government in any shape or form." </p><p>However Mikołajczyk faced daunting challenges. It was obvious by this time that the Soviet armed forces, not those of the western Allies, would seize Poland from German occupation, and the Poles feared that Stalin intended both imposing <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> on Poland and annexing <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Poland's eastern territories</a>, which were populated by <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Poles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Poles">Ethnic Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>. </p><p>During 1944 the Allied leaders, particularly <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, tried to bring about resumption talks between Mikołajczyk and Stalin, but these efforts broke down over several issues. One was the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyń massacre</a>. Another was Poland's postwar borders. Stalin insisted that the eastern territories should remain in Soviet hands. Mikołajczyk also opposed Stalin's plan to set up a Communist government in postwar Poland. </p><p>As a result, Stalin agreed that there would be a coalition government in the Soviet seized territories of Poland. A Socialist, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Os%C3%B3bka-Morawski" title="Edward Osóbka-Morawski">Edward Osóbka-Morawski</a>, became Prime Minister of the new <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Unity" title="Provisional Government of National Unity">Provisional Government of National Unity</a> (<i>Tymczasowy Rząd Jedności Narodowej</i> – TRJN), and the Communist leader <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a> became one of two Deputy Prime Ministers. Mikołajczyk resigned as Prime Minister of the government in exile to return to Poland and become the other Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Agriculture. Many of the Polish exiles opposed this action, believing that this government was a façade for the establishment of Communist rule in Poland. The government in exile maintained its existence, although it no longer had diplomatic recognition as the legal government of Poland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Poland">Return to Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Return to Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his return, Mikołajczyk immediately set about reviving the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_(1945%E2%80%931949)" title="Polish People's Party (1945–1949)">PSL</a>, which soon became by far the largest party in Poland. Some have argued he was further aided by the radical <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> pushed through in accordance with the PPR's project, because it 'created a new class of small farmers who became a firm political base for the PSL'. Of course, Poland had been a largely rural society in any case and Mikołajczyk's programme was not a conservative smallholder programme. The Communists knew they would never win a free or fair election in Poland, and so they set about preventing one, despite the nominal pledges given by Stalin at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>. </p><p>In June 1946 the <a href="/wiki/3xTAK" class="mw-redirect" title="3xTAK">3xTAK</a> referendum was held on a number of issues. The PSL decided to oppose the proposal calling for the abolition of the Senate as a test of strength against the Communists: two-thirds of voters supported Mikołajczyk, but the Communist-controlled Interior Ministry issued faked results showing the opposite result. Between then and the <a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Polish legislative election">January 1947 general elections</a>, the PSL was subjected to ruthless persecution, and hundreds of its candidates were prevented from campaigning. </p><p>From 1946 to 1948, military courts sentenced 32,477 people, most of them members of democratic parties for 'crimes against the state'. Only then the elections were held. In order to be sure that the elections would produce the 'correct' results, the Polish security apparatus recruited 47% of the members of electoral committees as agents.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The elections produced a parliament with 394 seats for the Communist-controlled "<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Bloc_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Bloc (Poland)">Democratic Bloc</a>" and 28 for the PSL, a result which everyone knew could only be obtained through massive electoral fraud. Indeed, the opposition claimed that it would have won as much as 80 percent of the vote had the election been conducted in a fair manner.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomnik_Stanislawa_Mikolajczyka_Poznan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pomnik_Stanislawa_Mikolajczyka_Poznan.jpg/220px-Pomnik_Stanislawa_Mikolajczyka_Poznan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pomnik_Stanislawa_Mikolajczyka_Poznan.jpg/330px-Pomnik_Stanislawa_Mikolajczyka_Poznan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pomnik_Stanislawa_Mikolajczyka_Poznan.jpg/440px-Pomnik_Stanislawa_Mikolajczyka_Poznan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A monument to Stanisław Mikołajczyk in Poznań</figcaption></figure> <p>Mikołajczyk, who would have likely become <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Prime Minister</a> had the election been honest, immediately resigned from the government in protest. Facing arrest, he left the country in October. Winston Churchill, upon seeing him in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, remarked: "I am surprised you made it out alive". In London, the Polish government in exile regarded him as a traitor for having co-operated with the Communists. He emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where he died in 1966. In June 2000 his remains were returned for burial in Poland. His papers are in the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_on_War,_Revolution_and_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace">Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. </p><p>A film, <i>The Right to Vote</i> (<i>O Prawo Głosu</i>, 2008, directed by Janusz Petelski), tells the story of Mikołajczyk's (played by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferency" title="Adam Ferency">Adam Ferency</a>) struggle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_(1945%E2%80%931949)" title="Polish People's Party (1945–1949)">Polish People's Party (1945–1949)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Stanisław Mikołajczyk: <i>The Rape of Poland: The Pattern of Soviet Aggression</i>. Sampson Low, Martson & Co., LTD., London 1948. Whittlesey House, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1948 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=77426438">[1]</a></li> <li>Andrzej Paczkowski: <i>Stanislaw Mikołajczyk, czyli kleska realisty</i>. Agencja Omnipress, Warszawa 1991, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-85028-82-X" title="Special:BookSources/83-85028-82-X">83-85028-82-X</a></li> <li>Roman Buczek: <i>Stanislaw Mikołajczyk</i>. Century Publ. Co., Toronto 1996</li> <li>Janusz Gmitruk: <i>Stanislaw Mikołajczyk: trudny powrót</i>. Muzeum Historii Polskiego Ruchu Ludowego, Warszawa 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-87838-59-4" title="Special:BookSources/83-87838-59-4">83-87838-59-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Nagy" title="Ferenc Nagy">Ferenc Nagy</a>: <i>The Struggle Behind the Iron Curtain</i>. Translated by S. K. Swift. Macmillan, New York, 1948.