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class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Eisenhower administration and Crusade for Freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eisenhower_administration_and_Crusade_for_Freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundations,_corporations,_and_committees:_1950–1978" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundations,_corporations,_and_committees:_1950–1978"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Foundations, corporations, and committees: 1950–1978</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundations,_corporations,_and_committees:_1950–1978-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death and burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Awards and decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Dates of rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References and further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References_and_further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References and further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Clay</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Clay – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lucius D. Clay" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lucius D. Clay" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lucius D. Clay" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lucius D. Clay" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Clay" title="Lucius Clay – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lucius Clay" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99" title="לושיוס קליי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לושיוס קליי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lucius D. Clay" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AF._%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%89" title="لوسيوس د. كلاى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لوسيوس د. كلاى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Clay" title="Lucius Clay – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lucius Clay" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lucius D. Clay" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Clay" title="Lucius Clay – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lucius Clay" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lucius D. Clay" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lucius D. Clay" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9,_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Клей, Люсиус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клей, Люсиус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lucius D. Clay" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lucius D. Clay" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Люсіус Клей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Люсіус Клей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1" title="卢修斯·克莱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卢修斯·克莱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States Army general (1898–1978)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Clay_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lucius Clay (disambiguation)">Lucius Clay</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Lucius Clay</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GEN_Lucius_D._Clay_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GEN_Lucius_D._Clay_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-GEN_Lucius_D._Clay_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GEN_Lucius_D._Clay_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-GEN_Lucius_D._Clay_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GEN_Lucius_D._Clay_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-GEN_Lucius_D._Clay_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="2350" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Lucius Dubignon Clay</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">The Great Uncompromiser</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1898-04-23</span>)</span>April 23, 1898<br /><a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia" title="Marietta, Georgia">Marietta, Georgia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 16, 1978<span style="display:none">(1978-04-16)</span> (aged 79)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Massachusetts" title="Chatham, Massachusetts">Chatham, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/West_Point_Cemetery" title="West Point Cemetery">West Point Cemetery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1918–1949</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Europe">European Command</a><br />Normandy Base Section</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Distinguished Service Medal">Army Distinguished Service Medal</a> (3)<br /><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star Medal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay_Jr." title="Lucius D. Clay Jr.">Lucius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Frank_Butner_Clay" title="Frank Butner Clay">Frank</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_S._Clay" title="Alexander S. Clay">Alexander S. Clay</a> (father)<br /><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Herbert_Clay" title="Eugene Herbert Clay">Eugene Clay</a> (brother)<br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (ancestor)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lucius Dubignon Clay</b> (April 23, 1898 – April 16, 1978)<sup id="cite_ref-smith2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a senior <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> who was known for his administration of occupied Germany after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smith2012_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as the deputy to General of the Army <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> in 1945; deputy military governor, Germany, in 1946; Commander in Chief, United States Forces in Europe and <a href="/wiki/Military_Governor_of_the_U.S._Occupation_Zone_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany">military governor of the United States Zone</a>, Germany, from 1947 to 1949. Clay orchestrated the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Airlift</a> (1948–1949) when the USSR blockaded <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucius_Dubignon_Clay_(1898%E2%80%931978)_at_West_Point_in_1918.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lucius_Dubignon_Clay_%281898%E2%80%931978%29_at_West_Point_in_1918.png/150px-Lucius_Dubignon_Clay_%281898%E2%80%931978%29_at_West_Point_in_1918.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lucius_Dubignon_Clay_%281898%E2%80%931978%29_at_West_Point_in_1918.png/225px-Lucius_Dubignon_Clay_%281898%E2%80%931978%29_at_West_Point_in_1918.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lucius_Dubignon_Clay_%281898%E2%80%931978%29_at_West_Point_in_1918.png/300px-Lucius_Dubignon_Clay_%281898%E2%80%931978%29_at_West_Point_in_1918.png 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>At West Point in 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>Clay was born on April 23, 1898,<sup id="cite_ref-smith2012_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia" title="Marietta, Georgia">Marietta, Georgia</a>, the sixth and last child of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_S._Clay" title="Alexander S. Clay">Alexander S. Clay</a>, who served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> from 1897 to 1910. In 1918 Clay graduated from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a>, where he later taught. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clay held various civil and military engineering posts in the 1920s and 1930s, such as directing the construction of dams and civilian airports. Because Clay's work involved large government projects, he became closely acquainted with the people and workings of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">federal agencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>. He achieved close working relationships with an associate of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a> Majority Leader and Speaker <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a>. In Rayburn's state of Texas, Clay supervised the building of the <a href="/wiki/Denison_Dam" title="Denison Dam">Denison Dam</a>. At the time of its completion, in 1943, the largest earthen dam in the world. From 1940 to the December 1941 <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, Clay selected and supervised the construction of 450 airports, which were the foundation of America's civil aviation network,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was however criticised for <a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">pork barrel</a> spending as Georgia's share of 33 airports strongly overstated the state's importance economically, militarily or population-wise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By March 1942, Clay had risen to the position of being the youngest <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (United States)">brigadier general</a> in the army, a month short of his 44th birthday. All the while, he had acquired a reputation for bringing order and operational efficiency out of chaos, and for being an exceptionally hard and disciplined worker, who went long hours and "considered lunch a waste of time".