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Karski" title="Jan Karski">Jan Karski</a>: <i>Story of a Secret State</i>. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1944.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mikolajczyk5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mikolajczyk5_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanislaw Mikolajczyk <i>The Pattern of Soviet Domination</i> Sampson Low, Marston & Co 1948 Page 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikolajczyk6-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mikolajczyk6_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mikolajczyk6_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanislaw Mikolajczyk <i>The Pattern of Soviet Domination</i> Sampson Low, Marston & Co 1948 Page 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikolajczyk7-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mikolajczyk7_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanislaw Mikolajczyk <i>The Pattern of Soviet Domination</i> Sampson Low, Marston & Co 1948 Page 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stachura0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stachura0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Editor Peter Stachura Writer Chapter 4 Wojciech Rojek <i>The Poles in Britain 1940–2000</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-8444-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-8444-9">0-7146-8444-9</a> Page 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Persak, K. and Łukasz Kamínski. (2005). A handbook of the communist security apparatus in East Central Europe 1944–1989. Institute of National Remembrance, Warsaw. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-89078-82-1" title="Special:BookSources/83-89078-82-1">83-89078-82-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laar, M. (2009). "The Power of Freedom. Central and Eastern Europe after 1945." Centre for European Studies, p. 38. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111025246/http://www.poweroffreedombook.com/preview_PoF.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poweroffreedombook.com/preview_PoF.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poweroffreedombook.com%2Fpreview_PoF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanis%C5%82aw+Miko%C5%82ajczyk" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDariusz_Baliszewski" class="citation web cs1">Dariusz Baliszewski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208220802/http://www.wprost.pl/ar/?O=81483&C=57">"Wprost 24 – Demokracja urn"</a>. Wprost.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wprost.pl/ar/?O=81483&C=57">the original</a> on 8 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wprost+24+%E2%80%93+Demokracja+urn&rft.pub=Wprost.pl&rft.au=Dariusz+Baliszewski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wprost.pl%2Far%2F%3FO%3D81483%26C%3D57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanis%C5%82aw+Miko%C5%82ajczyk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stanisław Mikołajczyk">Stanisław Mikołajczyk</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/012239">Newspaper clippings about Stanisław Mikołajczyk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Prime Minister of the Polish Republic in Exile</a> </b><br />1943–1944 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Arciszewski" title="Tomasz Arciszewski">Tomasz Arciszewski</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Poland" title="Template:Prime ministers of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Poland" title="List of prime ministers of Poland">Prime ministers of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a><br />(1807–1813)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ma%C5%82achowski" title="Stanisław Małachowski">Małachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Szymon_Gutakowski" title="Ludwik Szymon Gutakowski">Gutakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kostka_Potocki" title="Stanisław Kostka Potocki">Potocki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)">Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kucharzewski" title="Jan Kucharzewski">Kucharzewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Ponikowski" title="Antoni Ponikowski">Ponikowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kanty_Steczkowski" title="Jan Kanty Steczkowski">Kanty Steczkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_%C5%9Awie%C5%BCy%C5%84ski" title="Józef Świeżyński">Świeżyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Wr%C3%B3blewski" title="Władysław Wróblewski">Wróblewski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Republic of Poland">Republic of Poland</a><br />(1918–1939)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_Moraczewski" title="Jędrzej Moraczewski">Moraczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Skulski" title="Leopold Skulski">Skulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Grabski" title="Władysław Grabski">Grabski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Witos" title="Wincenty Witos">Witos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Ponikowski" title="Antoni Ponikowski">Ponikowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_%C5%9Aliwi%C5%84ski" title="Artur Śliwiński">Śliwiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Nowak" title="Julian Nowak">Nowak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Sikorski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Witos" title="Wincenty Witos">Witos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Grabski" title="Władysław Grabski">Grabski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Skrzy%C5%84ski" title="Aleksander Skrzyński">Skrzyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Witos" title="Wincenty Witos">Witos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Bartel" title="Kazimierz Bartel">Bartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Piłsudski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Bartel" title="Kazimierz Bartel">Bartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_%C5%9Awitalski" title="Kazimierz Świtalski">Świtalski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Bartel" title="Kazimierz Bartel">Bartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walery_S%C5%82awek" title="Walery Sławek">Sławek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Piłsudski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walery_S%C5%82awek" title="Walery Sławek">Sławek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Prystor" title="Aleksander