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clay did not see actual combat but was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> in 1942 and the <a href="/wiki/Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Distinguished Service Medal">Army Distinguished Service Medal</a> in 1944 and received the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star Medal</a> for his action in stabilizing the French <a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">harbor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a>, which was critical to the flow of war <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A9riel" class="mw-redirect" title="Matériel">matériel</a>. In 1945, he served as deputy to General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a>. The following year, he was made Deputy Governor of Germany during the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Military_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Military Government">Allied Military Government</a>. </p><p>Clay would later remark regarding the occupation directive guiding his and Eisenhower's actions that "there was no doubt that <a href="/wiki/JCS_1067" class="mw-redirect" title="JCS 1067">JCS 1067</a> contemplated the <a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_peace" title="Carthaginian peace">Carthaginian peace</a> which dominated our operations in Germany during the early months of occupation."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="OMGUS_and_Cold_War">OMGUS and Cold War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: OMGUS and Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen._Dwight_D._Eisenhower_talks_with_Lt._Gen._Lucius_B._Clay_at_Gatow_Airport_in_Berlin,_Germany_during_the_Potsdam..._-_NARA_-_198840.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gen._Dwight_D._Eisenhower_talks_with_Lt._Gen._Lucius_B._Clay_at_Gatow_Airport_in_Berlin%2C_Germany_during_the_Potsdam..._-_NARA_-_198840.tif/lossy-page1-250px-Gen._Dwight_D._Eisenhower_talks_with_Lt._Gen._Lucius_B._Clay_at_Gatow_Airport_in_Berlin%2C_Germany_during_the_Potsdam..._-_NARA_-_198840.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gen._Dwight_D._Eisenhower_talks_with_Lt._Gen._Lucius_B._Clay_at_Gatow_Airport_in_Berlin%2C_Germany_during_the_Potsdam..._-_NARA_-_198840.tif/lossy-page1-375px-Gen._Dwight_D._Eisenhower_talks_with_Lt._Gen._Lucius_B._Clay_at_Gatow_Airport_in_Berlin%2C_Germany_during_the_Potsdam..._-_NARA_-_198840.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gen._Dwight_D._Eisenhower_talks_with_Lt._Gen._Lucius_B._Clay_at_Gatow_Airport_in_Berlin%2C_Germany_during_the_Potsdam..._-_NARA_-_198840.tif/lossy-page1-500px-Gen._Dwight_D._Eisenhower_talks_with_Lt._Gen._Lucius_B._Clay_at_Gatow_Airport_in_Berlin%2C_Germany_during_the_Potsdam..._-_NARA_-_198840.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2437" /></a><figcaption>Clay with General of the Army Eisenhower at <a href="/wiki/Gatow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatow Airport">Gatow Airport</a> in Berlin during the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> in 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Clay was promoted to lieutenant general on 17 April 1945 and to general on 17 March 1947. </p><p>Clay heavily influenced <a href="/wiki/US_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secretary of State">US Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a>' September 1946 speech in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Germany. The speech, "<a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a>," marked the formal transition in American occupation policy away from the <a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a> of economic dismantlement to one of <a href="/wiki/Economic_reconstruction" title="Economic reconstruction">economic reconstruction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 15, 1947, Clay succeeded <a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._McNarney" title="Joseph T. McNarney">Joseph T. McNarney</a> as military governor (or "high commissioner"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) of <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">the US zone of occupied Germany</a>—the head of the OMGUS, the "<a href="/wiki/Office_of_Military_Government,_United_States" title="Office of Military Government, United States">Office of Military Government, United States</a>." Clay's responsibilities covered a wide spectrum of social issues related to Germany's recovery from the war in addition to strictly military issues.<sup id="cite_ref-BAVA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAVA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He commissioned <a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Brown" title="Lewis H. Brown">Lewis H. Brown</a> to research and write "<a href="/wiki/A_Report_on_Germany" title="A Report on Germany">A Report on Germany</a>", which served as a detailed recommendation for the <a href="/wiki/Postwar_reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar reconstruction">reconstruction</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">postwar Germany</a> and served as a basis for the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>. Clay promoted democratic <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Germany" title="Federalism in Germany">federalism in Germany</a> and resisted US politicians who sought to undo <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bavaria" title="Constitution of Bavaria">a constitution</a> that a Constituent Assembly in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> had adopted on 26 October 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also closed the borders of the American Zone in 1947 to stem the tide of Jewish refugees that was generating tension with the local populations.<sup id="cite_ref-EJ_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_Nazis_during_governorship">Treatment of Nazis during governorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treatment of Nazis during governorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clay was responsible for the controversial commuting of some death sentences, such as convicted Nazi war criminals Erwin Metz and his superior, Hauptmann Ludwig Merz. Metz and Merz were two notorious figures of the <a href="/wiki/Berga_concentration_camp" title="Berga concentration camp">Berga concentration camp</a> in which 350 U.S. POWs had been beaten, tortured, starved, and forced to work for the German government during World War II. The soldiers were singled out for looking or sounding <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>. At least 70 U.S. POWs soldiers died in the camp and on a <a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">death march</a> near the end of the war. The commutation was partly due to the military botching the case. Prosecutors did not summon a single witness, despite dozens of witnesses saying they were willing to testify.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clay also reduced the sentence of <a href="/wiki/Ilse_Koch" title="Ilse Koch">Ilse Koch</a>, the "Beast of Buchenwald", who had been convicted of murder at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>, and who had been accused of having gloves and <a href="/wiki/Lampshades_made_from_human_skin" title="Lampshades made from human skin">lampshades made from prisoners' skin</a>. Clay later said he commuted Koch's sentence since none of the documents about Koch actually mentioned the fact or included any evidence of her committing murder. The reductions in sentences were based on the hasty convictions of some Buchenwald personnel following the end of the war. Evidence was sometimes questionable, and many witnesses claimed to have been beaten by Allied interrogators.<sup id="cite_ref-Josias_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josias-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clay confirmed several death sentences as valid, commuted several, and had some like Koch released after they had served a reduced sentence because of questionable evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the pressure of public opinion, Koch was rearrested in 1949, tried before a West German court, and, on 15 January 1951, sentenced to life imprisonment. </p><p>According to BBC journalist <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bower" title="Tom Bower">Tom Bower</a>, despite Clay's mixed record, he was one of only two prominent American and British officials, the other being British diplomat <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Dean_(diplomat)" title="Patrick Dean (diplomat)">Patrick Dean</a>, who were both competent and showed some level of genuine commitment to denazification.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Donald Bloxham, Clay's influence was crucial to American occupation authorities prosecuting major Nazi war criminals on their own in the <a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">Subsequent Nuremberg trials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1946, Clay announced to West German officials that he was disappointed with their results from denazification tribunals:</p><blockquote><p>"I do not see how you can demonstrate your ability for self-government nor your will for democracy if you are going to evade or shirk the first unpleasant and difficult task that falls upon you. Unless there is real and rapid improvement, I can only assume that German administration is unwilling to accept this responsibility."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The results temporarily improved after Clay ordered them to make improvements within 60 days.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1948, Clay admitted he did not enjoy, in his position as Military Governor, having to regularly "sign many death warrants and to approve many life imprisonments." Nevertheless, he was willing to and did approve most death sentences imposed by American military tribunals. He also approved all but one of the sentences imposed in the Subsequent Nuremberg trials.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near the end of the occupation, Clay openly admitted his hopes for denazification were failing.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1948, a blanket stay of execution had been granted to all of the Nazi war criminals on death row in the U.S. occupation zone. This came after false allegations of torture were propagated by several politicians in the United States, especially <a href="/wiki/Senator_Joseph_McCarthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Senator Joseph McCarthy">Senator Joseph McCarthy</a>. In October 1948, however, the stay was removed for nearly everyone, excluding those convicted in the <a href="/wiki/Malmedy_massacre_trial" title="Malmedy massacre trial">Malmedy massacre trial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the lifting of the stay, Clay embarked on a spate of last-minute mass executions, believing that as time passed, pressure would increase for the death sentences to be commuted. In response, the German Catholic priests started objecting to not only the executions, but the prosecutions of war criminals outright. However, their pleas failed to convince Clay to halt the executions. Between October 1948 and March 1949, over 100 Nazi war criminals convicted by U.S. military tribunals were hanged at <a href="/wiki/Landsberg_Prison" title="Landsberg Prison">Landsberg Prison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berlin_Airlift">Berlin Airlift</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Berlin Airlift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucius-Clay-TIME-1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lucius-Clay-TIME-1948.jpg/220px-Lucius-Clay-TIME-1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lucius-Clay-TIME-1948.jpg/330px-Lucius-Clay-TIME-1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Lucius-Clay-TIME-1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Clay on the cover of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> (July 12, 1948)</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 25, 1948, one day after the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviets</a> imposed the Berlin Blockade, Clay gave the order for the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Airlift">Berlin Airlift</a>, which was only later authorized by President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BAVA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAVA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was an act of defiance against the Soviets, an incredible feat of logistics<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (at one point, cargo planes landed at <a href="/wiki/Tempelhof_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempelhof International Airport">Tempelhof</a> every four minutes, 24 hours a day), a defining moment of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and a demonstration of American support for the citizens of Berlin. </p><p>Clay is remembered for ordering and maintaining the airlift, which would ultimately last 324 days and ended on September 30, 1949. He resigned his post days after the blockade had been lifted on May 12, 1949.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 15, 1949, Clay left Germany and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John McCloy</a> as civilian high commissioner for Germany. Clay retired from the Army at the end of the month. In the same year, he was elected as an honorary member of the North Carolina <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a>. In 1950, he became the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Can_Company" title="Continental Can Company">Continental Can Company</a> for 12 consecutive years.<sup id="cite_ref-marshallfoundation.org_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marshallfoundation.org-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kisatsky_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kisatsky-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He retired from Continental Can in 1962 to become a senior partner in <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman Brothers</a> investment banking house until his retirement in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-marshallfoundation.org_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marshallfoundation.org-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_cold_war">Cultural cold war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultural cold war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, Clay hired the American intellectual and former Army combat historian <a href="/wiki/Melvin_J._Lasky" title="Melvin J. Lasky">Melvin J. Lasky</a>. Both developed the concept of a "cultural cold war" through which the Soviets would be fought at a psychological and intellectual level.<sup id="cite_ref-Lasky_obit_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lasky_obit-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clay was instrumental in creating, funding, and promoting <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Monat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Der Monat (page does not exist)">Der Monat</a></i>, a journal intended to support US foreign policy and win over German intellectuals. Copies of <i>Der Monat</i> were delivered along with supplies during the airlift.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clay also studied television propaganda and suggested that in Europe "you get this constant repeated propaganda without advertising and without break," but in the United States, "the advertising gives you a direct feeling of assurance that you haven't got propaganda in the program being thrown at you."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eisenhower_administration_and_Crusade_for_Freedom">Eisenhower administration and Crusade for Freedom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Eisenhower administration and Crusade for Freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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.listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ich_bin_ein_Berliner_Speech_(June_26,_1963)_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_trimmed.theora.ogv" title="File:Ich bin ein Berliner Speech (June 26, 1963) John Fitzgerald Kennedy trimmed.theora.ogv"><i>Ich bin ein Berliner</i> (I am a Berliner) speech</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner_Speech_%28June_26%2C_1963%29_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_trimmed.theora.ogv/232px--Ich_bin_ein_Berliner_Speech_%28June_26%2C_1963%29_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_trimmed.theora.