Prystor">Prystor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_J%C4%99drzejewicz" title="Janusz Jędrzejewicz">Jędrzejewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Koz%C5%82owski" title="Leon Kozłowski">Kozłowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walery_S%C5%82awek" title="Walery Sławek">Sławek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Zyndram-Ko%C5%9Bcia%C5%82kowski" title="Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski">Zyndram-Kościałkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felicjan_S%C5%82awoj_Sk%C5%82adkowski" title="Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski">Składkowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a><br />(1939–1990)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Sikorski</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mikołajczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Arciszewski" title="Tomasz Arciszewski">Arciszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_B%C3%B3r-Komorowski" title="Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski">Bór-Komorowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Tomaszewski_(Prime_Minister)" title="Tadeusz Tomaszewski (Prime Minister)">Tomaszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Odzierzy%C5%84ski" title="Roman Odzierzyński">Odzierzyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Hryniewski" title="Jerzy Hryniewski">Hryniewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mackiewicz" title="Stanisław Mackiewicz">Mackiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugon_Hanke" title="Hugon Hanke">Hanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Paj%C4%85k" title="Antoni Pająk">Pająk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Zawisza" title="Aleksander Zawisza">Zawisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Muchniewski" title="Zygmunt Muchniewski">Muchniewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Urba%C5%84ski" title="Alfred Urbański">Urbański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Sabbat" title="Kazimierz Sabbat">Sabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Szczepanik" title="Edward Szczepanik">Szczepanik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a><br />(1944–1989)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Os%C3%B3bka-Morawski" title="Edward Osóbka-Morawski">Osóbka-Morawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Cyrankiewicz" title="Józef Cyrankiewicz">Cyrankiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Cyrankiewicz" title="Józef Cyrankiewicz">Cyrankiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Jaroszewicz" title="Piotr Jaroszewicz">Jaroszewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Babiuch" title="Edward Babiuch">Babiuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%84kowski" title="Józef Pińkowski">Pińkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Messner" title="Zbigniew Messner">Messner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Rakowski" title="Mieczysław Rakowski">Rakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Kiszczak" title="Czesław Kiszczak">Kiszczak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Mazowiecki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Poland (1989–present)">Republic of Poland</a><br />(1990–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Mazowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Krzysztof_Bielecki" title="Jan Krzysztof Bielecki">Bielecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Olszewski" title="Jan Olszewski">Olszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Pawlak" title="Waldemar Pawlak">Pawlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Suchocka" title="Hanna Suchocka">Suchocka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Pawlak" title="Waldemar Pawlak">Pawlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Oleksy" title="Józef Oleksy">Oleksy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Cimoszewicz" title="Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz">Cimoszewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek" title="Jerzy Buzek">Buzek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Miller" title="Leszek Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_Belka" title="Marek Belka">Belka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Marcinkiewicz" title="Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz">Marcinkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Tusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewa_Kopacz" title="Ewa Kopacz">Kopacz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beata_Szyd%C5%82o" title="Beata Szydło">Szydło</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mateusz_Morawiecki" title="Mateusz Morawiecki">Morawiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Tusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>*Acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527012#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527012#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527012#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109713240">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/51839666">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/141737/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfWXwYqfWMKG7mpthVV4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118830228">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84125668">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13475976n">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12317645g">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13475976n">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12317645g">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00846657">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mikołajczyk, Stanisław"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V143247">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0000876&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072822015">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810673359005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external 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href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1151087">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118830228.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118830228">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/067215114">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/19077087">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6zp52zp">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanisław_Mikołajczyk&oldid=1245521860">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanisław_Mikołajczyk&oldid=1245521860</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1901_births" title="Category:1901 births">1901 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1966_deaths" title="Category:1966 deaths">1966 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Dorsten" title="Category:People 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