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" height="174" data-durationhint="542" data-mwtitle="Ich_bin_ein_Berliner_Speech_(June_26,_1963)_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_trimmed.theora.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner_Speech_%28June_26%2C_1963%29_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_trimmed.theora.ogv/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner_Speech_%28June_26%2C_1963%29_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_trimmed.theora.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner_Speech_%28June_26%2C_1963%29_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_trimmed.theora.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner_Speech_%28June_26%2C_1963%29_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_trimmed.theora.ogv/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner_Speech_%28June_26%2C_1963%29_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_trimmed.theora.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner_Speech_%28June_26%2C_1963%29_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_trimmed.theora.ogv/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner_Speech_%28June_26%2C_1963%29_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_trimmed.theora.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIch_bin_ein_Berliner_Speech_%28June_26%2C_1963%29_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_trimmed.theora.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIch_bin_ein_Berliner_Speech_%28June_26%2C_1963%29_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_trimmed.theora.ogv&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIch_bin_ein_Berliner_Speech_%28June_26%2C_1963%29_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_trimmed.theora.ogv&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIch_bin_ein_Berliner_Speech_%28June_26%2C_1963%29_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_trimmed.theora.ogv&lang=fi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fi" label="suomi ‪(fi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIch_bin_ein_Berliner_Speech_%28June_26%2C_1963%29_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_trimmed.theora.ogv&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="description">Speech from the <a href="/wiki/Rathaus_Sch%C3%B6neberg" title="Rathaus Schöneberg">Rathaus Schöneberg</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, June 26, 1963. Duration 9:01.</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Jfk_berlin_address_high.ogg" title="File:Jfk berlin address high.ogg"><i>Ich bin ein Berliner</i> ("I am a Berliner") speech (audio)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="562" data-mwtitle="Jfk_berlin_address_high.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/Jfk_berlin_address_high.ogg/Jfk_berlin_address_high.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Jfk_berlin_address_high.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJfk_berlin_address_high.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJfk_berlin_address_high.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJfk_berlin_address_high.ogg&lang=gan-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="gan-Hant" label="贛語（繁體） ‪(gan-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Audio-only version (Duration 9:22)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>After OMGUS ended, Clay served the United States in other capacities. He had previous experience in 1933 with managing and organizing projects under the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> and later became one of <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a>'s closest advisers and assisted him in securing the <a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 Republican nomination</a> and helping him select <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">members of his cabinet</a> upon ascension to the presidency. When Eisenhower was in office, Clay served as his unofficial emissary in Europe. One of his first duties as Eisenhower's emissary and, as the national chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a>, was to dedicate the city of Berlin's <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_(Berlin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Bell (Berlin)">Liberty Bell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954, he was called upon by Eisenhower to help forge a plan for <a href="/wiki/Financing" class="mw-redirect" title="Financing">financing</a> the proposed <a href="/wiki/Interstate_highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate highway">Interstate highway</a> system. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a>, President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> asked him to be an adviser and to go to Berlin and report on the situation. Two years later Clay accompanied Kennedy on his trip to Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his famous <a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a> speech, Kennedy said, "I am proud .. to come here in the company of my fellow American, General Clay, who has been in this city during its great moments of crisis and will come again if ever needed." That mention triggered enthusiastic cheers from the hundreds of thousands gathered to hear the president.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundations,_corporations,_and_committees:_1950–1978"><span id="Foundations.2C_corporations.2C_and_committees:_1950.E2.80.931978"></span>Foundations, corporations, and committees: 1950–1978</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foundations, corporations, and committees: 1950–1978"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall_Foundation" title="George C. Marshall Foundation">George C. Marshall Foundation</a>, which oversees Clay's correspondences with corporations, foundations, and committees,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assembled an alphabetical list that gives a very good overview of Clay's broad range of activities in those fields. Clay served all of the following institutions in some capacity as an associate, as board member, or in a similar position. </p> <ul><li>Advisory Committee on Army Organization, 1953–1954</li> <li>Affirmation: Vietnam, 1965–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Express" title="American Express">American Express</a>, 1953, 1967–1969, 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a>, 1952, 1955, 1957–1959, 1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Rose_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="American Rose Society">American Rose Society</a>, 1972–1973</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_of_Classical_Studies_at_Athens" title="American School of Classical Studies at Athens">American School of Classical Studies at Athens</a>, 1971–1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a>, 1975–1979</li> <li>Business Advisory Council, 1950–1958</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Business_Council" title="The Business Council">Business Council, The</a>, 1967–1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Savings_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Savings Bank">Central Savings Bank</a>, 1952</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Manhattan_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Manhattan Bank">Chase Manhattan Bank</a>, 1965, 1974–1975</li> <li>Citizens for Eisenhower-Nixon, 1956, 1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia-Presbyterian_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center">Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center</a>, 1969, 1972–1976</li> <li>Committee of Concern, 1973–1975</li> <li>Committee of Cuban Families, 1963–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Can_Company" title="Continental Can Company">Continental Can Company</a>, 1973–1977</li> <li>Cornell University, 1954, 1956–1957</li> <li>Corps of Engineers, 1971, 1974–1977</li> <li>Council on Social Work Education, 1968–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a>, 1950, 1953</li> <li>Federal National Mortgage Association, 1972–1977</li> <li>George C. Marshall Research Foundation, 1972–1974</li> <li>George C. Marshall Research Foundation, 1975–1978</li> <li>General Aniline and Film Corporation, 1955, 1957</li> <li>General Motors Corporation, 1951–1973</li> <li>Infantry Museum Association, Inc., 1972–1973</li> <li>International Management and Development Institute, 1973–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman Brothers</a>, 1963–1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman Brothers</a>, 1975–1978</li> <li>Marine Midland Trust Company, 1950–1951, 1953, 1955, 1957</li> <li>Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1953–1957</li> <li>Munitions Board, 1951</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Europe" title="National Committee for a Free Europe">National Committee for a Free Europe</a>, 1953</li> <li>National Fire Protection Association, 1953–1954</li> <li>New York City Mayor's Committee on Stock Transfer Tax, 1966–1968</li> <li>New York State Civil Defense Commission, 1950 July 10</li> <li>Pakistan Relief Committee, 1970–1971</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death and burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Special:EditPage/Lucius D. Clay">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Clay died on April 16, 1978, in <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Massachusetts" title="Chatham, Massachusetts">Chatham, Massachusetts</a>. Clay lies buried in <a href="/wiki/West_Point_Cemetery" title="West Point Cemetery">West Point Cemetery</a>, between the graves of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> astronaut <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a> and Panama Canal chief engineer <a href="/wiki/George_W._Goethals" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Goethals">George W. Goethals</a>. At Clay's grave site is a stone plate from the citizens of Berlin that says: "Wir danken dem Bewahrer unserer Freiheit" (We thank the Preserver of our Freedom).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Special:EditPage/Lucius D. Clay">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lucius+D.+Clay%22">"Lucius D. Clay"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lucius+D.+Clay%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lucius+D.+Clay%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lucius+D.+Clay%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lucius+D.+Clay%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lucius+D.+Clay%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lucius Clay was the father of two sons, both of whom became generals. Clay's son, General <a href="/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay_Jr." title="Lucius D. Clay Jr.">Lucius D. Clay Jr.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> held the positions of commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Air_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Air Defense Command">North American Air Defense Command</a>, the Continental <a href="/wiki/Air_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Defense Command">Air Defense Command</a>, and the United States element of <a href="/wiki/NORAD" title="NORAD">NORAD</a>, and was also a commander of the United States Air Force <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Defense_Command" title="Aerospace Defense Command">Aerospace Defense Command</a>. Clay's other son, Major General <a href="/wiki/Frank_Butner_Clay" title="Frank Butner Clay">Frank B. Clay</a>, served in conflicts from <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and was an adviser to the US delegation at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris peace talks</a> which ended US involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clay was given a <a href="/wiki/Ticker-tape_parade" title="Ticker-tape parade">ticker-tape parade</a>, among many other honors, upon his return to the United States on May 19, 1949. He appeared on the cover of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine three times. Clay also received an honorary doctorate of the <a href="/wiki/Freie_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Freie Universität Berlin">Freie Universität Berlin</a> and became an honorary citizen of Berlin (West) in 1953. One of the longest streets in <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> was named <i>Clayallee</i> in his honor, as was the Clay Headquarters Compound, which was located on the street. It held the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Brigade" title="Berlin Brigade">Berlin Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Berlin">U.S. Army Berlin</a> (USAB), and the U.S. Mission in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia" title="Marietta, Georgia">Marietta, Georgia</a>, named one of its major streets <i>Clay Road</i>, and South Cobb High School's football stadium is named "Clay Stadium" in honor of his work in creating what is now <a href="/wiki/Dobbins_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobbins Air Force Base">Dobbins Air Force Base</a> there. While now called South Cobb Drive (<a href="/wiki/State_Route_280_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Route 280 (Georgia)">State Route 280</a>), it still carries <a href="/wiki/Memorial" title="Memorial">memorial</a> signs at each end dedicating the <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highway</a> to him. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucius_D._Clay_Kaserne,_Garlstedt_Germany.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lucius_D._Clay_Kaserne%2C_Garlstedt_Germany.JPG/220px-Lucius_D._Clay_Kaserne%2C_Garlstedt_Germany.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Lucius_D._Clay_Kaserne%2C_Garlstedt_Germany.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="182" /></a><figcaption>Lucius D. Clay Kaserne</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1978, a new U.S. Army base in Northern Germany north of the city of <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> was named for Clay and until the end of the Cold War housed a forward-stationed brigade of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Armored Division (United States)">2nd Armored Division</a>, the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Armored Division, which had been based at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Hood">Fort Hood</a>, Texas, with the rest of the 2AD. This unit was redesignated as the 2nd Armored Division (Forward). 2AD (FWD) saw action in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> of 1991 before being inactivated as part of the post-Cold War drawdown of the U.S. Army. Since October 1, 1993, these barracks are used by the <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a> and are still named after Clay. The "General-Clay-March" by Heinz Mertins was written in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden_Army_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiesbaden Army Airfield">Wiesbaden Army Airfield</a>, near Frankfurt, Germany, was renamed "Lucius D. Clay Kaserne" in his honor on 14 June 2012. Wiesbaden Army Airfield was used extensively in "Operation Vittles," aka the Berlin Airlift. The name "Lucius Clay" features in the song "<a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Wooley_Swamp" title="The Legend of Wooley Swamp">The Legend of Wooley Swamp</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Daniels" title="Charlie Daniels">Charlie Daniels Band</a>. Clay had just died (of <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a> and heart failure) around the time the song was written.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Awards and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clay's decorations include: the <a href="/wiki/Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Distinguished Service Medal">Army Distinguished Service Medal</a> with two <a href="/wiki/Oak_Leaf_Cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak Leaf Cluster">Oak Leaf Clusters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" title="World War I Victory Medal (United States)">World War I Victory Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_Medal" title="Army of Occupation of Germany Medal">Army of Occupation of Germany Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Service_Medal" title="American Defense Service Medal">American Defense Service Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal" title="American Campaign Medal">American Campaign Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal">European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal" title="World War II Victory Medal">World War II Victory Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Occupation_Medal" title="Army of Occupation Medal">Army of Occupation Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Kutuzov" title="Order of Kutuzov">Order of Kutuzov First Class</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Military Order of the White Lion">Military Order of the White Lion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_William_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Military William Order">Officer of the Military William Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Commander of the Legion of Honour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bundesverdienstkreuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesverdienstkreuz">Bundesverdienstkreuz</a> (Grand Cross). </p> <table style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4"><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 23px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze oak leaf cluster"><img alt="Bronze oak leaf cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/22px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/33px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/44px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 63px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze oak leaf cluster"><img alt="Bronze oak leaf cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/22px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/33px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/44px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></div></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/106px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/159px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/212px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg/106px-Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg/159px-Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg/212px-Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg/106px-European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg/159px-European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg/212px-European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg/106px-Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg/159px-Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg/212px-Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_kutuzov1_ribbon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Order_kutuzov1_ribbon.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="19" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_White_Lion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Order_of_the_White_Lion.svg/106px-Order_of_the_White_Lion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Order_of_the_White_Lion.svg/159px-Order_of_the_White_Lion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Order_of_the_White_Lion.svg/212px-Order_of_the_White_Lion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NLD_Military_Order_of_William_-_Officer_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NLD_Military_Order_of_William_-_Officer_BAR.png/106px-NLD_Military_Order_of_William_-_Officer_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NLD_Military_Order_of_William_-_Officer_BAR.png/159px-NLD_Military_Order_of_William_-_Officer_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NLD_Military_Order_of_William_-_Officer_BAR.png/212px-NLD_Military_Order_of_William_-_Officer_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/106px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/159px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/212px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_6_GrVK_Stern_Band.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_6_GrVK_Stern_Band.svg/106px-GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_6_GrVK_Stern_Band.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_6_GrVK_Stern_Band.svg/159px-GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_6_GrVK_Stern_Band.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_6_GrVK_Stern_Band.svg/212px-GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_6_GrVK_Stern_Band.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In addition to military awards, he was also awarded the international human rights award <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Hildebrandt" title="Rainer Hildebrandt">Dr.-Rainer-Hildebrandt-Medaille</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dates of rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Insignia</th> <th>Rank</th> <th>Component</th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">No insignia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadet#United_States" title="Cadet">Cadet</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a></td> <td>June 15, 1915 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O1_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-O1_insignia.svg/13px-US-O1_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-O1_insignia.svg/20px-US-O1_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-O1_insignia.svg/26px-US-O1_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">Second lieutenant</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a></td> <td>June 12, 1918 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O2_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/13px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/20px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/26px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant#United_States" title="First lieutenant">First lieutenant</a></td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>June 12, 1918 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O3_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/33px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/50px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/66px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td> <td>Temporary</td> <td>June 12, 1918 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O3_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/33px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/50px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/66px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>February 27, 1920 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O2_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/13px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/20px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/26px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant#United_States" title="First lieutenant">First lieutenant</a></td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>November 18, 1922 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O3_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/33px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/50px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/66px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>June 19, 1933 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O4_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/40px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/60px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/80px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Major</a></td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>March 1, 1940 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O5_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/40px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/60px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/80px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant colonel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_United_States" title="Army of the United States">Army of the United States</a></td> <td>June 12, 1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O6_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/60px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/90px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/120px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_United_States" title="Army of the United States">Army of the United States</a></td> <td>September 23, 1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O7_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/33px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/50px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/66px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier general</a></td> <td>Army of the United States</td> <td>March 12, 1942 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O5_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/40px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/60px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/80px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant colonel</a></td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>July 4, 1942 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O8_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/66px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/99px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/132px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major general</a></td> <td>Army of the United States</td> <td>December 3, 1942 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O9_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/99px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/149px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/198px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant general</a></td> <td>Army of the United States</td> <td>April 17, 1945 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O7_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/33px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/50px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/66px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier general</a></td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>March 5, 1946 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O10_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/132px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/198px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/264px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a></td> <td>Army of the United States</td> <td>March 17, 1947 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O8_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/66px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/99px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/132px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major general</a></td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>January 24, 1948 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O10_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/132px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/198px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/264px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a></td> <td>Regular Army, Retired</td> <td>May 31, 1949 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-smith2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith2012_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith2012_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith2012_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">When he entered West Point, Clay stated the birth year as 1897 because he thought that he was too young. The incorrect year became part of his military record, and his biographer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Jean Edward Smith</a> discovered the discrepancy only in 1970. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Jean_Edward2012" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jean Edward (2012). <i>Eisenhower in War and Peace</i>. Random House. pp. 28, 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64429-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64429-3"><bdi>978-0-679-64429-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eisenhower+in+War+and+Peace&rft.pages=28%2C+39&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-679-64429-3&rft.au=Smith%2C+Jean+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucius+D.+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lucius D. Clay: An American Life</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Jean Edward Smith</a>, New York: Henry, Holt & Company, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-qu7Qs8410&list=PL3H6z037pboGWTxs3xGP7HRGrQ5dOQdGc"><i>Cold War—Episode 4: "Berlin" (5:24)</i></a>, October 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+War%E2%80%94Episode+4%3A+%22Berlin%22+%285%3A24%29&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DG-qu7Qs8410%26list%3DPL3H6z037pboGWTxs3xGP7HRGrQ5dOQdGc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucius+D.+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Nation at War in an Era of Strategic Change, p.129 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3l7U7Mgmy80C&dq=there+was+no+doubt+that+JCS+1067+contemplated+the+Carthaginian+peace+which+dominated+our+operations+in+Germany+during+the+early+months+of+occupation&pg=PA129">Google Books</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curtis Franklin Morgan Jr, <i>James F. Byrnes, Lucius Clay and American Policy in Germany, 1945-1947</i> (Edwin Mellen Press, 2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/19/archives/max-lowenthal-lawyer-dies-book-on-fbi-stirred-a-storm.html">"Max Lowenthal, Lawyer, Dies; Book on F.B.I. Stirred a Storm"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. May 19, 1971<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Max+Lowenthal%2C+Lawyer%2C+Dies%3B+Book+on+F.B.I.+Stirred+a+Storm&rft.date=1971-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F05%2F19%2Farchives%2Fmax-lowenthal-lawyer-dies-book-on-fbi-stirred-a-storm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucius+D.+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAVA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BAVA_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAVA_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughn1998" class="citation web cs1">Vaughn, Mark (February 5, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718120056/http://www.konnections.com/airlift/lclay.htm">"GENERAL LUCIUS DUBIGNON CLAY (1897–1978) – FATHER OF THE BERLIN AIRLIFT IN 1948 – 1949"</a>. Berlin Airlift Veterans Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://konnections.com/airlift/lclay.htm">the original</a> on July 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Truman, the Berlin Blockade and the 1948 Election"</a>. <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 308. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27547587">27547587</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Harry+S.+Truman%2C+the+Berlin+Blockade+and+the+1948+Election&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=308&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27547587%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Miscamble&rft.aufirst=Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27547587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucius+D.+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1948-10-21_Clay_speaks_on_Berlin_Airlift"><i>Clay speaks on Berlin Airlift, 1948/10/21 (1948)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Universal_Newsreel" title="Universal Newsreel">Universal Newsreel</a>. 1948<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clay+speaks+on+Berlin+Airlift%2C+1948%2F10%2F21+%281948%29&rft.pub=Universal+Newsreel&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1948-10-21_Clay_speaks_on_Berlin_Airlift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucius+D.+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marshallfoundation.org-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marshallfoundation.org_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marshallfoundation.org_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marshallfoundation.org/Library/documents/Clay_Lucius_D.pdf">"The Papers of Lucius DuBignon Clay – Biographical and Subject Summary"</a> George C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Melvin+Lasky&rft.date=2004-05-21&rft.aulast=Lasky&rft.aufirst=Melvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1462379%2FMelvin-Lasky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucius+D.+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saunders, <i>Cultural Cold War</i> (1999), pp. 30, 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna McCarthy, <i>The Citizen Machine: Governing by Television in 1950s America</i>, New York: The New Press, 2010, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett, Lowell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/GerRecon/omg1950Nov/reference/history.omg1950nov.bennettfreedom.pdf"><i>Freedom Bell Tolls Message of Hope and Faith</i></a>, in: Information Bulletin, High Commission of Germany, November 1950.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Daum" title="Andreas Daum">Andreas Daum</a>, <i>Kennedy in Berlin.</i> New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85824-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85824-3">978-0-521-85824-3</a>, 47‒49, 73, 80, 101–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daum, <i>Kennedy in Berlin</i>, p. 141, 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marshallfoundation.org/Library/documents/Clay_Lucius_D.pdf">The Papers of Lucius DuBignon Clay – Biographical and Subject Summary</a> George C. Marshall Research Foundation (Undated)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/airlift-berlin/">"The Berlin Airlift | American Experience | PBS"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=The+Berlin+Airlift+%7C+American+Experience+%7C+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fairlift-berlin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucius+D.+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040211182715/http://www.af.mil/bios/bio.asp?bioID=5016">"Lucius D. Clay Jr. USAF Biography"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.af.mil/bios/bio.asp?bioID=5016">the original</a> on February 11, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lucius+D.+Clay+Jr.+USAF+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.af.mil%2Fbios%2Fbio.asp%3FbioID%3D5016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucius+D.+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20050104085219/http://www.berlin-brigade.de/us-ins/us-ein1.html">"Blog der Casinospieler-Brigade - Just another WordPress site"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berlin-brigade.de/">the original</a> on January 4, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blog+der+Casinospieler-Brigade+-+Just+another+WordPress+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berlin-brigade.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucius+D.+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sg7h2jx8aq0">"German Federal Defence Forces Massed Bands"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. November 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=German+Federal+Defence+Forces+Massed+Bands&rft.date=2008-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DSg7h2jx8aq0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucius+D.+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmpric2024" class="citation cs2">Empric, Bruce E. (2024), <i>Uncommon Allies: U.S. Army Recipients of Soviet Military Decorations in World War II</i>, Teufelsberg Press, p. 62, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-3444-6807-5" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-3444-6807-5"><bdi>979-8-3444-6807-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncommon+Allies%3A+U.S.+Army+Recipients+of+Soviet+Military+Decorations+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Teufelsberg+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=979-8-3444-6807-5&rft.aulast=Empric&rft.aufirst=Bruce+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucius+D.+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official Register of Officers of the United States Army. 1948. Vol. 1. pg. 349.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_further_reading">References and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?15031-1/lucius-clay-american-life"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Jean Edward Smith on <i>Lucius D. Clay: An American Life</i>, November 18, 1990</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Cherny, Andrei. "The Candy Bombers: The Untold Story of the Berlin Airlift and America's Finest Hour" 2009 (New York: Berkley Caliber)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Daum" title="Andreas Daum">Daum, Andreas</a>. <i>Kennedy in Berlin</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85824-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85824-3">978-0-521-85824-3</a>.</li> <li>George, Matthew A. "The Operational Art of Political Transformation: General Lucius D. Clay, Post World War II Germany, and Beyond" (Army Command And General Staff College Fort Leavenworth KS, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1071073.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Hackett, David A. <i>The Buchenwald Report</i>. 1997 Westview Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3363-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3363-6">0-8133-3363-6</a></li> <li>Judge, Clark S. "Clay, Lucius." In Tracy S. Uebelhor, ed. <i>The Truman Years, Presidential Profiles</i> (New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2006)</li> <li>Lamberti, Marjorie. "General Lucius Clay, German Politicians, and the Great Crisis during the Making of West Germany's Constitution." <i>German Politics and Society</i> 27.4 (2009): 24-50.</li> <li>Morgan, Jr., Curtis F. <i>James F. Byrnes, Lucius Clay and American Policy in Germany, 1945-1947.</i> (Edwin Mellen Press, 2002).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Smith, Jean Edward</a>. <i>Lucius D. Clay: An American Life</i> New York: Henry, Holt & Company, 1990.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Stonor_Saunders" title="Frances Stonor Saunders">Saunders, Francis Stonor</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Paid_the_Piper%3F:_CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Who Paid the Piper?: CIA and the Cultural Cold War">Who Paid the Piper?: CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></i>, 1999, Granta, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86207-029-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-86207-029-6">1-86207-029-6</a> (USA: <i>The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters</i>, 2000, The New Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56584-596-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56584-596-X">1-56584-596-X</a>).</li> <li>Trauschweizer, Ingo Wolfgang. "Tanks at Checkpoint Charlie: Lucius Clay and the Berlin Crisis, 1961–62." <i>Cold War History</i> 6.2 (2006): 205-228.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Jean Edward Smith</a>. <i>The Papers Of General Lucius D. Clay</i> Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1974.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_D._Clay&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lucius_D._Clay" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lucius D. Clay">Lucius D. Clay</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/clayl.htm">Interview with General Lucius D. Clay</a></li> <li>United States Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://highways.dot.gov/public-roads/marchapril-2003/man-who-changed-america-part-i">"The Man Who Changed America"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/Clay.cfm">Clay's role in the US highway system</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daz.org/enJamesFByrnes.html">SOUTHERN PARTNERSHIP: JAMES F. BYRNES, LUCIUS D. CLAY AND GERMANY, 1945–47 by Curtis F. Morgan, PhD</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-845&hl=y">Lucius D. Clay at the Georgia Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1014&hl=y">Bell Bomber – building airstrips and airfields</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061002220830/http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks49.html">The Road Ahead: Lessons in Nation Building from Japan, Germany, and Afghanistan for Postwar Iraq, by Ray Salvatore Jennings</a> May 2003, Peaceworks No. 49, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Institute_of_Peace" title="United States Institute of Peace">United States Institute of Peace</a> (The PDF report contains a good overview of Clays activities in Germany 1945–1949)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Oral_Histories/Oral_Histories.html">Finding aid for General Lucius D. Clay Oral History, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114020019/http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Oral_Histories/Oral_Histories.html">Archived</a> January 14, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/04/22/berga.folo/index.html?iref=mpstoryview">Nazis dig up mass grave of US soldiers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8XexaFm8PuAC&dq=Erwin+Metz+born&pg=PA343">The complete guide to World War 2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/003331">Newspaper clippings about Lucius D. Clay</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/airlift-lucius-clay/">Lucius Clay | American Experience | PBS</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._McNarney" title="Joseph T. McNarney">Joseph T. McNarney</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commanding General of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Europe">European Command</a> </b><br />1947–1949 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_R._Huebner" title="Clarence R. Huebner">Clarence R. 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